Foreign Ministers of the USSR. Russian Foreign Ministers: Embassy Order and College

For many millennia, the fate of states and inhabiting their peoples are very often solved not in the fields of battles, but during diplomatic negotiations. That is why today no country can do without the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. At the same time, as experience shows, successful work This department is often related to personal qualities, as well as with the professionalism and organizational abilities of his leader. To see what has been said, it is worth finding out who held this high post earlier, and which foreign ministers of Russia have special merits in front of our country.

Embassy Order

When a permanent diplomatic service appeared in Russia, it is unknown. However, the oldest of the preserved documents is a decree on the appointment of Ivan Viscovatoy by the Dhacom of the Embassy Order - refers to 1549. Apparently, this official of Ryano took care, since after he took this position, paper concerning diplomatic activity in the first years of the reign of Ivan Grozny, were given in full orderAnd he himself soon became the keeper of state press.

The temptish supervised the Embassy Order of 21, after which it was suspected of treason and executed. Opan suffered and replaced him with the post of Vasily Shchekalov, and the new deque - Athanasius V. Vassev became famous for the fact that she officially represented the fiance of Lzhedimitrii during his engagement with Marina Mnishek.

Embassy College

Although the exchange of permanent diplomatic representatives between Russia and some foreign states occurred already in 1673, the formation of the foreign policy department for the European sample began in 1706 from the founding of the Embassy Mothering Office. After 12 years, she was transformed into a collegium of foreign affairs and since the foundation over the next 17 years was headed by Gabriel Golovnoy. This extraordinary personality was the closest associate of Peter the first and played a fateful role in the issue of Anna John.

In subsequent years, the high post of the President of the Foreign Collegium was occupied by A. Osterman, A. Cherkassky, A. Bestuzhev-Ryumin. The latter particularly distinguished himself, providing triumph of Russian diplomacy in the Elizabethan era and taking the post of Chancellor. In addition, it creates a reference service of foreign ambassadors.

In 1758, A. Bestuzhev exiled in reference was replaced by the head of the Foreign Ministry of M. Vorontsov, who soon fell into disfavor and left "to be treated abroad." At the same time, his duties were assigned to Count Nikita Panin. Then the Ceabinet Czechhard began, when the college chairmen replaced the rooting (corresponds to the status of VRIO).

Ministry of Foreign Affairs at Alexander First

Everything fell into place when a new foreign policy based on the basis was organized Embassy College (Some time existed in parallel).

The first Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia - Alexander Romanovich Vorontsov - received this post to thanks to Brother, who was respecting in English society and could help bring closer to Great Britain. Such a union was necessary for success in confrontation with France, where Napoleon reigned. The biography of Russian Foreign Minister Vorontsov is notable and the fact that he helped A. N. Radishchev in the preparation of the project of the First Constitution.

After the resignation of Alexander Romanovich, for several months the post of Minister was held by A. Budberg, but the signing of the Tilzite contract became the collapse of his diplomatic career.

In a difficult period of war with Napoleon, the foreign policy department was led by N. Rumyantsev. This minister became the initiator of signing several of the most important international treaties, including Friedrichsgam, in which Part of Russia became Finland, and St. Petersburg - about the world with Sweden.

After his resignation, Alexander, the first for some time he headed the department, and then passed the case of K. Nesselrod. If earlier Russia's foreign ministers changed on average every 5-6 years, then this experienced diplomat served almost 4 decades. His resignation was honorary, and the decree on it was signed by Alexander the second in 1856, after the death of Nicholas first.

Russian foreign ministers from 1856 to 1917

Among those who held the post of head of the foreign policy department after K. Nesselrode and before its abolition, mention deserve:

• A. Gorchakov, who was an active supporter of the Union with Bismarkovskaya Germany;
• A. Esbalsky, who is informally known for its role in the "diplomatic tsuisim" associated with the occupation of Bosnia Austria;
• S. Sazonov, concluded in 1915 a secret agreement with the states of the Entente on the transition of Constantinople and the Straits of the Black Sea under the control of Russia.

The latter who entered the list under the heading "Foreign Ministers of Russia", became Nikolai Pokrovsky, arrested in the days of the February Revolution.

Foreign Policy of the Russian Republic

The Interim Government, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs was formed on March 15, 1917. It was decided that it would lead to them by P. Milyukov. Thanks to its titanic efforts, many states recognized the Kerensky government. However, when it became known about his promise to the Governments of the Entente to lead the war to victory, was shifted from office due to protests of the Petrograd garrison.

He was replaced by M. Tereshchenko, who was arrested on November 8 in Winter Palace. Former minister Russian foreign affairs ran out of arrest and died in Monaco in 1956.

Narkomat

The new government has abolished the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. It was replaced by the People's Commissariat, the first leader of which became the most discerning L. Trotsky. In March 1918, he refused this post, as he was an opponent to sign the Brest world. He was replaced by the city of Chicherin, who came from the family of hereditary diplomats and was able to strengthen the shaky position of the young republic in the international arena. After his retirement from 1930 to 1939, the Commissar was M. Litvinov, subsequently removed from the fulfillment of his duties in connection with the failure of the Anglo-Franco-Soviet negotiations.

The next leader of the foreign policy department was V. Molotov. He had to work as a reference to the People's Commissar of Foreign Affairs into the hardest pre-war years and during the Second World War. It was he who read the famous appeal to the Soviet people on June 22, 1941, and shortly before that signed a notorious Pact with Ribbentrop.

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the USSR

The noticeable figure as the Minister of Foreign Affairs was A. Gromyko, who held this position for 28 years and transferred his post to Eduard Shevardnadze. The latter was the closest companion M. Gorbachev and the conductor of his foreign policy. In 1991, the post of Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR was abolished.

Foreign policy department after the collapse of the USSR

In 1991, the functions of the Union ministry were transferred to the MFA RSFSR, which A. Kozyrev was headed, and after his resignation, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs began to lead E. Primakov. His successor was I. Ivanov. As a result of the resignation of Kasyanov's government, he passed the case, and the question of the appointment of a new head of the Foreign Ministry asked. As a result, in 2004 it was announced that the new Russian Foreign Minister - Sergey Lavrov. He began his career in 1972 in the trainee in the USSR Foreign Ministry and enjoyed the respect of colleagues.

Russian Foreign Minister: Lavrov (Biography)

The diplomat was born in Moscow in 1950. After graduating from the English special school (completed training with a silver medal) entered MGIMO. From 1972 he worked in the USSR Foreign Ministry. Held the posts of attache embassies in Sri Lanka, senior adviser representation Soviet Union Under the UN, etc. from 1994 to 2004 was the permanent representative of our country with the United Nations.

Today, Russian Foreign Minister Lavrov is recognized as one of the most influential and respected diplomats and an excellent negotiator who can reconcile even opponents who cannot come to consensus not one decade.

Now you know who in for different years He headed Russian diplomacy, and to whom we are obliged to take off and falls of domestic foreign policy over the past 400 years.

On April 8/20, 1802, the Department of Foreign Affairs was formed by the Manifesto of Emperor Alexander I. With its creation, KID did not cease its existence, but gradually all the most important political issues were transferred to the maintenance of various departments of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Finally, the board was abolished in 1832. The first Minister of Foreign Affairs A.R. Vorontsov has formed a temporary office, which was originally shared by 4 expeditions engaged in political penwriting. Later, in 1806, a new structure of the Minister of Chancellery was established. A number of new departments appeared as part of the Foreign Ministry, including the expedition of consular affairs, the educational department of the eastern languages, the internal economic part, the Department of the internal relations, the Department of External Relations, etc.

By 1816, the Foreign Ministry gained a clear structure that was stable until the 40s of the XIX century. The head of the Foreign Ministry was the second after the emperor a person in the state administration - the Minister of Foreign Affairs in the rank of Chancellor. Two State Secretaries of the Ministry of Foreign Ministry appointed deputies or assistants to the minister. Officials were assigned ranks in accordance with the international classification established by the Vienna Congress (1815). Accepted in 1815 diplomatic ranks existed in Russia until October 1917. The central office of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs included: the Office, the Department of Internal Relations (which was carried out by all political and consular affairs, as well as issues related to Russian subjects); Asian Department and Department personnel and economic affairs. The central office of the Foreign Ministry, along with three departments, also included the Archives of the Foreign Ministry, the Commission on the publication of state diploma and contracts and the editorial offices of the official publications of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Russian and French.

Fabric units were: Russian embassies in great powers, mission, residency in small and dependent eastern countries, consulates, consulates, vice consulates and consular agencies.

N.P.Rumyantsev

Rumyantsev Nikolai Petrovich (3.04.1754-3.01.1826), Count, statesmanThe diplomat under Alexander I Rumyantsev in 1802 was taken by the post of Minister of Commerce and the Chief Director of Water Communications and Communications Commissions in Russia of Roads. The Department of Foreign Affairs has been added to these duties in 1807. Becoming in 1810 Chairman of the State Council (from 1801 was his member), he continued to lead both ministries, submitting to 1809 the management of the message of the prince Georgue Treaten. In the same year, for activities on the conclusion of the Friedrichsgam world with Sweden and the accession of Finland, Rumyantsev received the title of state chancellor. In 1812, at the news of Napoleon's speech against Russia, a apoplexic strike happened to Russia, and in 1814 he resigned.

I.A.Kapodistria

Capodistria Ivan Antonovich (February 11, 1776 - October 9, 1831) - State Avestigator, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia.

In 1803-06, Statis Secretary foreign affairs The Republic of Seven United Islands (Ionian Republic), established at 1800 during the Archipelago Expeditions of the Russian Fleet. After the transmission, in the Tilzit world, the Russian protectorate over the Ionic Islands, the French, the Capodistria in May 1808 is invited to the Russian service and in January 1809 arrived in St. Petersburg.

In May 1809, in the rank of Stat Council, the collegium of foreign affairs is counted.

From August 1811 Urentious Secretary of the Russian Embassy in Vienna.

From June 1812 he was headed by the diplomatic office of the Commander-in-Chief of the Danube Army Admiral P.V. Chichagov.

In 1813, he managed the diplomatic office of General from infanteria M.B. Barclay de Tolly. After the battle near Leipzig at the end of 1813, on behalf of Emperor Alexander I, a diplomatic mission was sent to Switzerland, managed to provide her neutrality at the final stage of the campaign against Napoleon I.

In 1814-15, the Russian envoy in Switzerland. Condition for gr. A.K.Razumovsky, participated in the work Vienna Congress; He showed great diplomatic abilities, performing a worthy opponent of the Austrian Minister of Foreign Affairs of the KN. K. Notternich.

In August 1815 appointed State Secretary for Foreign Affairs.

In 1816-22, together with c. K.V.nesselrode headed the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (conducted by the diplomatic relations of Russia with the countries of the East, with the relationship with slavic peoples). During these years, the capodistria used the special confidence of Emperor Alexander I, he was his closest adviser in the Balkan affairs, accompanied the emperor to the congresses " Sacred Union"In Aachen (1818) and Troppau (1820); I did a lot to improve the Russian-French relations, opposed Russia's participation in the suppression of an uprising in Naples. Admitted for liberation from under the oppression of Turkey her european possessionsFor the creation of a number of Christian states in the Balkans under the auspices of Russia.

Vorontsov Alexander Romanovich (1741-1805) - Foreign Minister in 1802-1804. He graduated from Strasbourg Military School. In 1761 - attorney in Austria, in 1762-1764. - Plenipotentiary Minister in England, and then in Holland. Subsequently held a number of state posts not related to foreign Policy (President of the Commerce-College, etc.). As a member of the State Council (from 1787), he was one of the leaders of Russia's foreign policy. From 1792 to 1801 in resignation. From 1802 - the State Chancellor. His main task was to ensure the provision of foreign policy independence of Russia from France. In early 1804, resigned for health.

Charter Adam Jeep (Adam Adamovich) (1770- 1861) - Russian Foreign Minister in 1804-1806. Belonged to one of the old aristocratic clans of Poland. From 1795 - in the Russian service. Soon - adjutant of the Grand Duke Alexander Pavlovich, one of his nearest advisers. After the coup 1801 is one of the members of the unlasked committee. From 1802 - Comrade Minister of Foreign Affairs. From 1804 - Minister. According to his own recognition, the main task was to create the most favorable conditions for the restoration of independence of Poland. To this end, in 1805, he put forward a project of rejection from Prussia and Austria of Polish lands, followed by an accession to the former Polish territories belonging to them. Alexander I had to become a Polish king, and dynastic significance was established between Russia and Poland. Alexander I did not reject this project, but the participated Russian-Prussian rapprochement made it impossible. It caused the resignation of charter. In 1815, he entered the temporary government of the Kingdom of Polish. Soon left him. During the Polish uprising of 1830-1831. Ensured the post of chairman of the rebel government. After the defeat of the rebels went to Paris.

Budberg Andrei Yakovlevich (1750-1812) - Foreign Minister in 1806-1807. It was known for his anti-armzu orientation. This largely explains his appointment by the Minister during the maximum exacerbation of relations between Russia and France. In 1806, the Paris Mirny Treaty with Napoleon was not approved by the State Council in 1806. After the conclusion of the Tilzite world with France resigned.

Rumyantsev Nikolai Petrovich (1754-1826) - Foreign Minister in 1807-1814. The diplomatic service began as a Plenipotentiary Minister in Frankfurt am Main at the Seimas of the Sacred Roman Empire and the Kurfürsky District of the Nizhny Ryne. During the Great French Revolution, there was an intermediary between Catherine II and Bourbon. Under Paul I was in the opal. From 1802 to 1808, he held the positions of the Director of Water Communications and the Minister of Commerce. Its appointment by his minister after the conclusion of the Tilzite world should demonstrate Napoleon a benevolent attitude towards him Alexander I. In an effort to find the points of mutual interests of the two countries, Rumyantsev in 1808 led negotiations with the France ambassador to the Knevenkur for the conditions of the section of Turkey between the two countries. He was a supporter of rapprochement with France even in a new exacerbation with her relationship. In 1809, negotiations were led to the conclusion of the Friedrichsgam world, for which the title of Chancellor was awarded. With the beginning of the Patriotic War asked for resignation, but he received it only after the defeat of France.

Weidemeyer Ivan Andreevich (1752-1820) - Managing Board of Foreign Affairs in 1814-1816. Valid secret adviser. Member of the State Council (1810).

Nesselrod Karl Vasilyevich (1780-1862) - Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1816-1856. The diplomatic career began in 1801 by the official of the Russian mission in Berlin, from where it was soon translated into Hague, and then again to Berlin and Paris. With the beginning of the Patriotic War, he was in the army, under Alexander I. After the resignation of Rumyantsev, he was appointed in 1814 by the Rapporteur for the affairs of the foreign department, and in 1816 he was instructed to lead the Foreign Ministry. After dismissal in 1822, the Kapodistria resigned became the only head of the Foreign Ministry. According to contemporaries, did not differ in the insightful mind and a firm character. He broke all records of their stay as a Minister of Foreign Affairs, taking it within 40 years. This was largely due to the fact that, without having its own line in foreign policy, Nesselrod was an excellent conductor of the ideas of monarchs, for which he sometimes was called "Kisel-like" with a grin. The largest foreign policy mistake of Nesselrod was the wrong forecast of the reaction of leading European countries for the possible war of Russia against Turkey in the early 50s. He believed that no one would interfere with Russia. As a result, Russia was in international isolation and under the blow not only Turkey, but also spoken on her side of England and France. Immediately after the conclusion of the Paris Peace Treaty, Alexander II was dismissed.

Capodistria John (John Capo D "Istria) (1776- 1831) - The second State Secretary, managing Asian affairs of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1815-1822. Come from about. Corfu. He graduated from the Padowan University. Statis Secretary of the Ionian Republic on foreign affairs. After the transmission of Napoleon, the Protectorate over the Ionic Islands (1807) moved to Russian service. The main task of Russia's foreign policy considered the rejection of Turkey of European possessions and the creation in the Balkans of Christian states under the protectory of Russia. For the neutralization of the Anglo-Austrian Block that generated after the Napoleonic wars offered to develop the allied relations between Russia with France. After resigning left to Geneva, and from there to Greece, where he was elected president. In the course of provoked England and France, speeches was killed on October 9, 1831.

Gorchakov Alexander Mikhailovich (1798-1883) - Foreign Minister in 1856-1882. State Chancellor. The bright prince. One of the largest diplomats of the XIX century. The first diplomatic steps were made by the posts of the Embassy Secretary in London (1824), attorney in Florence (1829), an adviser to the Embassy in Vienna (1832). Being a representative in the German Union (from 1850), it sought to strengthen Russia's influence on secondary German states. Represented Russia at the Vienna Conference of 1855, where in the conditions of military defeat of Russia in Crimean war Made a bet on the collapse of the Anglo-French alliance. To this end, this was taken separate negotiations with France, for which he was convicted by Minister Nesselrod. After the Paris Congress was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs. His phrase from the directive is widely known from the Russian ambassador abroad: "They say Russia is angry. No, Russia is not angry, it focuses." He managed to drive a wedge into the anti-Russian coalition of European powers. The result of this course was the refusal to the ball articles of the Paris world immediately after the overthrow of Napoleon III. Gorchakov always opposed revolutionary shocks (Revolution of 1848 in France, Paris Commune, etc.). With the creation of the German Empire became more cautious in relations with Germany. I did not sympathize with the ideas of the "Union of Three Emperors" concluded by the heads of the states of Germany, Russia and Austria-Hungary. In 1875, the diplomatic position of Gorchakov won France from the new aggression of Germany. During the Russian-Turkish War, 1877-1878. I took the fluctuating position, believing that Russia is not yet ready to occupy Constantinople and the war can only lead to the "half-one". This position largely determined the fall in the popularity of Gorchakov. In 1879, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs passed to the Girs. In 1882, Gorchakov received a formal resignation.

Gear Nikolai Karlovich (1820-1895) - Foreign Minister in 1882-1895. The service began in the Asian Department of the Foreign Ministry of Russia. In 1850-1875 He held various diplomatic posts in the Middle East, was a messenger in Switzerland and Sweden. Since 1875 - Managing Asian Department, Comrade Minister of Foreign Affairs. Since 1879, actually led the Foreign Ministry. In 1882, I changed officially Gorchakov as the minister. It believed that foreign policy is a means of strengthening the inner position of the monarchy. He was an ideologist of the "Peace Decade" Alexander III. The main means of preserving peace saw in strengthening the Union with Germany and Austria-Hungary. The proper orientation of the Girs affected the Balkan (especially Bulgarian) policy of Russia. Despite this, the hire was forced to provide a Franco-Russian convergence, which Alexander III Considered as an essential security tool in Europe.

Lobanov-Rostovsky Alexey Borisovich (1824-1896) - Foreign Minister in 1895-1896. In the diplomatic service from 1844. From 1863, he retired and lived in France. In 1878, he was appointed ambassador to Constantinople. Unlike Gorchakova, he believed that if Russia should go to some concessions, they should be made in favor of Turkey to relieve tensions in relations with it. He performed one of the developers of the Constantinople peace treaty 1879 in 1879-1882. - Ambassador to London, in 1882-1895. - in Vienna. Over the years has become one of the most influential ambassadors of Russia. In 1895, appointed ambassador to Berlin. After the death of Girs became the Minister of Foreign Affairs. He was a supporter of the transfer of the center of gravity in Russia's foreign policy from Europe to the Far East. His first steps were successful there - Japan lost Russia to the rent of the Liaodo Peninsula, and later the agreement on the joint protectorate of Russia and Japan in Korea was also signed. However, it was this activity of Russia that spurred Japan to the beginning of the preparation of the war with her.

Shishkin Nikolai Pavlovich (1830-1902) - Russian Foreign Minister in 1896-1897. From 1852 he worked in the Asian Department of Foreign Ministry. In 1857, he received a appointment to Paris, in 1859 - to Bucharest, in 1861 - to Adrianopol, in 1863 - to Belgrade. Since 1875 - Emergency Messenger and Plenipotentiary Minister in the North American United States. Since 1880 - at the same post in Greece. Since 1884, he consisted at the court of the King of Sweden and Norway. Valid secret adviser. From 1891 - Comrade Minister of Foreign Affairs. From January 14, 1895 - Temporary Managing Foreign Ministry. From March 24, 1896 - Statis Secretary of His Majesty. He headed the ministry in the short period from August 19, 1896 to January 1, 1897. From 1897 - Member of the State Council.

Muravyev Mikhail Nikolaevich (1845-1900) - Foreign Minister in 1897-1900. He began the diplomatic service in 1864 in the Office of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Since 1867 he served in Russian missions in Stuttgart, Stockholm, Hague, Berlin, and others. After the Russian-Turkish war, 1877-1878. He was appointed an adviser to the Embassy in Paris, and in 1884 - to Berlin. Since 1893 - Messenger in Copenhagen. On January 1, 1897, the Governor of the Foreign Ministry was appointed, and on April 13 of the same year, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia. Like Lobanov-Rostov, believed that the center of gravity of Russia's foreign policy should be transferred to Far East. Signed with Austria-Hungary Agreement on compliance with the status quo in the Balkans. He proposed to actively develop Russian expansion in Korea. With it, Russian warships and troops entered Port Arthur and Far. Agreement with China was concluded about the construction of the CERE. In 1898, on behalf of Nikolai II, he made a proposal to convene an international conference on disarmament. Negotiations with Spain on the rental of Russia Seuts (Africa) for the confrontation of England. Intensified Russian policies in the Middle and Middle East in conditions when England was busy with the boots. As a result, Russia has restored direct relations with Afghanistan, strengthened its position in Persia and Turkey. He offered more weigly and carefully to build relations between Russia with China.

On July 2, 1985, Eduard Shevardnadze entered the position of Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR. The "dilettank" decided to recall some Soviet colleagues of the minister.

Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov (party pseudonym, real surname - Scriabin) was born on February 25 (March 9) of 1890 in Sloboda Kukarka Cukarsky County of Vyatka province (now the city of Soviet Kirov region) in the family of Mikhail Prokhorovich Scriabin, the clerk of the merchant merchant Jacob Nichubatikov.

Children's years V. M. Molotov took place in Vyatka and in Nolinsk. In 1902-1908, he studied in the 1st Kazan Real School. On the wave of the events of 1905, he joined the revolutionary movement, in 1906 he joined the RSDLP. In April 1909, he was first arrested and exiled to the Vologda province.

Substituting a link, in 1911, V. M. Molotov arrived in St. Petersburg, passed the external exams for the real school and entered the economic department of the Polytechnic Institute. From 1912, he collaborated in the Bolshevik newspaper "Star", then became the secretary of the editorial board of the Pravda newspaper, a member of the St. Petersburg Committee of the RSDLP. During the preparation of the Pravda publication, I became acquainted with I. V. Stalin.

After the arrest of the RSDRP faction in IV State Duma In 1914 he was hiding under the name of Molotov. From the fall of 1914 he worked in Moscow over the recreation of the defeated guards of partorganization. In 1915, V. M. Molotov was arrested and exiled for three years to Irkutsk province. In 1916, the link fled, lived on an illegal position.

The February Revolution of 1917 V. M. Molotov met in Petrograd. He was a delegate of the VII (April) All-Russian Conference of the RSDLP (b) (April 24-29, 1917), a delegate of the VI Congress of the RSDDP (b) from the Petrograd organization. He was part of the Russian Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (B), the Executive Committee of the Petrograd Council and the Military Revolutionary Committee, who supervised the overall government in October 1917.

After the establishment of the Soviet government, V. M. Molotov was in governing party work. In 1919, he was the chairman of the Nizhny Novgorod Gubspolkom, later became the secretary of the Donetsk Spoon of RCP (b). In 1920 he was elected secretary of the Central Committee of the CP (b) of Ukraine.

In 1921-1930, V. M. Molotov held the position of Secretary of the Central Committee of the WCP (b). From 1921 he was a candidate for the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Party, in 1926 he became part of the Politburo. Actively participated in the fight against the internal partare opposition, was summarized in the number of close associates I. V. Stalin.

In 1930-1941, V. M. Molotov headed the USSR SNK, at the same time from May 1939 he was the People's Commissar of Foreign Affairs of the USSR. With his name, a whole epoch is connected in Soviet foreign Policy. The signature of V. M. Molotova stands under the negotiation agreement with Hitler Germany dated August 23, 1939 (the so-called "Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact"), the estimates of which were and remain ambiguous.

V. M. Molotova fell to the fancy to notify the Soviet people about the attack nazi Germany On the USSR on June 22, 1941. They told them then words: "Our business is right. The enemy will be broken. The victory will be behind us, "the history of the Great Patriotic War, 1941-1945, entered the history of the Great Patriotic War.

It was Molotov that informed the Soviet people about the attack of Nazi Germany

In the war years, V. M. Molotov held posts of the First Deputy Chairman of the USSR SCA, Vice-Chairman State Committee Defense of the USSR. In 1943, he was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor. V. M. Molotov took the most active participation in the organization and holding of Tehran (1943), Crimean (1945) and Potsdam (1945) conferences of the heads of government of the three allied powers - the USSR, the USA and the UK, on \u200b\u200bwhich the main parameters of the post-war device of Europe were identified.

V. M. Molotov remained as the head of the NKID (since 1946, the USSR Foreign Ministry) until 1949, again headed the ministry in 1953-1957. From 1941 and until 1957, he simultaneously held the position of First Deputy Chairman of the SNK (since 1946 - Council of Ministers) of the USSR.

In the June Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU 1957, V. M. Molotov spoke out against N. S. Khrushchev, joining his opponents, which were convicted as an "anti-party group". Together with its other members, he was derived from the part of the party's governing bodies and was removed from all state posts.

In 1957-1960, V. M. Molotov was the Ambassador of the USSR in Mongolian People's RepublicIn 1960-1962, the Soviet Representation was headed in the International Atomic Energy Agency in Vienna. In 1962, he was withdrawn from Vienna and excluded from the CPSU. By order of the USSR Foreign Ministry of September 12, 1963, V. M. Molotov was released from work in the Ministry in connection with retirement.

In 1984, with the sanctions, K. U. Chernenko V. M. Molotov was restored to the CPSU with the preservation of party length.

V. M. Molotov died in Moscow on November 8, 1986 and was buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery.

Andrei Yanarievich Vyshinsky, the descendant of the ancient Polish nobleman, the former Menshevik, who signed the order about the arrest of Lenin seemingly, was doomed to get into the millstone system. Surprisingly, instead, he himself came to power, taking posts: the prosecutor of the USSR, the prosecutor of the RSFSR, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, the rector of Moscow State University.

In many ways he was obliged to personal qualities, After all, even his opponents often celebrate deep education and outstanding speakers. It is for this reason that the lecture, and the court speeches of the Vyshinsky always attracted the attention of not only the professional legal community, but also the entire population. His performance also noted. Already as the Minister of Foreign Affairs, he worked from 11 am to 4-5 am the next day.

That is what contributed to his contribution to legal science. At one time, his works on criminalistics, criminal proceedings, state and law theory, international law were considered classical. Yes, and now in the foundation of modern Russian jurisprudence lies by A. Ya. Vyshinsky, the concept of sectoral division of the system of law.

The post of Minister Vyshinsky worked from 11 am to 4-5 am the next day

But nevertheless, in the history of A. Ya. Vyshinsky entered as the "chief Soviet prosecutor" in the processes of the 1930s. For this reason, his name is almost always associated with the Great Terror period. Moscow processes undoubtedly did not comply with the principles of a fair court. Based on indirect evidence, innocent were sentenced to execution or long-term detention.

As the "Inquisitor", it was characterized by an extrajudicial form of penalties, in which he participated - the so-called "deuce", officially - the Commission of the NKVD of the USSR and the Prosecutor of the USSR. Accused B. this case An even formal trial was deprived.

However, let me quote the Vyshinsky himself: "It would be a big mistake to see in the indictment of the prosecutor's office the main content. The main task of the prosecutor's office is to be a guide and guarding legality. "

At the post of prosecutor of the USSR, the main task was the reform of the prosecutor's and investigative apparatus. It was necessary to cope with the following problems: the low formation of prosecutors and investigators, a shortage of personnel, bureaucracy, negligence. As a result, it was formed unique system Overview of the observance of legality, which prosecutor's office and remains currently.

The orientation of the Action of the Vyshinsky was even human rights character, as far as possible in conditions of totalitarian reality. For example, in January 1936, they were initiated by the revision of cases against collective farmers and representatives of rural authorities, convicted of embezzlement in the early 1930s. Tens of thousands of them came free.

Less known activities aimed at supporting the Soviet Protection. In numerous performances and works, he defended independence and procedural powers of lawyers, often criticizing his colleagues for disregarding the side of protection. However, the declared ideals were not implemented in practice, if we recall, for example, "Troika", which were the opposite of the competing process.

Diplomatic career A. Ya. Vyshinsky is not less interest. In recent years of life, he held the post of Permanent Representative of the USSR for the UN. In his speeches, he expressed an authoritative opinion in many directions international Policy and international law. His speech is known about the adoption of the World Declaration of Human Rights - Vyshinsky foresaw problems with the implementation of proclaimed rights, which are only now seen in the scientific and professional community.

The identity of Andrei Yanarievich Vyshinsky is ambiguous. On the one hand, participation in punitive justice. On the other hand, scientific and professional achievements, strong personal qualities, the desire to achieve the ideal of "socialist legality". It is they who make even the most fierce enemy of the Vyshinsky recognize in it that carrier of higher values \u200b\u200bis "a man of their case."

It can be concluded that it is possible to be in conditions of totalitarianism. This is confirmed by A. Ya. Vyshinsky.

Born in the family of working railway workshops. After moving the family to Tashkent, he first studied in the gymnasium later in high school.

In 1926 he graduated from the Law Faculty of Moscow State University named after M. V. Lomonosov and the Agrarian Faculty of the Institute of Red Professors.

Since 1926 - in the judicial bodies, in 1926-1928 he worked as a prosecutor in Yakutia. Since 1929 - on scientific work. In 1933-1935, he worked in the political waste of one of the Siberian state farms. After the publication of a number of noticeable articles was invited to the Institute of Economics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Since 1935 - in the office of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) (department of science). According to Leonid Mlechin, at one of the meetings on Science Schipilov "allowed himself to argue Stalin." Stalin offered him to go to the oppatinate, but Shepilov stood on his own, as a result of which he was expelled from the Central Committee and seven months spent without work.

Since 1938 - Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Economics of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

In the early days of the war, the volunteer went to the front as part of the Moscow militia, although he had a "reservation", as a professor, and the opportunity to go to Kazakhstan by the director of the Institute of Economics. From 1941 to 1946 - in the Soviet Army. He passed the way from the ordinary to Major General, the head of the political waste of the 4th Guards Army.

In 1956, Khrushchev achieved Molotov's shift from the post of Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR, putting his companion of Shepilov in his place. On June 2, 1956, the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR Shepilov was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR, changing Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov in this post.

In June 1956, the Soviet Minister of Foreign Affairs for the first time in history made a tour of the Middle East, visiting Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, as well as Greece. During the negotiations in Egypt, with President Nasser in June 1956, he gave the secret consent of the USSR to sponsor the construction of the Asuan dam. At the same time, Shepilov, by the nature of his previous activity, not being an international professional, was impressed by the truly "pharaoh" reception, which the then president of Egypt Nasser arranged to him, and upon returning to Moscow managed to convince Khrushcheva in forcing the establishment of relations with Arab countries of the Middle East Counters to normalize relations with Israel. At the same time, it should be noted that during World War II, almost the entire political elite of the countries of the Middle East cooperated with Hitler's Germany, and Nasser himself and his brothers were then studied in Germany higher military schools.

Represented the position of the USSR by the Suez crisis and uprising in Hungary in 1956. He headed the Soviet delegation at the London Conference on the Suez Channel.

He contributed to the normalization of Soviet-Japanese relations: in October 1956, a joint declaration with Japan was signed, stopping the state of war. The USSR and Japan exchanged ambassadors.

In his speech at the XX Congress, the CPSU called for the violent export of socialism outside the USSR. At the same time, he participated in the preparation of the report of Khrushchev "On the cult of personality and its consequences", but the prepared version of the report was substantially changed.

Shepilov called on the violent export of socialism outside the USSR

When Malenkov, Molotov and Kaganovich in June 1957 tried to shift Khrushchev at a meeting of the Presidium of the CPSU Central Committee, presenting him a whole list of accusations, Schipilov suddenly began to criticize Khrushchev for the establishment of his own "cult of personality", although the named group was never included. As a result of the defeat of the Molotova grouping, Malenkov, Kaganovich on June 22, 1957, the Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU was born the wording "Anti-Party group of Molotov, Malenkov, Kaganovich and joined Shapilov to them."

There is also a different, less literary and spectacular explanation of the sources of formulation using the word "joined": a group that would consist of eight participants, it was embarrassing to be called a "broken anti-party group", as it turned out to be a clear majority, and it would be obvious even for Readers "Pravda". To be called "Raskolniki Fractions", members of the group should have been no more than seven; Shepilov was the eighth.

There is a reasonable assumption that, unlike the seven members of the Anti-Partisian Group, members of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU, Schipilov was defined as "joined", since, as a candidate for the members of the Presidium, did not have a decisive vote.

Shepilov was released from all party and government posts. From 1957 - Director, since 1959 - Deputy Director of the Institute of Economics of the Announcement of the Kyrgyz SSR, in 1960-1982 - archeographer, then the Senior Archeographer in the main archival department at the USSR Council.

Since the cliché "And Shipilov, who joined them" was actively disagreeed in the press, a joke was appeared: "The longest surname - Iprimknyzpilov"; When the half-liter bottle of vodka was divided "on three", the fourth drinking calorie was called "Shipilov", etc. Thanks to this phrase, millions of Soviet citizens learned the name of the party functionar. Schiplov's own memories are polemicly entitled "Incompresented"; They are sharply critical in relation to Khrushchev.

Shepilov himself, according to memories, considered the case fabricated. He was excluded from the party in 1962, restored in 1976, and in 1991 he was restored at the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1982 - on pensions.

Of all the Russian and Soviet ministers of foreign affairs, only one Andrei Andreyevich Gromyko served in this post legendary long term - Twenty-eight years. His name was well known not only in the Soviet Union, but also far beyond. His famous for the whole world was made by the post of Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR.

The diplomatic fate of A. A. Gromyko developed in such a way that during without a small half a century he was in the center of world politics, the respect of even his political opponents decreased. In diplomatic circles, he was called the "Patriarch of Diplomacy", "the most informed minister of foreign affairs in the world." His legacy, despite the fact that the Soviet era remained far behind, and today is relevant.

A. A. Gromyko was born on July 5, 1909 in the village of the old rods of the Vetkovsky district of the Gomel region. In 1932 he graduated from the Economic Institute, in 1936- graduate school of the Economy agricultureDr. economic Sciences (since 1956). In 1939 transferred to the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs (NKID) of the USSR. By this time, as a result of repression, almost all the leadership frames of Soviet diplomacy were destroyed, and Gromyko began to make a career quickly. In his incomplete 30 years, the feet of the Belarusian depthint with a diploma of the candidate of economic sciences almost immediately after the arrival in NKID received the responsible post of the head of the department of American countries. It was an unusually steep rise even at the time when the careers were created and collapsed overnight. A young diplomat did not have time to settle in his new apartments at Smolensk Square, as a challenge to the Kremlin followed. Stalin in the presence of Molotova said: "Comrade Gromyko, we intend to send you to work at the USSR Embassy in the United States as an adviser." So, A. Gromyko for four years has become an adviser to the embassy in the United States and at the same time a messenger in Cuba.

In 1946-1949 Deputy. Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR and at the same time in 1946-1948. fast. Representative of the USSR for the UN, in 1949-1952. and 1953-1957 First deputy. Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR, in 1952-1953 The USSR Ambassador to the United Kingdom, in April 1957, Gromyko is appointed by the USSR Foreign Minister and works in this post until July 1985. Since 1983, the first deputy chairman of the Sovmina of the USSR. In 1985-1988 Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.

The diplomatic talent of Andrei Andreevich Gromyko was noticed abroad quickly. Analyst recognized by the West the authority of Andrei Gromyko was the highest sample. In August 1947, Times magazine wrote: "As a permanent Representative of the Soviet Union in the Safety Council, thoroughly makes its work at the level of breathtaking competence."

At the same time, with light hands Western journalists, Andrei Gromyko, as an active participant " cold War"Became the owner of a whole series of unflattering nicknames like" Andrei Wolf "," Robot Misanthrop "," Man without face "," Modern Neanderthals ", etc. Gromyko became well known in international circles with his forever dissatisfied and gloomy facial expression, And also extremely unstainless actions, for which he received the nickname "Mr No". As for this, the nickname A. A. Gromyko noted: "My" no "they heard much less often than I" know them ", because we have advanced much more suggestions. I was called me in their newspapers "Mr." because I did not allow manipulation by myself. Who sought to do this, wanted to manipulate the Soviet Union. We are a great power, and I will not do this anyone! "

Thanks to his disadvantage, he got the nickname "Mr No"

However, Willie Brandt, Chancellor of Germany in the memoirs noted: "I found a rudely more pleasant interlocutor than it imagined himself about the stories about the sorry of the ulcer" Mr. ". He impressed the impression of a correct and imperturbable man, restrained to a pleasant Angloquesian manner. He skilled in unobtrusive form to give to understand what enormity he possesses. "

A. A. Gromyko solely firmly adhered to the approved position. "The Soviet Union in the international arena is me - I thought Andrei Gromyko. - All our progress in the negotiations that led to the conclusion of important international treaties and agreements are explained by the fact that I was convinced of the firm and even adamant in particular when I saw that with me, and therefore with the Soviet Union, talking from the position of force or play In "Cats-Mouse". I never Lebesil before Wessengers and after I was beaten over the same cheek, I did not substitute the second. Moreover, I acted so that it was not in the measure of the obstinate opponent, it was embarrassed. "

Many did not know that A. A. Gromyko had a delicious sense of humor. His comments could include female comments that became a surprise in tense moments when receiving delegations. Henry Kissinger, coming to Moscow, was constantly afraid of listening from the KGB. Once, during a meeting, he pointed to the chandelier, hanging in the room, and asked the KGB to make him a copy of American documents, since the Americans "failed" a copying machinery. Thunder in tone answered him that the chandeliers were made in the kings and only microphones can be in them.

Among the most important achievements, Andrei Gromyko allocated four points: the creation of the UN, the development of agreements on the restriction of nuclear weapons, the legalization of borders in Europe and, finally, recognizing the United States for the USSR's role of the Great Power.

Few people remember today that the UN was conceived in Moscow. It was here in October 1943, the Soviet Union, the United States and the United Kingdom announced that the world needs an international security organization. It was easy to declare, but it is difficult to do. Gromyko stood at the origlists of the UN, under the charter of this organization stands his signature. In 1946, he became the first Soviet representative in the UN and at the same time deputy, and then the First Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs. Gromyko was a member, and subsequently the head of the delegation of our country at 22 sessions of the UN General Assembly.

"The issue of questions", "ultra-shock", according to the expression of A. A. Gromyko itself, was for him the process of negotiations for controlling arms race as ordinary and nuclear. He passed all the stages of the post-war disarmed epic. Already in 1946, on behalf of the USSR, A. A. Gromyko made a proposal for generally reduce and regulating weapons and on the prohibition of military use of atomic energy. The subject of a special pride thoroughly signed on August 5, 1963 tests for testing nuclear weapons in the atmosphere in space space And under water, negotiations on which they stretched from 1958.

Another priority of foreign policy A. A. Gromyko considered the consolidation of the results of the Second World War. This is, first of all, the settlement around West Berlin, the design of the status quo with two German states, Germany and GDR, and then pan-European affairs.

Huge forces, perseverance and flexibility demanded from Moscow, the historical agreements of the USSR (and then Poland and Czechoslovakia) with Germany in 1970-1971, as well as a four-sided agreement of 1971 for West Berlin. As far as the personal role of A. A. Gromyko in the preparation of these fundamental documents in Europe in Europe, it is clear to at least from the fact that in order to develop the text of the Moscow Treaty of 1970, he held 15 meetings with the adviser to Chancellor V. Brandt E. Bar and as much with the minister Foreign affairs V. Scheel.

It was they who preceded their efforts to calculate the path to discharge and convene a meeting on security and cooperation in Europe. The value signed in August 1975 in Helsinki's final act was a global scale. It was essentially a code of behavior of states in key areas of relationships, including military-political. The invisibility of post-war borders in Europe was fixed, which A. A. Gromyko attached its particular importance, the prerequisites for strengthening European stability and security were established.

It is thanks to the efforts of A. A. Gromyko, all points over "I" between the USSR and the United States during the Cold War were placed. In September 1984, on the initiative of Americans in Washington, Andrei Gromyko was held with Ronald Reagan. These were the first Raigan negotiations with the representative of the Soviet leadership. Reagan acknowledged the status of the superpower for the Soviet Union. But even more significant was another statement. Let me remind you to the words that heralds the myth of the "Evil Empire" after the end of the meeting in the White House: "The United States respect the status of the Soviet Union as a superpower ... And we have no desire to change it social system" Thus, diplomacy rollerously achieved from the US official recognition of the principle of non-interference in the internal affairs of the Soviet Union.

Thanks to the rolleros, the relations of the USSR and the USA were stabilized

Andrei Gromyko wore many facts forgotten by wide circles of the international community. "You imagine," Andrei Rusyomko told his son, "he acts, yes, no anyone, and the British Macmillan, Prime Minister of Great Britain. Since it was in the height of the "Cold War", makes attacks at our address. Well, I would say, there is a regular Oon cuisine, with all its political, diplomatic and propaganda techniques. I sit and think, as on these attacks on occasion, during the debate, answer. Suddenly, Nikita Sergeevich sitting next to me bends and, as I first thought, I was looking for something under the table. I even slightly moved away to him not to interfere. And suddenly I see - pulls out the boot and begins to bother them along the surface of the table. Frankly, the first thought was that Khrushchev is bad. But in a moment I realized that our leader protests in this way, seeks to put Macmillan in an awkward position. I all strained and against my will began to knock on the table with fists - because it was necessary to somehow support the chapter of the Soviet delegation. In the direction of Khrushchev did not look, I was awkward. The situation was really comic. And after all, it is surprising, you can pronounce dozens of smart and even brilliant speeches, but no one will remember a speaker across decades, Khrushchev's shoe will not forget.

As a result of almost half-century practice, A. A. Gromyko developed for himself "Golden Rules" of diplomatic work, which, however, are relevant not only for diplomats:

- absolutely unacceptably immediately disclose all the cards, want to solve the problem with one felling;

- careful use of meetings in the top; poorly prepared, they bring more harm than good;

- It is impossible to allow manipulation by neither coarse or with the help of sophisticated funds;

- for success in foreign policy need real estimate Settings. It is even more important that this reality does not disappear anywhere;

- the most difficult - consolidation of a real situation with diplomatic agreements, international legal registration of a compromise;

- Constant struggle for the initiative. In diplomacy initiative - the best way Protection of state interests.

A. A. Gromyko believed that diplomatic activity is a difficult work, requiring from those who deal with the mobilization of all their knowledge and abilities. The task of the diplomat is "fighting to the end for the interests of your country, without prejudice to others." "Work all over the range international relations, Finding useful links between individuals seemingly, processes, "this thought was a kind of constant of his diplomatic activity. "The main thing in diplomacy is a compromise, a way between states and their leaders."

In October 1988, Andrei Andreevich retired and worked on memoirs. He left his life on July 2, 1989. "The state, Fatherland is us," he loved to say. - If we do not do, no one will do. "

Born on January 25, 1928. In the village of Mamat Lanchhutsky District (Guri).

He graduated from the Tbilisi Medical Technical School. In 1959 he graduated from the Kutais Pedagogical Institute. A. Tsulukidze.

Since 1946, on Komsomol and party work. From 1961 to 1964, he was the first secretary of the Russian Communist Party of Georgia in Mtskhete, and then the first secretary of the Pervomaisky district of the Tbilisi Party. In the period from 1964 to 1972 - First Deputy Minister of Protection public order, then - Minister of Internal Affairs of Georgia. From 1972 to 1985 - the first secretary of the Central Committee of the Committee of Georgia. In this post, he conducted a large publishing campaign to combat the shadow market and corruption, which, however, did not lead to the eradication of these phenomena.

In 1985-1990, the USSR Foreign Minister, from 1985 to 1990, a member of the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee. Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR 9-11 convocations. In 1990-1991 - People's Deputy of the USSR.

In December 1990, he retired "in protest against the impending dictatorship" and in the same year came out of the Rows of the CPSU. In November 1991, at the invitation of Gorbachev, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the USSR (called the Ministry of External Relations at the time), but after the collapse of the USSR, this post was abolished after the collapse.

Shevardnadze was one of Gorbachev's associates in holding a restructuring policy

In December 1991, the Minister of External Relations of the USSR E. A. Shevardnadze One of the first among the leaders of the USSR recognized Belovezhsky Agreements and the upcoming termination of the existence of the USSR.

E. A. Shevardnadze was one of the associates of M. S. Gorbacheva in holding the policy of restructuring, publicity and the discharge of international tensions.

Sources

1. http://firstolymp.ru/2014/05/28/andrej-yanuarevich-vyshinskij/
2. http://krsk.mid.ru/gromyko-andrej-andreevic

Recently, when discussing politics, my good acquaintance pounced on me as an angry Panther "What? You and Lavrov in Neruvsky recorded ?? He is Russian - he has a surname to" OV "ends!".

But the fact is that, starting from the moment of December 25, 1991, the state called the Russian Federation, and so far we did not have not a single Russian foreign minister.

The first Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation from 1990 to 1996 was Andrei Vladimirovich Kozyrev. There is no information about his parents in Wikipedia, but it is mentioned that since 2001 he is one of the members of the Presidium of the Russian Jewish Congress. And on the jewage.org website, it is listed in the list of famous Jews.

Andrei Vladimirovich Kozyrev, First Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation (photo from here).
We will not argue with Jewish sites and organizations. They certainly know who their own, and who is not.

Among ordinary citizens, for some reason, the opinion is popular that if a Jew, then definitely smart. But this is what COMPROMAT.RU writes about Kozyrev

With this task, the Mount Minister Andrei Kozyrev did not cope with this task, which turned into a "walking joke" and striking his tenant, amateurism and intellectual god. After five years of the activities of the "Derew Andrey" in the Midda field, his owner slowly ceased to perceive seriously and render due "signs of attention" at the international level. ()

The fate of Kozyrev after the resignation is quite typical for Nerii. Having a Mother of Russia and earning capital and a decent pension, they move abroad.

Currently lives with family in Miami, USA, criticizes political system In Russia and the activities of President Putin ()

On January 9, 1996, Kozyreva changed Evgeny Maksimovich Primakov, who held the post of Minister of Foreign Affairs on September 11, 1998.

Evgeny Maksimovich Primakov, Second Foreign Minister of the Russian Federation (photo from here).

"I grew up in Tbilisi, I love this city very much, this country. It is very hard for me that I can't afford to get on the plane, fly there for a day and return. And, alas, I can not, while I am the minister. When I leave it post, I will definitely do such flaws. " E. M. Primakov ()

Until now, reliable information about the nationality of Mother Primakov was not anywhere. Various sources wrote that she lived in Tbilisi, where he worked as an obstetrician-gynecologist. Any reasonable person It understands that the doctor in general, and even more so the monetary profession as a gynecologist is the place of increased concentration of Jews, but this argument cannot, of course, cannot be considered proof. However, just a month ago, January 25, 2016, the book of Primakov "Meetings at Crossroads" was released.

"With my grandmother on the maternal line - a Jewish - a romantic story is connected. Having an intense character, she is contrary to the will of my great-grandfather - the owner of the mill - he married a simple worker, besides Russian, hence the surname of Primakov." Primakov E. M., meetings at intersections, ISBN: 978-5-227-05787-7 ()

So, the grandmother on the Mother Line of the Jewish, which makes the mother of Primakov semi-jid (unless of course believe Primakov that the grandmother married Russian).

Now to the father. Primakov writes that he had a Namennia Nemchenko and that "their paths with the mother were separated." However, the site compromat.ru gives another version.

Zhenya Primakov was brought to the city of Tbilisi in November 1929. That is, a few days after birth. Then Tbilisi was still called Tiflis.

What made the mother of the newborn - Anna Yakovlevna - hastily leave Kiev and move with a baby with Tiflis? Who was the father of the fiance and why didn't he be next to his son? Whose Familia got a boy - maternal or fatherly?

Pedigree Primakov - Mystery for seven seals. From the published autobiography of Evgeny Maksimovich, you can only find out that his father died when he was three months old, and that he was brought up by a single mother who worked as a doctor in a polyclinic of a spinning knitted plant.
...
The real Father of Primakov was not a dead man in 1929, and Herakli Andronikov, he heard up to the eighties literature. He did not recognize his son, but he did not throw him on his fate, helped the marriage of his mother to settle in Tiflis, where she immediately after moving from Kiev was given two rooms in former house Tsarist General. At this, the participation of Irakli Louarsabovich in the fate of the Son did not end. ()

The biography of the present (according to Compromat.ru) Pope, Irakli Louarsabovich Andronnikova, is tracked easily.

[Irakli Louarsabovich Andronikov] was born on September 28, 1908 in St. Petersburg, where at that time he studied at the university at the Law Faculty of his father - the future successful metropolitan lawyer Luarsab Nikolayevich Andronikashvili, who came from the famous noble god. In 1917, the Temporary Government, the Father of Young Irakli, was even appointed secretary of the Senate Criminal Department. [...] Mom Herakli Andronikova, Ekaterina Yakovlevna Gurevich, came from the famous Jewish family ()

That is, the father of Primakova is half the liquor, half of the Georgian. I want to draw the attention of the reader to the way he loves to change his non-Russian surnames, adding a typical Russian end of "OB". But at the same time often leave their national names. He was Andronikashvili, but changed the surname to Andronikov and immediately became for the Russian man in the man. But the Georgian name Irakli is left. Yes, and the name of Pope, Loussab, in the documents change more difficult. This Georgian could officially become at least Ivan Petrov, but nevertheless Ivan Lurassabovich Petrov, that a person with a developed national a little will immediately tell me "Caution, the child of Luarsaba can not be Russian!".

In general, in identifying nationality, the search and analysis of the facts is sometimes not needed - it is enough to look at the photo of the subject. In the photo below, we see a typical non-Russian family.

Family Neri. (Left) Evgeny Maksimovich Primakov with his wife Laura Vasilyevna Haradze and children. (Right) E. M. Primakov with Sasha's son. (photo from here).

If you judge the photos of the young Eugene Maximovich, you begin to doubt that in the pedigree of this person there was at least one Russian. Not in vain at the Institute of Oriental Studies, where he studied, he had a nickname "Chinese".

On September 11, 1998, Primakov as the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia changed Igor Sergeevich Ivanov.

Igor Sergeevich Ivanov, Third Foreign Minister of the Russian Federation (photo from here).
He received Russian surname from Dad, the information on which was failed to find on the Internet (and as we already know, the surname can be deceptive). But the origin of mom is well known.

Mother - Elena (Eliko) Sagirashvili - serving traffic police, a native of the Georgian village of Ahmet, located in the Pankisky gorge. ()

Mother Igor Ivanova - Elena Davydovna Sagirashvili, originally from the city of Tianeti, which is in the north of Tbilisi. ()

In general, the fact that Mr. Ivanov is non-Russian, clearly visible by his photograph, without any biographies.

Above, we wrote that Ivanov changed Primakov. In fact, all the years, while Primakov was Minister, Ivanov was his first deputy. Becoming the Prime Minister, Primakov recommended Ivanov to the position of head of the Foreign Ministry. For those who do not understand - one non-Russian with Georgian roots gave the position to another non-Russian with Georgian roots.

Sergey Viktorovich Lavrov, the fourth Foreign Minister of the Russian Federation (photo from here).
Here you are I. russian name, and Russian patronymic and "Russian" surname on "OB". When I look at this face, for me, without any evidence, it is obvious that in front of me at least semi-khach. But for those who need facts ...

At a meeting with students in the Russian-Armenian Slavic University, one of the students asked Sergei Lavrov if his Armenian roots help him. What Mr. Lavrov, the father of which Tbilisi Armenian replied: "I have the roots at all, the Georgian - my father from Tbilisi, but the blood is really Armenian" ()

I have not found information on Mother Lavrov. Apparently you have to wait, when it starts to start writing memoirs.

I will not tire the reader of the discussion, as it turned out that in the Russian state the post of Minister of Foreign Affairs, at least 15 years occupy a variety of supplies, Armenians and Georgians (about ministers soviet period We will talk separately). Just remember that if you are Russian, then you and your children will have to be very difficult in the struggle for the place under the sun. Nerus, occupied places in prestigious universities and high job positions, just so they will not give them, which means any Russian will have to be several times better to defeat in a competitive struggle.