Construction according to Swedish technology and projects of Swedish houses. Frame houses: Canada and Sweden

Many call frame houses "canadians", and the very technology of construction on the frame - Canadian. Indeed, in Canada, frame houses are widely used, but this technology came there from the Scandinavian Peninsula. Fundamentally, the technology is the same, but different continents, climatic conditions, in the end, the mentality gave rise to two ways of development frame technology construction of wooden houses.

At the time of the settlement of North America by Europeans, frame technology turned out to be the most profitable because wood was the most affordable building material. We can say that it was affordable wood that largely determined the rapid development of the territory of modern Canada and the United States. Even today, 200 years later, it remains one of the most sought-after building materials, but this time because of its high environmental friendliness. Gradually, the Scandinavian traditions of frame housing construction in America began to change, already forming American traditions. So, for example, Canadians prefer to live in long and narrow areas, use a different finish and their own design.

Frame house and plot

Any tradition is always dictated by some circumstances, so its blind copying often turns out to be pointless. The narrow lots of Canadian private homeowners are not due to their personal preferences to live closer to each other, but to the fact that the cost of land in Canada is one of the highest in the world, despite the vastness of this country. For the same reason for Canada, semi-detached wooden houses are not uncommon.

In Sweden, land is also not cheap, but houses are still built at a distance from each other, in the center of the site, because. it is required by the rules in force there fire safety. Most of the plots are square in shape and range from 600 m² to 1000 m². You can get close to neighbors only if the walls of the house have an increased fire resistance class. Almost all wooden houses in Sweden are one-story. In spite of modern technologies flame retardant treatment of wood, the Swedes are afraid of fires, although these days large fires are a rarity.

Houses in Sweden generally do not have basements. Scandinavians would rather build a house with a larger area than equip a basement. Underground there is a ventilated space (60-80 cm, minimum 30 cm). It provides a wooden structure with reliable waterproofing.

Swedish frame houses rarely do without a garage. However, the garage is not always part of the house. It can be built separately, in front of the entrance itself, and not have heating and insulation. Like a house, a garage is built using frame technology.

Traditions of settlers

Few people know that the fashionable now connected spaces originate from the ingenuity of poor Swedish immigrants. Arriving from across the ocean, the Scandinavians first of all tried to secure a roof over their heads, and the issue of interior amenities was in the background for them. However, the idea of ​​combining the lobby, living room, dining room and kitchen turned out to be not so bad. In Canada, the combined layout is still preserved today, although it is now played out a little differently.

In Sweden, the lobby is separated, and the meeting point for guests is a large kitchen-dining room.

Foundations frame houses in Canada and Sweden

Depending on the type of soil in both countries under frame house a columnar foundation or foundation slab is laid. On rocky soils, the depth of laying the foundation slab is about 30 cm. Studies show that with good thermal insulation of the floor, the low temperature of the base does not significantly affect heat loss. In any case, it is not advisable to blow up the rocky rock in order to lower the foundation.

In Canada, the drainage layer under the foundation slab is made of sand, and in Sweden it is made of gravel, believing that sand contributes to the capillary rise of moisture and its transfer to concrete.

Construction of external walls

In Canada itself load-bearing structure The outer walls are made up of vertical pillars up to 14 cm in diameter, connected to beams and braces according to the honeycomb principle. The space between the pillars is filled with insulation, enclosed on both sides in a sheathing made of moisture-resistant chipboard or OSB and a facade finish.

In Sweden, for the past 25 years, not poles have been used for the frame, but wood-composite racks, with a side of 23 cm. The walls are insulated mineral wool, layer equal to the side racks, due to which the coefficient of resistance to heat transfer is not less than 0.2. Scandinavians often use drywall as the inner lining. In combination with the outer skin, it also gives rigidity to the frame. From the inside, the insulation is protected by a vapor barrier membrane.

Finishing the facades of frame houses and roofing materials

In Canada, it is customary to use as a facade finish:

• vinyl horizontal siding;
• thin plaster;
• clinker brick.

Thin plaster is used as an outer finishing layer of walls with rigid insulation. It is applied to corrugated plates of self-extinguishing polystyrene foam - styrofoam.

Non-synthetic finishes are popular in Sweden:

• wooden lining;
• facing brick;
• traditional plasters.

Various plastic finishes the Swedes try to avoid it, at least in their homes. And, first of all, because of the release of strong toxins by them during a fire. Between exterior trim and a heater have a wooden grate, which provides good ventilation insulating layer.


Canadian frame houses predominantly covered with ceramic or shingles. In Sweden - various types tiles, including cement-sand and metal tiles. frame houses in Canada have very small or no overhangs, while in Sweden the overhangs are rarely less than 60 cm. This is due to the fact that with small overhangs natural veneer gets very wet and deteriorates quickly, unlike vinyl.

Differences in the construction of frame houses

The Swedes prefer prefabricated structures, which are delivered to the site in the form of finished elements of the house. The heaviest of them weighs no more than 400 kg (but more often up to 200 kg), and is mounted without the involvement of heavy hoisting equipment. In Canada, the frame and walls are assembled directly on the construction site. AT ready-made only sawn timber. Prefabricated houses are rare in this country.

Architecture and design

Traditional swedish frame houses not distinguished by outstanding architecture. Most often they are one-story buildings. large area, sometimes with a residential attic. A distinctive black Swedish house is the vertically arranged planks of the lining. The facade decoration of Swedish houses can consist of several types of cladding, for example, a combination wooden lining and brick. window frames can have up to three wings, each of which is divided into 4-6 fragments. Windows may vary in size depending on their location. The smallest windows are located on the side of the house where the front doors are.

Modern Swedish frame houses are very different from the archetypal ones in their architecture. The most daring projects are distinguished by large-scale glazing, non-standard shape and internal layout. It can be two-level houses rectangular shape with a flat roof, some walls of which are continuous glazing, open or protected by a wooden lattice. Swedish houses are characterized by loggias and balconies, verandas and terraces.

Canadian frame houses buildings of the middle of the 20th century already had a complex architecture: one-two-story, with residential attics, a warm garage, verandas and balconies. The rooms on the first floor are distinguished by high ceilings (more than 3 m). The windows are large rectangular or square, arched and ordinary. The overhangs of the roof have become larger, but at the same time they are not finished from below, thanks to which it seems that the roof is, as it were, “put on” on the house. Modern Canadian homes are characterized by minimalist design with its characteristic strictness of lines and the use of extensive glazing.

Prospects for frame housing construction in Ukraine

For Russia, as well as for the Scandinavian countries, the original technology of wooden housing construction is log house. Frame technology among the Scandinavians completely replaced log cabins, since over the years of operation of frame houses it has shown their practicality, durability and ease of construction. In addition, less solid wood is required for a frame house - wood-like materials can be used. According to the principle of frame technology in Canada and the United States, about 80% of all private housing is being built. Frame houses are being built even in Japan, where high seismic resistance requirements are imposed on buildings.

Huge reserves scaffolding make frame technology especially beneficial for Russia. Frame houses belong to the category of prefabricated buildings, which makes them attractive to private developers, because not everyone can afford to spend a whole year on building housing. The frame house is being built within a few months by 3-4 people. Construction works can be carried out with negative temperatures, which is especially important in the northern regions, where the summer is very short. The heat-saving properties of frame walls with one layer of insulation are several times higher than those of standard stone walls. At the same time, savings on heating can reach up to 300%. An important role is played by the relatively low cost of a frame house. Its weight is 5 times less than that of a stone one, which makes it possible to use a columnar foundation, which is 4-6 times cheaper than a reinforced concrete monolithic one.

One of the first questions that arises when you think about building a house - what will it be like? After all, I want the house to be not only beautiful, but also cozy, comfortable for living.

Most likely, you will first try to draw your “ideal layout” yourself. But I am more than sure that you will very quickly encounter a number of difficulties - how to “shove in what is not pushed in”, how to arrange windows, doors ... do everything so that it is both convenient and beautiful and nothing more.

It is no coincidence that people study to be architects and designers. Everything is not as simple as it seems. Therefore, in my opinion, the best way is to search for a “donor”, ​​a ready-made house project that best suits your desires and requirements.

You will type in Yandex or Google something like “finished projects” or “ standard projects” and will consider many domestic projects. You may find something, or you may be disappointed.

Why are Scandinavian projects better than Russian ones?

In short - scandinavian houses are much more thoughtful, rational and comfortable for living than the vast majority of domestic ones.

Russian projects are very specific. We do not have great experience design of private houses. village houses always built “with their own mind”, without “conveniences” and other bourgeois excesses, and professional designers and architects were taught to build large buildings and apartment buildings.

Hence the specifics of domestic projects - a bet on a catchy appearance, despite the fact that interior layouts often not thought out and made according to the “apartment” model, not taking into account the specifics country house and living in it.

Space is not used efficiently, there are no extremely useful (and often necessary) utility rooms etc. But there are many useless halls and corridors. Which wasted devour the space for which you will pay during construction.

But behind spectacular facades, this is often not noticeable. Understanding comes later, when the house is built, the money is spent, and you understand what should have been done differently.

Once I came across a project of a house of 250 sq m, of which, upon closer examination, about 100 m2 were halls and corridors. That is, in fact - wasted space. But if you take a more rational approach to the use of space, then instead of a house of 250m2, it was quite possible to build a house of 180m2 - with the same set and area of ​​\u200b\u200bpremises that carry some useful function. But in order to make the layout rational, one must strain the brain very strongly. It is much easier to increase the area and stick a couple of corridors. After all, it is not the designer who will pay for these square meters during construction.

Therefore, in my opinion, it is more correct to turn to foreign experience. And first of all to the experience of northern Europe and Scandinavia.

Why exactly them?

Because in these countries they know how to count money, they love comfort, but at the same time they don’t like to spend too much. The layouts of Finnish, Norwegian, Swedish houses are extremely well thought out. And the climate and the associated features of houses are closer to ours than, say, Spanish or Polish houses.

All space is used very rationally. Appearance, layout - everything is balanced.

Can I make my own changes to the Scandinavian project?

It is possible, but very carefully. I repeat Scandinavian projects for the most part already thought out to the smallest detail. Therefore, an attempt to independently “re-plan” or change one to another can lead to the fact that in the end you will get a completely different house. And not the fact that it will be as comfortable and beautiful as in the original picture.

Therefore, ideally, you need to look for a project that suits you with minimal changes. Or it is very good to be aware of what you are doing and how it will look in reality.

Let me give you a small example. Below in the photo is the "donor" and its implementation with some facade changes.

It would seem like nothing. Windows without “deglazing” were replaced with siding, wide white decorative elements, slightly reduced the porch. Like little things. But in the end it turned out another house. Not bad - but just that different. Not the same as in the picture.

Where can I find a project for a Finnish or Scandinavian house?

Only two options

Option one - find in Scandinavia

In Finland and Scandinavia, typical construction is very common, which is carried out by both small firms and large concerns. Such firms usually have catalogs of manufactured houses.

Actually, your task is to study the websites of these companies, see what they offer and choose a Scandinavian or Finnish house project for further implementation. Although, to be honest, it cannot be called a project. Rather, it is the appearance and layout from which you can push off. So how to buy finished project with all the documentation abroad - quite problematic. But having sketches on hand - the layout and appearance of the house, it is already possible to make a "replica" of this house.

Not all sites have Russian or English version. Moreover, such a version may be "abbreviated", so for completeness of information, it is better to look at the original site.

To make it easier to navigate the sites, you can use the automatic Google translator (translate.google.com) - just enter the site address in the translation field.

Or use the hints below.

Option two - look at the Finnish house

We went to this for a long time and finally made our catalog of Scandinavian and Finnish house projects. Faced with the fact that looking for a suitable project on several dozen foreign sites, which are also constantly changing, we gradually began to drag projects from Scandinavian sites to ourselves. And now there are more than 2500 Finnish, Norwegian and Swedish houses on the Finnish house, with a convenient search by the main criteria. By the way, when viewing a project in our catalog, pay attention to the “description” tab, there is useful information and a link to the original project.

• projects of Finnish houses with a sauna - and what is a Finnish house without a sauna?
• projects of Finnish houses with a garage - after creating the catalog, I was surprised to find that the Finns have a lot of such projects
• projects of Finnish houses up to 100m2 - small houses have their own charm, except for one, they turn out to be expensive to build
• projects of Finnish houses from glued laminated timber - by the way, such a house can always be made in a frame version 😉

If you didn’t find your option - try searching in the catalog itself using the search form in the sidebar.

If you like to work with primary sources, then you will find links to Finnish and Scandinavian sites that served as the source of projects for our catalog.

Finnish house designs

Everything related to houses has a root in Finnish talo- which is noticeable even by the name of the companies. For example Omatalo is one of the largest concerns in Finland and Scandinavia.

Accordingly, look for sections on sites one way or another related to talo - usually the directory is hidden under the word talot (at home), talomallistomme, talopaketit, etc. as well as mallistot (collections). Hints: kerros - number of storeys, Huoneistoala -living space, Kerrosala - total area.

And it doesn't matter whether the company builds houses from glued beams or frame houses, any project can be adapted to the frame technology.

Company	Catalog
http://www.alvsbytalo.fi	http://www.alvsbytalo.fi/ talomallistomme
http://www.jukkatalo.fi
http://www.kannustalo.fi	http://www.kannustalo.fi/ mallistot/index.html
http://www.jamera.fi	http://www.jamera.fi/fi/talomallistot/ Also read my
http://www.samitalo.fi	http://www.samitalo.fi/fi/mallistot/sami-talo/
http://www.kastelli.fi/	http://www.kastelli.fi/Talot/
http://www.kreivitalo.fi	http://www.kreivitalo.fi/talomallit/nordland
http://www.finnlamelli.fi	http://www.finnlamelli.fi/eng/models
http://www.omatalo.com/	http://www.omatalo.com/talot/
http://www.herrala.fi/	http://www.herrala.fi/talomallisto
http://www.jetta-talo.fi	http://www.jetta-talo.fi/talomallisto.html
http://www.passiivitalo.com	http://www.passiivitalo.com/eliitti/omakotalo.html
http://www.aatelitalo.fi	http://www.aatelitalo.fi/aatelitalon+talomallit/
http://www.designtalo.fi/	http://www.designtalo.fi/fi/talopaketit/
http://www.kontio.fi/	http://www.kontio.fi/fin/ Hirsitalot.627.html http://www.kontio.fi/fin/Hirsihuvilat.628.html
http://www.lapponiarus.ru/	http://www.lapponiarus.ru/catalogue.html
http://www.lappli.fi	http://www.lappli.fi/fi/talomallistot
http://www.jmturku.com	http://www.jmturku.com/index_tiedostot/Page668.htm
http://www.sievitalo.fi	http://www.sievitalo.fi/trenditalomallisto/
http://www.hartmankoti.fi	http://hartmankoti.fi/talomallisto/
http://kilpitalot.fi	http://kilpitalot.fi/talomallisto/
http://www.mittavakoti.fi	http://www.mittavakoti.fi/mallisto/talomallisto.html
http://www.planiatalo.fi	http://www.planiatalo.fi/fi/mallistot/
http://www.mammuttihirsi.fi	http://www.mammuttikoti.fi/talomallisto/mallisto.html
http://honkatalot.ru	http://lumipolar.ru/mallistot
http://www.kuusamohirsitalot.fi	http://www.kuusamohirsitalot.fi/fi/mallisto/mallihaku.html
http://www.kodikas.fi	http://www.kodikas.fi/puutalot#lisatiedot2
http://www.dekotalo.fi	http://www.dekotalo.fi/mallisto/1-kerros/
http://polarhouse.com	http://polarhouse.com/mokit-huvilat/
http://www.callatalo.fi	http://www.callatalo.fi/talomallisto.html
http://www.simonselement.fi	http://www.simonselement.fi/models.php?type=1&cat=1

Hints - husen (houses) planritningar (layout), Vära hus (choose a house)

Company	Catalog
http://www.a-hus.se/	http://www.a-hus.se/vara-hus
http://www.polarhouse.com/	http://www.polarhouse.com/fi/mallistot/
http://www.vallsjohus.se/	http://www.vallsjohus.se/? page_id=36
http://www. www.forsgrenstimmerhus.se/	http://www. forsgrenstimmerhus.se/sv/hus# start
http://www.lbhus.se/	http://www.lbhus.se/vara-hus. php
http://hjaltevadshus.se	http://hjaltevadshus.se/hus/
http://www.st-annahus.se/	http://www.st-annahus.se/V%C3%A5rahus/1plan/tabid/2256/language/sv-SE/Default.aspx
http://www.smalandsvillan.se	http://www.smalandsvillan.se/vara-hus/sok-hus/
http://anebygruppen.se/	http://anebygruppen.se/varahus/
http://www.savsjotrahus.se/	http://www.savsjotrahus.se/index.php/47-arkitektritade-hus-svartvitt.html
http://www.eksjohus.se/	http://www.eksjohus.se/husmodeller
http://www.vimmerbyhus.se/	http://www.vimmerbyhus.se/vara-hus/
http://www.myresjohus.se/	http://www.myresjohus.se/vara-hus/sok-hus/
http://www.gotenehus.se/	http://www.gotenehus.se/hus
http://www.hudikhus.se/	http://www.hudikhus.se/vara-hus

Norwegian house projects

The concept of "Swedish house" fashion trend became in Russia relatively recently, already in the new millennium, entering into competition with the so-called. "Canadian home"

Under the new concept may lie different content. At least two:

1. Frame houses supplied from Swedish factories;
2. Pre-fabricated houses under construction in Russia using the LSTK frame technology.

Let's figure it out.

One of the main advantages of the LSTK frame construction technology is the small specific gravity structures

Country houses from Sweden

For example, country houses from Sweden and their projects are offered on the Russian market by several construction companies-suppliers.

Such Swedish houses are delivered to customers in a complete set, so to speak, "turnkey", and this concept implies all the necessary components for comfortable life to the maximum, based on the principle that the acquisition (installation) of one's own house for a person is a very serious and responsible step, which means that clarity and smoothness of each of the stages of its construction are needed.

This home offers:

• dubbed heating system when space heating is carried out using several systems. They can function as a whole or separately.
• The entire structure is insulated with high quality to avoid unnecessary heating costs.
• A heat pump is supplied, which works in tandem with boilers on different types fuel, as well as electricity.
• "Heated floors" are mounted;
• Pre-installed wall radiators;
• Air conditioning system and heat recovery in progress;
• A fireplace is placed in the central part of the house;
• Mobile treatment system with the necessary facilities;
• Independent water supply;
• A universal power supply system, which implies the ability not to connect to centralized communication networks.

The set, as you can see, is attractive.

But the "buns" do not end there.

Production time and commissioning

This is also a topical issue - seasonality in the regions of Russia usually presents difficulties with deadlines, as a result, housing construction often drags on for more than one year.

As for Swedish houses, here the whole process of building a house (due to the peculiarities of the frame technology) from the application to its commissioning takes several weeks and it does not depend on the geographical location and the time of year.

Free project

When concluding a contract with a customer for the construction of a Swedish house, the company usually provides a free dwelling project.

There are several classes of Swedish houses. Such as ELIT, MASSIV, LUXURY are supplied to Russia - made directly at Swedish factories.

Swedish house in Russian design

The concept of a Swedish home in Russia is somehow conditional. Such a house can now not only be “brought” directly from Europe. But order domestic producers. And even build your own.

The LSTK technology has spread - an abbreviation for the name "Light Steel Thin-Walled Structures".
Such structures based on thin steel up to 3 mm thick are used for the construction of high-speed frame buildings.

These structures include profiled sheets and thin-walled galvanized steel profiles.

Although profiled steel sheet today accounts for approximately 70% of all light steel structures, the term LSTK has become entrenched in Russia as denoting the technology of erecting buildings using precisely a galvanized profile.

The advent of LSTK technology

This technology was developed in the 50s of the 20th century in Canada. The main reason for the emergence of this technology was the need to build a large number low-rise buildings for the middle class of the respective climatic conditions countries. The LSTC technology quickly acquired the character of mass application, reducing (and completely eliminating) the use of wooden frames in the suburbs and cities, due to their high cost, susceptibility to decay and the effects of insect pests. But the main factor for the development of LSTK was the possibility of industrial, mass production of steel profiles and the availability of the material.

At the same time, it should be noted that in this moment LSTK technology does not occupy a leading position in the markets of low-rise individual construction in those countries where this technology is imported from. Frame construction of houses is developed in North America, Canada, the Scandinavian countries, but in them so far more houses are being built on the basis of a wood frame.

Application

Light steel thin-walled structures are made of galvanized profiles or perforated profiles (thermal profiles). Guides, rack and jumpers are made.

To connect cold-formed profiles use:

1. bolts (diameter 5-16 mm),
2. self-tapping screws;
3. self-drilling self-tapping screws;
4. pull rivets;
5. powder mounting dowels;
6. pneumatic mounting dowels;
7. bubbles;
8. press connections (Rosette).

Advantages

• Among the first advantages of such houses, environmental friendliness is noted, because. during the construction of a structure based on LSTC, the surrounding landscape, including trees and shrubs, is minimally damaged. In addition, if necessary, the possible complete disposal of the house;
• Construction speed. The construction time for a building based on LSTK usually does not exceed 4-5 months;
• Simplicity and ease of installation. When working, 3-4 workers are enough;
• There is no shrinkage of the foundation either at the time of construction or during operation;
• All-weather installation;
• Lack of heavy equipment during construction;
• Seismic resistance. By the way, the construction of houses using the LSTK technology has gained considerable popularity in Japan and other countries where seismic activity is high.
• Sufficiently low cost of 1 square. m. In Russia, the market value of 1 square. m of such housing from LSTC is approximately from 19-20 thousand rubles.
• High heat saving.
• The service life of houses made of LSTK is declared to be 70-100 years or more.

Note that for the most part benefits listed refers not so much to LSTK, but to frame structures in general.

Immediate benefits of LSTC

Stability and accuracy of the geometric dimensions of the profiles
Compact for transport
Factory quality. A kit for the construction of a building from LSTK is produced at the factory and delivered to the site in the form of a ready-made “house kit” with project documentation by assembly.

Flaws

• There is an opinion that main disadvantage of this technology is thin walls". Many consumers even have the feeling that you can easily break through such a wall with almost a fist. But this is unreasonable, because the materials for the installation of ceilings and cladding are very plastic, and they withstand shock.
• There is also an opinion that a low service life compared to buildings made of stone and brick is ensured by the use of general purpose galvanized steel (Zn< 120 г/кв.м.), this shortcoming is minimized if steel with zinc coated at 25 microns (Zn > 350 g/m2).
• In Russia, the declared quality of structures does not always correspond to the real one. Often, LSTC manufacturers underestimate the real quality characteristics of products in pursuit of a lower cost. Typical situations are reduced profile thickness, thinner layer of zinc (Zn< 120 г/кв.м.). Это прямо влияет на качество конструкции.
• Critical dependence of the customer on the manufacturer. Indeed, sometimes it turns out that the panel is not entirely accurately produced or negligent (forgotten "screw"), and problems may arise during the installation of the building.
• Lack of conclusions on the electromagnetic safety of living in buildings with metal frame, insufficient information on how such buildings react to electromagnetic radiation.
• The design and installation of buildings from LSTK should be carried out by highly qualified specialists. The cost of such mistakes can be high.

Video about LGSF technology

Basic swedish house

At the heart of each project is a basic residential building. Projects differ from each other only in the external environment of this basic house. Therefore, the base usually does not change. But they can change the configuration of its environment.

The foundation is monolithic, deepened by 1.5 m, reinforced concrete. Such a foundation is 7-8 times more expensive than shallow foam blocks or recently appeared screw piles. But these "screwed" foundations have practically no history of operation in Russia for the construction of frame houses. Reinforced concrete monolith is a time-tested solution, which, by the way, is used not only for frame houses, but also for brick houses.

In addition to horticultural colonies (analogues of our horticultural partnerships) in Sweden, there are several more types of country houses for recreation. Vacation homes include villas (villa), cottages (torp), holiday or holiday homes (fritidshus), country houses (lantställe), holiday homes (semesterhus), summer huts (sommarstuga) or simply huts (stuga ). There are varieties of such houses as houses for children, garden houses, sports huts near ski resorts, etc. However, most often swedish houses for recreation, they are divided into villas and weekend houses (holidays or vacations). These buildings differ in size, level of design and comfort. In addition, the villa implies the possibility of year-round living in it, although many country Swedish holiday homes can be lived all year round.

There are analogues of country houses for rest in many European countries: in England it is a weekend cottage, in Finland a cottage or a villa, in France Chaumiere (literally - small house under a thatched roof), in Italy it is a second home (Seconda Casa), in Norway it is a mountain or forest hut, a holiday home (Ferienhaus) in Germany, and in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus it is a well-known dacha.

Initially, country houses-villas were available only to the wealthy sections of Swedish society. However, since the beginning of the 20th century, after the change in the way of life to an industrial one and the mass migration of Swedes to cities, the issue of recuperation and outdoor recreation has become relevant for the broader masses. Rural houses, chalets and cottages belonging to families or their relatives in the villages began to be used for recreation. The launch of steamship lines along the Stockholm archipelago made it possible to build country houses along their shores, even in places where there were no roads yet. The industrialization of Sweden was rather slow, and the transformation agriculture and buildings in summer residences lasted until the 1940s and 50s. During this period, holiday homes ceased to be called huts or chalets and began to use the term "vacation, vacation or vacation home". In today's Sweden, vacations are predominantly in the summer, so the term "summer house" is also used.

The rapid development of infrastructures and communications in modern Sweden (a country that spends up to 15% of GDP on the acquisition of advanced technologies and patents around the world) makes it possible to live with equal comfort both in the city and in the countryside. Therefore, more and more Swedish families use country houses for permanent residence. (AT tsarist Russia such domestic summer residents were called "zymogors"). Good transport accessibility, possibility of remote work, low prices, pure nature and calm atmosphere make this choice more and more attractive. Swedish municipalities following the requirements create an appropriate infrastructure for electricity and water supply, disposal Wastewater, laying new transport routes, building schools and kindergartens, medical centers.

The external and internal appearance of Swedish (and indeed Scandinavian) houses is determined by traditional Protestant values, which were formulated by the Danish writer Axel Sandemuse in 1933 in the novel En fl yktning krysser sitt spor (“The fugitive crosses his trail”, not translated into Russian). These 10 rules are the so-called "Jante's law" (Janteloven):

Don't think that you are special.
Don't think you're our equal.
Don't think you're smarter than us.
Don't imagine that you are better than us.
Don't think you know more than us.
Don't think you're more important than us.
Don't think that you can do everything.
You shouldn't laugh at us.
Don't think anyone cares about you.
Don't think that you can teach us.

In short, the life of a Protestant is defined by Christian humility. Not declared ostentatious humility "only in the church", but the real one, which determines the course of a person's thoughts and dictates all his actions. Therefore, the houses of the richest people in Sweden differ only in size and level of design solutions, but not in the presence of gold, carrack marble, tall fences and brutal guards in the decoration, as well as other attributes of "Asian feudal coolness", so well known in our country.

Regular navigation in the Stockholm archipelago has been established since the mid-1800s. Therefore, the first dachas - country houses began to appear along the banks of skerries, even in those places where there were no roads yet. These days, most Swedes get to their coastal dachas on yachts or boats.

The summer villa of a large wealthy (aristocratic) family was used as a residence during the summer. This concept country rest established in 1883. Such families went out for the summer with a large number of servants who were supposed to take care of household issues. The villas of that period were built with more rooms to accommodate both domestic servant families. as well as visiting guests.

Grosshandlarvillan The "big" villa in Sweden is a type of summer house, originally built by wealthy people who could buy or rent land in the interior of the Stockholm archipelago. The 1934 description says that Grosshandlarvillan combines a rich appearance with a cheap construction cost. Grosshandlarvillan villas were built mainly in the late 1800s and early 1900s.

After a deep and protracted recession in the 1920s and 30s, which led to the collapse of many Swedish companies and banks, the construction of large dachas was effectively stopped. After the Second World War, the villas were replaced by simplified dachas-cottages. The first cottages of this type began to be built in 1929.

In 1938, through state-subsidized low interest rates on loans, it became possible for any Swedish employee to build or purchase a cottage outside the city for recreation closer to nature.

In the 1940-50s, when many small farms began to close due to the migration of the population to the cities, many farmers began to build small country houses with an area of ​​20-55 m². In the 1950s and 60s, country houses began to be equipped with all the amenities as in a city apartment or house.

Interestingly, already in those years, the Swedes used a selective home electrical circuit, where individual lines were protected by a separate electrical "plug" - a fuse. There are 9 plugs in this photo, but I saw shields with 20 plugs.

Converted old Swedish country houses began to be equipped with full bathrooms. Modest, clean and comfortable.

Of course, modern bathrooms in Swedish houses they look better. However, brevity scandinavian design present even in the most expensive villas.

Even if the house is not equipped with a septic tank, but a peat composting toilet is used, the design of such a bathroom can be modern and aesthetic.

For more modest summer huts, it is arranged and usual for our eyes outdoor toilet.

But even in such a toilet it is not used. cesspool, as an attribute of the ancient Middle Ages, and the same technology of biological composting is used.

Some Swedish homes use eco-friendly faeces-burning toilets based on a catalytic electric burner.

Such toilets are good to use in buildings near water bodies, for minimal pollution. environment. By the way, in Sweden (as well as throughout Scandinavia) construction near the water is not prohibited. In civilized countries, it is well understood that the purity of reservoirs is not due to the distance from the building to the reservoir, but the level of environmental awareness of citizens, and the use of modern methods of wastewater treatment.

Such architectural solutions in the style of "Modern" ("Modernism", "Jugend", "Tiffany", "Art Nouveau") late XIX the beginning of the 20th century were also characteristic of wealthy Finnish and Russian dachas.

However, if in Finland summer cottages of that period are perfectly preserved, then in Leningrad region they died en masse during revolutions and wars, and continue to die at the present time from fires, redistribution of property and mismanagement.

Modern Swedish villas are distinguished by the Scandinavian conciseness of style.

The vast majority of modern Scandinavian houses are based on a frame structure, as the most rational in construction and operation.

The embodiment of the triumph of a rational approach to the construction of a country house is the A-frame structure of the hut house.

Stone suburban buildings in Sweden are mostly preserved old manor houses. The photo shows an example of an extension of a modern winter garden to an old stone building.

The trend of use as summer cottages original old or stylized old buildings without amenities lasted in Sweden until the 1960s and 70s. (For comparison, in Norway there are still fans of authentic "wild" country rest). Now "antiquity" in Sweden can be found perhaps only in the external design country houses, and even then infrequently, compared with the same Norway.

In Sweden, there is large quantity architectural experiments with modern variants of architectural styles.

Minimalism using the natural texture of wood is a very popular solution for the facades of modern country houses. Larch is most often used, including without any treatment or with treatment with colorless antiseptics, as a result of which the wood acquires the natural color of a dead tree in several seasons.

Combination of dark metal and raw wooden surface allows you to fit the building of modern forms into the natural environment.

Another architectural trend of modern Swedish houses is the maximum glazing, which allows you to live in the house as an extension of the surrounding landscape.

The increase in the area of ​​glazing is also used in the reconstruction of Swedish houses of old traditional construction.

A variant of a chalet-style house with a loft (sleeping attic with low ceilings, open to the space of the second light in the house). Most Swedish country houses are characterized by the presence of a large wooden deck, which offers a view of the surrounding beauty.

Example of house renovation: new frame floor built on an old stone plinth.

In the mid-1970s in Sweden, large construction companies bought up agricultural land and built numerous small summer cottages in picturesque places.

Common water supply networks were laid to the houses, access roads were built, beaches were ennobled and moorings for yachts and boats were arranged.

Many Swedish dachas are located right by the water.

On large country estates near the water on the pier there is only a house for yacht or boat accessories.

Swedish dacha in the style of "torp" - the cottage of a day laborer-tenant. Day work was legally abolished in Sweden in 1943, but the style of these small traditional Swedish cottages has taken root. Now the term "torp" is sometimes used to refer to inexpensive Swedish country cottages.

A modern version of a Swedish country house with a loft loft.

The foundation of a house on a slope, whether it is a pile-and-column for a deck or a monolithic tape for the main house, is often masked with a decorative wooden lattice.

In general, there is virtually no vinyl siding in Sweden. The houses are finished either with natural painted or unpainted wood, or have stucco facades.

As the needs of the family increase, the Swedes add outbuildings to existing houses or extend buildings.

An example of a combination of a country house built from two small cottages united by a winter garden (glazed gallery).

The U-shaped shape of a country house allows you to visually isolate the recreation area from neighbors' views: after all, it is not customary to build fences (and especially high fences) in a summer cottage in Sweden.

The most popular traditional rural swedish style suburban buildings: long houses with sloping pitched roofs, with protruding roof overhangs, built in laconic geometric forms, with large glazed facades, painted with traditional Falu Red paint combined with white edging.

The interiors of most Swedish country houses are very laconic: white walls and natural wood. The unbleached color of the wood is typical for the buildings of the 1970s and 90s. Since the 2000s, bleached or stained wood has come into fashion.

Bedrooms in Swedish dachas very rational: 6-8 square meters can accommodate from 2 to 4 people on bunk beds.

A modern interpretation of the interior of a compact country bedroom with a touch of Swedish romanticism.

Bedroom in traditional log cabin Swedish house-hut.

This is how a bedroom in an expensive Swedish estate looks like: the same laconic forms from Ikea, natural colors and no frills.

Swedish living room interior country house buildings in the 1990s.

Dining room in a house built in the 1960s and 70s.

Kitchen and living room in a modern affordable Swedish country house.

As you can see, the kitchen in an expensive Swedish house differs only in size - the same Ikea and no "Empire" can be found here.

compact kitchen in a Swedish country house.

And now you can take a look at dachas in Norway. Or get acquainted with the life of a gardening association in the center of Stockholm.

Swedish construction experience inspires us. We thought that it would be interesting for you to see how a frame house is assembled in Sweden. To do this, we have translated one of the riddarebo.se blog entries, in which the owners, Martin and Camilla, tell how their future home literally “grew up” in one day on their site.

In the early morning in Kungsbakka, the house kit is loaded into a truck and sent to the facility in Riddarebo.

Workers and other representatives are already waiting at the site construction company. A large truck crane is ready for unloading.

Wall panels quickly find their place on the foundation.

Our comment: Wall panels are equipped with a facade and double-glazed windows. Thanks to ideal roads and modern technology, the Swedes bring and install completely finished parts of the house. This saves time for work directly on the site, where conditions are not always favorable.

It was interesting to see with what accuracy the wall sections are installed in predetermined places.

This photo clearly shows another feature of the Swedish frame construction - monolithic slab foundation. In Russia, it received the name "Insulated Swedish stove" precisely because it is widely used by the Swedes. The advantages of the "Swedish plate" justify its high cost:

• the ground under the foundation does not freeze and does not swell;
• all communications are laid in the slab;
• the floor will be the source of heat in the house - batteries are not needed;
• flat floor for any finish.

In addition to wall sections, other building materials were also brought to the site.

The last section of the wall is installed.

Crane in all its splendor.

It's time for sharp nails and long rafters.

At the same time, the veranda begins to take shape.

The crane master has done his job and it's time for him to pack up. Thank you, Allfrakt!

The next step is a temporary plywood roof. It's fast.

The last stage of the day is the laying of roofing material.

Before Camilla and I finished the day, we were able to sneak into the house and look out into the courtyard from the windows of different rooms. Very pleased with what we saw, we went to rest. Thanks to the entire construction team for their professional work.

What happened next?

And here is what a house looks like with a permanent roof, a painted facade and a terrace. Modest Swedish beauty.

Check out this blog, it's very interesting. Before finishing the house, Martin and Camilla built a garage in the same style and two interesting flower beds. They colorfully describe all the processes, sometimes with humor. For example, in the photo below, a wire for a future street lamp sticks out of the house. And a comment:

Electricians claim to be the oldest profession in the world. In the beginning, when God said "Let there be light!" The electrician was already there and ran the wires.