Foreign Ministers of the USSR. Zhiyo Mid.

The USSR's foreign policy was headed by a separate department. The official history of the Special Offer for Foreign Policy began on July 6, 1923. During the existence, before the collapse of the USSR, the instance was renamed several times, which did not change the essence of its tasks.

First Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR

He headed the drug addict Chicherin George, who was born in 1872 in the Tambov province. Received a specialized diplomatic education. Since 1898, Chicherin has been working in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Empire. The profile activity of the future of the Soviet diploma is the creation of a collection on the history of the ministry. Gradually becomes a supporter of socialist views. From 1904 to the revolution there lived abroad. He was a member of the socialist parties of states after the revolution, the USSR Foreign Minister returns from emigration, he enters the active political life of the state during the period Civil War. Officially heads the foreign policy department from July 6, 1923 to July 21, 1930.

At the same time, the Chicherin's diplomatic work was actually given before appropriating official status. To overestimate the merit of Chicherin in resolving many issues of the relationship of the Union and Western countries At the Genoese and Lausanne Conferences (1922 and 1923), as well as during the signing of the Rappale civil contract, it is very difficult.

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the USSR from 1930 before UN Education

Headed the Office of the State foreign affairs In the most difficult time from a political point of view, the time (1930-1939), because it was during this period that in the USSR were massive as a minister fulfilled several important missions:

• The resumption of diplomatic relations with the United States.
• The USSR was accepted in the League of Nations (the UN profile, the organization existed from 1918 to 1940 in fact, and legally before the establishment of the UN). He was the permanent representative of the state in the League of Nations.

The first diplomat, who officially served (after all renaming) "Foreign Minister of the USSR", is Vyacheslav Molotov, who headed the department from May 3, 1939 to March 4, 1949. In history, it remained as one of the authors of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Covenant. This document actually shared Europe into the zones of the influence of the USSR and Germany. After signing the Pact Obrage to start the second world War Hitler was no longer.

From March 1949 to 1953, the ministry was headed by Andrei Vyshinsky. His role in the USSR foreign policy, historians still have to be appreciated. After the end of the war, he was actively involved in the Potsdam Conference, in the creation of the UN. Actively defended the political interests of the USSR on the external arena. Also, you should not forget that it was during these years that the war was in Korea, the collapsing this country into two states: the communist and capitalist. Of course, this minister belongs to a large role in inciting the "cold" war between the Union and the United States.

The only Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR, who returned to the post after Stalin's death. True, he worked as a minister not so long - to the well-known XX CPSU Congress.

Andrey Gromyko

The USSR ministers often worked in the government for a long time. But none of them could hold out as much as Andrei Andreevich Gromyko (from 1957 to 1985), a professional diplomat, whose word was listened to many Western leaders. About this policy can talk a lot, because if it were not for his consistently suspended position on many issues of relationships with the United States, then the "Cold War" could peacefully grow into real. The most important achievement of the Minister is the conclusion of the AUC-1 Treaty.

Tass dossier. On May 18, 2018, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed a decree on the appointment by the Minister of Foreign Affairs (MFA) of Sergey Lavrov.

After the collapse of the USSR and the signing of the Agreement on the Education of the Union Independent states December 8, 1991, management foreign Policy Russia passed from the Union Ministry of Foreign Affairs to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the RSFSR (established in 1944, until 1991 was engaged in issues of departure abroad in the republic). Since 1990, the Russian Foreign Ministry headed four ministers. The longest of all in the position as of May 18, 2018 was Sergey Lavrov - 5 thousand 183 days. Most short term The minister was Evgeny Primakov - 976 days.

The editorial office of the TASS dossier has prepared material on the heads of the ministry since 1990

Andrei Kozyrev (1990-1996)

Andrei Kozyrev (born 1951), graduated from the Moscow State Institute international relations Foreign Ministry of the USSR. Candidate of Historical Sciences (1977). Since 1974, he worked in the Central Office of the USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs, since 1986 he was an adviser, head of the department, deputy head, head of the Department of International Organizations of the Foreign Ministry. From October 11, 1990 to January 5, 1996 - Minister of Foreign Affairs of the RSFSR (from December 25, 1991 - RF) in the governments of Ivan Silayov, Boris Yeltsin, Hydara and Viktor Chernomyrdin. In December 1991, together with Sergei Shahram, Egor Gaidar and Gennady Burbulis represented RSFSR in the Working Group, who prepared the Belovezhskaya Agreement on the termination of the existence of the USSR and on the formation of the CIS. He took part in creating the election block "Choice of Russia". In 1993-2000 - State Duma Deputy I - III convoors. He entered the Presidency of the Russian Jewish Congress, was a member of the Board of Directors, Vice-President of the American Corporation ICN PHARMAUSTIUSLS, Senior Partner of Invest Company Global Strategic Ventures, headed the Board of Directors of Investorgbank. Currently lives in Miami (PC. Florida, USA).

Evgeny Primakov (1996-1998)

Evgeny Primakov (1929-2015), a graduate of the Arab branch of the Moscow Institute of Oriental Studies. Doctor economic Sciences (1969), Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1979). Since 1956, he worked in the Arabic edition of the State Committee on Radio Broadcasting and Television at the Council of Ministers of the USSR, since 1965 he was his own correspondent of the newspaper "Pravda" in the Middle East. Since 1970, he was Deputy Director, in 1985-1989 - Director of the Institute of World Economy and International Relations of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. In the late 1980s. Evgeny Primakov began a political career, became one of the noticeable figures of Gorbachev "Perestroika". In 1989, he was elected a candidate member of the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee, was a member of the Commission of the Central Committee on International Policy. At the same time he headed one of the chambers of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, was an academician - secretary of the economy of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. From 1990 to 1991, the USSR Presidential Council was responsible for the external policy, negotiations with Iraqi President Saddam Hussein on the conclusion of Iraqi troops from Kuwait. He was also an assistant to the President of the USSR Mikhail Gorbachev in a relationship with the "big seven." From September to December 1991, he headed the Soviet external intelligence - the first Main Directorate of the KGB, then the central service of intelligence of the USSR. After the collapse of the USSR in 1991-1996. He was the director of the foreign intelligence service of the Russian Federation. On January 9, 1996, he was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs, took this post in the governments of Viktor Chernomyrdin and Sergey Kiriyenko. Evgeny Primakov first nominated the idea of \u200b\u200bstrengthening cooperation in the format of the Troika Russia-India-China, which gave the launch process of the design of BRICS, opposed the tightening of sanctions against Yugoslavia and NATO intervention plans in this country. September 11, 1998 left the Foreign Ministry and headed russian government. After the resignation, from the post of premiere in May 1999, he became the leader of the electoral block "Fatherland - All Russia" (ORV) together with Yuri Luzhkov and the ex-governor of St. Petersburg Vladimir Yakovlev. In December 1999, he was elected a deputy of the State Duma III convocation on the list of OSR. At the same time, officially announced his intention to run for the presidency of Russia in 2000. However, in February 2000, refused to participate in the elections. In December 2001 he became president of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the Russian Federation, after stopping the deputy authority. He held this post until 2011, died on June 26, 2015 in Moscow.

Igor Ivanov (1998-2004)

Igor Ivanov (born 1945), graduated from the translation faculty of Moscow State Institute foreign languages them. M. Tores. Doctor of Historical Sciences (2005). Since 1969 he was a researcher at the Institute of World Economy and International Relations of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. From 1973 he worked in the central office and foreign representative offices of the USSR Foreign Ministry, in the 1980s. He was an adviser at the Embassy of the Soviet Union in Spain, Assistant Minister of Foreign Affairs Eduard Shevardnadze. After the collapse of the USSR, he led the Russian embassy in Spain, from December 1993 he became the first deputy minister of foreign affairs of the Russian Federation. September 11, 1998 was appointed head of the Foreign Ministry. I retained my post as part of the governments Evgenia Primakov, Sergey Stepashin, Vladimir Putin, Mikhail Kasyanova and Mikhail Fradkov. Under the leadership of Ivanov, the concept of foreign policy of the Russian Federation (2000) was developed and adopted. In March 2004, he left the head of the head of the Foreign Ministry. In 2004-2007 - Secretary of the Security Council of the Russian Federation. Then headed the Committee on Strategy and Investments of the LUKOIL oil and gas company. He was the director of the Russian Center for Research of Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation at the Russian Academy national economy and public service under the President of the Russian Federation. Currently - President Russian Council According to international affairs.

Sergey Lavrov (2004 - n.)

Sergey Lavrov (born 1950), graduated from the Eastern Branch of the Faculty of International Relations of MGIMO Foreign Ministry of the USSR. From 1972 he worked at the USSR Embassy in Sri Lanka, then in the Office of International Foreign Ministers. From 1981 to 1988 - First Secretary, Advisor, Senior Counselor in the Permanent Mission of the Soviet Union for the UN in New York. At the time of the collapse of the USSR, he held the head of the Office of International Organizations, in April 1992, was appointed Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs Andrei Kozyrev. Since 1994, for ten years, he headed the postpowerment of Russia in the UN in New York. March 9, 2004 was replaced by the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation Igor Ivanov. I retained my post in the governments of Mikhail Fradkov, Viktor Zubkov, Vladimir Putin and Dmitry Medvedev ..

8/20 September 1802 The manifesto of Emperor Alexander I was formed Ministry of Foreign Affairs. With its creation, KID did not cease its existence, but gradually all the most important political issues were transferred to the maintenance of various departments of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Finally, the board was abolished in 1832

First Foreign Minister A.R. Vorontsov Formed a temporary office, which was originally shared by 4 expeditions, engaged in political cigarette. Later, in 1806, a new structure of the Minister of Chancellery was established. A number of new departments appeared as part of the Foreign Ministry, including the expedition of consular affairs, the educational department of the eastern languages, the internal economic part, the Department of the internal relations, the Department of External Relations, etc.

By 1816, the Foreign Ministry gained a clear structure that was stable until the 40s of the XIX century. The head of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs was the second after the emperor face in public administration - Minister of Foreign Affairs in the rank of Chancellor. Two State Secretaries of the Ministry of Foreign Ministry appointed deputies or assistants to the minister. Officials were assigned ranks in accordance with the international classification established by the Vienna Congress (1815). Adopted in 1815 diplomatic ranks existed in Russia until October 1917

The central office of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs included: the Office, the Department of Internal Relations (which included all political and consular affairs, as well as issues relating to Russian subjects); Asian Department and Department personnel and economic affairs. The Central Apparatus of the Foreign Ministry, along with three departments, also included the Archives of the Foreign Ministry, the Commission on the Edition of State Directors and Contracts and the Editorial Office of Official Foreign Ministers in Russian and french.

Fabric units were: Russian embassies in great powers, mission, residency in small and dependent eastern countries, consulates, consulates, vice consulates and consular agencies.

In 1846, on the proposal of the Chancellor K.V.nesselrode The "Establishment of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs" (the Regulation on the Ministry of Foreign Affairs) was adopted, which determined the new structure and functions of the ministry. According to Article 1 "Institutions" - "The Ministry of Foreign Affairs has a subject: political intercourse with foreign states, a petition for the legal protection of Russian subjects in other people's edges and facilitating the satisfaction of fair harassment of foreigners in Russia." Article 4 fastened the structure of the Foreign Ministry.

As a result of the Crimean War (1853-1856) international Regulations Russia seriously complicated. In this difficult period in 1856, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs was headed A.M. GorchakovWith the name of which the largest achievements in the international arena are associated, as well as the reorganization of the department itself. The famous Circulars of Gorchakov - 1856 entered the story, which sets out the foundations of the foreign policy of Russia, and 1870, who announced that Russia no longer considers himself a bound to the conditions of the Parisian peace treaty, which limited its sovereign rights to the Black Sea.

In 1868, a new "Institution of the Foreign Ministry" was put into effect, as well as changed towards reducing the state of the central departments of the department. If in 1839, 535 officials were listed in the Ministry of Foreign Ministry, then only 134 full-time positions were left at Gorchakov. At the same time, the departments were given the right to have "to strengthen their funds" officials over the state.

By the 90th of the XIX century. Due to the complication of foreign policy problems, the need for a structural transformation of the ministry was again abused. In November 1895, a member of the Council of the Ministry of the Ministry of Famous Lawyer F.F. Martens prepared a plan for the reorganization of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, taking into account the experience of the diplomatic departments of Western European countries, but this project was not implemented.

Only after the appointment in May 1906 by the Minister of Foreign Affairs A.P.Vlarger In the Foreign Ministry, the reform stretching for several years was carried out in order to modernize the structure of the department in accordance with the new political conditions created by the 1905 revolution and convening State Duma.

In particular, then the Printing Department was created, the responsibility of which was to follow the publications of the Russian and foreign press on international topics and "give public opinion on the activities of the Ministry."

By 1913, Russia created an extensive network of diplomatic and consular long-standings.. So, in 1758 there were 11 Russian clutches, in 1868 - 102, in 1897 - 147, in 1903 - 173, then by the beginning of World War II, Russia supported diplomatic relations with 47 countries and had more than 200 Representative offices abroad.

In 1914, the Minister of S. D. Sazonov was approved by the draft law on the new states of the Foreign Ministry, which was not implemented in connection with the beginning of the First World War. The complication and expansion of the tasks and functions of the ministry in wartime entailed the need to make changes to the structure of the Foreign Ministry and the work of its foreign posts. A new division appeared - the legal adviser, in December 1915, a special department of prisoners of war was created, and in April 1916 an informing department for obtaining and developing information "On the development of political thought in foreign countries". Diplomatic office was created to maintain a permanent contact with the Supreme Commander's bid of the Supreme Commander.

Materials of the site of the historical and documentary department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia

USSR Foreign Ministers: Who are they and what were they?

Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov (Party pseudonym, a real surname - Scriabin) was born on February 25 (March 9) of 1890 in Sloboda Kukarka Cukak district of Vyatka province (now the city of Soviet Kirov region) in the family of Mikhail Prokhorovich Scriabin, the clerk of the merchant merchant Jacob Nichubatikov.
Children's years V. M. Molotov took place in Vyatka and in Nolinsk. In 1902-1908, he studied in the 1st Kazan Real School. On the wave of the events of 1905, he joined the revolutionary movement, in 1906 he joined the RSDLP. In April 1909, he was first arrested and exiled to the Vologda province.
Substituting a link, in 1911, V. M. Molotov arrived in St. Petersburg, passed the external exams for the real school and entered the economic department of the Polytechnic Institute. From 1912, he collaborated in the Bolshevik newspaper "Star", then became the secretary of the editorial board of the Pravda newspaper, a member of the St. Petersburg Committee of the RSDLP. During the preparation of the Pravda publication, I became acquainted with I. V. Stalin.
After the arrest of the RSDRP faction in the IV State Duma in 1914 was hiding under the name of Molotov. From the fall of 1914 he worked in Moscow over the recreation of the defeated guards of partorganization. In 1915, V. M. Molotov was arrested and exiled for three years to Irkutsk province. In 1916, the link fled, lived on an illegal position.
The February Revolution of 1917 V. M. Molotov met in Petrograd. He was a delegate of the VII (April) All-Russian Conference of the RSDLP (b) (April 24-29, 1917), a delegate of the VI Congress of the RSDDP (b) from the Petrograd organization. He was part of the Russian Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (B), the Executive Committee of the Petrograd Council and the Military Revolutionary Committee, who supervised the overall government in October 1917.
After the establishment of the Soviet government, V. M. Molotov was in governing party work. In 1919, he was the chairman of the Nizhny Novgorod Gubspolkom, later became the secretary of the Donetsk Spoon of RCP (b). In 1920 he was elected secretary of the Central Committee of the CP (b) of Ukraine.
In 1921-1930, V. M. Molotov held the position of Secretary of the Central Committee of the WCP (b). From 1921 he was a candidate for the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Party, in 1926 he became part of the Politburo. Actively participated in the fight against the internal partare opposition, was summarized in the number of close associates I. V. Stalin.
In 1930-1941, V. M. Molotov headed the USSR SNK, at the same time from May 1939 he was the People's Commissar of Foreign Affairs of the USSR. With his name, a whole epoch is connected in Soviet foreign policy. The signature of V. M. Molotova stands under the negotiation agreement with Hitler Germany dated August 23, 1939 (the so-called "Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact"), the estimates of which were and remain ambiguous.
V. M. Molotova fell to the Soviet people to notify the Soviet people about the attack of Nazi Germany on the USSR on June 22, 1941. They told them then words: "Our business is right. The enemy will be broken. The victory will be behind us, "the history of the Great Patriotic War, 1941-1945, entered the history of the Great Patriotic War.
It was Molotov that informed the Soviet people about the attack of Nazi Germany
In the war years, V. M. Molotov held posts of the First Deputy Chairman of the USSR SCA, Vice-Chairman State Committee Defense of the USSR. In 1943, he was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor. V. M. Molotov took the most active participation in the organization and holding of Tehran (1943), Crimean (1945) and Potsdam (1945) conferences of the heads of government of the three allied powers - the USSR, the USA and the UK, on \u200b\u200bwhich the main parameters of the post-war device of Europe were identified.
V. M. Molotov remained as the head of the NKID (since 1946, the USSR Foreign Ministry) until 1949, again headed the ministry in 1953-1957. From 1941 and until 1957, he simultaneously held the position of First Deputy Chairman of the SNK (since 1946 - Council of Ministers) of the USSR.

In the June Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU 1957, V. M. Molotov spoke out against N. S. Khrushchev, joining his opponents, which were convicted as an "anti-party group". Together with its other members, he was derived from the part of the party's governing bodies and was removed from all state posts.
In 1957-1960, V. M. Molotov was the Ambassador of the USSR in Mongolian People's RepublicIn 1960-1962, the Soviet Representation was headed in the International Atomic Energy Agency in Vienna. In 1962, he was withdrawn from Vienna and excluded from the CPSU. By order of the USSR Foreign Ministry of September 12, 1963, V. M. Molotov was released from work in the Ministry in connection with retirement.
In 1984, with the sanctions, K. U. Chernenko V. M. Molotov was restored to the CPSU with the preservation of party length.
V. M. Molotov died in Moscow on November 8, 1986 and was buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery.
Andrei Yanarievich Vyshinsky (March 4, 1949 - March 5, 1953)
Andrei Yanarievich Vyshinsky, the descendant of the ancient Polish nobleman, the former Menshevik, who signed the order about the arrest of Lenin seemingly, was doomed to get into the millstone system. Surprisingly, instead, he himself came to power, taking posts: the prosecutor of the USSR, the prosecutor of the RSFSR, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, the rector of Moscow State University.
In many ways he was obliged to personal qualities, After all, even his opponents often celebrate deep education and outstanding speakers. It is for this reason that the lecture, and the court speeches of the Vyshinsky always attracted the attention of not only the professional legal community, but also the entire population. His performance also noted. Already as the Minister of Foreign Affairs, he worked from 11 am to 4-5 am the next day.
That is what contributed to his contribution to legal science. At one time, his works on criminalistics, criminal proceedings, state and law theory, international law were considered classical. Yes, and now in the foundation of modern Russian jurisprudence lies by A. Ya. Vyshinsky, the concept of sectoral division of the system of law.
The post of Minister Vyshinsky worked from 11 am to 4-5 am the next day
But nevertheless, in the history of A. Ya. Vyshinsky entered as the "chief Soviet prosecutor" in the processes of the 1930s. For this reason, his name is almost always associated with the Great Terror period. Moscow processes undoubtedly did not comply with the principles of a fair court. Based on indirect evidence, innocent were sentenced to execution or long-term detention.
As the "Inquisitor", it was characterized by an extrajudicial form of penalties, in which he participated - the so-called "deuce", officially - the Commission of the NKVD of the USSR and the Prosecutor of the USSR. Accused B. this case An even formal trial was deprived.
However, let me quote the Vyshinsky himself: "It would be a big mistake to see in the indictment of the prosecutor's office the main content. The main task of the prosecutor's office is to be a guide and guarding legality. "
At the post of prosecutor of the USSR, the main task was the reform of the prosecutor's and investigative apparatus. It was necessary to cope with the following problems: the low formation of prosecutors and investigators, a shortage of personnel, bureaucracy, negligence. As a result, it was formed unique system Overview of the observance of legality, which prosecutor's office and remains currently.
The orientation of the Action of the Vyshinsky was even human rights character, as far as possible in conditions of totalitarian reality. For example, in January 1936, they were initiated by the revision of cases against collective farmers and representatives of rural authorities, convicted of embezzlement in the early 1930s. Tens of thousands of them came free.
Less known activities aimed at supporting the Soviet Protection. In numerous performances and works, he defended independence and procedural powers of lawyers, often criticizing his colleagues for disregarding the side of protection. However, the declared ideals were not implemented in practice, if we recall, for example, "Troika", which were the opposite of the competing process.
Diplomatic career A. Ya. Vyshinsky is not less interest. IN last years Life he held the post of Permanent Representative of the USSR for the UN. In his speeches, he expressed an authoritative opinion in many directions international Policy and international law. His speech is known about the adoption of the World Declaration of Human Rights - Vyshinsky foresaw problems with the implementation of proclaimed rights, which are only now seen in the scientific and professional community.
The identity of Andrei Yanarievich Vyshinsky is ambiguous. On the one hand, participation in punitive justice. On the other hand, scientific and professional achievements, strong personal qualities, the desire to achieve the ideal of "socialist legality". It is they who make even the most fierce enemy of the Vyshinsky recognize in it that carrier of higher values \u200b\u200bis "a man of their case."
It can be concluded that it is possible to be in conditions of totalitarianism. This is confirmed by A. Ya. Vyshinsky.
Dmitry Trofimovich Shepilov (27 Chervalia 1956 - June 29, 1957)

Born in the family of working railway workshops. After moving the family to Tashkent, he first studied in the gymnasium later in high school.
In 1926 he graduated from the Law Faculty of Moscow state University M. V. Lomonosov and the Agrarian Faculty of the Institute of Red Professors.
Since 1926 - in the judicial bodies, in 1926-1928 he worked as a prosecutor in Yakutia. Since 1929 - on scientific work. In 1933-1935, he worked in the political waste of one of the Siberian state farms. After the publication of a number of noticeable articles was invited to the Institute of Economics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Since 1935 - in the office of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) (department of science). According to Leonid Mlechin, at one of the meetings on Science Schipilov "allowed himself to argue Stalin." Stalin offered him to go to the oppatinate, but Shepilov stood on his own, as a result of which he was expelled from the Central Committee and seven months spent without work.
Since 1938 - Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Economics of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
In the early days of the war, the volunteer went to the front as part of the Moscow militia, although he had a "reservation", as a professor, and the opportunity to go to Kazakhstan by the director of the Institute of Economics. From 1941 to 1946 - in Soviet army. He passed the way from the ordinary to Major General, the head of the political waste of the 4th Guards Army.
In 1956, Khrushchev achieved Molotov's shift from the post of Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR, putting his companion of Shepilov in his place. On June 2, 1956, the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR Shepilov was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR, changing Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov in this post.
In June 1956, the Soviet Minister of Foreign Affairs for the first time in history made a tour of the Middle East, visiting Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, as well as Greece. During the negotiations in Egypt, with President Nasser in June 1956, he gave the secret consent of the USSR to sponsor the construction of the Asuan dam. At the same time, Shepilov, by the nature of his previous activity, not being an international professional, was impressed by the truly "pharaoh" reception, which the then president of Egypt Nasser arranged to him, and upon returning to Moscow managed to convince Khrushcheva in forcing the establishment of relations with Arab countries of the Middle East Counters to normalize relations with Israel. At the same time, it should be noted that during World War II, almost the entire political elite of the countries of the Middle East cooperated with Hitler's Germany, and Nasser himself and his brothers were then studied in Germany higher military schools.
Represented the position of the USSR by the Suez crisis and uprising in Hungary in 1956. He headed the Soviet delegation at the London Conference on the Suez Channel.
He contributed to the normalization of Soviet-Japanese relations: in October 1956, a joint declaration with Japan was signed, stopping the state of war. The USSR and Japan exchanged ambassadors.
In his speech at the XX Congress, the CPSU called for the violent export of socialism outside the USSR. At the same time, he participated in the preparation of the report of Khrushchev "On the cult of personality and its consequences", but the prepared version of the report was substantially changed.
Shepilov called on the violent export of socialism outside the USSR
When Malenkov, Molotov and Kaganovich in June 1957 tried to shift Khrushchev at a meeting of the Presidium of the CPSU Central Committee, presenting him a whole list of accusations, Schipilov suddenly began to criticize Khrushchev for the establishment of his own "cult of personality", although the named group was never included. As a result of the defeat of the Molotova grouping, Malenkov, Kaganovich on June 22, 1957, the Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU was born the wording "Anti-Party group of Molotov, Malenkov, Kaganovich and joined Shapilov to them." There is also a different, less literary and spectacular explanation of the sources of formulation using the word "joined": a group that would consist of eight participants, it was embarrassing to be called a "broken anti-party group", as it turned out to be a clear majority, and it would be obvious even for Readers "Pravda". To be called "Raskolniki Fractions", members of the group should have been no more than seven; Shepilov was the eighth.
There is a reasonable assumption that, unlike the seven members of the Anti-Partisian Group, members of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU, Schipilov was defined as "joined", since, as a candidate for the members of the Presidium, did not have a decisive vote.
Shepilov was released from all party and state posts. From 1957 - Director, since 1959 - Deputy Director of the Institute of Economics of the Announcement of the Kyrgyz SSR, in 1960-1982 - archeographer, then the Senior Archeographer in the main archival department at the USSR Council.
Since the cliché "And Shipilov, who joined them" was actively disagreeed in the press, a joke was appeared: "The longest surname - Iprimknyzpilov"; When the half-liter bottle of vodka was divided "on three", the fourth drinking calorie was called "Shipilov", etc. Thanks to this phrase, millions of Soviet citizens learned the name of the party functionar. Schiplov's own memories are polemicly entitled "Incompresented"; They are sharply critical in relation to Khrushchev.
Shepilov himself, according to memories, considered the case fabricated. He was excluded from the party in 1962, restored in 1976, and in 1991 he was restored at the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1982 - on pensions.
He died on August 18, 1995. Buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery.

Andrei Andreevich Gromyko (July 2, 1985 - October 1, 1988)

Of all the Russian and Soviet ministers of foreign affairs, only one Andrei Andreevich Gromyko served in this post legendary time - twenty-eight years. His name was well known not only in the Soviet Union, but also far beyond. His famous for the whole world was made by the post of Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR.
The diplomatic fate of A. A. Gromyko developed in such a way that during without a small half a century he was in the center of world politics, the respect of even his political opponents decreased. In diplomatic circles, he was called the "Patriarch of Diplomacy", "the most informed minister of foreign affairs in the world." His legacy, despite the fact that the Soviet era remained far behind, and today is relevant.
A. A. Gromyko was born on July 5, 1909 in the village of the old rods of the Vetkovsky district of the Gomel region. In 1932 he graduated from the Economic Institute, in 1936 - graduate school of the Economics of Agriculture, Doctor of Economics (since 1956). In 1939 transferred to the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs (NKID) of the USSR. By this time, as a result of repression, almost all the leadership frames of Soviet diplomacy were destroyed, and Gromyko began to make a career quickly. In his incomplete 30 years, the feet of the Belarusian depthint with a diploma of the candidate of economic sciences almost immediately after the arrival in NKID received the responsible post of the head of the department of American countries. It was an unusually steep rise even at the time when the careers were created and collapsed overnight. A young diplomat did not have time to settle in his new apartments at Smolensk Square, as a challenge to the Kremlin followed. Stalin in the presence of Molotova said: "Comrade Gromyko, we intend to send you to work at the USSR Embassy in the United States as an adviser." So, A. Gromyko for four years has become an adviser to the embassy in the United States and at the same time a messenger in Cuba.
In 1946-1949 Deputy. Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR and at the same time in 1946-1948. fast. Representative of the USSR for the UN, in 1949-1952. and 1953-1957 First deputy. Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR, in 1952-1953 The USSR Ambassador to the United Kingdom, in April 1957, Gromyko is appointed by the USSR Foreign Minister and works in this post until July 1985. Since 1983, the first deputy chairman of the Sovmina of the USSR. In 1985-1988 Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.
The diplomatic talent of Andrei Andreevich Gromyko was noticed abroad quickly. Analyst recognized by the West the authority of Andrei Gromyko was the highest sample. In August 1947, Times magazine wrote: "As a permanent Representative of the Soviet Union in the Safety Council, thoroughly makes its work at the level of breathtaking competence."
At the same time, with light hands Western journalists, Andrei Gromyko, as an active participant " cold War"Became the owner of a whole series of unflattering nicknames like" Andrei Wolf "," Robot Misanthrop "," Man without face "," Modern Neanderthals ", etc. Gromyko became well known in international circles with his forever dissatisfied and gloomy facial expression, And also extremely unstainless actions, for which he received the nickname "Mr No". As for this, the nickname A. A. Gromyko noted: "My" no "they heard much less often than I" know them ", because we have advanced much more suggestions. I was called me in their newspapers "Mr." because I did not allow manipulation by myself. Who sought to do this, wanted to manipulate the Soviet Union. We are a great power, and I will not do this anyone! "
Thanks to his disadvantage, he got the nickname "Mr No"
However, Willie Brandt, Chancellor of Germany in the memoirs noted: "I found a rudely more pleasant interlocutor than it imagined himself about the stories about the sorry of the ulcer" Mr. ". He impressed the impression of a correct and imperturbable man, restrained to a pleasant Angloquesian manner. He skilled in unobtrusive form to give to understand what enormity he possesses. "
A. A. Gromyko solely firmly adhered to the approved position. " Soviet Union In the international arena - this is me, I thought Andrei Gromyko. - All our progress in the negotiations that led to the conclusion of important international treaties and agreements are explained by the fact that I was convinced of the firm and even adamant in particular when I saw that with me, and therefore with the Soviet Union, talking from the position of force or play In "Cats-Mouse". I never Lebesil before Wessengers and after I was beaten over the same cheek, I did not substitute the second. Moreover, I acted so that it was not in the measure of the obstinate opponent, it was embarrassed. "
Many did not know that A. A. Gromyko had a delicious sense of humor. His comments could include female comments that became a surprise in tense moments when receiving delegations. Henry Kissinger, coming to Moscow, was constantly afraid of listening from the KGB. Once, during a meeting, he pointed to the chandelier, hanging in the room, and asked the KGB to make him a copy of American documents, since the Americans "failed" a copying machinery. Thunder in tone answered him that the chandeliers were made in the kings and only microphones can be in them.
Among the most important achievements, Andrei Gromyko allocated four points: the creation of the UN, the development of agreements on the restriction of nuclear weapons, the legalization of borders in Europe and, finally, recognizing the United States for the USSR's role of the Great Power.
Few people remember today that the UN was conceived in Moscow. It was here in October 1943, the Soviet Union, the United States and the United Kingdom announced that the world needs an international security organization. It was easy to declare, but it is difficult to do. Gromyko stood at the origlists of the UN, under the charter of this organization stands his signature. In 1946, he became the first Soviet representative in the UN and at the same time deputy, and then the First Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs. Gromyko was a member, and subsequently the head of the delegation of our country at 22 sessions of the UN General Assembly.
"The issue of questions", "ultra-shock", according to the expression of A. A. Gromyko itself, was for him the process of negotiations for controlling arms race as ordinary and nuclear. He passed all the stages of the post-war disarmed epic. Already in 1946, on behalf of the USSR, A. A. Gromyko made a proposal for generally reduce and regulating weapons and on the prohibition of military use of atomic energy. The subject of a special pride thoroughly signed on August 5, 1963 tests for testing nuclear weapons in the atmosphere in space space And under water, negotiations on which they stretched from 1958.
Another priority of foreign policy A. A. Gromyko considered the consolidation of the results of the Second World War. This is, first of all, the settlement around West Berlin, the design of the status quo with two German states, Germany and GDR, and then pan-European affairs.
Huge forces, perseverance and flexibility demanded from Moscow, the historical agreements of the USSR (and then Poland and Czechoslovakia) with Germany in 1970-1971, as well as a four-sided agreement of 1971 for West Berlin. As far as the personal role of A. A. Gromyko in the preparation of these fundamental documents in Europe in Europe, it is clear to at least from the fact that in order to develop the text of the Moscow Treaty of 1970, he held 15 meetings with the adviser to Chancellor V. Brandt E. Bar and as much with the minister Foreign affairs V. Scheel.
It was they who preceded their efforts to calculate the path to discharge and convene a meeting on security and cooperation in Europe. The value signed in August 1975 in Helsinki's final act was a global scale. It was essentially a code of behavior of states in key areas of relationships, including military-political. The invisibility of post-war borders in Europe was fixed, which A. A. Gromyko attached its particular importance, the prerequisites for strengthening European stability and security were established.
It is thanks to the efforts of A. A. Gromyko, all points over "I" between the USSR and the United States during the Cold War were placed. In September 1984, on the initiative of Americans in Washington, Andrei Gromyko was held with Ronald Reagan. These were the first Raigan negotiations with the representative of the Soviet leadership. Reagan acknowledged the status of the superpower for the Soviet Union. But even more significant was another statement. Let me remind you to the words that are herald of the myth about the "Evil Empire" after the end of the meeting in the White House: "The United States respect the status of the Soviet Union as a superpower ... And we have no desire to change its social system." Thus, diplomacy rollerously achieved from the US official recognition of the principle of non-interference in the internal affairs of the Soviet Union.
Thanks to the rolleros, the relations of the USSR and the USA were stabilized
Andrei Gromyko wore many facts forgotten by wide circles of the international community. "You imagine," Andrei Rusyomko told his son, "he acts, yes, no anyone, and the British Macmillan, Prime Minister of Great Britain. Since it was in the height of the "Cold War", makes attacks at our address. Well, I would say, there is a regular Oon cuisine, with all its political, diplomatic and propaganda techniques. I sit and think, as on these attacks on occasion, during the debate, answer. Suddenly, Nikita Sergeevich sitting next to me bends and, as I first thought, I was looking for something under the table. I even slightly moved away to him not to interfere. And suddenly I see - pulls out the boot and begins to bother them along the surface of the table. Frankly, the first thought was that Khrushchev is bad. But in a moment I realized that our leader protests in this way, seeks to put Macmillan in an awkward position. I all strained and against my will began to knock on the table with fists - because it was necessary to somehow support the chapter of the Soviet delegation. In the direction of Khrushchev did not look, I was awkward. The situation was really comic. And after all, it is surprising, you can pronounce dozens of smart and even brilliant speeches, but no one will remember a speaker across decades, Khrushchev's shoe will not forget.
As a result of almost half-century practice, A. A. Gromyko developed for himself "Golden Rules" of diplomatic work, which, however, are relevant not only for diplomats:
- absolutely unacceptably immediately disclose all the cards, want to solve the problem with one felling;
- careful use of meetings in the top; poorly prepared, they bring more harm than good;
- It is impossible to allow manipulation by neither coarse or with the help of sophisticated funds;
- for success in foreign policy need real estimate Settings. It is even more important that this reality does not disappear anywhere;
- the most difficult - consolidation of a real situation with diplomatic agreements, international legal registration of a compromise;
- Constant struggle for the initiative. In diplomacy initiative - the best way Protection of state interests.
A. A. Gromyko believed that diplomatic activity is a difficult work, requiring from those who deal with the mobilization of all their knowledge and abilities. The task of the diplomat is "fighting to the end for the interests of your country, without prejudice to others." "Work throughout the range of international relations, finding useful links between individual, seemingly processes," this thought was a kind of constant of his diplomatic activity. "The main thing in diplomacy is a compromise, a way between states and their leaders."
In October 1988, Andrei Andreevich retired and worked on memoirs. He left his life on July 2, 1989. "The state, Fatherland is us," he loved to say. - If we do not do, no one will do. "

Eduar Amvrosievich Shevardnadze (July 2, 1985 - December 20, 1990)

Born on January 25, 1928. In the village of Mamat Lanchhutsky District (Guri).
He graduated from the Tbilisi Medical Technical School. In 1959 he graduated from the Kutais Pedagogical Institute. A. Tsulukidze.
Since 1946, on Komsomol and party work. From 1961 to 1964, he was the first secretary of the Russian Communist Party of Georgia in Mtskhete, and then the first secretary of the Pervomaisky district of the Tbilisi Party. In the period from 1964 to 1972 - First Deputy Minister of Protection public order, then - Minister of Internal Affairs of Georgia. From 1972 to 1985 - the first secretary of the Central Committee of the Committee of Georgia. In this post, he conducted a large publishing campaign to combat the shadow market and corruption, which, however, did not lead to the eradication of these phenomena.
In 1985-1990, the USSR Foreign Minister, from 1985 to 1990, a member of the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee. Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR 9-11 convocations. In 1990-1991 - People's Deputy of the USSR.
In December 1990, he retired "in protest against the impending dictatorship" and in the same year came out of the Rows of the CPSU. In November 1991, at the invitation of Gorbachev, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the USSR (called the Ministry of External Relations at the time), but after the collapse of the USSR, this post was abolished after the collapse.
Shevardnadze was one of Gorbachev's associates in holding a restructuring policy
In December 1991, the Minister of External Relations of the USSR E. A. Shevardnadze One of the first among the leaders of the USSR recognized Belovezhsky Agreements and the upcoming termination of the existence of the USSR.
E. A. Shevardnadze was one of the associates of M. S. Gorbacheva in holding the policy of restructuring, publicity and the discharge of international tensions.

Leonid Mikhailovich Mlechin

Foreign Ministry Foreign Ministers. Foreign policy of Russia. From Lenin and Trotsky - to Putin and Medvedev

Preface

Sergey Viktorovich Lavrov is just the Fourteenth Foreign Minister from October 1917. For comparison: both the ministers of the internal affairs, and state security managers have changed more than twenty over these decades.

Among the ministerial diplomats were three academicians (Eugene Primakov, Vyacheslav Molotov and Andrei Vyshinsky) and one corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences (Dmitry Schipilov). There were brilliantly educated people and those who did not know foreign languages \u200b\u200bat all and before the destination by the Minister almost never abroad. Two of them twice occupied their post - Vyacheslav Molotov and Eduard Shevardnadze. The shortest time the ministers were Boris Pankin - less than three months, Leo Trotsky - five months and Dmitry Shepilov - eight and a half months. Longer than all Andrei Gromyko - twenty-eight years old.

Three for a long time They were excluded from the history of diplomacy: it is Trotsky, Vyshinsky and Shepilov. Fourth - Molotov - one with curses were drawn out of history, others were returpically returned.

Sir Henry Wratton, the British poet and diplomat, in 1604 he wrote his definition of a diplomat on the foresacea of \u200b\u200bthe book, which was widespread: "A good-order person sent abroad to lie on behalf of his country." This definition turns the diplomat only to the Contractor.

All the ministers assure that the development of foreign policy is the prerogative of the first person, which they only fulfill the will of the Secretary-General or the president. But this is a sneaving. The personality of the minister has a decisive influence on the formation of policies. Molotov brought dogmatism and stubbornness politics, which Stalin did not have. Shevardnadze went on Gorbachev in partnership with the West. At the same president, Yeltsin, Kozyrev tried to make Russia an ally of the West, and Primakov refused this line.

Eduard Shevardnadze stopped being minister, because the state itself disappeared - the Soviet Union. Dmitry Shepilov left the post of Minister to raise - secretary of the Central Committee. Andrei Gromyko briefly ranked high, but the chamber of the President of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. Evgeny Primakov under the applause of the State Duma moved from the post of Minister directly to the chair of the head of government. Molotov did the return path: he moved to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs from the post of Chairman of the Council of Ministers.

Eleven of the fourteen ministers were tight criticized: Some - still being pressed, the rest - after the resignation or even after death. Some of them curse as monsters and demons to this day. Exception - Evgeny Primakov. He at the post of Minister gained even more supporters and fans.

Of the fourteen addresses and ministers, eight were retired or left themselves because of their discontent their work. The hosts of the department of internal affairs, fate is more troubling - six were shot, two committed suicide; Lubyanki executives shot five, others went to jail or opal. Foreign Ministers God has fallen. Even Maxim Litvinova, whose life hung in a hairs, Stalin for some reason did not destroy.

Today life has become easier. The minister left from his post (obviously not at wish) Igor Ivanov remains a noticeable figure. But in a certain sense, all the characters of this book can arise.

The famous historian Evgeny Viktorovich Tarl visited one day at least the famous lawyer Anatoly Fedorovich Koni. Koni complained about old age. Tarla said:

What are you, Anatoly Fedorovich, sin to complain. Won Brian older than you, and still hunts the tigers.

Aristide Brian in the 19th century was France's Prime Minister and the Minister of Foreign Affairs.

Yes, - the horses answered melancholically, he is good. Brian hunts the tigers, and here the tigers hunt us.

The reader will quickly see that this book is devoted not only to the addicts and ministers of foreign affairs, foreign policy and diplomacy. This is another look at the history of our country since 1917 to this day ...

Part one

Foreign policy and revolution

Lev Davidovich Trotsky: "Revolutions do not need diplomacy"

In one of the October Resurrection of 1923, the Chairman of the Revoensuit of the Republic, the People's Commissar for Military and Maritime Affairs, the member of the Politburo Lev Davidovich Trotsky went to hunt, hugged his legs strongly and was cold.

« I'm running down, he wrote in an autobiographical book. - After the influenza, some kind of cryptogenic temperature opened. Doctors forbidden to get up from bed. So I knew the remainder of autumn and the winter. This means that I have shouted the 1923 discussion against « trotskyism» . You can foresee a revolution and war, but it is impossible to foresee the consequences of the autumn duck hunt».

The disease really turned out to be fatal. The Trotsky hunt went to such a sad hunt for him in the role of a second person in the country whose popularity was comparable to Lenin. When he recovers after a few months, it will be discovered that it turned into a steady oppositionist, deprived of power and surrounded by irreconcilable enemies. And all this, according to Trotsky, it happened because the unknown disease knocked him out of the gauge.

Doctors were prescribed to the chairman of the Revoensive bed, and he was diligently treated. While the party apparatus raised to fight « trotskyism» Lev Davidovich was in the suburban sanatorium and, engaged in his illness, poorly understood what changes occur in the country. Well, in fact, it is possible to demand from a person who has mastered the high temperature, which is forced to limit his communication around the Kremlin doctors?

It is not difficult, however, to notice the striking contrast between Trotsky and Lenin: already fatally ill, Vladimir Ilyich, despite the strictest prohibitions of doctors, tried to participate in the political life of the country and influence it. Trotsky, Illness, resolutely distinguished from all cases, reflects, remembers, writes. Lenin rusts to business. Trotsky willingly accepts recommendations to doctors: rest and treated.

Bolshevik leaders, compensating for the difficulties and inconvenience of the past life, quickly mastered the benefits of their new position. They were treated abroad, mainly in Germany, went to the sanatorium, went to a long vacation. And they did not argue when doctors, subtly felt the mood of their high-ranking patients, prescribed her rest in a comfortable environment.