How to independently make a staircase to the second floor. Stairs to the second floor in a private house: types and secrets of installation

Staircase to the second floor necessary element two-story house, while it should be not only comfortable, strong and reliable, but also in harmony with the interior of the house. Staircase designs may differ both in shape and in the material from which they are made. In private houses, wooden stairs are most often installed, while metal supports and structures can be used.

The shape of the stairs can be marching - straight or rotary, or spiral. The second is occupied less space, while they are less comfortable for constant walking. Mid-flight stairs take up a significant area from the room, however, with a reasonable layout, the space under the stairs can be sewn up with a partition and used as a pantry or dressing room.

Turning stairs are L-shaped or U-shaped, with winders or intermediate platforms. They take up less space in the room, but are somewhat more difficult to implement. Direct marching stairs They have a simple and reliable design, and everyone can make them with their own hands.

Any staircase has steps - they take the main load. The steps, in turn, are supported by stringers or bowstrings. The kosour is a sawtooth-shaped beam, while the steps rest on a horizontal cut, and risers are attached to the vertical cut of the “teeth”. The staircase can be made with one central stringer with steps resting on the wall, or with support on two side stringers.

Bowstrings are thick beams in which grooves for steps and risers are selected. The bowstrings are made from a thick board, and the groove is cut according to the template. Between themselves, the bowstrings are pulled together with the help of cords made of wood or metal.

The risers perform a decorative function, allowing you to sew up the space under the stairs tightly. The stairs can be made without risers, then its design will be lighter. For convenience and safety, the stairs should be equipped with railings. The railing frame is made of supports - balusters, and a handrail. In addition, stairs can have platforms in the upper and lower parts, a support step and other elements.

The simplest universal design for self-manufacturing is a staircase on two stringers. Considered below step technology its manufacture.

Staircase made of wood on stringers

• the height of the stairs is divided by the previously accepted step height, the resulting value is rounded up to a larger integer;
• multiply the number of steps by the previously accepted step width and get the length of the base of the stairs;
• calculate the length of the span according to the Pythagorean theorem;
• calculate the ratio of the height of the stairs to the length of the span, it should be in the range of 0.5-0.7.
• If geometric calculations are difficult, you can simply draw the stairs to scale and measure the span and angle.
• When calculating, it must be taken into account that a wooden house shrinks significantly in the first two or three years, and a rigidly fixed staircase can deform or change the angle of inclination.
• Manufacturing of stringers.

Stringers are made from well-dried hardwood boards: pine, beech, oak. Based on the results of the calculations, a template is made of cardboard or thin plywood, imitating the shape of the protrusion and taking into account the angle of inclination of the stairs. Grooves are made in the upper and lower parts of the stringers, with the help of which they will be attached to the floor beam from above and to the support beam from below. With the help of an electric jigsaw, protrusions are cut out on the stringers, after which the workpieces are processed using a grinder or sandpaper.

1. Installation of stringers. Stringers are installed in a predetermined place, fixed at the bottom with a support beam, and at the top - with a cut into the beam. It is possible to install metal supports on the floor beam, to which stringers are attached using anchor bolts. The lower support beam is also attached to the anchor bolts. When installing stringers, be sure to use a level.

   

2. Manufacture of steps and risers. Steps are made in required quantity from a dry board with a thickness of at least 36 mm and a width of the board not less than the selected width of the steps. Steps may protrude slightly beyond the plane of the riser, so trim more wide board no need. The boards are cut to the required length, equal to the width of the stairs, taking into account the railing, usually this value is 0.8-1.2 meters. The steps are ground, cutting off sharp edges. The risers are made of a dry board with a thickness of at least 20 mm, the width of the board is equal to the height of the steps, and the length is the width of the stairs.
3. Step fixing. First, the risers are attached to the installed stringers, and then the steps with the help of self-tapping screws and wood glue. All joints are smeared with glue to reduce creaking when walking up the stairs.

   

4. Handrail manufacturing. Balusters and handrails are used to make railings. Balusters can be made from a square bar or bought ready-made, carved. Balusters are installed on steps, usually one baluster for each step. At the beginning and end of the stairs, supporting balusters are installed, between them - decorative. Balusters are attached to the steps with self-tapping screws, after which decorative plugs are installed in the attachment points. The railing is also fixed with self-tapping screws from the bottom side.

   

5. Treatment and application of decorative coating
6. The staircase, like any other wooden structure, needs to be protected from moisture. Wooden stairs are coated for this purpose with paint, varnish or a protective colorless or tinting composition. In this case, it is better to use coatings that do not form very smooth surface Slippery steps are dangerous, especially when going down. Before applying the coating, the stairs are sanded again to remove all burrs and burrs. The attachment points are closed with wooden plugs. The coating is applied with a brush or a small roller in two or three layers, while allowing the previous layer to dry well.

   

7. It is not always possible to install a straight flight ladder due to its dimensions. To save space, you can make other types of stairs, for example,.

During construction frame house sometimes the question arises how to build a wooden staircase? Most of projects imply a second or attic floor. Stairs come in a variety of different materials.

But wood is the most popular and simple material, as well as eco-friendly and convenient. Anyone can handle this material. Building and installing stairs with your own hands is a tangible cost savings.

There are two main types of wooden stairs - spiral and mid-flight.

Mid-flight stairs are the most common and simple, and if you are new to construction, choose this kind of stairs.

As a rule, such schemes are in electronic format. There are special computer programs and applications that will allow you to create such models. Professional programs for construction organizations have a 3D function. Although, this is not at all necessary for the construction of a marching staircase, the usual one on paper will suffice.

Standard interfloor wooden stairs are installed on stringers or bowstrings. The difference lies in the following: the bowstrings are located on the side of the steps, and the stringers are under the steps.

A marching ladder usually has two side bowstrings. Its steps are attached on both sides. Consider the installation and installation of stairs with just such a technology.

Installation of a marching staircase

Initially we make detailed diagram for stairs and its parts. We pre-cut the steps from the boards, make 2 bowstrings and special supporting bars. Next, we connect the steps with bowstrings. Under each step we make a supporting bar. We mount all bowstrings to the floor and to the walls.

Spiral interfloor wooden staircase

If you can’t build a staircase with your own hands, then you can opt for a finished screw wooden structure. The advantage of this staircase is that it will significantly save space in the house.

Important to consider when building spiral staircase its angle of inclination. If it is too steep, it can be hazardous to health, especially if there are children and elderly people in the house.

An easy way to install and install a spiral staircase is to buy a ready-made, measured design. on the installation will also bring you significant benefits.

A spiral wooden staircase consists of three main parts: a rack, a railing and steps. When choosing wood for stairs, choose oak. It is not only one of the most durable materials, but also differs beautiful view and excellent features.

Before buying a spiral staircase, measure the dimensions in detail in order to choose desired design just right for your home. There is another option - to hire a specialist who will take all the measurements himself, and after that already place an order for the stairs. If you have building skills, you can make the steps yourself, ordering only the rack and railing. Usually racks and railings are made to order, chiseled, although there are also rectangular ones.

The device of the spiral staircase

• On the one hand, the steps are attached to the rack, and on the other, they have holes for the railing.
• Racks are mostly metal. They have a flange to which steps are attached.
• The most common staircase design is "duck step". It involves a special form of steps.
• The rack is mounted between floors. It is attached to the floor with anchor bolts.

• After installing the rack, the steps are installed. The distance between the steps should not exceed 20 cm. This is necessary for your safety. When assembling and installing steps, make sure that the last rung of the stairs fits exactly to the floor of the second floor.

At the spiral staircase, like the marching one, there are many decorative elements and details. And each set has its own decorations and different details, and elements of fasteners. When installing and assembling a simple mid-flight staircase, the calculation is different, the geometry of the opening here is rectangular. The opening at the spiral staircase is a circle.

If you decide to order a finished wooden staircase, then contact a trusted and reliable company, with good reviews. Buy a ready-made wooden staircase or make it yourself with your own hands.

Staircase painting

Painting stairs is divided into three main parts:

1. preliminary preparation of all the details of the stairs;
2. painting stairs and its details;
3. painting the stairs with a protective varnish layer.

Before starting work, you need to prepare each element of our stairs for painting. And this means: and. Puttying must be done with special mixtures for wood. The use of compounds that are not suitable for wood is strictly prohibited.

When the putty layer has dried, we proceed to polishing the surface. Grinding takes place in two stages. The first stage is rough, it is also called superficial. After that, you have to wait a few days. You will notice that lint forms on the surface of the wood. Blow them with air before the second sanding.

After the completion of the grinding work, the board will become perfectly flat and smooth. Now feel free to start applying the first coating.

Before you start painting, apply a coat of primer to the wooden stairs. And it is better to choose a primer to match the paint.

When choosing a paint, stop your attention on alkyd or urethane types of coating. These paints are perfect for flight of stairs. From colors choose lighter colors.

If desired, instead of paint, you can use, or use stain or varnish. The advantages of wood stain are that it perfectly emphasizes and highlights the unique pattern of wood. Your staircase will look perfect. Choose stain along with varnish. And don't skimp on the purchase. The better the coloring composition, the longer the staircase will last you. Stain is not only decorative trim but also protection from various factors.

After the paint has dried, apply the final coat of varnish. Choose from a matte or semi-matt finish. Lacquering is carried out in three stages. Moreover, before each subsequent application, the previous layer of varnish must dry. If air bubbles form on the varnish, then after painting, simply sand them.

Video on making a straight staircase

Video on the manufacture of a spiral staircase

A staircase is an important functional element not only for multi-storey buildings, but also for houses with attic and basements. In order for the structure to be comfortable and reliable, its dimensions must comply with SNiPs, and the material and shape must comply with the type of structure. How to assemble the structure with your own hands and what nuances should be taken into account - read below.

The most durable and strong are considered metal stairs. But, firstly, in order to collect them, you must have experience working with welding machine. And, secondly, the metal frame does not always fit into the interior of the room (“naked” metal stairs will be appropriate in loft, hi-tech, minimalism interiors).

The easiest way to make a structure on a metal frame with your own hands is to purchase a modular device with fasteners in the kit, which is assembled as a designer. The convenience and strength of this design is evidenced by numerous positive reviews online. In private wooden houses and cottages, you can often find wooden stairs that are distinguished by their spectacular appearance, reliability and lightness (which is important for wooden house). In addition, a tree should also be chosen for stairs in new timber buildings (due to shrinkage of the material).

As prescribed fire safety, in houses with a floor of two or more, metal stairs should be installed that can guarantee evacuation from the upper floors in case of fire.

The shape of a simple staircase

The shape of both metal and wooden stairs can be any: from straight structures to spiral ones. The easiest to assemble with your own hands are considered to be standard straight single-flight stairs. The disadvantages of the structures include the fact that, due to the angle of inclination (if the staircase is designed taking into account all SNiP), they take up quite a lot of space on the lower floors.

Therefore, in a room limited in size, two-flight structures should be placed. The advantage of such ladders is that they can be used to save space in small space: for example, an intermediate platform can be used as a "box" for storing household equipment and tools, and under the march itself you can place a closet, a sanitary unit.

A simple staircase in the house: basic requirements

Regardless of the material of manufacture and shape (straight or rotary), the simplest stairs are divided into the following types: with one or two stringers; open (without risers) and closed. The most comfortable and reliable are designs on two bowstrings with risers.

In addition, for maximum security and convenience it is necessary that the design:

1. It was designed for a load exceeding the weight of a person with an average build.
2. It had handrails and balusters with a height of at least 900 mm, located at a distance of no more than 15 cm (if there are small children in the house, then you can protect the stairs on the sides with a plexiglass cloth or mesh).
3. It was tilted at an angle of 35-45 degrees (for stairs in utility room the angle of inclination may be greater).
4. It was equipped with steps with a width of 25-35 cm and a height of 15-20 cm.

In addition, a comfortable staircase should be well lit, have upper and lower frieze steps, and a passage height of at least two meters.

When designing stairs, it should be taken into account that the height of the passage should be 50 mm more than the height of the tallest member of the family.

Dimensions of a simple staircase

The dimensions of the stairs determine the level of its convenience and safety. The safest, according to fire safety rules, are structures with a march width of 1.25-1.50 m (for garden house this value can be reduced to 800 cm, provided that a simple structure is located along the wall). The height of the stairs is calculated according to finishing floors upper and lower floors. The number of steps in the march is calculated by dividing the height of the stairs by optimal height riser.

There are two ways to calculate the length of a ladder:

1. Using the Pythagorean theorem (the length of the structure will be equal to the sum of the height of the room and the length of the projection of the stairs onto the floor squared).
2. By multiplying the number of treads by their depth.

Using the second method, it should be remembered that the treads of the last one and the steps in front of the running platform are not taken into account.

Do-it-yourself metal simple staircase to the second floor

An ordinary staircase on a metal frame is a strong and durable structure that allows you to quickly and safely climb to the second floor.

Assembling a ladder on a metal frame with your own hands involves the following procedure:

1. Calculation of all components of the stairs: from parts of the metal frame to the height and width of steps (made of wood, drywall, glass, etc.).
2. Cutting of metal and selected material for steps. You can do it yourself or at a hardware store.
3. Production of filly from metal corners - elements on which steps will be installed. The size of the filly is calculated for each design individually. Elements are welded shelves down and inward.
4. Installation of fillies on stringers by welding.
5. Installation of metal crossbars across each pair of corners and holders for steps.
6. Installation of stringers.
7. Sanding of irregularities and joints in the places of welding.
8. Priming of the metal frame and painting it with waterproof paint.
9. Installation of steps from the material selected and prepared in advance.
10. Installation of balusters, railings.

Balusters can be installed on the base by welding or to the end of the step with bolts.

Do-it-yourself wooden ordinary staircase

It is easier to assemble a staircase made of wood: lumber can be cut to order in a hardware store, and for mounting elements, most often, a conventional screwdriver is used.

When choosing lumber for stairs, you should focus on hardwoods: for example, pine board 4 cm wide for stringers. Steps can also be made from pine, and risers can be made from needles.

A wooden staircase is assembled from the installation of a running platform (if the staircase is two-flight): a frame is made of timber, reinforced in the middle with stiffeners, on which a wooden rectangular flooring is mounted. Simply put, the assembled platform should resemble a stool in appearance.

Next comes the assembly of the flight of stairs (first the lower one - to the platform): steps and risers are installed on the stringers with the help of nails and screws. There is another installation method - the steps crash into the bowstrings. For the installation of balusters and fence posts, anchors or studs are used. After - handrails are installed.

To give the structure additional strength, after mounting the steps, the stringers are tightened with metal ties installed on the thread with a distance of 2-3 steps.

Upon completion of the assembly, the structure is sanded and puttied, painted in desired color and covered with several layers of varnish.

The design of the simplest stairs (video)

The staircase is an important architectural component of any building, which allows you to freely move between the tiers of the building. The simplest design can be made both on wood and metal frame. Which option to choose depends on the wishes and skills of the master. The main thing, at the same time, is that the staircase is assembled taking into account building codes and regulations. Then the device will be as convenient and safe as possible!

Recently construction country house very often not limited to one floor. In order to expand the space, a second one is built or it is insulated and brought into a suitable comfortable living condition attic room. And this means that one cannot do without a staircase in the interior of the first floor.

The staircase to the second floor with your own hands may well be assembled from ready kit, which can be purchased from companies specialized in the development and manufacture of this interior functional element. In the proposed catalogs, you can choose a staircase that fits perfectly into the environment of both floors, and will be convenient and safe for all family members to climb and descend.

You can try and build a staircase yourself, but in this case it is necessary to produce it, since if the design is not well thought out, a familiar element of the house for everyone may well become a traumatic “simulator”.

In addition, you need to decide what role the staircase will play in the interior. It may be completely invisible, and not be decorative ornament room, or it can become the center of the composition, around which the entire design of the room will be built.

Therefore, in order to choose a suitable instance, it is better though would schematically draw the stairs you want would see in your home, but you can already find ready-made version and adapt it to a particular room.

Before choosing a staircase model, you must definitely find out how it works and how to calculate its correct parameters.

The design of the stairs has many components, some of them are mandatory, while others may not be included in the devices of some types of this structure.

So, a staircase cannot do without steps and supports that support them - these are the main elements of the most simple designs interfloor stairs.

• The step itself consists of two parts - vertical and horizontal. The first of them is called riser, and the second - tread. The riser is a support for tread, but sometimes they do without it.
• Supports can be of two types:

- a bowstring is a beam that supports the steps from their ends;

- kosour - a beam supporting the steps from below.

• Railings are also important element stairs, although not present on all of its types. But if there are children or elderly people in the house, then you can’t do without them.
• Balusters are vertically mounted railing supports, which most often become not only a functional part of the stairs, but also its decorative decoration. This element can be made of different materials and have different shapes.

Since there are different types of stairs, each of them can have details that are necessary for a particular design.

• Rack - this element is used for the device of a spiral staircase. Steps of a special shape are fixed to the rack with a certain step, which form a spiral rising from the first to the second floor.

• Bolts are special bolts, which are also elements supporting the steps, they are mounted in the wall and directly on the steps themselves. They are not used for everyone, but only for certain types of stairs.

Types of stairs

Having learned what elements the stairs consist of, you need to understand in more detail how each of the types of these structures looks like, established between floors.

marching stairs

This type of staircase is popular for any type of private home. It consists of one or more straight marches, equipped with evenly spaced steps. It is convenient to go down and up on it, but the disadvantage of this model is that it requires a lot of space in the room.

The most common - mid-flight stairs

If the staircase consists of several flights, then each of them must have at least 3 ÷ 4 and no more than 15 steps. Failure to comply with this standard may result in uncomfortable stair climbing. Usually the number of steps in each march is 8 ÷ 11 pieces, and special platforms are installed between the marches. Their sizes are multiples of the average stride length.

• Marching stairs can be closed and open. The first of them have risers in the design of the steps, and the second ones are arranged without them. The open version is convenient in cases where the steps are not wide enough.
• Mid-flight stairs may have steps attached to stringers or bowstrings. For these parts, boards are selected that have a thickness of at least 45 ÷ 50, and better - even 60 ÷ 70 mm.
• If a straight staircase without turns has more than 8-9 steps, then for strength it is also recommended to divide it with a platform.
• In the case when the staircase is built with a slight turn, it is called a turning one, and sometimes steps are arranged on this site instead of a platform, which are called winders.

Winder steps quarter turn stairs

• In addition to the above types, mid-flight stairs can be:

— quarter-turn- the angle of which when turning is 90 degrees, and they are arranged mainly at the junction of two walls;

- half-turn - their rotation has an angle of 180 degrees;

- circular models - marches consistently form a 360-degree turn.

The design of the stairs on the bolts

The name of these ladders on the bolts comes from the German word "volzen", which means a bolt. Thus, it is a bolted ladder. In fact, it is a fastener in the form of a pin having threads at its ends. With the help of their steps and fences are fastened together and mounted in the wall. Thanks to these devices, the design looks light and airy. Contributes to this and the absence of risers.

In addition, such a model can be stretched on a certain section of the wall, or it can look quite compact. Despite the seeming lightness, the design is reliable and durable, it is able to withstand hundreds of kilograms, so the ladders on the rails are becoming more and more popular.

Despite the “airy” look, the ladder on the rails is very reliable.

Naturally, such a structure cannot be located in the middle of the room, since it must be attached to the wall, the main condition for installation is its strength of the material from which it is built.

It is rather difficult to calculate the ladder on the rails on your own, but you can purchase it as a kit or place an order for professionals to manufacture it with reference to specific home conditions.

Video: installation of a wooden staircase on the rails

The installation of this design is quite complicated, and it is better to entrust it to qualified craftsmen who will be able to evaluate the possibility of its installation. Therefore, before purchasing a kit, it is best to first consult with experts.

Spiral interfloor staircase

This design is more difficult to install, but has the advantage that it occupies the smallest footprint of all. existing options and therefore ideal for rooms with small area. In addition, such a staircase can be installed in any convenient place in the room and, if desired, make it the center of the interior composition, since the design has a fairly aesthetic appearance.

Spiral staircase - saves space, but not always convenient for carrying bulky items

May be different types, but for a two-story house, a model consisting of their racks and wedge-shaped steps is best suited. For rack choose metal pipe or wooden support.

• The rack itself is fixed to the floor of the first floor and in the interfloor or attic floor.
• Steps are fixed on it with a narrow side and rotated so that the overall design resembles a spiral.
• Balusters are installed on the wide side of the steps, top part which are fixed in the handrail, repeating the spiral direction of the entire structure.

Video: installation of a spiral staircase

Inconvenient in such a model is the fact that it will be difficult to lift or lower down some massive piece of furniture. In addition, when choosing such a model for installation, you need to know that the smaller the opening for it in interfloor overlap, the stairs will be steeper and more inconvenient.

It is not difficult to calculate the screw structure. To do this, the area in the room where it will be installed is determined, its center is calculated - this will be the installation site of the rack. Further, the distance from the rack to the border is measured - this will be the span width, i.e. step length.

For comfortable walking on such a ladder, the size of the middle of the step should be at least 200 mm, and the widest part should be no more than 400 ÷ 420 mm.

It is quite possible to make and assemble such a design on your own, if you have skills in working with wood, and the ability to calculate the load on the selected material. However, if you are not confident in your abilities, then it is better to entrust the work to a specialist, since it is wrong arranged construction very traumatic.

Requirements for the design of stairs

Before starting work, you need to find out the requirements for the design of the stairs.

Security is probably the most important condition. In order for it to be fully implemented, it is very important to accurately calculate all the parameters:

- the slope angle, the width and height of the steps, the method of fastening the first and last of them are calculated;

- if the staircase is not located between two walls, the fence must be installed, and its height must be at least 800 ÷ 850 mm;

- if there are small children in the house, the balusters supporting the handrail of the fence should not be located further from each other than 100 ÷ 120 mm;

- the width of the steps should be 200 ÷ 300 mm;

- the staircase must withstand sufficiently large loads - for residential buildings they are 300 ÷ 350 kg / m²;

- it is impossible for the steps to be slippery - their texture is necessarily thought out outer coating;

- the entire structure must be securely and rigidly fixed between floors;

- it is undesirable to install the structure at an elevation angle of more than 45 degrees;

- the width of the spans cannot be made less than 850 mm, the best option is 1000 ÷ 1200 mm;

- the ladder will be less traumatic if it is divided into two or three parts by platforms;

- fasteners for structural elements must be made of high-quality material, so they cannot be saved on;

- if wooden details are processed independently, then you need to bring them to perfect evenness and compliance with the dimensions established by the drawing or patterns.

Video: errors in the design and construction of stairs

Calculation of the parameters of the stairs and the manufacture of parts

Since for self-production and installation, a marching structure with steps laid on a stringer is the most affordable, as well as convenient and safe to use, it is worth considering it.

The first thing to do is to calculate the location, number and size of steps, as well as the width of the flight of stairs.

Calculation of the parameters of the stairs

Calculation of the design of the mid-flight stairs is as follows:

• The height of the room and the length of the entire or part of the wall are taken as a basis - the place that is reserved for the installation of the stairs. Reducing these values ​​to scale, draw right triangle, in which the hypotenuse will be the staircase itself, and the legs will be the height of the rise and the floor.

An angle of 45 degrees is considered ideal for installing stairs, but it can be changed, depending on the desire of the owner of the house and on the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe room.

• The comfortable width of the step should be at least 200 mm, so the leg of the floor, based on its natural length, is divided by this value. The resulting number of steps is marked on the drawing.
• The height of the risers, convenient for movement, should not exceed 100 ÷ 120 mm. To calculate them, you need to divide the height of the total rise by the selected height of the risers and also transfer it to the drawing.
• Thus, it is possible to calculate the dimensions of the stringer for laying steps.
• The width of the stairs will depend on the preferences of the tenants and the size of the room.

Video: an example of the calculation of a marching interfloor staircase

Manufacture of staircase parts

In order to properly manufacture parts, you need to accurately transfer the dimensions from the drawing made to the material, and select high-quality, well-dried wood.

• The most difficult thing is to cut the stringers perfectly evenly, since the reliability and strength, as well as the aesthetics of the design, will depend on this. For these load-bearing elements, a board is selected whole without cracks and numerous large knots, with a thickness of at least 45 ÷ 50 mm.
• The tread sheets can have a width of 1.5-2 cm more than the space provided for them on the stringers, plus the thickness of the risers. Steps should be perfectly even with rounded neat edges, and this is also very important to consider. For them, a board with a thickness of 30 ÷ 35 mm is selected.
• If it was planned to make the staircase closed, with risers, then they must also be done carefully. For these elements, it is not necessary to take a board of great thickness, since basically the entire load will fall on the stringers, and the risers will play a supporting role. A thickness of 15 ÷ 20 mm is sufficient.

• Balusters and handrails would be better purchased at ready-made along with fasteners. If there are children in the house, then, for safety reasons, two balusters should be installed on each step. In the case when the children have already grown up, then one element supporting the handrail is enough.

Prices for various types of staircase elements

Stair elements

Ladder installation

The installation of the stairs is the most crucial moment after the manufacture of all structural elements, and it must be approached with maximum responsibility.

• The stringers are installed first according to pre-set marks. On the floor, they are fixed to a support beam fixed in the right place, and in the upper part they are installed in cut gaps in the floor beam. Sometimes, to fix the upper part of the stringers, metal supports are used, mounted on a beam covering the ceiling. Anchor bolts act as fasteners for these load-bearing elements.

In order for the parts to be installed perfectly evenly, they are constantly calibrated during the installation process according to the plumb line and building level.

• If risers are provided, then they are screwed before laying the canvas of the steps.
• Then, on top of the stringers and risers, the tread panels are fixed with self-tapping screws.

The fastening of the risers and steps takes place in the complex, and goes upwards.

• Then, when the steps are ready, you can proceed to the installation of balusters.

On both sides, that is, on the floor of the first floor and at the top of the stairs, support posts are installed, which will become the boundary for general design handrail (railing). They will also play both a supporting and decorative role.

Balusters can be different size, and are made from various materials, so they can be attached in different ways. Some of them are simply installed in drilled holes in the steps and handrails, others are screwed on with self-tapping screws, and the attachment points are closed with decorative plugs.

• , they are covered from above with handrails, which are fixed on the supporting extreme posts. If necessary, another support post can be installed in the middle of the ladder.
• If there are three or even four racks, then instead of balusters, two or three can serve as a reliable fence. flat boards(slats) fixed parallel to the course of the stairs.
• When the entire structure is assembled, you can proceed to surface treatment with a grinder and sandpaper. Preparation is carried out before applying protective and decorative paint coatings.
• The first layer that is applied to the tree is antiseptic compounds. They will protect the wood from rotting, mold or fungus, from domestic insects. After this, the structures are allowed to dry completely.

• Further, the staircase can be varnished in several layers (preferably on water based) with hot wax or paint.
• If you need to darken the wood, it is pre-coated with stain or other tinting compounds, and then, after drying, a varnish coating is applied on top of them.

After drying paintwork, the staircase will be ready for operation.

Photo instruction for creating a ladder made of wood

Step 1 - drawing of the future design

Video: another interesting option for mounting stairs to the second floor

If you need to install in the house, you need to carefully calculate each step of your work and approach it with all responsibility and accuracy.

The second floor allows you to significantly increase the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe house without increasing the space it occupies, but without a ladder it is impossible to get to the second floor. In this article, we will talk about various options stairs that are used in brick, stone, block or wooden houses, and we will also describe the sequence of actions for building a simple but beautiful single-flight staircase with decorative railings.

Types of stairs

All stairs connecting the first and second floors can be conditionally divided by:

1. Span type:
   • single-march;
   • multi-march.
2. Shape:
   • straight;
   • screw;
   • corner;
   • curly.
3. Material:
   • wooden;
   • metal;
   • combined.

Selecting the type of stairs

The choice of the type of stairs is influenced by many factors, such as the height of the floor, the ability to create complex structures from various materials, the presence free space around the future stairs and many others. If you decide to make a ladder yourself, then first of all you should evaluate your skills as a carpenter and welder, this will help you choose the material from which the ladder will be made. If you are a good welder, you can make stairs of any complexity from metal and any other materials. If you are a good carpenter, you can build a wooden staircase of any complexity. Not all people have such talents, so do not despair, if you do not know how to cook or carpentry properly, this will not prevent you from creating a simple, but beautiful and reliable staircase connecting the first and second floors.

Having decided on the material from which you will build the stairs, proceed to the choice of its design. Below we give a list of the main requirements that must be taken into account when choosing the type and size of stairs, this will allow not only to build it, but also to make the stairs comfortable and safe:

• the angle of elevation of the stairs is 30–45 degrees;
• if there is a cover above the stairs, then the distance from any step to it should be the same and be 2–2.2 meters; if there is no cover, then the distance to any obstacle at any point should not be less than 2 meters;
• railings must be rigidly fixed, and their height is 80–100 cm;
• the optimal width of the stairs is 1 meter;
• optimal step depth 30 cm;
• the optimal step height is 15 cm;
• there must be sufficient free space in front of the bottom and top steps of the stairs (at least 2m²).

One of the main parameters that affects the choice of the type of stairs is the angle of its rise, which is 30–45 degrees (optimally 40 degrees). At an angle of 45 degrees, the length of the space occupied by the stairs will be equal to the height of the floor plus 1-2 meters. An additional distance is necessary in order to make it convenient to use the stairs, because you will have to not only walk along it, but also bring furniture. If there is such free space - optimal choice- a one-way staircase. Its advantage is in its small width - with a step width of 1 meter, the width of the stairs along the outer side of the railing does not exceed 120 cm. If there is no free space of this length, you will have to build a multi-flight, spiral or corner staircase, which are much more difficult to manufacture. In addition, the width of the free space for spiral or multi-flight stairs is approximately 2.5 step widths, and the length of each flight with spans reaches the height of the floor. The width of the spiral staircase is 2.5–3.5 meters, this is due to the need to use wider steps, moreover, it is the most difficult and expensive to manufacture.

Construction of a wooden single-flight staircase

Below we describe the construction of a staircase with a step width of 1 meter, an elevation angle of 45 degrees and a height from the floor of the first floor to the floor of the second floor of 3 meters. Such a staircase provides a comfortable and safe ascent to the second floor, looks very nice and is relatively easy to manufacture. It can be installed both in brick or stone, and in wooden house With wooden floors first and second floors. You can purchase all the materials for its manufacture at the nearest construction or hardware store where you can buy all the necessary tools.

Tools and materials

For work you will need the following materials:

• planed board 50x250 mm (two pieces of 5 meters each);
• bar 50x50 mm (12–15 meters);
• bolts 11–13 cm long, 5–8 mm in diameter, nuts and 2 washers for them (108 pieces of bolts and nuts, 216 washers);
• planed board 35x150 mm (40 meters);
• planed board 35x115 mm (22 meters);
• turned balusters 100–110 cm high and 50 mm in diameter (26–32 pieces);
• supporting pillars with a section of 10x10 cm and a length of 100–110 cm, balusters of the appropriate size (4 pcs) can be used;
• railings straight embossed 50–80 mm wide (15 meters);
• steel corners with a shelf length of 10 cm (12 pcs);
• anchor bolts, nails and self-tapping screws of various sizes;
• wood putty;
• parquet varnish;
• acetone or solvent;
• wood glue.

You will also need the following tools:

• jigsaw;
• grinder;
• screwdriver with a Phillips bit;
• wood saw;
• drill with perforation mode and a set of drills;
• feather drill with a diameter of 20mm;
• hand mill or milling machine;
• a set of chisels;
• wrenches corresponding to bolts and nuts;
• square;
• protractor;
• pencil;
• roulette,
• hammer and mallet;
• sandpaper;
• brush;
• rubber gloves, respirator and goggles.

Manufacturing and installation of stairs

If you are going to install a staircase, make sure that the floors of the first and second floors do not require repair, because otherwise they may not withstand the load and collapse, as a result of which not only the staircase, but also the person on it will fall. Then measure the exact distance between the floor of the first floor and the floor of the second floor, then use the Pythagorean theorem to find the length of the kosour (bearing board) of the stairs. With a height of exactly 300 cm, the length of the stringer is 424 cm. If you are not satisfied with the angle of 45 degrees, then do the calculations yourself, for this it is enough school knowledge. After all, the ladder forms a right triangle, where the vertical leg is the height, the horizontal leg is the space occupied by the ladder, and the hypotenuse is the length of the stringer.

Then calculate the number of steps.

Remember if there are more than 18 steps, it is advisable to use a different staircase design, because the stringer without supports will not be able to provide the necessary rigidity.

Having decided on the calculations, mark the boards of the kosour, the corners of which must correspond to the angle of the installation of the stairs, taking into account overall length these details. Make no mistake, because if you make a mistake, you will either have to increase the angle of the stairs or buy new stringer boards. After marking and double-checking everything, cut the ends of the boards and apply them to the installation site of the future ladder to make sure that you did not mix anything up. Both boards should stand at the required angle and fit to the floor surface of the first floor and the end of the floor of the second floor without gaps.

Remove the kosour boards and start marking the steps. We offer the simplest method of fastening steps, which does not reduce the strength of the stringer and does not require special carpentry skills, enough attention, care and diligence. Steps made from two 35x150mm boards will support 50x50mm bars attached to the stringer, and the front steps will cover risers - vertical boards measuring 35x115mm. The steps will be attached with self-tapping screws, and the risers with nails. If you do not feel sorry for self-tapping screws 70-80 mm long, then the risers can be attached to the stringer with their help. As a result, the steps are 26.5 cm deep and 15 cm high, which ensures high comfort during the ascent or descent from the stairs.

Before starting the marking, imagine the device of each step, then sketch it. If you could imagine and sketch them, proceed to markup. Determine the length of the bars so that they do not interfere with the risers and do not protrude from the back of the stringer. Then mark the position of the bars, taking into account the height of the steps. Remember, the first step should start with a riser resting on the floor. When you are done with the marking, make a template for drilling holes in the stringer and bars, or mark all the holes manually on both the stringer and bars. Postpone all work with the stairs for 1-2 days, then double-check all the markings, if there are no errors, drill holes for installing bolts in stringers and bars. When all the holes are ready, drill holes for washers from the outer surface of the stringers so that the bolts do not stick out above the surface of the board. This will not only increase the safety of the stairs, because no one will be scratched by protruding bolts, but also make it more beautiful.

Despite the fact that many carpenters assemble a ladder of this design with nails, we recommend using bolts and nuts. Nails required size(120–150 mm), with inept handling, bars are often split, which is why they often have to be changed. This happens especially often when bending nails from the side of the bars. If you hit the nails from the side of the bars, bending them on the stringer, then the latter will have to be sheathed with veneer or plywood, which increases the complexity and cost of the work, because, unlike even round holes, bent nails are very difficult to putty. Having finished with the installation of the bars, start marking the boards of steps and risers. Riser and back board length 100 mm, front board length 110 mm. This is necessary so that the steps look embedded in the stringer, because this design looks more beautiful and reliable. All boards must be cut at an angle of 90 degrees.

Finished with cutting milling machine or manual cutter work the top front edge of the front board to give it a rounded or curly shape, because a step with a clearly defined top front corner looks ugly. If you are unable to do this work yourself, contact your nearest carpentry shop or furniture shop, for a small fee, you can easily and quickly process all the necessary boards. After that, mark and cut the outer boards so that they protrude evenly over the stringer. The next stage of work will be the installation of balusters and railings on the kosour, for this, round spikes with a diameter of 20 mm and a depth of 3–5 cm are cut at the ends of the balusters, and holes corresponding to them are drilled in the kosour and the underside of the railing. All holes and spikes must be made taking into account the angle of the stringer. When everything is ready, the kosour, balusters and railings are assembled into one structure, first dry, then, if everything is fine, they are assembled with glue. The next stage is the installation of stringers and adjacent end balusters. For fastening to the logs and the floor surface, metal corners and powerful self-tapping screws are used. Then the risers and steps are installed and fixed. When the entire staircase is ready, the horizontal parts of the railing are installed, then the entire structure is sanded, dusted and varnished in several layers.