Proverbs and sayings about May HORIZONTALLY: 2. May will deceive - in ... will leave.4 ....
The narrator returns home from mowing and gathers a bouquet of wildflowers. Having decided to decorate the bouquet with burdock, the one that is popularly called "Tatar", he in vain pricked his hands, trying to break the stem. A little later, the author saw another burdock.
“The “Tatarina” bush consisted of three shoots. One was torn off, and the rest of the branch stuck out like a severed hand. The other two had a flower each. These flowers were once red, but now they were black. One stalk was broken, and half of it, with a dirty flower at the end, hung down; the other, although smeared with black earth mud, still stuck up.
It was evident that the whole bush had been run over by a wheel and after that it rose and therefore stood sideways, but still stood. It was as if a piece of his body had been torn out, his insides turned out, his arm was torn off, his eye was gouged out. But he still stands and does not give up to a person.
“What energy! I thought. “Man conquered everything, destroyed millions of herbs, but this one does not give up.”
And I remembered one old Caucasian story ...
It was at the end of 1851…”
Hadji Murad, famous for his exploits Naib Shamil, entered the village accompanied by only one murid.
Chechens all know Hadji Murad and respect him for the way he "beat Russian pigs".
Shamil quarreled with Hadji Murad and forbade all Chechens to receive him. However, the guest-kunak is accepted and treated.
Several Chechens from a peaceful village are sent by messengers from Hadji Murad to the Russian prince Vorontsov.
Russian soldiers talk about Chechens:
“- And what are these, my brother, good bare-headed guys ... Really, just like Russian ones. One is married. Marushka, I say, is there a bar (is there)?
Bar says.
- Baranchuk (children), I say, a bar?
A couple, he says.
So we talked well. Good guys.
“Well, good ones, if you get caught by him only one on one, he will release the offal for you.”
Prince Vorontsov, Princess Maria Vorontsova, officer Poltoratsky, who is in love with the princess, and other Russian servicemen are playing cards.
Vorontsov is summoned - he leaves and returns, very excited and pleased with something.
Tomorrow he has an appointment with Hadji Murad.
The confrontation between Shamil and Hadji Murad is very serious.
Before meeting with the Russian commander, Hadji Murad performs namaz - a Muslim prayer.
“Hadji Murad always believed in his happiness. Starting something, he was firmly convinced of success in the future - and everything worked out for him. So it was, with rare exceptions, throughout his turbulent military life. So, he hoped it would be now. He imagined how he, with the army that Vorontsov would give him, would go to Shamil and capture him, and take revenge on him, and how the Russian Tsar would reward him, and he would again rule not only Avaria, but all of Chechnya, which would submit him. With these thoughts, he did not notice how he fell asleep.
“Early in the morning, still in the dark, two companies with axes, under the command of Poltoratsky, went ten miles beyond the Chakhgirinsky gates and, having scattered the chain of shooters, as soon as it began to get light, they began to cut down the forest.”
Why cut down the forest? For firewood?
Not at all. The destruction of forests and food is a well-thought-out policy of Emperor Nicholas against the peoples of the Caucasus.
The soldiers are attacked by Chechens and during a firefight, one of them is seriously wounded (in the stomach).
But now Hadji Murad leaves for a meeting: “a man of impressive appearance rode ahead of everyone on a white-maned horse, in a white Circassian coat, in a turban on a hat and in a golden weapon decorated with weapons.”
His smile is striking in its innocence. His wide-set eyes “attentively, penetratingly and calmly looked into the eyes of other people. Vorontsov was very pleased that he, it was he, managed to lure out and accept the main, most powerful, second after Shamil, enemy of Russia.
Vorontsov hosts Hadji Murad. Princess Vorontsova treats the "terrible Chechen", the six-year-old son of the prince sits down on his knees to this famous warrior - and now they are both talking animatedly about something through an interpreter. Bulka (son of Vorontsov) even receives an excellent dagger as a gift from a formidable enemy. Vorontsov presented a return gift - a watch.
However, Hadji Murad is always on his guard. He is afraid that he might be captured and sent to Siberia, and that he might be poisoned at dinner.
Vorontsov is in favor of the Chechen leader. But above the prince there is the main Caucasian military leader - Baron Meller-Zakomelsky.
Hadji Murad hears the dispute between the baron and the prince. He does not know Russian words, but with a special instinct he understands “that his exit from Shamil is a matter of great importance for the Russians, and that therefore, unless he is exiled and killed, he can demand a lot from them. In addition, he also understood that Meller-Zakomelsky, although the boss, does not have the importance that Vorontsov, his subordinate, has, and that Vorontsov is important, and Meller-Zakomelsky is not important; and therefore, when Meller-Zakomelsky called Hadji Murad to him and began to question him, Hadji Murad behaved proudly and solemnly, saying that he came out of the mountains to serve the white king, and that he would give an account of everything only to his sardar, that is, the commander-in-chief, Prince Vorontsov, in Tiflis.
Soldier Pyotr Avdeev dies from a wound in the stomach in the hospital.
He voluntarily went to recruit instead of his older brother, who had four children. The author takes the reader to a Russian village, where the old father was very sorry that he gave Peter into the soldiers (that he exchanged a cuckoo for a hawk).
According to the law, as the old man understood it, it was necessary for a childless man to marry a family man. But the older brother was lazy, a drunkard, and worked very badly, and from Peter the worker is dexterous, quick-witted, strong, hardy and, most importantly, hardworking. He always worked.
Because of the war in the distant and incomprehensible Caucasus, a peasant family
lost a good son and worker.
The next day Vorontsov received Hadji Murad.
He respectfully said:
- I surrender myself under the high patronage of the great king and yours. I promise to faithfully, to the last drop of blood, serve the white king and hope to be useful in the war with Shamil, my enemy and yours.
However, “Vorontsov’s eyes said that he did not believe a single word of everything that Hadji Murad said, that he knew that he was the enemy of everything Russian, that he would always remain that way, and now submits only because he is forced to do so. And Hadji Murad understood this, and nevertheless assured him of his devotion. But Hadji Murad's eyes said that this old man should be thinking about death, and not about war, but that, although he was old, he was cunning, and one must be careful with him. And Vorontsov understood this and nevertheless told Hadji Murad what he considered necessary for the success of the war.
And Hadji Murad said:
“My family is in the hands of my enemy; and as long as my family is in the mountains, I am bound and cannot serve. He will kill my wife, he will kill my mother, he will kill my children if I go straight against him. Let only the prince help out my family, exchange them for prisoners, and then I will either die or destroy Shamil.
Hadji Murad appears at the opera and at Vorontsov's receptions. Women with bare shoulders and arms, half-naked, not ashamed of their appearance, seem strange and shameless to him.
All this is alien and uninteresting to a Caucasian, he only wants to talk to
Vorontsov about ransoming his family from Shamil.
Hadji Murad tells his biography to Vorontsov's secretary.
- Born in Tselmes, a small village, with a donkey's head, as they say in the mountains. Not far away, two shots away, Khunzakh, where the khans lived. My mother fed the elder khan, from this I became close to the khans. There were three khans: Abununtsal-Khan, the foster brother of my brother Osman, Umma-Khan, my named brother, and Bulach-Khan, the smaller one, whom Shamil later threw from the steep. I was fifteen years old when murids began to walk around the auls. They hit the stones with wooden checkers and shouted: “Muslims, khazavat (ghazavat, holy war with the infidels)!”
The Chechens all went over to the Murids, and the Avars began to go over to them. I lived then in the palace. I was like a brother to the khans: I did what I wanted, and I became rich. I had horses, weapons, and money. He lived for his own pleasure and did not think about anything. And he lived like that until the time when Kazi-Mulla was killed, and Gamzat took his place.
Gamzat sent ambassadors to the khans to say that if they did not accept the hazavat, he would ruin Khunzakh. This was where I had to think. The khans were afraid of the Russians, they were afraid to accept the khazavat, and the khansha sent me with her son, with the second, with Umma Khan, to Tiflis to ask the chief Russian chief for help from Gamzat. The chief commander was Rosen, Baron. He did not accept me or Umma Khan. He told me that he would help, and did nothing. Only his officers began to visit us and play cards with Umma Khan. They gave him wine to drink and took him to bad places, and he lost everything he had at cards to them. He was strong in body, like a bull, and brave, like a lion, but weak in soul, like water ... "
But Hadji Murad ran away, frightened.
After the experience of shame, he, according to him, was never afraid of anything again.
Gamzat also killed his mother-khansha. All Avaria submitted to Gamzat.
Only Hadji Murad and his brother Osman did not submit. They killed Gamzat, but Shamil took his place.
From the conversation of Hadji Murad's comrades-in-arms it turns out that, although he did not obey Shamil, he still praises him.
- Says Shamil - big man. And a scientist, and a saint, and a horseman. If there had not been a saint, the people would not have listened to him...
Let someone contemptuously call Shamil a highlander - that is, a savage, a country bumpkin. Yes. Shamil is a real highlander. And eagles live in the mountains.
So, for example, one of the nukers tells how he ended up among the people devoted to Hadji Murad.
- I'm from the same village with him. My father killed his uncle and they wanted to kill me. Then I asked to be accepted as a brother. I didn’t shave my head for two months, I didn’t cut my nails and I came to them. They let me go to Patimat, to his mother. Patimat gave me breasts and I became his brother.
Skirmishes took place among the mountain princes in the struggle for power. Once a prince kept Hadji Murad tied to a cannon for more than a week.
Another time he was thrown off a cliff - his ribs and legs were broken. They serve, and that's good. “People found out, began to come to me. I recovered, moved to Tselmes. The Avars again called me to lead them,” Hadji Murad said with calm, confident pride. - Shamil confirmed that he would not resist the invitation of the Avars. I thought for a long time and went to Shamil. And since then, I have never ceased fighting with the Russians.
Hadji Murad told about all his military affairs. All his campaigns and raids were striking in the extraordinary speed of transitions and the courage of attacks, which were always crowned with success.
“There was never friendship between me and Shamil,” Hadji Murad finished his story, “but he was afraid of me, and he needed me. But then it happened that I was asked who should be the imam after Shamil? I said that the imam will be the one who has the saber in good hands. This was said to Shamil, and he wanted to get rid of me. He sent me to Tabasa-ran. I went, beat off a thousand sheep, three hundred horses. But he said that I had done something wrong, and replaced me with the title and ordered me to send him all the money. I sent a thousand gold pieces. He sent his murids and took away all my property from me. He demanded me to himself; I knew he wanted to kill me and didn't go. He sent to pick me up. I fought back and went out to Vorontsov. I didn't take my family. And his mother, and his wife, and his son. Tell the Sardar: as long as the family is there, I can't do anything.
Naturalness, devotion to the family, integrity and masculinity of Hadji Murad Tolstoy contrasts with narcissism, depravity, insignificance, hypocrisy of Tsar Nicholas, on whom the fate of the Caucasian peoples, and not only them, depend.
For example, Nicholas did a lot of evil to the Poles. To explain this evil, he had to be sure that all Poles are scoundrels. And Nicholas considered them as such and hated them.
Therefore, he orders to drive twelve times through the system (with gauntlets, a type of flogging) of a thousand people a Polish student who, in a fit of hysteria, attacked the professor with a penknife. This is not only a painful death, but also excessive cruelty, since five thousand blows were enough to kill himself. strong man. “But it was pleasant for the emperor to be inexorably cruel and it was pleasant to think that we do not have death penalty».
“Yes, take all the students to the parade ground so that they are present during the punishment,” Nikolai added.
“They will benefit. I will bring out this revolutionary spirit, uproot it,” he thought.
Regarding Chechnya, the emperor was ordered to "firmly adhere to my system of ruining dwellings, destroying food in Chechnya and disturbing them with raids."
All non-believers are subjected to cruel punishments by the lord of the empire, Nikolai, and “with the consciousness of a well-fulfilled duty.”
“With a lifeless look, with a protruding chest and a constricted and protruding belly both above and below due to the constriction, he went out to those who were waiting, and, feeling that all eyes were turned with quivering obsequiousness, he assumed an even more solemn air,” this is how Leo Tolstoy portrays the emperor.
This is almost a caricature, so opposite to the sympathetic portrait sketch of the Chechen naib.
Russian troops are again sent to attack Chechen villages, to destroy sakli and cattle. Officers, as a rule, do not think about the meaning of war.
It seems to many, like Officer Butler, for example, a cheerful, cheerful affair, an opportunity to get away from the problems of St. Petersburg - such problems as card and other debts.
Russian soldiers and officers cut down fruit trees killed children and teenagers, destroyed homes.
“The fountain was polluted, obviously on purpose, so that water could not be taken from it. The mosque was also polluted, and the mullah and his servants cleaned it.
The old hosts gathered in the square and discussed their position. Nobody spoke about hatred of Russians. The feeling experienced by all Chechens, young and old, was stronger than hatred. It was not hatred, but the non-recognition of these Russian dogs by people and such disgust, disgust and bewilderment at the ridiculous cruelty of these creatures that the desire to exterminate them, like the desire to exterminate rats, poisonous spiders and wolves, was the same natural feeling as the feeling of self-preservation.
Hadji Murad lives with Russian officers and is very worried about his family, who is a prisoner of Shamil. Marya Dmitrievna is very sympathetic to Hadji Murad, she likes him - strong, courageous, not like other men she knows.
This Russian woman speaks to the highlander (sometimes through an interpreter) only about the most important thing for him: about his family.
"Women - the old woman Patimat and two wives of Hadji Murad - and their five small children lived under guard in the shrine of the hundredth Ibrahim Rashid, while the son of Hadji Murad, the eighteen-year-old youth Yusuf, was in prison ..."
Shamil is trying to negotiate with Yusuf in order to lure his father out with his help and kill him. Then, according to Shamil, Yusuf will not be killed, but only his eyes will be gouged out. Blind!
Hadji Murad returned to Tiflis and every day went to Vorontsov, begging him to gather mountain prisoners and exchange his family for them.
Vorontsov vaguely promised to do what he could, but put it off.
Hadji Murad recalls the tale of a falcon that was caught, lived with people, and then returned to its mountains. He returned, but in fetters, and bells remained on the fetters. And the falcons did not accept him. “Fly,” they said, “to where the silver bells were put on you. We have no bells, no fetters."
Sokol did not want to leave his homeland and stayed. But other falcons did not accept and pecked at him.
“So they will peck me, too,” thought Hadji Murad.
He moved to Nukha.
There he was allowed to ride near the city, but without fail with a convoy of Cossacks.
One day Hadji Murad went out for a walk with five nukers and, thinking of escaping, brutally dealt with a convoy of Cossacks.
A hundred Russian military men were sent in pursuit of him. He was surrounded. Two hundred more fighters came to help the hundred.
Hadji Murad fired back, he hit without a miss, "in the same way, he rarely fired a shot for nothing for Gamzalo and every time he squealed with joy when he saw that his bullets hit."
In the end, Hadji Murad was shot dead, and Gadzhi-Aga, a Chechen who went over to the side of the Russians, stepped on his back with his foot, “cut off his head and, carefully, so as not to stain the dudes with blood, rolled it with his foot. Scarlet blood gushed from the arteries of the neck and black from the head and flooded the grass ... "
“It was this death that reminded me of a crushed burdock in the middle of a plowed field.”
"Hadji Murad" - a story by Leo Tolstoy, which was published only after the death of the author in 1912. An interesting nuance the work for which the story is valued by historians is the reality of the protagonist, the Avar Hadji Murad. He defected to the Russians in 1851, and died a year later while trying to escape.
in front of you summary"Hadji Murad", which cannot replace the story itself. From it you can only get an idea of the plot and feel the atmosphere of those times.
L. Tolstoy, Hadji Murad, summary
The story begins with the narrator's recollection of Hadji Murad. At some point, he comes across a burdock on the road, broken by the wheels, but continuing to grow. Main character story - Hadji Murad, who became famous in battles against the Russians, a brave Avar and Naib Shamil. He left Shamil and hid in a mountain village, in the house of the Chechen Sado. When the locals found out about this, Hadji Murad runs away, fearing Shamil. Knowing that there is no way to hide forever, he goes over to the side of the Russians. With Hadji Murad, his nukers (Avars and Chechens) come to the Russians. Hadji Murad needs the help of the Russians, because without them he has no way to defeat Shamil and free his own family from the hostages. The defector is warmly received by Mikhail Vorontsov, commander-in-chief of the local troops. He is generally respected by all the military, since Haji is a good warrior. But he was an enemy, so there can be no trust, and his position is not too different from captivity. On the fifth day, Vorontsov's adjutant writes down the story of Hadji Murad on behalf of the chief, which allows readers to learn about the defector's problems. Vorontsov sent a messenger to the Minister of War to describe the state of affairs. The minister, an old enemy of Vorontsov, in his report to the tsar tries to reveal the situation incorrectly.
"Hadji Murad" Tolstoy, summary
At this point, the author makes a digression and reveals to the reader the personality of Nicholas I - cruel, narcissistic, domineering. Then Hadji Murad finds out about Shamil's plans. The enemy is going to dishonor his mother and wife, and then kill or blind his son. Besides, the Russians are not going to release them anytime soon. The Avar tries to escape with his nukers. The chase overtook them, in a short battle the fugitives are killed. One of the soldiers brought the head of Hadji Murad to the fortress.
How the story was created
As you can see, the summary of "Hadji Murad" conveyed the plot, but much has been lost: the author's empathy, his likes and dislikes. With the original you can feel inner world Leo Tolstoy and be in his place. After all, Tolstoy himself took part in this war. He came to those parts at the age of 23 and often wrote about the history of Hadji Murad in his letters and diaries. The idea for the story was born when he saw a burdock that continued to cling to life. This reminded him of the Avar, to the last trying to fight the circumstances. From 1896 to 1898, five draft versions of the story were written. Only in 1904, judging by the final revisions in the drafts, the story was ready.
A summary of "Hadji Murad" will help to get a general idea of \u200b\u200bthe work. Of course, retelling cannot convey Tolstoy's emotions. Paper in this case is not the best assistant. However, if you take the original from the library or buy it personally in a bookstore, then there is a chance to feel the personality of the creator of War and Peace. If you have such a desire, then this summary of Hadji Murad does not exist in vain.
Year of writing:
1904
Reading time:
Description of the work:
The story "Hadji Murad" was written by Leo Tolstoy in the period from 1896 to 1904, and the story was published after Tolstoy's death in 1912.
Interestingly, Tolstoy based the story "Hadji Murad" on real historical events, since there really was Hadji Murad, Naib of Shamil, who in 1851 went over to the side of the Russian army, but a year later Hadji Murad died during an attempt to hide in the mountains.
It will be interesting for you to get acquainted with the summary of the story "Hadji Murad".
On a cold November evening in 1851, Hadji Murad, the famous Naib of Imam Shamil, enters the non-peaceful Chechen village of Makhket. Chechen Sado receives a guest in his sakla, despite Shamil's recent order to detain or kill the rebellious naib. On the same night, from the Russian fortress of Vozdvizhenskaya, fifteen miles from the village of Makhket, three soldiers with non-commissioned officer Panov go out to the forward guard. One of them, the merry fellow Avdeev, recalls how, out of homesickness, he once drank his company money, and once again tells that he joined the soldiers at the request of his mother, instead of his family brother.
Envoys of Hadji Murad come out to this guard. Escorting the Chechens to the fortress, to Prince Vorontsov, the cheerful Avdeev asks about their wives and children and concludes: “And what are these, my brother, good bare-faced guys.”
The regimental commander of the Kurinsky regiment, the son of the commander-in-chief, the adjutant wing, Prince Vorontsov, lives in one of best houses fortress with his wife Marya Vasilievna, the famous beauty of St. Petersburg, and her little son from his first marriage. Despite the fact that the life of the prince amazes the inhabitants of the small Caucasian fortress with its luxury, it seems to the Vorontsov spouses that they are suffering great hardships here. The news of Hadji Murad's departure finds them playing cards with the regimental officers.
That same night, the inhabitants of the village of Makhket, in order to cleanse themselves in front of Shamil, are trying to detain Hadji Murad. Shooting back, he breaks through with his murid Eldar into the forest, where the rest of the murids are waiting for him - the Avar Khanefi and the Chechen Gamzalo. Here Hadji Murad is waiting for Prince Vorontsov to respond to his proposal to go out to the Russians and start a fight against Shamil on their side. He, as always, believes in his happiness and that this time everything works out for him, as it always happened before. The returned envoy of Khan-Magom reports that the prince promised to receive Hadji Murad as dear guest.
Early in the morning, two companies of the Kurinsky regiment went out to cut wood. Company officers over drinks discuss the recent death in battle of General Sleptsov. During this conversation, none of them sees the most important thing - the end of human life and its return to the source from which it came out - but they see only the military dashing of the young general. During the exit of Hadji Murad, the Chechens pursuing him casually mortally wound the cheerful soldier Avdeev; he dies in the hospital, not having time to receive a letter from his mother that his wife left home.
All Russians who see the “terrible highlander” for the first time are struck by his kind, almost childish smile, self-esteem and the attention, insight and calmness with which he looks at others. The reception of Prince Vorontsov at the Vozdvizhenskaya fortress turns out to be better than Hadji Murad expected; but the less he trusts the prince. He demands that he be sent to the commander-in-chief himself, the old prince Vorontsov, in Tiflis.
During a meeting in Tiflis, Vorontsov the father understands perfectly well that he should not believe a single word of Hadji Murad, because he will always remain an enemy to everything Russian, and now he is only submitting to circumstances. Hadji Murad, in turn, understands that the cunning prince sees right through him. At the same time, both say to each other completely opposite to their understanding - what is necessary for the success of negotiations. Hadji Murad assures that he will faithfully serve the Russian tsar in order to take revenge on Shamil, and vouches that he will be able to raise all of Dagestan against the imam. But for this it is necessary that the Russians redeem the family of Hadji Murad from captivity, the Commander-in-Chief promises to think about this.
Hadji Murad lives in Tiflis, attends the theater and balls, increasingly rejecting in his soul the way of life of the Russians. He tells the adjutant Vorontsov assigned to him, Loris-Melikov, the story of his life and enmity with Shamil. Before the listener passes a series of brutal murders committed by the law of blood feud and by the right of the strong. Loris-Melikov is also watching the murids of Hadji Murad. One of them, Gamzalo, continues to consider Shamil a saint and hates all Russians. Another, Khan-Magoma, went out to the Russians only because he easily plays with his own and other people's lives; just as easily he can return to Shamil at any moment. Eldar and Hanefi obey Hadji Murad without question.
While Hadji Murad was in Tiflis, by order of Emperor Nicholas I in January 1852, a raid was made into Chechnya. The young officer Butler, who recently transferred from the guard, also takes part in it. He left the Guards because of a card loss and is now enjoying a good, valiant life in the Caucasus, trying to maintain his poetic idea of the war. During the raid, the village of Makhket was devastated, a teenager was killed with a bayonet in the back, a mosque and a fountain were senselessly polluted. Seeing all this, the Chechens do not even feel hatred for the Russians, but only disgust, bewilderment and a desire to exterminate them like rats or poisonous spiders. The inhabitants of the village ask Shamil for help,
Hadji Murad moves to the Groznaya fortress. Here he is allowed to have relations with the highlanders through scouts, but he cannot leave the fortress except with an escort of Cossacks. His family is currently being held in custody in the village of Vedeno, awaiting Shamil's decision on their fate. Shamil demands that Hadji Murad come back to him before the Bayram holiday, otherwise he threatens to send his mother, the old woman Patimat, to the auls and blind his beloved son Yusuf.
For a week Hadji Murad lives in the fortress, in Major Petrov's house. The major's cohabitant, Marya Dmitrievna, is imbued with respect for Hadji Murad, whose manner differs markedly from the rudeness and drunkenness accepted among regimental officers. A friendship develops between Officer Butler and Hadji Murad. Butler is embraced by the "poetry of a special, energetic mountain life", tangible in the mountain songs that Khanefi sings. The Russian officer is especially struck by Hadji Murad's favorite song - about the inevitability of blood feud. Butler soon becomes a witness of how calmly Hadji Murad perceives an attempt of blood revenge on himself by the Kumyk prince Arslan Khan,
Negotiations on the ransom of the family, which Hadji Murad is conducting in Chechnya, are not successful. He returns to Tiflis, then moves to the small town of Nukha, hoping to snatch the family away from Shamil by cunning or force. He is in the service of the Russian Tsar and receives five gold pieces a day. But now, when he sees that the Russians are in no hurry to release his family, Hadji Murad perceives his exit as a terrible turn in his life. He increasingly recalls his childhood, mother, grandfather and his son. Finally, he decides to run into the mountains, break into loyal people in Vedeno to die or free the family.
While on horseback, Hadji Murad, together with his murids, mercilessly kills the Cossack escorts. He expects to cross the Alazan River and thus get away from the chase, but he fails to cross the rice field flooded with spring water on horseback. The pursuit overtakes him, in an unequal battle Hadji Murad is mortally wounded.
The last memories of the family run through his imagination, no longer evoking any feeling; but he fights to the last breath.
Cut off from the mutilated body, the head of Hadji Murad is carried around the fortresses. In Groznaya, they show her to Butler and Marya Dmitrievna, and they see that the blue lips of a dead head retain a childish kind expression. Marya Dmitrievna is especially shocked by the cruelty of the "liver cutters" who killed her recent lodger and did not bury his body in the ground.
The history of Hadji Murad, his inherent strength of life and inflexibility are recalled when looking at a burdock flower crushed in full bloom by people in the middle of a plowed field.
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On a cold November evening in 1851, Hadji Murad, the famous Naib of Imam Shamil, enters the non-peaceful Chechen village of Makhket. Chechen Sado receives a guest in his sakla, despite Shamil's recent order to detain or kill the rebellious naib,
On the same night, from the Russian fortress of Vozdvi-zhensky, fifteen or twenty versts from the village of Makhket, three soldiers with non-commissioned officer Panov go out to the front guard. One of them, the merry fellow Avdeev, recalls how, out of homesickness, he once drank his company money, and once again tells that he joined the soldiers at the request of his mother, instead of his family brother.
Envoys of Hadji Murad come out to this guard. Escorting the Chechens to the fortress, to Prince Vorontsov, the cheerful Avdeev asks about their wives and children and concludes: “And what are these, my brother, good bare-headed guys.”
The regimental commander of the Kurinsky regiment, the son of the chief-but-ko-man-du-yu-shche, the adjutant wing, Prince Vorontsov, lives in one of the best houses of the fortress with his wife Marya Vasilievna, the famous beauty of St. Petersburg -vice, and her little son from his first marriage. Despite the fact that the life of the prince amazes the inhabitants of the small Caucasian fortress with its luxury, it seems to the Vorontsov spouses that they are suffering great hardships here. The news of the departure of Hadji Murad finds them playing cards with regimental officers.
That same night, the inhabitants of the village of Makhket, in order to cleanse themselves in front of Shamil, are trying to detain Hadji Murad. Shooting back, he breaks through with his murid Eldar into the forest, where the rest of the murids are waiting for him - the Avar Khanefi and the Chechen Gamzalo. Here Hadji Murad is waiting for Prince Vorontsov to respond to his proposal to go out to the Russians and start a fight against Shamil on their side. He, as always, believes in his happiness and that this time everything works out for him, as it always happened before. The returned envoy of Khan-Magom reports that the prince promised to receive Hadji Murad as a dear guest.
Early in the morning, two companies of the Kurinsky regiment go out to cut wood. Company officers are discussing over drinks the recent death in battle of General Sleptsov. In this conversation, none of them sees the most important thing - the end of human life and its return to the source from which it came out - but they see only the military dashing young general. During the exit of Hadji Murad, the Chechens pursuing him by the way mortally wound the cheerful soldier Avdeev; he dies in the hospital, not having time to receive a letter from his mother that his wife left home.
All Russians who see the “terrible highlander” for the first time are struck by his kind, almost childish smile, a sense of dignity and the attention, perspicacity and calmness with which rymi he looks at the surrounding. The reception of Prince Vorontsov in the fortress of the Vozdvi-zhenskaya was better than Hadji Murad had expected; but the less he trusts the prince. He demands that he be sent to the most important man, the old prince Vorontsov, in Tiflis.
During a meeting in Tiflis, Vorontsov the father understands perfectly well that he should not believe a single word of Hadji Murad, because he will always remain an enemy to everything Russian, and now it’s just that the situation stvam. Hadji Murad, in turn, understands that the cunning prince sees right through him. At the same time, both say to each other completely contrary to their false understanding - what is necessary for the success of negotiations. Hadji Murad assures that he will faithfully serve the Russian tsar in order to take revenge on Shamil, and vouches that he will be able to raise the whole of Dagestan against the imam. But for this it is necessary that the Russians redeem the family of Hadji Murad from captivity. The main-but-co-man-du-ing promises to think about it.
Hadji Murad lives in Tiflis, attends the theater and balls, increasingly rejecting in his soul the way of life of Russians. He tells the adjutant of Vorontsov assigned to him, Loris-Melikov, the story of his life and enmity with Shamil. Before the listener, a series of brutal murders takes place, committed under the law of blood feud and by the right of the strong. Loris-Melikov is also watching Hadji Murad's muri-dami. One of them, Gamzalo, continues to consider Shamil a saint and hates all Russians. Another, Khan-Magoma, went out to the Russians only because he easily plays with his own and other people's lives; just as easily he can return to Shamil at any moment. Eldar and Khanefi obey Hadji Murad without question.
While Hadji Murad is in Tiflis, by order of Emperor Nicholas I in January 1852, a raid into Chechnya is planned. The young officer Butler, who recently transferred from the guard, also takes part in it. He left the guard because of a card loss and is now enjoying a good, youthful life in the Caucasus, trying to maintain his poetic idea of \u200b\u200bthe war. During the raid, the village of Makhket was devastated, a teenager was killed with a bayonet in the back, a mosque and a fountain were senselessly polluted. Seeing all this, the Chechens do not even feel hatred for the Russians, but only disgust, bewilderment and a desire to exterminate them like rats or poisonous spiders. The inhabitants of the village ask Shamil for help,
Hadji Murad moves to the Fortress of Groznaya. Here he is allowed to have relations with the highlanders through scouts, but he cannot leave the fortress except with an escort of Cossacks. His family is currently being held in custody in the village of Vedeno, waiting for Shamil's decision on their fate. Shamil demands that Hadji Murad come back to him before the Bayram holiday, otherwise he threatens to send his mother, the old woman Patimat, to the auls and blind her beloved son Yusuf.
For a week Hadji Murad lives in the fortress, in Major Petrov's house. The major's roommate, Marya Dmitriyevna, is permeated with respect for Hadji Murad, whose courtesy differs markedly from the rudeness and drunkenness accepted among regimental officers. A friendship develops between Officer Butler and Hadji Murad. Butler is embraced by the "poetry of a special, energetic mountain life", tangible in the mountain songs that Khanefi sings. The Russian officer is especially struck by the favorite song of Hadji Murad - about the inevitability of blood feud. Soon Butler becomes a witness of how calmly Hadji Murad perceives an attempt of blood revenge on himself by the Kumyk prince Arslan Khan,
The re-go-thieves for the ransom of the family, which Hadji Murad is conducting in Chechnya, are not successful. He returns to Tiflis, then moves to the small town of Nukha, hoping to snatch the family away from Shamil by cunning or force. He is in the service of the Russian Tsar and receives five gold pieces a day. But now, when he sees that the Russians are in no hurry to free his family, Hadji Murad perceives his exit as a terrible turn in his life. He increasingly recalls his childhood, mother, grandfather and his son. Finally, he decides to flee to the mountains, to break into Vedeno with faithful people in order to die or free his family.
While on horseback, Hadji Murad, together with his murids, mercilessly kills the escort Cossacks. He expects to cross the Alazan River and thus get away from the chase, but he fails to cross the rice field flooded with spring water on horseback. The pursuit overtakes him, in an unequal battle Hadji Murad is mortally wounded.
The last memories of the family run through his imagination, no longer causing any feeling; but he fights to his last breath.
The head of Hadji Murad, cut off from the izuro-to-van body, is carried around the fortresses. In Grozny, they show her to Butler and Marya Dmitri-evna, and they see that the blue lips of a dead head retain a childish kind expression. Marya Dmitri-evna was especially shocked by the cruelty of the "living cuts" who killed her recent lodger and did not betray his body to the ground.
The story of Hadji Murad, the strength of life inherent in him and the strength of life and resilience come to mind when looking at the burdock flower, crushed in full bloom by people in the middle of a plowed field.
Hadji Murad
L. N. Tolstoy
Hadji Murad
In the cold November 1851, Hadji Murad, the famous naib of Imam Shamil, enters the non-peaceful Chechen village of Makhket. Chechen Sado receives a guest in his sakla, despite Shamil's recent order to detain or kill the rebellious naib,
On the same night, from the Russian fortress of Vozdvizhenskaya, fifteen miles from the village of Makhket, three soldiers with non-commissioned officer Panov go out to the forward guard. One of them, the merry fellow Avdeev, recalls how, out of homesickness, he once drank his company money, and once again tells that he joined the soldiers at the request of his mother, instead of his family brother.
Envoys of Hadji Murad come out to this guard. Escorting the Chechens to the fortress, to Prince Vorontsov, the cheerful Avdeev asks about their wives and children and concludes: “And what are these, my brother, good bare-faced guys.”
The regimental commander of the Kurinsky regiment, the son of the commander-in-chief, the adjutant wing, Prince Vorontsov, lives in one of the best houses in the fortress with his wife Marya Vasilievna, the famous Petersburg beauty, and her little son from his first marriage. Despite the fact that the life of the prince amazes the inhabitants of the small Caucasian fortress with its luxury, it seems to the Vorontsov spouses that they are suffering great hardships here. The news of Hadji Murad's departure finds them playing cards with the regimental officers.
That same night, the inhabitants of the village of Makhket, in order to cleanse themselves in front of Shamil, are trying to detain Hadji Murad. Shooting back, he breaks through with his murid Eldar into the forest, where the rest of the murids are waiting for him - the Avar Khanefi and the Chechen Gamzalo. Here Hadji Murad is waiting for Prince Vorontsov to respond to his proposal to go out to the Russians and start a fight against Shamil on their side. He, as always, believes in his happiness and that this time everything works out for him, as it always happened before. The returned envoy of Khan-Magom informs that the prince promised to receive Hadji Murad as an honored guest.
Early in the morning, two companies of the Kurinsky regiment went out to cut wood. Company officers over drinks discuss the recent death in battle of General Sleptsov. During this conversation, none of them sees the most important thing - the end of human life and its return to the source from which it came out - but they see only the military dashing of the young general. During the exit of Hadji Murad, the Chechens pursuing him casually mortally wound the cheerful soldier Avdeev; he dies in the hospital, not having time to receive a letter from his mother that his wife left home.
All Russians who see the “terrible highlander” for the first time are struck by his kind, almost childish smile, self-esteem and the attention, insight and calmness with which he looks at others. The reception of Prince Vorontsov at the Vozdvizhenskaya fortress turns out to be better than Hadji Murad expected; but the less he trusts the prince. He demands that he be sent to the commander-in-chief himself, the old prince Vorontsov, in Tiflis.
During a meeting in Tiflis, Vorontsov the father understands perfectly well that he should not believe a single word of Hadji Murad, because he will always remain an enemy to everything Russian, and now he is only submitting to circumstances. Hadji Murad, in turn, understands that the cunning prince sees right through him. At the same time, both say to each other completely opposite to their understanding - what is necessary for the success of negotiations. Hadji Murad assures that he will faithfully serve the Russian tsar in order to take revenge on Shamil, and vouches that he will be able to raise all of Dagestan against the imam. But for this it is necessary that the Russians redeem the family of Hadji Murad from captivity, the Commander-in-Chief promises to think about this.
Hadji Murad lives in Tiflis, attends the theater and balls, increasingly rejecting in his soul the way of life of the Russians. He tells the adjutant Vorontsov assigned to him, Loris-Melikov, the story of his life and enmity with Shamil. Before the listener passes a series of brutal murders committed by the law of blood feud and by the right of the strong. Loris-Melikov is also watching the murids of Hadji Murad. One of them, Gamzalo, continues to consider Shamil a saint and hates all Russians. Another, Khan-Magoma, went out to the Russians only because he easily plays with his own and other people's lives; just as easily he can return to Shamil at any moment. Eldar and Hanefi obey Hadji Murad without question.
While Hadji Murad was in Tiflis, by order of Emperor Nicholas I in January 1852, a raid was made into Chechnya. The young officer Butler, who recently transferred from the guard, also takes part in it. He left the Guards because of a card loss and is now enjoying a good, valiant life in the Caucasus, trying to maintain his poetic idea of the war. During the raid, the village of Makhket was devastated, a teenager was killed with a bayonet in the back, a mosque and a fountain were senselessly polluted. Seeing all this, the Chechens do not even feel hatred for the Russians, but only disgust, bewilderment and a desire to exterminate them like rats or poisonous spiders. The inhabitants of the village ask Shamil for help,
Hadji Murad moves to the Groznaya fortress. Here he is allowed to have relations with the highlanders through scouts, but he cannot leave the fortress except with an escort of Cossacks. His family is currently being held in custody in the village of Vedeno, awaiting Shamil's decision on their fate. Shamil demands that Hadji Murad come back to him before the Bayram holiday, otherwise he threatens to send his mother, the old woman Patimat, to the auls and blind his beloved son Yusuf.
For a week Hadji Murad lives in the fortress, in Major Petrov's house. The major's cohabitant, Dmitrievna, is imbued with respect for Hadji Murad, whose manner differs markedly from the rudeness and drunkenness accepted among regimental officers. A friendship develops between Officer Butler and Hadji Murad. Butler is embraced by the "poetry of a special, energetic mountain life", tangible in the mountain songs that Khanefi sings. The Russian officer is especially struck by Hadji Murad's favorite song - about the inevitability of blood feud. Butler soon becomes a witness of how calmly Hadji Murad perceives an attempt of blood revenge on himself by the Kumyk prince Arslan Khan,
Negotiations on the ransom of the family, which Hadji Murad is conducting in Chechnya, are not successful. He returns to Tiflis, then moves to the small town of Nukha, hoping to snatch the family away from Shamil by cunning or force. He is in the service of the Russian Tsar and receives five gold pieces a day. But now, when he sees that the Russians are in no hurry to release his family, Hadji Murad perceives his exit as a terrible turn in his life. He increasingly recalls his childhood, mother, grandfather and his son. Finally, he decides to flee to the mountains, break into Vedeno with his faithful people in order to die or free his family.
While on horseback, Hadji Murad, together with his murids, mercilessly kills the Cossack escorts. He expects to cross the Alazan River and thus get away from the chase, but he fails to cross the rice field flooded with spring water on horseback. The pursuit overtakes him, in an unequal battle Hadji Murad is mortally wounded.
The last memories of the family run through his imagination, no longer evoking any feeling; but he fights to the last breath.
Cut off from the mutilated body, the head of Hadji Murad is carried around the fortresses. In Grozny, they show her to Butler and Marya Dmitrievna, and they see that the blue lips of a dead head retain a childish kind expression. Marya Dmitrievna is especially shocked by the cruelty of the "liver cutters" who killed her recent lodger and did not betray his body to the ground.
The history of Hadji Murad, his inherent strength of life and inflexibility are recalled when looking at a burdock flower crushed in full bloom by people in the middle of a plowed field.
