Monastic order. Monastic orders of the Middle Ages

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Introduction

Military monastic orders, orders of chivalry, orders of merit

In 1120 in Jerusalem, under conditions that are still poorly known, the first medieval military monastic order, the Order of the Temple (Templars), was founded. Its first adepts called themselves pauperes commilitones Christi Templique Salomonici, that is, "the poor champions of Christ and the temple of Solomon." They obeyed the master, followed the charter and pledged to protect the pilgrims on the roads leading to Jerusalem. At the beginning of 1129, their activities were legalized by the Roman Church: the council, which met in Troyes under the chairmanship of the legate, approved their charter. After a short time, Saint Bernard, who took an active part in this council, wrote for them "De laude novae militiae", or "Praise to the Holy Host": here he justified the mission of those who in his eyes were both monks and knights. Do not confuse: the concept of "military monastic order" is not equivalent to the concept of "knightly order". In Western countries, at different points in their history, "chivalry", orders of chivalry arose; but even if the order of the Temple, the military-monastic order, was designed primarily for knights, it would be a mistake to see the historical continuity between these concepts. The creation of the Order of the Temple was a new and original phenomenon. This order grew out of the changes - or simply the evolution - of Western society after the millennium, and came into being through the crusade.

Indeed, in different eras, corporate groups arose, sometimes defined by the word order(plural orders), “order”, “estate”, in the definition of which - “equestrian”, “knightly” - a horse is mentioned.

In Rome, under the Republic, the fighters of twenty-eight cavalry centuries were recruited from wealthy citizens, each of whom was listed as a "community horse." Together they constituted an estate of equestrians, distinct from that of senators: the expression ordo equester is the exact equivalent of the concept Equites romani or equites romani equo publico. Under the empire, horsemen ( equals, equites) entrusted administrative and military positions, which were increasingly neglected by the senatorial aristocracy. Thus, the estate of horsemen had to allocate an "elite" for the service of the state. Finally, this class merged with the senatorial class and disappeared in the last period of the empire, leaving no traces in posterity. The military monastic orders of the Middle Ages owed him nothing or almost nothing; some clerics who read Latin authors sometimes used the expression ordo equester, designating them the class of "fighting" in a society divided into three classes, or three functions. This was done at the beginning of the 12th century. Guibert Nozhansky.

The Romans also knew the word miles, meaning a soldier in general; after all, the best part of the Roman armies was precisely the foot soldiers. Thus the word militia meant "military service" or "soldier's craft", a military- "to serve in the army" or "to be a soldier." The command was given to magistri militum, or magistri militiae. During the period of the late empire (III-V centuries), tangible changes took place in the army and administration: civil and military functions, previously separated, began to be united (except for the reign of Diocletian) and increasingly assigned to the military. At the same time, cavalry began to acquire more and more importance in the army and a division into magister peditum[Master of Infantry ( lat.)] And master equitum[master of horsemen ( lat.)]. However, the word miles retained the general meaning of "soldiers". But with a word militia eventually came to be called any public service to the state. It is in this sense that it is predominantly used in the code of Justinian in the sixth century BC. (3, 25).

In the Middle Ages, cavalry became the main branch of the military, and the cavalryman almost synonymous with the one who "fights." It was designated by the word miles(plural - milites). But this word, while retaining the technical meaning of “one who fights on horseback”, also acquired an ethical meaning and began to mean the elite of mounted fighters. Local dialects in most cases shared these two meanings: chevalier - cavalier[knight - rider, in French], Ritter - Reiter German, knight rider or horseman in english but only in italian cavaliere, and in Spanish - caballero.

The clerics of that time imagined an ideal Christian society divided into three estates (or three functions), which are arranged in a hierarchical order and are in solidarity: those who pray, those who fight (and command), those who work. The knights were placed in the second, ordo pugnatorum, estate - fighting (or bellatores); but this "order" did not correspond to any institution. Nevertheless, it was from among the knights that the most prominent representatives and leadership of the military-monastic orders came out, first the Temple, the Hospital, the Teutonic, and then the Spanish orders. However, these orders cannot be defined as knightly ones. First of all, these were monastic orders, like Cluny, like Sito (by the way, the Spanish orders, except for Santiago, were all part of the Order of Sito), but these monastic orders were primarily - although, of course, not exclusively - were designed for the participation of knights and meet their religious needs. The Templars were not monks ( moines), and the military ministers of the church ( religionux).

From the 14th century the circumstances and needs that led to the creation and flourishing of the military-monastic orders gradually began to disappear, but the orders, except for the Temple, did not disappear. The concept of chivalry, too, no longer reflected the ideal and military prowess of the nobility, degraded as a result of the crisis of the late Middle Ages. The monarchs still needed the nobility and used the title of knight to bestow it on trusted people. They began to create secular knightly orders, gathering in them the knights most worthy to serve as models for others. One of the first was the Order of the Ribbon in Castile, but the most famous are the Order of the Garter in England (1347) and the Order of the Golden Fleece in the Burgundian states (1429). The Order of the Star, founded by John the Good in France, included 500 knights (1350).

These secular orders were not related to the military monastic ones: their members were inspired by other ideals and were driven by other needs. But contemporaries believed in their continuity, thanks to which these orders became instruments for the establishment of the royal religion. There is a manuscript in the British Library in London, the author of which links the Latin Rule of the Order of the Temple with the statutes of the Order of the Golden Fleece.

However, in the end, the secular and military monastic orders merged into one. In modern times and the modern era, every state, every principality considered it their duty to establish orders of merit. In France, revolutionary upheavals led to the creation of a completely new order - the Legion of Honor, but in England, the Order of the Garter, and in Portugal, the military-monastic Order of Avis were transformed into orders of merit. Some military-monastic orders created in the Middle Ages have survived to this day, but at the same time they abandoned the military character that constituted their originality in order to adapt to the new time or turn into charitable organizations. This happened with the Teutonic Order, whose seat is now in Vienna, or the Order of the Hospitallers, which became the Order of Malta and now settled in Rome. These orders have again taken up the mission of charity that was due to them from the very beginning, before militarization. They have retained their military attire, which is now no more frightening than the swords of academicians!

Military monastic orders led an original way of life only in the Middle Ages. Therefore, in this book, I will give an overview of their history in the relevant period - from the beginning of the 11th century, when the concept itself arose, and until 1530, when the Hospitallers, expelled from Rhodes by the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, went to the island of Malta, which they were provided with Charles V.

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    100 k1. The most famous medieval knightly order. (Interactive game).

    40 points gets the answer - the Knights Templar.

    80 points gets the answer - the Order of Malta.

    120 points gets the answer-Teutonic Order.

    160 points gets the answer-Livonian Order.

    200 points gets the answer - the Order of St. George.

    240 points gets the answer-Crusaders.

    On the top line, the order of knights was determined - Templars- for these knights we can win 40 points;

    in second place was the Order of the Knight - Maltese- such knights will help you get 80 points;

    on the next line they remembered the knightly order - Teutonic- for such an answer we will earn 120 points;

    the final line is occupied by a medieval knightly order called - crusaders- for these knights we will add 240 points, good luck!

    Medieval chivalry is shrouded for our contemporaries in a veil of adventure and romance. But in fact, the knights most often had to lead a difficult life, preparing for severe trials and hardships from a young, fifteen-year-old age, limiting their desires to harsh oaths and vows (the vow of poverty and celibacy among the Templars, for example), spending the best years of life in exhausting crusades. campaigns and military battles.

    • Templars - 40 points
    • Maltese - 80 points
    • Teutonic - 120 points
    • Livonian - 160 points
    • St. George - 200 points
    • Crusaders - 240 points

  • The most famous medieval knightly orders.

    1. The Templars are the most famous order that ended badly.
    2. Maltese - they are hospitallers, they are also Johnites.
    3. The Teutonic order is the third most important order in the Holy Land.
    4. Livonian - a small branch of the Teutons.
    5. St. George is still the highest military award.
    6. Crusaders - a generalized name for all orders.

  • So ... simply amazing questions began to be asked to users of the game, interesting to such an extent that even seditious thought - and maybe participate? The name of these Christian orders is not so close in memory (only some), I had to search ... And this is how the participants arranged them -

    Knowing the names of knightly orders is possible only thanks to historical books and films, so those who are interested in this topic will easily remember the names:

    1. Templars
    2. Maltese
    3. Teutonic
    4. Livonian
    5. Saint George
    6. crusaders

  • 1st line - Templars and scores 40 points

    2nd line - Maltese and scores 80 points

    3rd line - Teutonic and scores 120 points

    4th line - Lebanese and gaining 160 points

    5th line - St. George and scores 200 points

    6th line - Crusaders and scores 240 points.

    The military-monastic organizations of the knights are best known to us from the period of the Crusades in the 1113th century. in Western Europe, still fraught with many mysteries, and therefore are popular with writers, historians, filmmakers, in fact, knightly orders are the fulfillment of the Christian duty of love for the needy and the willingness to give life for the friends of medieval Christians; some of these organizations have survived to this day, becoming secular.

    The answers to the interactive game are 100 to 1.

    can be seen in screenshot

    In the first place is the most famous spiritual and knightly order of the Templars, and the crusaders were named the rarest:

    40 points - Knights Templar: founded in the Holy Land in 1119 by a small group of knights led by Hugh de Payne;

    80 points - The Order of Malta, today considered as a dwarf state, has the status of an observer organization at the UN and the Council of Europe, and began as a Christian organization, taking care of the poor, sick or wounded pilgrims in the Holy Land, founded in 1080, the Amalfi hospital;

    120 points - Teutonic Order: founded at the end of the 12th century, motto Help Protect Heal

    160 points - Livonian Order: Catholic military organization of the German Crusader Knights in Livonia (12371562);

    200 points - Order of St. George, known since the 13th century

    240 points - hospital monastic order of the Crusaders.

    were named and not included in the 6th most popular, for example, the Order of the Hospitallers, the Holy Sepulcher, the Albigensians, the Benedictines.

    This game question 100 to 1 professional historians and lovers of historical novels that describe the times of the distant Middle Ages will like it - here are the names of the famous knightly orders:

    1 (40) - Templars;

    2 (80) - Maltese;

    3 (120) - Teutonic;

    4 (160) - Livonian;

    5 (200) - St. George;

    6 (240) - Crusaders.

Medieval monastic orders 2004

Year: 2004

Introduction

 A private type of Catholic organization is monasticism - the guard of the Catholic Church. The monasticism of the Catholic Church is divided into orders of contemplative and active apostolic life. The latter are engaged in missionary work. These include most of the monks and nuns. Orders are specialized, i.e. each of them has its own field of activity, its own style, its own characteristics in the organization. Specialization in missionary work produces the greatest productivity. There are monks living only in monasteries and monks living in the world wearing civilian clothes. Many monks work as scientists at scientific centers, at universities, many as teachers, doctors, nurses and in other specialties, exerting a Christian influence on their environment. A Catholic monk is not a recluse who has completely retired from the world (although there are some). This is an active public figure, a catcher of human souls.

Here are some figures characterizing the state of monasticism in the Catholic Church. Churches: in total there are about 300,000 monks and 800,000 nuns. The largest monastic associations: 35 thousand people. Jesuits, 27,000 Franciscans, 21,000 Salesians, 16,000 Capuchins, 12,000 Benedictines, 10,000 Dominicans

Monks played a decisive role in the history of wine in the Middle Ages. In the 17th century the Jesuits produced wine on the coastal plains of Peru, and the Franciscans in the 18th century. laid the foundations of winemaking in California. The tradition of wine drinking is maintained to this day.

1. The concept of a monastic order

Order ( ordo religiosus) is a permanent, Church-approved community of men or women whose members ( religiosi, religiosae) make solemn vows ( vota solemnita) poverty, chastity and obedience, and they oblige themselves to a righteous life in fulfillment of the general charter (regula).

Monastic orders - monastic associations in Catholicism. The first monastic orders arose in the 6th century. in Italy, until the 11th century. they existed independently of the Catholic hierarchy. The internal life of each monastic order is determined by its own rules, providing for a more or less high centralization of power, requiring unconditional obedience to instructions from above. There are so-called mendicant orders (Franciscans, Bernardines, Capuchins, Dominicans, and some others), whose statutes prohibit their members from owning any property that brings a permanent income. The same monastic orders that do not consider themselves to be part of this group have the right to earn money that goes to the church treasury or for charitable purposes. Monastic orders are subdivided into contemplative or contemplative ones (their members devote most of their time to prayer and divine services), and active ones, directly involved in socially useful work and acts of mercy. Among the former, for example, are the Benedictines, and among the latter, the Lazarists. An intermediate position is occupied by the Dominicans, Franciscans and Jesuits. The Jesuit order is the most famous among the Catholic orders. Created in 1534 by the Spanish monk Ignatius Loyola, it still plays an active role in the church and in the world today. The Order directs 177 Catholic universities and cultural centers scattered around the world, as well as 500 schools, to-rye attended by about 1.5 million people. This order, as well as other orders. (there are about 140 of them in total), is engaged in religious and political propaganda, religious educational and religious educational activities in various parts of the world, including Russia. The first Catholic monastic associations that became widespread in Russia since 1724 were the Franciscans and Dominicans. Later, the Augustinians, Carmelites, Marians, and others appeared. At the beginning of the 20th century. on the territory of Russia, there were eight male and 16 female monasteries (700 monks and nuns), which ceased to exist after 1917. In 1992, the Branch of the Society of Jesus - Jesuits was recreated and registered in the Ministry of Justice of Russia in Moscow, in 1995 - the Franciscan congregation , Dominicans and Salesians.

The main difference between the order and other religious organizations is the presence of a special charter approved by the Pope.

Solemn vows, which are taken after the end of the period of obedience (novitiate), imply a complete and irrevocable surrender of oneself to the order, and through it to God. They deprive a member of the order of the rights of possession and disposal of property, marriage and release him from all social obligations. In some orders (as, for example, in the order of the Jesuits), a fourth is added to the three generally accepted vows, which obliges the initiator to follow the special goals facing the order. A characteristic feature of the monastic order is the obligatory residence of its members in the monastery ( clausura, stabilitas loci). In the tradition of the Franciscans and Dominicans, this rule replaces Stabilitas provinciae- the requirement of residence of a member of the order within a certain territory. All monastic orders differ in their way of life, goals and activities, and outwardly - in monastic robes characteristic of each order.

Regulations on the status of the monastic order and the principles of its activities were adopted at the 4th Lateran (1215) and 2nd Lyon Councils. According to these provisions, monastic orders are exempt from the supreme supervision of the bishop and are directly subordinate to the pope.

The management of the order is strictly centralized: it is headed by the general of the order, elected by the general chapter ( capitulum generalis) - a collegiate body, which includes provincials ( ministri provinciales) - heads of regional (provincial) associations of the order. At the head of individual monastic communities (conventions) are the abbots (abbots, priors or guardians) elected by the full members of this community, whose assembly is called a chapter, or cathedral. Communities or groups of communities of a number of orders are united in structural units called congregations (for example, the Benedictine order consists of 18 congregations). The female branch of the order is sometimes referred to as the "second order". Under some orders (Franciscans, Dominicans, Carmelites) there are special brotherhoods of the laity, which are called tertiaries (“third orders”). Tertiaries do not have an independent status and their task is to provide active assistance to the order in all its activities.

Monastic orders are divided into the following categories:

1. Ordines monastici seu monachales, whose members are called Monachi regulars(“statutory monks”): Antonians, Basilians, Benedictines and their branches (Cluniacs, Cistercians, etc.) and Carthusians;

2. Ordines canonici (canonici regulars) And ordines clericorum (clerici regulares) - "statutory canons" and "statutory clerics": Augustinians, Premonstratensians, Dominicans and Jesuits;

3. Ordines mendicantium, or regulares mendicantes- "mendicant orders": Franciscans, Dominicans, Eremite Augustinians and Carmelites;

4. Ordines militares, or regulares militares- “knightly (military) orders”: Johnites or hospitallers, templars (Templars), Teutonic, Levonian orders and others.

2. Medieval monastic orders

The first monastic order in Western Europe was the Benedictine Order (founded in the 4th century).

In the 11th century, the Cistercian and Carthusian orders became widespread in Europe.

In the 11th - 12th centuries, in connection with the Crusades, spiritual and knightly orders arose, combining monastic and knightly ideals in the charters. The most common of them are the Hospitallers, the Templars and the Teutons.

In the 13th century, mendicant monastic orders were created to strengthen the authority of the church and combat heretical movements. The most famous of them are the Franciscans and Dominicans, who took a vow of "corporal poverty" (over time, it took on a purely nominal character). The unification of statutory life with priestly service, independence from local authorities, subordination directly to the pope made mendicant monastic orders a universal means of influencing the world.

In the 16th-17th centuries, during the period of the counter-reformation, numerous new orders were created to overcome the crisis of the church - the Jesuits, Basilians, Theatines, Barnabites.

Currently, there are about 140 monastic orders. The monastic orders are led by the Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life.

2.1. Cisterian Order (Cisterians)

Catholic monastic order. Founded by Benedictine Robert of Molesma in 1098.

In 1115 he was led by Bernard of Clairvaux.

In the XII-XIII years, the male and female monasteries of the Cistercians were rich and influential. By 1300 there were 700 Cistercian monasteries.

Since the XIV century, the Cistercian order has been in decline.

From the Cistercians stood out the Bernardines, Florians and Trappists.

There are currently about 3,000 Cistercians.

2.2. Livonian Order

Military-monastic Catholic order. A division of the Teutonic Order, created in 1237 from the remnants of the Order of the Sword. The Order, along with the Archbishopric of Riga, the Bishopric of Courland, Derpt, Ezel, was to govern Livonia, the territory occupied by the crusaders in the Baltic.

The symbolism of the Livonians resembled the Teutonic one: a black cross on a white field, however, many Livonians wore cloaks with the symbols of the swordsmen: red crosses and swords.

In 1242, Prince Alexander Nevsky defeated the knights of the Livonian Order in the battle near Lake Peipus ("Battle on the Ice"), peace was concluded with Livonia on the condition of her renunciation of claims to Russian lands.

In 1309, after the capture by the Teutonic Order from Poland of East Pomerania with the city of Danzig, the fortress of Marienburg became the capital of the Teutonic and Livonian Orders.

At the end of the XIII century. The Livonian Order entered into rivalry with the Archbishopric of Riga for political power in Livonia.

After the defeat of the Teutonic Order in the Battle of Grunwald in 1410, the position of the Livonian Order was shaken. In 1444 - 1448. the order took part in the war of Livonia with Novgorod and Pskov.

After the defeat in the Livonian War of 1558-1583 by the Russian troops, the Livonian Order disintegrated and was liquidated in 1562. On its territory, the Duchy of Courland and the Duchy of Zadvinsk were created, the rest of the territories went to Denmark and Sweden.

2.3. Jesuit Order (Jesuits, Society of Jesus)

Catholic monastic order. Founded in 1534 in Paris by the Spaniard Ignatius Loyola and approved by Pope Paul III in 1540.

The basis of the order is strict discipline, unquestioning obedience to the leadership and the Pope. The order was withdrawn from episcopal jurisdiction. The main principle of the order: "The end justifies the means." The structure of the order is hierarchical and consists of four levels. At the head of the order is a general elected by the congress of the order. The order divides the world into nine assistants, managing the assistants that make up the General Council of the order. The assistantships are divided into provinces and vice-provinces, and they, in turn, are divided into colleges or residences.

The order is characterized by a high and versatile level of education of all its members. Thanks to this, from the very moment of its foundation, members of the order made up a significant part of the teaching staff in educational institutions in Europe, and from the end of the 17th century. - and in Russia. During the Reformation, the order became the main pillar of the Catholic Church. By the 17th century the order began to play a significant role in the politics, ideology and economy of Europe. By the middle of the XVIII century. the order was already a real threat to the papacy. In 1733, Pope Clement XIV, under pressure from the royal courts of Spain, Portugal and France, decided to dissolve the order.

De jure, the order was dissolved, but its secret activities did not stop. In those territories of Russia where the Jesuits had significant influence, Empress Catherine II forbade the dissolution of the order, intending to use it as a political force against the Catholic Church.

In 1814, Pope Pius VII restored the normal functioning of the order in full.

At the end of the XX century. The Jesuit Order has 35,000 members. About 1 thousand newspapers and magazines are published in more than 50 languages ​​of the world. The Order owns 33 universities and 200 schools.

2.4. Order of St. John (St. John, Order of Malta, Order of Hospitallers)

The oldest Catholic monastic order. It was founded in 1023 (according to other sources, in 1070) by the merchant Pantaleon Mauro from Amalfi (Southern Italy) and his associates, who built a hospital and shelter for the sick and elderly pilgrims on their way to Jerusalem.

After the capture of Jerusalem by the crusaders in 1099, the order was recognized by the Pope as an independent religious organization. Its full name was: "Knightly Order of the Hospitallers of St. John of Jerusalem."

Those who entered the order gave three monastic vows: chastity, obedience and poverty.

Around 1155, the head of the order, the French knight Raymond de Puy, took the title of Grand Master and issued the first statutes of the order.

The symbol of the order was an eight-pointed white cross (later called Maltese), which, as a rule, was embroidered on cassocks or raincoats. By the 13th century, the outfit of the Hospitallers took on its classic look: a red cloak with an eight-pointed cross embroidered on the front and back.

By the 12th century, the order had reached serious military power.

In 1306, the order invaded the island of Rhodes and dominated there for more than 200 years, until it was expelled by the Turks in 1523. After that, in 1530, the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, Charles V, took under his patronage the order and gave the island of Malta to the order.

In the 16th - 17th centuries, the order reached its peak and turned into a strong maritime power in the Mediterranean.

In 1798, the troops of Napoleon Bonaparte captured Malta. After a brutal defeat, the Order moved to Russia under the auspices of Paul I, who by a special manifesto assumed the title of Grand Master of the Order, and declared St. Petersburg the main residence of the Hospitallers.

After the assassination of Paul I in 1801, the residence of the order was transferred to Italy.

From 1834 to the present, the headquarters of the order has been located in Rome, where it occupies about two square kilometers. The possessions of the order in Rome enjoy the right of extraterritoriality.

As a sovereign state, the order has diplomatic relations at the level of ambassadors with 50 states. The order has its own constitution, government, anthem, citizenship, banknotes.

Currently, the order has about 10 thousand knights and about one million associate members of the order, united in 35 national sections. Members of the order are predominantly major political figures and businessmen.

All members of the order are divided into three main ranks:

Justice Knights

Knights of Obedience

In addition, there are honorary knights and ladies.

All the threads of government are concentrated in the hands of the Grand Master, who is elected for life from a narrow circle of knights and approved by the pope.

Divorced or extramarital, Jews and communists are not accepted into the order. Membership in the order is allowed only to Catholics, but this rule does not apply to crowned persons.

Currently, the order is mainly engaged in the organization of medical care and the organization of pilgrimages. The order operates about 200 hospitals in different countries of the world. After the Salvation Army, the Order of Hospitallers is the largest charitable organization.

2.5. Knights Templar (Order of the Templars)

One of the ancient Catholic monastic orders. Founded in 1119 by French knights in Jerusalem shortly after the First Crusade. Odren received its name (French templiers, from templ - temple) at the location of the original residence near the place where, according to legend, Solomon's temple was located.

The “father” of the order is considered to be the Burgundian knight Hugo de Paynes, who in 1118, participating in a crusade, together with eight associates, found refuge in the palace of the Jerusalem ruler Baldwin I.

The main task of the order was proclaimed the protection of pilgrims and the states conquered by the crusaders from Muslims.

The Templars took the same three vows as the Johnites and had a similar organizational structure. The symbol of the Templars was a red cross, which was worn over a white cloak borrowed from the Cisterians.

In a short time, thanks to donations, trade and usury, the order became the largest feudal lord and banker in the Middle East and Western Europe.

In 1128, the statutes of the Knights Templar were adopted.

In the XIII century, the number of the order reached 15 thousand knights. The order was repeatedly used to fight heresies and uprisings.

At the end of the crusades, the order settled in Europe, mainly in France. Fearing the growth of the power of the Templars, the French king Philip IV the Handsome in 1307 achieved the arrest of all members of the order and initiated an incivitor process against them.

The knights accused of Manichaeism, led by the master, were burned at the stake in 1310. In 1312, Pope Clement V abolished the order.

2.6. Order of the House of St. Mary of the Teutonic (German Order, Teutonic Order)

Catholic monastic order. Founded by German crusaders at the end of the 12th century on the basis of the hospital "House of St. Mary of the Teutonic" in Jerusalem.

Initially, the order occupied a subordinate position in relation to the Johnites. The charter and independence of the order were approved by Pope Innocent III in 1198.

The first grand master of the order, even before the approval of the statutes, was Heinrich Walpot.

The residences and possessions of the order were located, in addition to Jerusalem, in Germany, Italy, Spain and Greece.

At the beginning of the XIII century, the order settled in North-Eastern Europe, pursuing a policy of expansion in the Baltic states and north-western Russian principalities. On the occupied lands, the knights of the order carried out forced Germanization and the conversion of the population to Catholicism.

In 1410, the combined Polish-Lithuanian-Russian troops inflicted a crushing defeat on the Teutonic Order at the Battle of Grunwald.

In the 16th century, when the Reformation swept through Prussia, the possessions of the order were secularized. With the loss of capital and possessions, the order lost its military and political significance.

The Teutonic Order currently exists in Germany in the form of a small church organization.

2.7. Augustinian Order (Augustinians)

Catholic monastic order. It originates from the monastic communities formed by St. Augustine and his sister Perpetua. It follows the rule attributed to St. Augustine, which was drawn up in the middle of the 5th century and required a monastic community and a complete renunciation of property. The Augustinians laid the foundation for the practice of all mendicant monastic orders.

The Augustinians are practically an amalgamation of several related orders. The most famous of them are the statutory Augustinian canons, the white canons, the order of the hermits of St. Augustine, the order of the barefoot hermit brothers, the order of the contemplative brothers, the congregation of the statutory Lateran canons, the congregation of the Ascension.

There are currently about 10,000 Augustinians.

2.8. Order of the Sword

Catholic spiritual and knightly monastic order. Established in 1202 on the initiative of Canon Albert of Bremen, who became the first Bishop of Riga.

During the second "Northern" crusade, the knights of the Order of the Sword made an unsuccessful attempt to take the fortress of Izborsk.

In 1234, on the river Emajyge near the city of Yuryev, Prince of Novgorod Yaroslav Vsevolodovich defeated the troops of the Order of the Sword, stopping the advance of the knights to the east.

In 1236, the Lithuanian prince Mindovg defeated the army of the Order of the Sword-bearers in the battle of Siauliai. Chapter Master Volkvin was killed in the battle.

In 1237, the remnants of the Order of the Swords merge with the Teutonic Order, a division of the Teutonic Order is formed, called the Livonian Order and intended to conduct business in Livonia.

The name of the order comes from the image on their cloaks of a red sword with a cross.

2.9. Franciscan Order (Franciscans)

Catholic mendicant monastic order. Founded in Italy in 1207 - 1209. Francis of Assisi.

Along with the Order of the Dominicans, the Franciscans were engaged in holding courts of the Inquisition.

At the end of the XII - beginning of the XIII century. the order split into conventuals (supporters of monastic life who rejected the strict order charter) and spiritualists (supporters of poverty and strict rigorism). Under the influence of spiritualists, two radical heretical sects arose - the Fraticelli and the Phagellants.

In the XIII century. the Franciscans were very popular in Italy, Spain and France.

Conclusion

The role of monks in the development of the European culture of the Early Middle Ages today is practically not disputed or questioned by anyone. Moreover, it has become a kind of triviality, a commonplace. It is curious that, in all likelihood, this was the same undeniable "triviality" for medieval chroniclers. "In matters divine and human, they were well educated and passed on to others the treasures of the spirit that they owned."

At present (the end of the 20th century) there are 213,917 monks in the Roman Catholic Church (including 149,176 monk-priests and 908,158 nuns) who are members of various monastic associations.

Bibliography

1. Religious studies: A textbook and a minimum educational dictionary for religious studies. - M.: Gardariki, 2002.

2. Weaver M. Secrets of Catholic monastic orders. - M.: Ripol Classic, 2003.

3. Vapler A., ​​"History of the Roman Catholic Church", Odessa, 1899

4. Kovalsky I.A., "International Catholic Organizations", M., 1962

6. Mchedlov M., "Catholicism", Moscow, 1974

Augustine Order. Appeared in the second half of the 13th century and received the privileges of a mendicant order. The order united several hermit communities in Italy (Ioannbonites, Tuscan Eremites, Britinians, etc.) into one congregation. The charter of the order was not strict. In the 14th century, with an even greater weakening of the original strictness of the charter, the order was transformed into numerous new congregations, one of them was the Saxon one to which Staupitz and Luther belonged.

Franciscan order. The founder was the son of a merchant - Francis of Assisi. Francis, having taken a vow of perfect beggary, became in 1208 an itinerant preacher of repentance, apostolic poverty, asceticism and love of neighbor. Soon several disciples gathered around him, with whom he formed Order of the Lesser Brothers or minorites. Pope Innocent 3, to whom Francis appeared, although he did not approve the order, allowed him and his brothers to engage in preaching and missionary work. In 1223, the order was solemnly approved by the bull of Pope Honorius 3, and the minorites were given the right to preach everywhere and make confession. In 1212 Clara of Assisi founded the order clarissinian, to which in 1224 Francis gave a charter. After the death of Francis in 1226, the order spread throughout all the countries of Western Europe and numbered thousands of monks.

Order of the Dominican. The order was founded at about the same time as Francis, a priest and canon Dominican Republic. At the end of the 12th - beginning of the 13th centuries. many heretics appeared in the Roman Church, who found shelter in southern France and caused great unrest. Dominic, traveling through southern France, got acquainted with its heretical population, decided to establish an order specially designed for this purpose to convert heretics. Having received permission in 1215 from Pope Innocent, and from Pope Honorius, the charter - the order declared itself. The main occupation of the order, according to this charter, was to be the conversion of heretics. But Honorius, also for the affirmation of the Catholic faith, granted the order the right to engage in preaching and confession everywhere. From preaching, the Order of Dominic was originally called the Order brothers - preachers, later, in honor of the founder, he began to be called Dominican. In 1220, Dominic made a change in the charter of his order, adding, following the example of the Franciscans, begging to the main vows of the brethren. In principle, the Dominican order was very similar to the order of Francis. The difference lies in the fact that he, expedient to his task - to convert heretics and affirm the catalytic faith, took over the educational direction and acted as an order engaged in an in-depth study of theology among the upper classes. The Dominicans founded their own educational institutions. At the same time, the Franciscans were rivals and, in many dogmatic matters, opponents of the Dominicans. After the death of Dominic in 1221, his order spread throughout Western Europe.

The Franciscan and Dominican monastic orders were, like no other, of particular importance in the Roman Church, having the status of a beggar, except for the Jesuit order that subsequently appeared. The reason lies in the special, different from other orders, the nature and direction of their activities. The monks of other Western orders, in accordance with their vows, had to lead a life away from society and only care about their own salvation, they were not allowed to participate in church affairs. On the contrary, even pastoral activities, through which they could influence society, were forbidden by the popes. The Franciscan and Dominican orders were intended by their founders to promote the interests of the church among society, and the popes not only prevented this, but also made it easier for them to fulfill their assigned mission, giving the members of both orders an extensive right to widespread pastoral activity. The Franciscans and Dominicans constituted a specific hierarchy directly at the disposal of the papacy. Based on this state of affairs in the church, mendicant monks take an active part in all spheres of spiritual activity. They are preachers, confessors, learned theologians and philosophers, university professors and agents of the popes. The Franciscans were the confessors of the sovereigns of the 13th-16th centuries, enjoyed great influence in secular affairs, until they were supplanted by the Jesuits. Together with the Dominicans, the Franciscans served as the Inquisition, founded in the 13th century. It should be noted, however, that in the early days the Dominicans and Franciscans, when they observed the vow of poverty in all strictness, were representatives of a pious life. And all this taken together strengthened their importance in the Church. But the influence of a close connection with the papacy and serving its interests left its mark on the activities of the beggarly orders and, as a result, they more and more deviated from their original purpose - the salvation of human souls. They directed all their interests and activities to the distribution and approval of papal power. The main vow of both orders - apostolic poverty was forgotten, and strict discipline was replaced by licentiousness.

In addition to the monastic orders in the Western European Church in the Middle Ages, orders appeared partly monastic partly secular - spiritual knightly orders. Their appearance expressed the general trend of Western medieval life, when the Church, defending its interests, attracted to its service all classes of society, including the chivalry. The crusades served as a natural reason for the emergence of spiritual and knightly orders, in the conditions of the political situation of the current era. The most notable contribution to the history of the Middle Ages in general, and in particular to the history of the Crusades, was left by three orders - the Hospitallers, the Templars and the Teutons. The Knights Templar ceased to exist in the first half of the 14th century, the rest still exist today, but do not play a significant military and political role. The orders degenerated into charitable public organizations.

One of the first orders of this kind was the Order of the Johnites or Hospitallers. In 1048, long before the Crusades, the civilians of the city of Amalfi founded Host of Saint John the Baptist- a Christian organization or a hospital for the shelter of the poor and sick pilgrims, a brotherhood was also arranged at the hospital. Ioannity - Jerusalem, Rhodes and Malta Sovereign Military Hospice Order of St. John. In 1099, when a Christian kingdom was founded by the crusaders in Jerusalem during the first crusade, the members of this brotherhood adopted a monastic charter and the organization turned into a religious-military order. Initially, the main duty of the brothers of John was hospitality and care for the sick. Later, these duties were joined by the obligation to protect the pilgrims with weapons and concern for the protection of the Holy Land. The last duties soon became the main ones, and the Johnites devoted themselves exclusively to the fight against the infidels. A spiritual and knightly order was formed. Pope Innocent II approved it. The Johnites were divided into three classes: knights, priests and service brothers. The order was led by the Grandmaster. The formation of the order with the aim of fighting the infidels was met with sympathy in Europe, and as a result, large donations began to be made in favor of the Johnites. Solomon moved to Cyprus, and from there they migrated to Western Europe and lived on their rich estates, especially in France. The center of concentration was Paris. later, the French king Philip 4 the Handsome, fearing the intention of the knights against the state and wanting to take away their huge wealth, began to raise terrible accusations against the order. Philip the Handsome over time confiscated the order's property and directed the Inquisition against the brotherhood. Members of the order were accused of a terrible heresy - in renunciation of Jesus Christ. Pope Clement 5, who at that time lived in Avignon and was completely dependent on Philip, was forced to contribute to the destruction of the order. In 1312, the order of the Templars was declared heretical by a papal bull and destroyed.

1

The modern official name is the Sovereign Military, Hospice Order of St. John, Jerusalem, Rhodes and Malta. The official residence is in Rome (Italy).
It got its name from the hospital and the church of St. John the Baptist, where the monastic order created in 1113 was located, which eventually turned into a military-spiritual organization. According to their fighting qualities and military prowess, the Joanites were rightfully considered the best warriors in Europe. After the Crusaders were expelled from Palestine, the Hospitallers crossed over to Cyprus, where they built a fleet and in 1309 captured the island of Rhodes. In 1522, after a six-month siege of Rhodes by the Turks, the fleet of knights moved to the island of Malta, where the order ruled until 1798. At the present time, the order is engaged in charitable and charitable activities.

2


The official name is the Order of the Knights of the Solomon Temple, also the Order of the Knights of Christ. It arose in 1119 in Jerusalem from the knights who previously served at the Church of the Holy Sepulcher. Along with the Hospitallers, he was engaged in the protection of pilgrims and the protection of Christian possessions in Palestine. He was also engaged in trade, usury and banking operations, due to which he accumulated huge wealth. After the expulsion from Palestine, the order switched almost completely to financial activities. In 1307, by order of Pope Clement V and the French King Philip IV, arrests of members of the order on charges of heresy and confiscation of property began. After the execution of several members, including the Grand Master, in 1312 the order was dissolved by papal bull.

3


The official name is Fratrum Theutonicorum ecclesiae S. Mariae Hiersolymitanae. Founded in 1190 on the basis of a hospital founded by German pilgrims in Acre. In 1196 it was reorganized into a spiritual knightly order headed by a master. The goals are the protection of the German knights, the treatment of the sick, the fight against the enemies of the Catholic Church. At the beginning of the XIII century, he moved his activities to Prussia and the Baltic states, where he took part in the crusades against the Slavs and the Baltic states. On the conquered lands, the state of the Teutonic Knights, Livonia, was actually formed. The decline of the order began after the defeat in the Battle of Grunwald in 1410. Currently, the order is engaged in charity and treatment of the sick. The headquarters is located in Vienna.

4


The spiritually knightly order of Calatrava (Calatrava la Vieja) was founded in Spain in 1158 by the monk Raymond de Fetero. Pope Alexander III in 1164 approved the charter of the order. The knightly order got its name from the fortress of Calatrava conquered from the Arabs. The distinctive sign of the members of the order was white and black clothes with a red cross. The order took an active part in the reconquest of the lands occupied by the Moors in the Iberian Peninsula (Reconquista). Ceased to exist in 1873.

5


The official name is the Grand Military Order of the Sword of St. James of Compostela. Founded in Spain around 1160. Named after the patron saint of Spain. He took part in the crusades and wars with Muslims. It operates to this day as a civil order of chivalry under the auspices of the King of Spain.

6


The spiritually chivalric order of Alcantara was founded in 1156 in Spain. Initially, it was a military-religious brotherhood of knights, called San Julian de Pereiro. In 1217, the Knights of the Order of Calatrava, with the permission of the king, transferred the city of Alcantara and all the possessions of the Order of Calatrava in León to the Order of San Julian de Pereiro. After that, the order of San Julian de Pereiro was renamed the knightly order of Alcantara. The Order took part in the Reconquista. In the 1830s the order was nationalized and ceased to exist.

7


The official name is the Order of Saint Bennet of Avish. The order was created in 1147 to protect the city of Évora, which had recently been recaptured from the Moors. In 1223
the residence of the order was transferred to the city of Avis, donated by the king of Portugal and fortified by the knights. The order participated in the Portuguese part of the Reconquista and the colonization of the coast of Africa. Disbanded in 1910, but in 1917 restored as a purely civilian, headed by the President of Portugal.

8


The Order of the Sword is a German Catholic spiritual and knightly order, officially called the "Brothers of Christ's Host". It was founded in 1202 on the initiative of Canon Albert of Bremen, who became the first Bishop of Riga. The goal was to capture the Eastern Baltic, carried out crusades against the Baltic peoples, while a third of the occupied lands were assigned to the order. After a number of defeats from the Russian princes and Lithuania, the remnants of the order in 1237 joined the Teutonic Order.

9


Spiritually - a knightly order, the successor of the Templars in Portugal. Established in 1318 by the Portuguese king Dinis to continue the struggle begun by the Templars against the Muslims. Pope John XXII allowed all the possessions of the Portuguese Templars to be transferred to the order, including the castle of Tomar, which in 1347 became the residence of the Grand Master. Hence the second name of the order - Tomarsky. The Tomar knights, like their Avis brothers, took an active part in the overseas voyages of Portuguese navigators. Vasco da Gama and other wandering knights of Tomar sailed with the emblem of the order. Like the Order of Avis, it was dissolved in 1910, but in 1917 it was restored as a purely civil order, headed by the President of Portugal.

10


The official name is the Military and Hospitaller Order of Saint Lazarus of Jerusalem. Founded by the crusaders in Palestine in 1098 on the basis of a hospital for lepers, which existed under the jurisdiction of the Greek Patriarchy. The order accepted into its ranks knights who fell ill with leprosy. The symbol of the order was a green cross on a white cloak. After the capture of Jerusalem by Salah ad-Din in October 1187, the order participated in hostilities, in particular during the Third Crusade. In the battle of Forbia on October 17, 1244, the order lost all of its personnel (both healthy and leper knights, along with the master). After the expulsion of the crusaders from Palestine, the order settled in France, where it continued its hospital activities. The modern Order of Saint Lazarus has branches in 24 countries around the world and continues its charitable activities.

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