Analysis of the work of the block. Scientific work: Moral and religious aspect of Chingiz Aitmatov's novel "Plakha"

Decor elements 30.06.2020

Decor elements

The work belongs to one of the most significant in the writer's work and, in terms of genre orientation, is a novel in a dramatic style.

The key theme of the novel is the author's warning about the upcoming disasters in the life of mankind in the form of people's deliberate destruction of the surrounding nature, its destruction and neglect of true human values, committing ruthless and cruel acts leading to a global catastrophe, as well as to the tragic end of the life path of individual people.

The title of the novel has a symbolic meaning, since it conveys the need for each person to make a moral choice in his own life, and sometimes a human decision becomes a chock for certain individuals.

The compositional structure of the novel consists of three parts, interconnected by three storylines, the first of which describes the life fate of the main character of the work in the person of Avdiy Kallistratov, the second plot presents the fate of a wolf couple in the images of Akbara and Tashchinar. The third plot introduces new heroes of the novel into the narrative, whose actions lead to the death of a family of wolves.

The main character of the novel is Obadiah, represented by the writer as a former seminarian who lost his own mother early and raised by his father, trying to understand the meaning of divine earthly existence by traveling across the steppe plains. The fate of the hero is portrayed by the author in the form of a tragedy, because as a result of his attempts to convert the people around him to faith in God, the life of Obadiah ends as a result of a violent death.

The fate of the rest of the heroes of the work ends tragically: the wolf family, having lost its numerous offspring as a result of human cruelty, dies at the hands of people, and the shepherds Barazbay and Boston, between which there is an open confrontation, end their lives dramatically in the form of the murder of Barazbay by Boston and an accidental shot into your own son.

A distinctive feature of the novel is the writer's portrayal of images of wolves, which are presented as true representatives of the natural world, living in accordance with the established laws and being more humane and harmonious in comparison with representatives of humanity.

The novel raises numerous pressing problems of human society, but the writer, unfortunately, does not provide ways of solving them in his work.

Option 2

Aitmatov's wonderful work “Plakha” is just one of those that makes the reader think and reflect on this or that problem, which, in fact, is presented in the work. It can be any topic: from simple ridicule of any human vices, to difficult philosophical reflections on the meaning of life and being. In the work of Aitmatov, this theme is nature, man, and their interaction.

In the work of "Plakh" questions about the human personality, its disgusting mercantile essence, and greedy nature are raised. Man in essence, as presented in the work, is a very, very disgusting creature that does not value either his own kind or the world around him in which he exists. However, like any phenomenon, there are exceptions, but people by nature are accustomed to belittling everyone who is somehow different from them, or destroys their stereotypes.

The author shows in the work that nature seeks to find a compromise with man, to try to coexist with him in the world. But, despite all her efforts, the impudent person rejects all her attempts to solve everything with the world, which is why the author shows that as long as a person exists, nature and the world around them cannot be in balance and order, since the very existence of a person implies imbalance and lack of order. This is precisely what is emphasized in the work through the interaction of man and wolves. A person tries to destroy them, although they do not even harm him, in fact, in order to protect himself, he commits this disgusting act of violence.

Also in the work there is the theme of alienation of people, whose character and model of behavior goes beyond the limits allowed by the stereotypical thinking of an established society, which is used to destroying everything that goes beyond its understanding, and everything that supposedly violates all moral laws, although in reality is just a “breath of fresh air” for the same society. However, despite this, society tries to destroy everything that it considers dissimilar or different from itself, which is clearly visible in the work. Aitmatov is clearly not happy with this, but, despite his dissatisfaction, he has to put up with this fact, since society has always been arranged in such a way that if something goes beyond the framework he himself established, then it immediately begins to deny any involvement in that. what goes beyond them. Therefore, this problem has considerable weight in the work, because it is satisfied, relevant even for our time, and will be relevant in the future.

In conclusion, we can say that Aitmatov's work "Plaha" is one of the most revealing works that raise the problems of humanity and its interaction with the planet on which it lives, raising topics that humanity would not want to raise. Therefore, Aitmatov can be called a revolutionary in part, since he was not afraid of condemnation from this society, and showed everything as it is.

Plakha - analysis of the novel

Aitmanov's novel "Plakha" begins with a wolf storyline. Already at this level we see human cruelty towards other living beings. People leave the wolves without food, kill their wolf cubs, start a fire near their lair, then begin the construction of a railway at this place.

People destroy the natural habitat of animals, driving them out of their homes. The author does not just show us the history of one particular pair of wolves. Of course, they mean all wolves, and not only wolves, in general, this is a typical image, however, concretization allows the reader to get closer to predators, makes their tragedy as personal as possible. Thus, Aitmanov portrays a global environmental problem that does not cease to exist to this day. However, even more terrifying is the raised problem of human cruelty, both in relation to animals and in relation to other people.

Further, the reader gets acquainted with one of the heroes of the novel, Avdiy. This man undertakes to investigate the problem of youth addiction to the use of drugs. He infiltrates a gang of "messengers" who illegally mine cannabis. Being among these people, he understands that it is not only their personal reasons, but also social ones. He feels responsibility for these unfortunate teenagers, tries to guide them on the true path, but the young people do not listen to him and, in the end, only beat Obadiah, throwing him off the train on the go. However, later he does not hold any grudge against them. The man is trying to release his report, but the authorities are against this, they are trying to hush up the truth, because Avdiy accuses the state of this social problem. It turns out that he is also associated with wolves: Obadiy was one of the participants in that hunt. Realizing how cruel they were doing, the man tried to stop her, but he was brutally killed. And now twice we see the terrible human cruelty towards man now. And this is not to mention the cruelty and indifference of the authorities.

Other heroes of the novel are Boston and Bazarbai. The author again brings us back to the pair of wolves who last bred wolf cubs. However, Bazarbai steals the cubs from the lair. He brings them to the Boston house, where the wolves follow the trail. Boston tries to ransom the cubs in order to return them to their parents, but it fails. Wolves continue to howl at night, they even begin to attack people. Then Boston decides to shoot them, but only kills the wolf. The surviving she-wolf steals Boston's son. When the boy dies, Boston kills the perpetrator of this tragedy - Bazarbai, and then surrenders to the authorities.

Human cruelty has caused so many tragedies, affecting many lives, many families. This novel is a cruel warning from the author that people should think about it, because their own cruelty, even in relation to weaker creatures, may soon turn against you.

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Study of the novel by Ch.T. Aitmatova "Plakha"

in literature lessons in grade 11

Lesson 1.

Topic: Solving the moral problems of the life of Soviet society in the 70s - 80s of the 20th century on the pages of literary works. (On the example of Chingiz Aitmatov's novel "Plakha"). Reading and analysis of Ch. Aitmatov's novel "Plakha"

Purpose for all lessons: Reading, studying, analyzing the novel, show how a famous Soviet writer, using concrete everyday and historical material, solves the eternal universal human problems of good and evil, truth and justice, morality and immorality, the meaning of human life. To teach to understand the cross-cutting theme of Russian literature "who is to blame?" Learn to analyze a large work of art, dividing it into plot parts. To instill in students a correct understanding of universal human values.

Equipment: a portrait of the writer, various editions of his books, illustrations for the novel, views of the Central Asian savannah, Lake Issyk-Kul, wolves, mountainous regions of Kyrgyzstan.

Epigraphs for the lesson:

Evil is healed by the opposite.

Voltaire

A good deed cannot be done out of hatred;

all the more out of self-interest. It is only done out of love.

J. Ruskin

The hardest thing for a person is to be a person from day to day.

Ch. Aitmatov

During the classes

Chingiz Torekulovich Aitmatov was born in 1928 in the Sheker village of the Kirov region of Kyrgyzstan. In 1953 he graduated from the agricultural institute and worked as a livestock technician on a livestock farm.

Published since 1952. Favorite writer of many readers on the vast territory of the Soviet Union. He was repeatedly elected a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, was a well-known public figure. After the collapse of the Union, he was the ambassador of Kyrgyzstan to Switzerland. Died..

The most famous works:

“Jamilya ”1958,“ Camel's Eye ”(61),“ My Poplar in a Red Headscarf ”(61)“ The First Teacher ”(61),“ Mother's Field ”(62),“ Farewell, Gyulsary! ” (65), “White parakhod” (70) “Early cranes” (75), “Skewbald dog running by the edge of the sea” (77), “Storm stop” (And beyond a century the day lasts ”(80),“ Plaha ”( 86)

Lenin Prize Laureate (63g)

State Prize (68 and 77 g)

Writes in two languages (Russian and Kyrgyz)

The works have been translated into many foreign languages.

After graduating from eight classes, he entered the Dzhambul Zootechnical School, which he graduated with honors. In 1948, Aitmatov entered the Agricultural Institute in Frunze, from which he graduated in 1953. In 1952 he began to publish stories in the Kyrgyz language in periodicals. After graduation, he worked as a veterinarian for three years, while continuing to write and print stories. In 1956 he entered the Higher Literary Courses in Moscow (graduated in 1958). The story "Face to Face" in the Kyrgyz language was published in June 1957 in the magazine "Ala-Too".The story "Jamila" saw the light for the first time in French in translation by Louis Aragon also in 1957. In the same year, his stories were published in the magazine "New World", and also the story "Jamila" in Russian was published, which brought Aitmatov world fame. Today this story is the most popular work of Chingiz Torekulovich in all languages of the world. It has been reprinted 37 times in German alone.

After "Jamila" novels were also published"Camel's Eye" (1960), "The First Teacher" (1961), "Mother's Field" (1963) and the collection "The Tale of the Mountains and Steppes" (1963), for which the writer received the Lenin Prize. All these works were published simultaneously in Russian and Kyrgyz. In 1965, the story “The First Teacher” was filmed by Andrei Konchalovsky at “Mosfilm”, and “Camel's Eye” was filmed by L. Shepitko with the main performer in the role of Kemel Bolot Shamshiev, who later became one of the best directors for staging films based on the works of Chingiz Aitmatov. how"White Steamer", "Early Cranes" and others. The story "Farewell, Gyulsary!" (1968) won the State Prize for the author.The novel "White Steamer" (1970) was published in Russian and for many years became one of the most recognized works of Chingiz Aitmatov all over the world, and the film adaptation of the novel was shown at international film festivals in Berlin and Venice. In 1977 it was publishedthe story "Skewbald Dog Running by the Edge of the Sea", which became one of his favorite works in the GDR, was later also filmed by German and Russian filmmakers. In 1978, the writer was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor in the USSR. In 1980 came outthe novel "And the day lasts longer than a century", for which he received the second State Prize. The last work published in the USSR is histhe novel "Plakha" (1986).

In the post-Soviet period, "White Cloud of Genghis Khan" (1992), "Brand of Kassandra" (1994), "Fairy Tales" (1997) were published abroad. Childhood in Kyrgyzstan (1998) and When the Mountains Fall (The Eternal Bride) in 2006, the German translation of which was published in 2007 under the title The Snow Leopard. This was the last work of the great Kyrgyz writer. In the year of his 70th birthday in 1998, the writer was once again awarded the title of Hero of Kyrgyzstan and recognized as a People's Writer in his homeland.

Since 1990, he headed the Embassy of the USSR (since 1992 - the Embassy of the Russian Federation) in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, from 1994 to 2006 - the Ambassador of Kyrgyzstan to the Benelux countries, Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands.

Deputy of the USSR Armed Forces of 7-11 convocations (1966-1989), People's Deputy of the USSR (1989-1991), member of the Presidential Council of the USSR, member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kyrgyzstan, member of the secretariat of the USSR Writers' Union and the USSR Investigative Committee, one of the leaders of the Soviet Committee of Solidarity with Asian Countries and Africa, editor-in-chief of the journal "Foreign Literature", initiator of the international intellectual movement "Issyk-Kul Forum".

He died on June 10, 2008 in a hospital in the German city of Nuremberg, where he was being treated. He was buried on June 14 in the historical-memorial complex "Ata-Beyit" in the suburbs of Bishkek.

2. Analysis of the work

In this amazing work, the writer himself, on page 8 of the novel, formulated the main idea of the novel.("People have never solved the eternal riddle: why evil almost always triumphs over good") The main characters persistently reflect on the origins of human injustice, on the nature of meanness and cruelty ... Many questions cannot be answered. But that is why they are “eternal” these questions (about good and evil).

What moral concepts should be used when analyzing this novel? (Good-evil)

In which work have you already come across a solution to this problem? How was this problem solved there? (“The Master and Margarita” M. Bulgakov)

“... So who are you, finally? I am part of the power that always wants evil and always does good ”(Goethe's Faust)

Read the epigraphs for the lesson, are thoughts about good and evil the same?

(No; writers deal with the problem of right and wrong in different ways)

Discussion of the main problems:

Ecological problem.

The problem of seeking God.

Addiction problem.

The problem of permissiveness, sin.

The problem of conscience, kindness.

The writer admits that “I would like to reflect all the complexity of the world, so that the reader, together with me, will go through large spiritual spaces and rise to a higher level. I would like to awaken conscience in people, deep thoughts, so that people better understand their time, their life. They don't have to defend themselves in heaven or hell. They need to really understand reality, and that's what they need literature for. "

Revealing the main plot lines of the novel by means of a frontal conversation. Plot lines of the novel and their essence (very succinct retelling)

1. Avdiy Kallistratov and messengers for marijuana.

2. A. Kallistratov and the junta of "meat suppliers": Ober-Kandalov, the death of saigas in the Moyunkum steppe, their preparation for meat due to its lack for the people.

3. Legend about Jesus Christ and Pontius Pilate. Interpretation of the author of a famous biblical legend.

4. The tragedy of the protagonist of Boston, his dispute with the life position of Kochkorbaev and Bazarbai.

5. The story of the wolves Akbara and Tashchinar.

Five different plot lines are combined into one piece. How? How? (1. The main character; 2. The story of wolves; 3. The main idea of the novel)

1... A landslide (stones, snow) in the mountains because a helicopter flew by: it is very scary, in nature there is chaos from it, like the end of the world.The brightest and most powerful in the novel is the beginning. The scene of the saiga massacre, when, like a fire in Africa, a leopard, an antelope, a tiger are racing alongside - everything is nearby, because the common misfortune is driving. Here the same thing - saigas, wolves - all together, driven by a common misfortune - man. These scenes are brilliantly written.

The end of the world for Boston, the collapse of all his ideals in life.

(In the novel ring composition indicates the connection between nature and man. When nature is chaotic, she protests. When chaos, the collapse of human foundations in society, tragedy happens to a person).

I group The group receives a topic and questions to analyze this storyline

The Legend of Pontius Pilate and Jesus. Christ. (p. 48 )

- What eternal human values are P. Pilate and Isa. Christ?(about truth and justice, about the purpose of man on earth, about good and evil)

To fully understand the need for its inclusion in the novel, one must carefully read the dialogue between Pilate and Christ. This is a dialogue about the correlation between Good and Evil!

What does I. Christ see the meaning of human existence?(in self-improvement, in following the humanistic ideals of good. He goes to execution for these ideals, suffers for people. When they understand this, having gone through suffering and the Last Judgment, then the eternal kingdom of good and justice will come on earth) p. 55

H what do you mean by self-improvement?(“So that people come to me through suffering, through the struggle with evil in oneself day after day, through aversion to vices, to violence and bloodthirstiness "(55)

Why is it necessary to suffer to become perfect?(to understand the tragedy of another, you need to experience the tragedy yourself)

In what words does I. Christ try to convince that the life of mankind on earth depends on each of us?(“Today you accept life .. (p. 55)

- What the author is trying to convince us by putting these thoughts into the mouth of I. Christ? (The responsibility of each person for everything that happens on earth. ".. Let the people themselves take care of tomorrow's life on earth ... The man himself is the judge and the creator of our every day" (55)).

- Why does the author consider the human history of I. Christ to be "a punishment purer than the Last Judgment?"... what an abyss of evil has opened up, what kind of wars, cruelties, murders, persecutions, injustices, insults people did not know (55-56).

How does I. Christ explain the reason for such a bloody human history?(.. "the evil of love of power, with which everyone is infected ... is the worst of all evils" p. 56.

What accusation for these convictions does P. Pilate bring against I. Christ? ( I. Kh. Encroaches on the power and might of the Roman Empire p. 56).

What is the main thing in the world for P. Pilate? ( strength and power).

What vision did I. Christ have before his arrest? How do you understand what it means? (p. 57. People have killed each other all over the earth. This is a warning to the people of the earth, if they do not stop the war, then nuclear weapons can destroy all of humanity on earth. After all, the events in the novel take place in 1985).

Why did P. Pilate remain in the historical memory of mankind?(gave the order for the execution of I. Christ).

When we study literature, have we met heroes-altruists who are able to sacrifice themselves for the sake of people, to suffer for people? (Danko, Sonya Marmeladova, Raskolnikov, Don Quixote)

Did they change the world? Why? ( No. One person is too weak to change the whole of humanity, to decide its fate. Most people find it easier to live as an egoist than an altruist, no need to strain, strive, resist).

II group

Avdiy Kallistratov and the messengers for the hash (from page 14) The story of Avdiy Kallistratov ... (The son of a deacon, a half-educated priest (seminarian), anathema, a correspondent for a youth newspaper, writes on topical social topics.

- Why weren't his essays on marijuana published in the youth newspaper? (according to the principle: do not be dashing while it is quiet. In Soviet times, this problem was hushed up, it allegedly did not exist)

Why did you go to Central Asia, infiltrating a detachment of messengers for cannabis? (pp. 15,16,31) (conceived to study the problem of harvesting cannabis from the inside and the channels of its transportation to consumers in Russia, write an article about this for a youth newspaper. emerges).

Messengers for the hash. What kind of people were they? (Petruha, 20 years old, Lenka, 16 years old (from Murmansk), Grishan the ringleader, Kolya and Makhach)

The novel touches upon an important social theme - the problem of drug addiction. The author shows messengers striving to the Moyunkum savanna in search of wild-growing hemp and looking not so much for money, but above all for the opportunity to live in illusions.

Avdiy Kallistratov is trying to understand and save these people. Obadiah is the son of a priest, expelled from the academy as a “new-minded heretic”. Obadiah is tormented by the thought of the salvation of at least one person. He does not want to wait until a person comes to God, and he himself rushes towards the fallen. Awakening repentance and conscience in his enemies - this is his way of fighting evil.

It must be admitted that Avdiyah's failures in the fight against drug addicts reflect the real situation in our society. Obadiah's actions are worthy of deep respect. Aitmatov endows him with the ability to self-sacrifice, strength sufficient not to throw the cross he has placed on himself.

The sight of Obadiah crucified on saxaul is very reminiscent of the legend of the crucifixion of Christ, bringing these images closer together. But the issues and problems that lead a person to the chopping block are not resolved by Aitmatov unambiguously. We see that in the spiritual purity of Obadiah, the author realizes the need of our time for such young people.

Homework in groups.

Homework... Compile a coherent story about Avdiya Kallistratov on the following questions:

2) Describe the image of A. Kallistratov, proving the named quality of character by the actions of the hero. (naive and pure, without fear, suffers for people, this is his vocation, to personally fight evil, trying to help people. to correct them.

3) Have you met in real life people like A.K.? Describe them (Selfless service to people, striving to awaken conscience, but cut off from real life, Don Quixote)

Lesson 2

III group.

Avdiy Kalistratov from meat suppliers (junta Ober - Kandalova)

- How did he get to them?

- What kind of people were they? What did they do? Why?(5 persons) p. 73

(5 people: Ober-Kandalov, a former military man, ready for any dastardly deed; Makhach, Kepa, Galkin-Hamlet (former artist), Aboriginal-Uzyukbai - all alcoholics. They were engaged in the preparation of meat, killing wild animals for this - the saigas of the Moyunkum steppe. Due to the wrong agricultural and economic policies of the government, the Union did not have enough meat to feed the people.A herd of saigas was shot from a helicopter, and procurers collected the dead across the steppe and loaded onto a truck.

- Why procurers beat and crucified A. Kallistratov? (He wanted to turn them to God, that is, to good, tried to explain to them what evil they are doing p. 42)

Why did the righteous man and fanatic A. Kallistratov fail in his attempts to return the "sinners" whom he met in the Moyunkum steppe to goodness, to a normal life? Or Why "evil almost always triumphs over good"? (evil is always in the "pack", the righteous is always a loner)

Each hero of the novel has its own god, i.e. moral choice, purpose and meaning of life. And in this moral dispute, everyone is unshakable ... Which one of them preaches what?(Obadiah - truth, sincerity, good, fight against evil. Pontius Pilate - strength and power. Jesus Christ - self-improvement and suffering. Messengers for hasha - "religion" of highs, pleasure at any cost. Meat procurers - vodka, a long ruble, money. )

- Who in the gangs does the dirty deed? (hits, kills)? And who is clean th? Remember Raskolnikov with his theory of ordinary and extraordinary people.Why did the leaders of the hash couriers and meat suppliers decide that they were allowed to do everything? (impunity gives rise to permissiveness). Grishan and Ober-Kandalov are gang leaders. Grishan is not devoid of claims to the role of a leader, and Kandalov - to the role of an exponent of the traditions of a "hard worker" - a screw.

- What is terrible about the idea of permissiveness in the modern world?

- Why are Grishans, Ober-Kandalovs, Coordinators, Kochkorbaevs dangerous in our society?

They are especially dangerous, cut off from living reality, from the life of an ordinary person, society, feeling themselves masters of life, arbiters of the destinies of everything and everyone. The main conflict of the novel is the opposition of high spirituality, morality, humanity, a living, but defenseless nature to everything immoral, cynical that appeared in the life of society in the 70s and 80s in Russian society. The humanist writer defends and preaches the best universal human moral values.

- Why did the Ober-Kandalovs and Grishans appear in society?

In an atmosphere of timelessness, chaos, uncertainty, criminal "functionaries" appear and begin to flourish, like Grishan, who recruits and corrupts fledgling youths, messengers for hash. At this time, such types as the bandit Ober-Kandalov succeed, soldering the weak, the spiritless, declassed, pushing them to kill.

- What is known about A. Kallistratov's family?(Obadiah had a religious, moral family).

- In what families did you grow up, what families were created by the "messengers and procurers" themselves? Does it matter?(Yes. The family, childhood in it is the primary source of morality of an adult. They either do not have it at all or it is immoral. ).

- And who has an exemplary family in the novel? (for wolves, in the novel a symbol of free nature)

- What unites all the negative characters in the novel?(The complete absence of positive ideals and morality, spirituality, greed for various purposes (enrichment, drunkenness, high), cruel aggressiveness and cynicism (when nothing is sacred).

Reading a poem dedicated to this work.

Oh, what anxiety can there be?

Everyone is full and everyone is indifferent.

But where does the road lead us

On a broad strip of life?

Try it, look at tomorrow

If so calm in my soul.

Man, wake up, well you froze,

Really understood everything already?

…A terrible picture was revealed to everyone.

They lived for a long time, as if under a veil.

I know what's going on with you now:

The same is probably with me.

The whole planet turned into Moyunkums,

A syringe with a drug will stick a ball into the ground,

That's when Christ's turn came,

Which was the first to remember Blok.

He did not step off grandma's icons,

He stepped out of lost souls,

For everyone to see: there is in the world

Crucified saxaul with Obadiah!

It is necessary, people, to wake up urgently,

Overcoming even wild fear

So that the whole Earth does not appear

Dry saxaul on hand!

4 group.The story of the wolves Akbara and Tashchinar.

- Are wolves accidentally introduced into the novel?

Wolves for the Turks are totem animals. Their names: Akbara - "great", Tashchinar - "grinding stones" - mean the power that destroys everything in front of him. The author writes in the Kyrgyz, Kazakh traditions. Images of animals pass through almost all the works of Ch. Aitmatov, go back to the folk - poetic epic.

(“Farewell, Gyulsary” - “the great horse” of Gyulsary,

“Blizzard halt "- the Koronar camel,

“White steamer ”- a horned mother - a deer).

Animals from the Kyrgyz epic in the works of Ch. Aitmatov, in particular wolves, are closely related to the human race. The natural world and the social world are interconnected. Armed with scientific and technical achievements, but deprived of historical memory, natural feeling and social reason, a person dooms nature, and therefore himself, to destruction, to death.

Saigas are the same age as dinosaurs. Scientists write about it. The novel includes journalistic facts, pictures.

- Tell the story of the wolves succinctly. Why is she needed in the novel?

1. Tie all the storylines together.

2. To depict the death of nature and man through the unreasonable activity of man.

3. Show that a beast is better than a man (for example, wolves), he does not kill unnecessarily. The problem of humanity is also connected with the images of wolves in the novel. The wolves in the novel are more human and conscientious than humans. The motive of conscience passes through the blue-eyed, humanized she-wolf Akbar.

-Why did Ch. Aitmatov make the story of wolves a binder in the composition of the novel?

With the transparent blue eyes of Akbara, the wise Mother Nature judges the actions of a person. Wolves aren't just more human in the novel. They are endowed in him with high moral strength, nobility, which people opposed to them in the novel are deprived of. It is in Akbar and Taishchanar that what has long been inherent in man is personified: a feeling of love for children, longing for them, moreover, they are not reduced to just one instinct, but, as it were, endowed with consciousness. Deeply human is that high selflessness, loyalty to each other, which determines all the behavior of Akbara and Taishchanar. Akbara is endowed by Aitmatov with the gift of moral memory. She carries in herself not only the image of the misfortune that befell her family, but also her awareness of the violation of the moral law, which should never be violated anywhere. While people did not touch her savannah, Akbara could meet a helpless person in the steppe, let him go. Now, driven into a dead end, desperate and embittered, she is doomed to a fight with a man. At the same time, it is very important that not only Bazarbai, who deserves punishment, but also an innocent child perishes in the struggle. And although Boston has no personal guilt before the she-wolf Akbara, he must take responsibility for Bazarbai, who is his moral antipode, and for the actions of Kandalov, who killed Moyunkum in one day. At the same time, Aitmatov especially emphasizes: the vandalism of Kandalov's gang has been raised almost to the rank of state necessity. It turns out that moral revival, erosion in the souls of people who destroyed life in Moyunkum, has not a particular significance, but a general, state one. This is a social problem. It is not for nothing that the robbery perpetrated by Kandalov is not just allowed, but elevated to the level of labor valor: the problem of meat supplies has been resolved. This is the tragedy.

The novel permeates the conviction: for the fact that bazaarbays and shackles are rampaging in today's world, the whole human society is responsible. And, of course, we are with you.

- Do you consider Boston a victim?

The author pays much attention to revealing the causes of the Boston tragedy. Boston falls into a fateful coincidence. He commits three murders: his son, Akbar and Bazarbai. Of these, only one is conscious. In horror, Boston begs to return his son, kidnapped by Akbara. Seeing no other way out, the shepherd shoots at the running she-wolf, killing his son with the same shot. In these scenes, the tragic inevitability of responsibility for evil manifests itself. The beginning of this catastrophe was in the savannah, where the laws of the natural course of life and balance in the relationship between man and nature were violated in one fell swoop. Violation of the laws of nature as a tragedy is felt in the novel by Boston alone.

What is Boston fighting against? And who? (He opposes the universal depraved religion of armed superiority. He is opposed by the state farm party organizer Kochkorbaev, yearning for the old days; scoundrel Bazarbai). However, a cruel, alien, hostile world comes to Boston - not for his sins, for others. A tragedy comes, in which he is not to blame, but it is up to him to pay. He ascends to his chopping block.

- How do you understand the meaning of the name "Ploha"?

Output

This novel is a cry, despair, a call to change your mind, to realize your responsibility for everything that has become so aggravated and thickened in the world. The writer seeks to comprehend the environmental problems touched upon in the novel, first of all, as problems of the state of the human soul. The novel begins with the theme of the wolf family, which later develops into the theme of the death of the Moyunkums through the fault of man: a man breaks into the savannah like a criminal, like a predator. It destroys senselessly and rudely all life that is in the savannah. It destroys both saigas and wolves. Their natural habitat is doomed to destruction. This determines the inevitability of the fight between Akbar's wolf and a man. This single combat ends tragically.

Homework:

By options, a written answer to the question:

1 - Why is the novel called Plakha?

2 - No man is an island?

3 - Why did evil prevail over good in the novel?

Aitmatov's verdict is no longer Lermontov's doctrine of the identity of good and evil, which put forward the principles of justifying evil due to the fact that these opposites were born from one root; this is not Bulgakov's evil that does good. Aitmatov's heroes go to Golgotha, there is no other way. And why? Because the human soul dies, and when this happens, the person himself dies. Evil unites in flocks, and therefore wins. Welcome walks alone. Therefore, there is a need to talk about the ecology of the spirit.

4 - Recall the studied works of classical literature (Turgenev, Goncharov, Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, Chekhov, Bunin). How the question was solved in them: what is the meaning of human life? Write a miniature essay in the abstract form "What is the meaning of human life in the modern world?"

5. Additional task for the strong.

A detailed answer to the question:

- What brought such different (dissimilar) people to the chopping block like Avdiy Kallistratov and Boston Urkunchiev? (miscellaneous: age, origin, life history, social and marital status, educational level, nature and orientation of interests, ideals; general: selfless service to one's ideals, a bad conscience for everything that happens around them, an active life position). (Main idea: Each spiritual person has his own positive idea in life, for the sake of which he is ready to go to the chopping block, sacrificing himself in the name of his great idea in order to transform the world, make it better, and defeat evil.)

Self-reading literature on this topic

V. Rasputin "Fire" \

V. Astafiev "Sad Detective"

Andrey Voznesensky "Moat"

Department of Education of the Administration of the Central District

Municipal educational institution

Secondary school №4

Section: Literary Studies

RESEARCH WORK

on the subject: "The moral and religious aspect of Chingiz Aitmatov's novel" Plakha "

Mikhailov Alexander Olegovich

Student 11B grade MOU SOSH №4

Central region

supervisor

Yulia Platonova

Postgraduate student of the Department of Russian Literature, IFMIP NSPU

Novosibirsk 2008

Introduction

1. The religious aspect of the novel

2. Exploration of the inner world of the heroes of the novel

Conclusion

Introduction

The twentieth century is a contradictory time, a time of breakdowns, ruptures, wars. On the one hand, this is the century of the establishment of a civil society, basic political and universal human freedoms, the century that gave people hope for a better life, faith in their own strengths and capabilities, and finally, this is the century of technological progress that made possible what yesterday people only dreamed of. And what about the other side ?! On the other hand, we are faced with a far from rosy picture. Man, believing in his own strength, in his superiority over nature, began to mercilessly exploit it, destroy the natural order of being. He proclaimed himself God, the creator in the workshop of nature, as the hero of Turgenev's novel "Fathers and Sons" put it. Moreover, faith in its traditional meaning has lost its moral and constructive power, a person “misled”, lost the saving thread in the labyrinth of life, began to look for alternative substitutes for God, which in turn led to the growth of all kinds of atrocities and crimes. Of course, such significant problems could not but affect all aspects of human life. Scientists, economists, and politicians tried to solve them, and people of creative professions also tried.

In literature, the word of Chingiz Aitmatov sounded louder, earlier, more convincingly than others. Since the fifties of the twentieth century, in his works, the most important social problems are expounded, sharply, with piercing directness. The author makes a harsh assessment of his time and the society in which he lives. But he not only states the facts, he even manages to predict the future, because at present, the issues raised by Chingiz Aitmatov are still relevant, even more relevant than fifty years ago. Every day, from TV screens, from the speakers of radio receivers, we hear disappointing conclusions of scientists about the degradation of the human personality, about the rising level of crime, about the lack of culture of youth. In our opinion, these topical problems were formalized and described in detail by Aitmatov in his novel "Plakha". In this work, the writer showed how demoralized his contemporary man was, how barbarously he began to relate to nature and the people around him. The aim of our work is to study the religious and moral aspect of the novel "Plakha". Using this text as an example, we will try to investigate the system of moral values of a person contemporary to Aitmatov, what he considers evil, and what is good, what he believes, and what he denies, what is the purpose of his life, the meaning of being. Ultimately, after comprehending and analyzing this, we will try to reveal what the spiritual world of man is in the sixties of the last century.

The religious aspect of the novel

A person of any era is characterized by the desire to comprehend himself, to search for his life path, his place in the world. A very important aspect in this endeavor is the spiritual quest for the individual. These searches become especially significant in an era of changes, when not only technologies are changing, but also the person himself, his values, the spiritual world. A striking example of such a time can serve as the middle of the twentieth century - the time of the release of human industrial activity to a global, all-encompassing level. Everything became available to man, the technologies created were able to satisfy all his desires and needs. Man has risen, matured, finally and irrevocably separated himself from nature, began to consider himself an almighty God. This is where all human troubles came from. Not only did a person begin to mercilessly exploit mother nature - the element that gave birth to him, but moreover, people became even more disunited among themselves, social relations became aggravated, the financial situation became an apple of discord for all mankind, envy, hatred, anger literally swept the earth. As we can see, in the twentieth century, many problems of a moral, life-forming nature have matured in human society. We believe that they were most vividly presented in the novel "Plakha". This work represents an amazing interweaving of human society with its problems, concerns, philosophy, nature with its harmony, life-giving energy, space, finally, which gave birth to all living things, our planet, which invisibly surrounds all of us everywhere and everywhere.

The novel is set against the backdrop of the endless Moyunkum steppes, a world hitherto untouched by human hands, a place where nature has been preserved in its original form. This is especially important for this work, because nature, against the background of which all subsequent events of the novel will take place, is not only a landscape that adorns the overall picture, but moreover, a measure of the actions of the heroes, a moral category. The first characters we meet are Akbar's wolf and Tashchinar the wolf. Yes, these are exactly the characters, equal participants in the action, because, as noted earlier, Chingiz Aitmatov's nature is one of the main characters in the story. With the image of wolves, the novel includes the motive of flight, pursuit, salvation from persecution. This motive determines the course of the entire subsequent narrative: all the characters in the novel run somewhere, some from the law, some from conscience, some run because others are driving him. But they all have one thing in common, namely the feeling of a chase that is about to overtake them. All characters bear the imprint of hopelessness, the tension with which they live their lives does not leave the reader for a second. The novel is read very quickly, the reader himself begins to involuntarily run after the characters in order to understand how they feel, what problems surround them. An important feature that this motive brings to the story is the speed, which does not give a person time for spiritual improvement, which, as it were, isolates him from those around him. It is similar to how a driver who has accelerated his car to the limit does not have time to notice even the silhouettes of objects on the sides of the road. Indeed, if you look closely, most of the heroes of the novel are internally lost people, interested only in the vital, carnal. From this already emerges the first, the main problem of our time, characteristic of the entire twentieth and twenty-first centuries - the problem of human disunity. This very disunity is the root of all other human vices and problems, because indifference can easily develop into any sin, up to and including murder. So Boston and Bazarbai could be friends, not enemies, but gradually their indifference to each other grew into mutual hatred: Bazarbai hates his neighbor for material successes, and Boston simply answers Bazarbai with his own weapon. Such a keen understanding of the origins of human contradictions is poured out by Chingiz Aitmatov into a new, original concept of the problem of human relationships in our world.

Further in our work, we will consider the religious aspect of Aitmatov's novel. As you know, religion has been an integral part of human society since time immemorial; it is like a pivot around which the most important events of world history develop. Crusades, holy wars of Muslims with infidels, the Inquisition - all these famous events, in one way or another, are connected with religion, and directly with faith, which dictates the will of the Lord to his subjects. Based on the position of such a strong influence of religion on the fate of man and humanity in general, Chingiz Aitmatov decides to define its role in modern society. Inquiry is not easy for the author, because in the age of human triumph and technical progress, not everyone is ready to admit that there is something more than matter and consciousness. But, despite the difficulty of the task, the author nevertheless comes to conclusions, paradoxical conclusions, but conclusions that cannot be denied. What is his position ?! Of course, this question cannot be answered in a nutshell, but if you try, you can formulate several main theses:

1) Religion in the traditional sense of the word has lost its meaning

hence

2) People are trying to remake God, adjust to the modern framework and their needs.

hence

3) Everyone has their own God, including completely material things: weapons, drugs, money

hence

4) God can be bought and sold

the question arises

5) Where is she, Vera ?!

We put the last thesis separately, since it is the most difficult and requires its own answer from each. Chingiz Aitmatov announces only his opinion, which is that real faith in God is in the heart of a person. It does not depend on skin color, nationality or language, it only depends on your personal qualities, on what you want to believe. Thus, the only hero, Avdiy Kallistratov, is the bearer of true faith in the novel “Plakha”. His path to God is ambiguous, full of internal contradictions, but nevertheless this hero gains real faith, faith that he will not exchange for anything, faith for which he gives his life.

Now, having set the main directions of our activity, we, like a ship in ancient times, set off to explore new, mysterious lands.

Exploration of the inner world of heroes

aitmatov plakha moral spiritual

“I have long sought God among Christians, but He was not on the cross

I visited a Hindu temple and an ancient Buddhist monastery,

But even there I did not find even a trace of Him.

I went to the Kaaba, but God was not there either.

Then I looked into my heart.

And only there I saw God,

Which was nowhere else ... "

We will begin our conversation about Chingiz Aitmatov's novel "Plakha" by studying the religious aspect of this work. What motivated our choice ?! First, religion has been one of the most important institutions of personality for many centuries. In the darkness of the Middle Ages, during the time of troubles in Russia, during all wars and conflicts, when people had nothing left, not even a roof over their heads, faith did not leave them, helped to live, inspired hope for tomorrow, in general, was a support, which helped a person to withstand the hurricane of our vast world. This statement gives us the right to consider faith and religion as the factors that have the most powerful influence on the formation of the human person. And since the purpose of this scientific work is to compare the microcosm of man and the cosmos of the universe, consideration of the religious component of his personality becomes necessary in order to understand how Aitmatov draws the inner world of a person of his day.

The new one many-faced God

When reading Plahi, it is impossible not to notice that the entire action of the novel is based on religious motives, spiritual searches force the heroes to do things, reconcile and quarrel with them, in general, the course of the narrative is mostly determined, as noted above, by religious motives. The second feature inherent in this novel by Aitmatov is the study of various social groups, or rather the social bottom, and what people of this social class believe in. We will try to analyze the author's point of view and understand why he comes to such conclusions.

The first social group described in the novel was the Junta. This name hides five people, demoralized people cut off from human society, or more precisely, five chronic alcoholics. The first of them was Ober-Kandalov, the second was Mishash, the third was Hamlet-Galkin, the fourth was Aboriginal-Uzyukbai, the fifth was Kep. The sixth in the “Junta” was Avdiy Kallistratov, but in this case he appears only as a formal member of the group, since he is neither a chronic alcoholic nor a person close in moral and personal qualities to the rest of the team. What gives us reason to consider the people of this community as a single subject-carrier of any religious beliefs, because, as you know, everyone believes in their own way and everyone has their own way to God? Chingiz Aitmatov answers this question in the following way: “These people could serve as an example that the ways of the Lord are inscrutable when it comes to even the most trifling group of people. This means that it was so pleasing to the Lord that they all turned out to be people of amazingly unambiguous ”. Proceeding from this conviction, the author gives a characterization not to every member of the “Junta”, but to the entire group as a whole. So, what kind of relationship do these people have with God?

It would be correct to say that these people have no relationship with God at all. This conclusion can be made if only because the leader of the “Junta” Ober-Kandalov, who is also the bearer of the main qualities of his team, sincerely considers the priests to be a misunderstanding of the time, moreover, he never even crossed the threshold of the church even out of interest. What can we say about his subordinates, who, in terms of moral and personal development, are a step lower than Aubert, because he at least knew how to understand people and organize a team, acting as a leader. But what then fills the emptiness of the inner world of the members of this collective, how do they make up for the spiritual and moral crisis of their souls? Analyzing the text of the novel, we came to the conclusion that the meaning of existence for these people lies in escape from reality, and in particular, in a painful craving for alcohol, which, in their opinion, helps them to relax, throw off the burden of their unsuccessful life, and feel like people. ... In a sober state, the members of this collective are rude people, embittered at the world, at their broken destiny, and, consequently, understanding only the language of power, because words for them have long lost their moral, creative influence. In fact, alcohol, coupled with brute physical strength, is just God for the “Junta”. The consciousness of the members of this collective is subordinate to the morbid desire to drink, "to wind oneself up so that there are no obstacles left to completely knock off the consciousness." It turns out a paradox: consciousness is subordinated to the desire to turn off consciousness. But this only at first glance seems like a paradox, but in fact, if you look closely, then in this desire you can easily guess the features of a destroyed, demoralized personality. So it turns out that without strong faith, without spiritual strength, a person begins to degrade as an individual, gradually turning into a humanoid being. The substitution of true ideals, the perversion of religious beliefs only aggravates the moral crisis of the individual, and this is the case with the members of the “Junta”, who have only a low desire to pour alcohol into their minds in their souls. These people have forever lost their connection with human society, have become, as it is scientifically called, lumpen.

The second social group described in Chingiz Aitmatov's novel “Plakha” was a group of young people called “messengers”. What is remarkable about this collective of people? It is notable for the fact that boys have gathered in it who want to earn some money on the extraction of drugs. To do this, they united in groups of several people and went by train to the distant Moyunkum and Chuy steppes, where there were places where a special type of cannabis grew, namely, anasha. Further, if everything went well, they returned to Moscow, where they received honestly earned money, and then, they dispersed in all directions. It would seem, what kind of relationship these people can have with God, because most of them, probably, do not think about anything other than profit and the buzz from using weed. This issue is clarified by the dialogue between Avdiy Kallistratov, who found himself among the messengers in order to study the hemp routes and people operating in this area, and Grishan, who is the head of the group. The results of their conversation can be summarized as follows. The God of messengers is money, for which they are ready for literally anything. We see this from the conversations between the messengers and, of course, from the dialogue between Grishan and Avdiy Kallistratov. So it turns out that money to messengers replaces both father and mother, and God, in general, the entire moral and ethical world of man. This explains their careless, consumerist attitude to life, because people who have nothing in their hearts, except for the notorious statement that everything is bought and sold, cannot be otherwise. Further, from the polemics of Obadiah and Grishan, an even more paradoxical fact becomes clear: the messengers do not just get cannabis because of the big money, but even put forward their concept of faith in God and the ways of coming to the Father's house. So, in particular, Grishan says that he helps people to know God in a high, so to speak, to come to him from the back door. This theory, in his opinion, is the only saving one, because everything else in our vicious world cannot give happiness, and, therefore, it is necessary to somehow replace it, because it does not disappear at all. But for everything we do, retribution follows, Grishan understands this very well. So for the prompt approach to God, the buzz has to be paid for not a small price, because the state of indescribable happiness after using drugs is followed by "a streak of madness and the final degradation of the soul." Therefore, the concept of God and faith in him in the view of Grishan does not stand up to criticism by Obadiah, because real faith helps to strengthen and improve the human spirit, and not to its decay, impoverishment, and destruction. The conclusion about moral and moral values among messengers suggests itself: these boys have lost their human essence as a result of the substitution of true ideals by false ones. The concept of finding God in pleasure and money cripples and mortifies their souls, messengers are becoming more cynical, selfish and indifferent to the world around them. So they not only ruin themselves, but also other people who find themselves in their sphere of influence, depending on drugs. Gradually, messengers turn into inveterate repeat offenders, moreover, with repeated convictions and, one way or another, find themselves thrown to the sidelines of human society, thereby poisoning the lives of themselves and others.

Finally, the third, whose inner world Chingiz Aitmatov is trying to explore, is the main character of the novel, Avdiy Kallistratov. This character deserves special attention, because only his personality is shown in the development process, it is with him that we travel through the pages of "Plahi", it is he who contacts all the above characters, trying to understand them, draw conclusions about himself and the world around him. The life story of the former seminarian Avdiy Kallistratov is presented in the novel most fully, so let's try to trace the main points of his biography and understand how his personality, soul, and inner world evolve in the process of cognizing our immense and sometimes inexplicable world.

We propose to consider the childhood of Obadiah as the starting point of our research, because, as you know, even at the earliest, almost infancy, all the main features of his personality and character are laid down in the individual, which in one way or another manifest themselves in conscious life, largely determining the fate person. What was the protagonist's childhood like? It was as follows: Avdiy Kallistratov grew up in the family of a deacon, grew up without a mother, since she died when he was still very young. The father tried to raise his son in a Christian church spirit, since he himself was a man serving in the church. His young son turned out to be quite curious and began to study the Holy Scriptures with great interest. Thus, Obadiah delighted his father indescribably, and upon reaching the required age, with their common consent, he was assigned to a theological seminary. These are, perhaps, all the significant events that occurred in the childhood of the future seminarian, and our task now comes down to identifying the main personality traits of Obadiah, which were formed when he was still a child. The first and main feature is his kindness and responsiveness towards others, because this quality is, of course, very rare even for the time when the novel was published only for the first time. Indeed, if you look in what kind, benevolent, peaceful atmosphere Avdiy Kallistratov was brought up, it becomes clear why there is so much sympathy in his soul, a desire to help others, because the power of childhood impressions, coupled with competent parenting, is a great force that shapes the personality of a child almost not from "a" to "z". The second no less significant trait inherent in the protagonist from the earliest years is his spirituality, inner harmony, because it is this quality, like a life-giving stream that saved the traveler from death in the desert, each time fills Obadiah with the desire to live, exist, internally revives him ... This quality is the root of the personality of the protagonist, from which, in turn, all his other virtues grow, and, as you know, a plant with strong, healthy roots and above the ground is higher and more beautiful than others of its kind.

Now let's turn to the youth of Avdiy Kallistratov and see what happens in his inner world during this period of his life. At first, everything goes as well as possible: Obadiah is listed as one of the most capable students of the seminary, he is loved by the fathers-teachers, they predict a great future for him. But life is unpredictable, and overnight the protagonist turns from a diligent student into a heretic-new-thinker, he is expelled from the seminary, and in addition, the apartment where their family has lived for many years is taken away in connection with the death of Deacon Kallistratov shortly before the events described above. What is the reason for such tragic changes in Obadiah, why does fate hit him so hard? Firstly, youthful maximalism could play a certain role, because at the time of his adolescence, claims to the canons of life that have developed in society, a desire to change the current course of things, are characteristic. The same story partly happened with Obadiah, who, being a young man, hot and sensitive, tried to change the word of God given once and for all. But he did this not out of self-interest, but out of a desire to help the lost people to find the Lord again in their hearts and souls. In part, Obadiah himself could be subject to a crisis of faith, because seeing the suffering of those around him, experiencing constant pressure from the state on believers, and even very deeply experiencing the death of his father, he could doubt the justice of faith, because it costs nothing to think: “Why me for a righteous life and earnest faith in the Lord God, are sent some suffering, and others, less worthy, happiness and grace ?! " Maybe this was also the reason, because everything can be, but for us the results of Obadiah's searches, the changes that took place in his inner world as a result of dissent, are much more important. The result of these searches can be nothing more than the hero's acquisition of true faith in God, a radical change in his fate, life, consciousness of his own destiny. As we will see later, this conclusion is far from unfounded; moreover, it is confirmed by the further course of the narrative.

The next chronologically in the biography of Avdiy Kallistratov is his trip with messengers to the Moyunkum steppes. Why does our hero find himself in a criminal environment, what intentions guide him and what life lesson does he take from this enterprise ?! Of course, he is not going out of self-interest, but for moral and ethical reasons, namely, on the basis of the experience he has gained, he wants to create a series of essays on the topic of drug addiction among young people, a problem that is certainly important and requires public resonance. Moreover, with the help of his articles, Obadiah, as a novice reporter, hopes to find a new path to the hearts and minds of readers, which later, he thinks, will open up for him the opportunity to publish his ideas about the modernization of faith and about a contemporary God, to start a conversation on the most intimate for him a theme. What actually comes out of Obadiah's plan? At first everything goes as planned: our hero "pours" into the environment of hemp-earners, studies their world, concepts, laws by which they live. And all would be fine, if not for the growing despair in his soul, indignation in connection with the moral degradation of messengers, boys like him. This circumstance, one might say, is fateful for Avdiy Kallistratov, because contrary to all the principles of the instinct of self-preservation, he is trying to convince the messengers, to guide them on the right path. A conversation with Grishan, a fight in a freight train - these are the key moments in the fate of the protagonist, because it is then that he overcomes the internal conflict in his personality, regains the lost harmony, realizes the essence of his destiny. It is only in the prism of these events that Obadiah understands the illusion and inexpediency of ideas about a contemporary God and about the reformation of faith; helping people, morally resurrecting them - this is the new meaning of Avdiy Kallistratov's life, and he agrees to do this at any cost, even at the cost of his own life, which is a sign of the hero's return from heresy to the true faith. As Chingiz Aitmatov said: “Whoever suffered a lot, he learned a lot,” - probably, this phrase contains the whole truth of a person's stay in this world, because Obadiy through the suffering he endured finds a new self, moreover, he meets on that distant junction Zhalpak-Saz station the love of her life - Inga Fedorovna, but isn't this the highest reward for all his suffering ?! In general, after a trip to the Moyunkum steppes, the main character becomes a completely different person, a person whose soul is flowing a bright and clear river, originating from the streams of faith, consciousness, love. In other words, Avdiy Kallistratov comes to the highest point of understanding of being, when harmony comes between his spirit, body and mind, and he clearly knows what his goal is in this life.

The last event in the biography of the protagonist is his second trip to the Moyunkum steppes. What brought him there was nothing more than a desire to meet again with Inga Fedorovna after a long separation, especially since they had to decide the issue of creating a family, because both had time to love each other very much and wanted to start a new happy life. And everything would have been fine if fate had not intervened again: beloved Obadiya left for Dzhambul to resolve the issue of custody of her son from his first marriage, and Obadiy, who arrived just at the time of Inga's absence, had to humbly wait for her arrival, because he could not influence the situation in any way. Little things, circumstances, incidents and accidents, which we, in fact, do not attach importance to, but which, oddly enough, determine our fate, invisibly interfering in our planned actions, played a role this time too. It so happened that it was at the very moment when Avdiy was walking through the Zhalpak-Saz station in the turmoil of thoughts about his future with Inga Fedorovna (and her trip to Dzhambul really had a fateful character for their relationship), he caught the eye of Ober-Kandalov, who gathered a group for a raid in Moyunkum. The main character, without hesitation, responded to Aubert's proposal, because the thoughts of his beloved weighed down on him, like Gordeev's knot tightly tightened around his neck, a knot that he could not untie - at most just forget about him for a while. The nature of man is such that the longer he waits for a verdict, the more he dramatizes events, the more clearly he imagines the most tragic outcome of the circumstances. Apparently, such a combination of circumstances was prepared for the protagonist by fate itself, and therefore he had no choice but to agree to an unexpectedly turned up "coven", because in this way he could distract himself from heavy thoughts about their future with Inga and, which is important, earn some money. The trip to Moyunkum turned out to be a fatal accident for Avdiy Kallistratov: he could not withstand the violence against nature that his partners were doing in the steppe, and instead of helping to throw saiga carcasses into the truck, the protagonist tried to guide the members of the “Junta” on the right path ... But again Avdiya was unlucky: the members of this collective turned out to be people so demoralized that it was difficult even to determine what, apart from the ability to speak, distinguished them from animals ?! Cruelty, ignorance, rudeness, unreasonable aggression, thirst for bloodshed - these are the qualities that determined the behavior of the members of the “Junta”. Obadiah only gave them a reason to show their animal nature; the reprisal against him was terrible, probably more terrible than the torture at the GESTAPO. But Avdiy Kallistratov did not give up before the last, most difficult test in his life, for he sacredly believed that he was dying for truth, for faith, for love for this land and for the whole world as a whole, dying for and in the name of others, in the name of goodness and justice on earth. The main character meets his death, being crucified on a saxaul tree, just as Jesus Christ was once crucified on the cross. And such a finale is not accidental, it sums up the life and moral and spiritual searches of the hero, even on the cross, because the phrase is not accidental: "Perhaps it is not accidental that the most bitter sufferings are sent to the best sons of men." Avdiy Kallistratov goes through a very difficult cycle of internal development, so at the beginning of this path he appears as an arrogant teenager, hatching plans to renew faith and God, if not the entire universe, but then, in the process of learning life with its harsh reality and the laws of survival, the hero rethinks his views on the world around and the order of being, gains true faith in God, spiritual harmony and purpose in life. If we turn to the question: “What is God for Obadiah?”, Then we will find an unequivocal answer, because God is in his heart, and not in a bottle of vodka or a cigarette filled with grass. This is the main idea that Chingiz Aitmatov wanted to convey to us from the pages of his novel "Plakh": God cannot be subordinated to uniform standards, if a person has a God, then everyone is different, different even due to the fact that we represent his image differently; relations with God are also different for everyone, who trusts, relies on him in all their affairs, who simply pour out their souls in front of him, someone even quarrels with him. But the main thing that unites all believers is the hope that faith in God gives us, because after turning to the Almighty, everyone has a hope in his soul that his prayers will be heard, that the Lord will ease his suffering. Thus, Chingiz Aitmatov shows his concept of understanding faith and God: everyone has a different God, everyone comes to him along his own special path, everyone expects from Him something important only to him, everyone has different relations with God, but the hope is the same , because if the Lord is just and merciful, then he will not deprive anyone of his love.

The story of Avdiy Kallistratov ends tragically: he dies crucified on a saxaul tree, but this, in our opinion, is his fate: he found his God and his faith and did not give up his views, just as then Jesus Christ did not give up his own on Calvary. He dies without asking for an extension of his days, without cursing his murderers, the only thing he does not stop crying about is the salvation of human souls, the eradication of evil in the deeds and minds of people. Obadiah remains true to himself even in the face of death, this is his high moral feat, which makes him similar to Christ, because, like the Son of God, he sacrificed himself for the sake of others, carried the cross of his life proudly and humbly, accepted death in the name of life and redemption sins of men.

The last one considered by Chingiz Aitmatov in the system of religious and moral values in his novel "Plakha" is Boston Urkunchiev. This man is a conscientious worker, a leading shepherd, he, the only one of the entire state farm, tries to live with dignity, and not exist, as other shepherds do. When he talks about something, he does not wag around the bush, but, on the contrary, expresses his thoughts directly, clearly and to the point. This is the kind of person Boston Urkunchiev is: hard-working, honest, direct, respectable. Oddly enough, but at first glance it seems that Boston is an unbeliever. But a detailed analysis of the entire history of the shepherd shows that, after all, his relationship with God was developing, although it was very difficult. They, if I may say so, are in Boston on a subconscious level, because if you think about it, then when to start a debate about the moral and ethical duty of a person, about the need to believe in God as the most important institution for personal improvement. But it would also be foolish to believe that subconsciously means thoughtlessly, just religion, faith is in Boston's blood, he observes its customs in all his affairs. If you ask yourself what is God for this hero, then after studying his lifestyle, attitude towards her, we can assume that God for Boston is his work, which he does every single day. Indeed, he gets up every day at six in the morning to carry the sheep all day and go to bed after midnight, but this does not prevent him from sacredly believing in what he is doing, and if you believe, then in something, then Boston has The God. Only at the end of the novel did he give up his principles, but there were good reasons for that, which we will talk about at the conclusion of our work. As for the rest, as we have already seen, Boston is a man who loves his job and piously believes in its benefit. So what if his God is work, because it is still better than any other harm; work, just like Avdiy's awareness of his destiny, brings harmony to the life of Boston Urukchiev, fills it with meaning, and from this his work is spiritualized, that is, one in which you want to put your soul into, which brings not only fatigue, but also pleasure. In general, everyone has their own God, and Boston has it like that; the main thing is that, as already noted above, faith brings harmony and meaning to life, creates, and does not destroy, and how and what to believe in is everyone's business, because we all have our own path to the Almighty.

Conclusion

So the research part of our scientific work has come to an end. Now it's time to draw conclusions regarding the goals and objectives that we set for ourselves at the beginning of the work. So, what is the inner world of a man of the sixties, what moral and ethical values constitute the basis of his personality, what he believes and what he denies. We did not manage to find an unequivocal answer to this question, and there are reasons for this: the sixties of the twentieth century is an extremely contradictory time, especially for our country, as Avdiy Kallistratov says. so ad infinitum! " Moreover, people have become so disunited in their views that even the concept of traditional morality has become a vague, conditional category, because in an age of doubt, everyone was free to mean by this definition things that were personally beneficial to him. But nevertheless, time cannot be fooled, it will put everything in its place, the same happens with the heroes of Chingiz Aitmatov's novel “Plakha”. The moral and religious views of the members of the "Junta" and messengers do not pass the test of time, because the belief in money, weed and alcohol turns them into moral monsters, degraded so much that they no longer have a place in human society. And the exclusion from human society - is it not a complete fiasco of the human person ?! Maybe there is. With this example, Chingiz Aitmatov illustrates the destructiveness of the desire to replace God, faith, morality, morality with false ideals. This is self-deception that will not lead anywhere, just not to true harmony between the consciousness, soul and body of a person.

Bibliography

1) V. Levchenko Chingiz Aitmatov. - M., 1983. 2) Ch. Aitmatov Articles, speeches, dialogues, interviews. - M., 1988. 3) G. Gachev Chingiz Aitmatov and world literature. - Frunze, 1982. 4) V. Korkin To a person about a person. - Frunze, 1974.

The novel "Plakha" sounds like a warning. The action takes place in Central Asia, in the Moyunkum steppe. The novel begins with the theme of wolves. Their natural habitat is dying, dying through the fault of a man who breaks into the savannah like a predator, like a criminal. Wolves are not just humanized in the work, as has always happened with the images of animals in literature. Based on the author's intention, they are endowed with that nobility, that high moral strength, which people who opposed them are deprived of. Boston, one of the main characters in the novel, takes responsibility for both those who shot the saigas from helicopters and for Bazarbai, who carried away the cubs.

The writer develops in detail the storyline of Boston in the novel, which embodies the moral norm, that natural humanity, which is violated and desecrated by Bazarbay. The she-wolf carries away the son of Boston. Boston kills his son, a she-wolf, Bazarbai. The origins of this murder are in the disturbance of the existing equilibrium. Having shed blood three times, Boston realizes: he killed himself with these three shots. The beginning of this catastrophe was there, in the Moyunkum savanna, where, according to someone's plan, sealed with authoritative seals, the natural course of life was destroyed.

Aitmatov sees the depicted situation from two sides, as if on two levels. And as a result of gross mistakes in the economic, economic field. And as a manifestation of both ecological and moral crisis of universal human significance. The storyline of the wolves and Boston develops in parallel with the line of Avdiy Kallistratov. This is the second semantic and plot center of the novel. The former seminarian wants and hopes with his moral influence, his high spirituality and dedication to turn these fallen people, drug dealers, from their criminal business and criminal path. The writer gives his own interpretation of the legend of Jesus Christ and compares the story of Obadiah with the story of Christ who sacrificed himself to atone for the sins of mankind. Obadiah goes to self-sacrifice for the salvation of human souls. But, apparently, times have changed. The death of the crucified, like Christ, Obadiah, is not able to atone for human sins. Humanity is so mired in vices and crimes that the victim can no longer return anyone to the path of Good. The idea leading Obadiah to the chopping block is not approved, but tested for vitality in today's world, for real social effectiveness. The writer's conclusions are pessimistic.

Ch. Aitmatov's novel "Plakha" sounded in the 1980s as a distress signal, as a warning to mankind, who forgets that it lives in the natural world, belongs to it, that the destruction of nature, neglect of its laws and its primordial balance threatens innumerable disasters both to the individual and to the entire human community. The writer seeks to comprehend environmental problems as problems of the human soul. If humanity does not listen, does not stop in its ever-accelerating movement to the edge, to the abyss, it will face a catastrophe.

Aitmatov Chingiz Torekulovich is a famous Kyrgyz and Russian writer. His work was noted by many critics, and his works were recognized as truly ingenious. Many of them brought worldwide fame to the author. The novel "Plakha" by Chingiz Aitmatov (a summary of the book, perhaps, will interest the fans of this writer) was published in 1986.

The beginning of the work, or the Wolf family

The story begins with a description of the reserve in which a wolf pair lives. Their names were Akbara and Tashchinar. In the summer, the she-wolf gave birth to little wolf cubs. Winter has come, the first snow has fallen, and the young family goes hunting. The wolves were unpleasantly surprised when they found a huge number of people in the reserve. As it turned out, the latter needed to fulfill the plan for the delivery of meat, and they decided to use the resources of the reserve.

How could the wolves know this? As they surrounded the saigas they were hunting, helicopters suddenly appeared. Saigas were also the prey of people. A frightened herd was rushing, helicopters circled, people rushing in "UAZs" were shooting, a family of wolves was running ... So Chingiz Aitmatov's novel "Plakha" began.

The end of the hunt, or New characters

The chase is over. During it, little wolf cubs were killed, trampled by a distraught herd of saigas, and one was shot by a man. Only mother and father remained, Akbara and Tashchinar. Tired and wounded, they finally made it to their lair, but people there too ruled like at home. They put meat carcasses in cars, discussed hunting and had fun.

In the all-terrain vehicle on which the hunters arrived, there was a tied man named Avdiy Kalistratov. He was an employee of the Komsomol newspaper. The readers liked his articles very much; they had a rather peculiar manner of presenting thoughts. The young man's mother died when he was still young.

The father continued to raise the boy. But after Obadiah entered the school, he died too. The novel "Plakha", a brief summary of which began with a description of a pack of wolves, forces attention to the fate of this young newspaperman and some fragments of his life.

Newspaper employee, or Where the drugs come from

After the death of his father, Avdiy was kicked out of the state apartment, and he actually remained on the street. Then he decides to go on his first business trip to Central Asia. The management (publishing house of the newspaper) instructed him to trace the origin of the path of drugs, which were rapidly spreading among young people.

During this assignment, Obadiah meets some of the young people who deliver the marijuana. One of them was named Petya. He was about twenty years old, and the second, named Lenya, was generally sixteen. The guys were on the same train with Avdiy. On the way, the newspaperman learns many details of this kind of business and gradually begins to comprehend the problems that lead to the emergence of this terrible vice - drug addiction.

The novel "Plakha" by Chingiz Aitmatov (a brief summary has already begun to touch on this topic) devotes to a number of such problems, which many writers try to keep silent about. During the further narration, the reader himself will understand what is at stake.

Further acquaintance with the character

After four days of travel, the fellow travelers finally reached their destination. On the way, Obadiah learns that the operation is led by someone nicknamed Himself. Of course, the newspaper man did not see him, but he heard a lot about him. From which he concluded that the mysterious stranger is not just distrustful, but also very cruel.

Avdiy and his new acquaintances, Petya and Lenya, went to the village, where they were going to get hold of hemp. But before that, the newspaperman met a brown-eyed girl. She made the most pleasant impressions on the young man. Will they meet again? Not yet known.

The novel will not dwell on such subtleties) describes in great detail the process of collecting the aforementioned drug. One has only to say that young "businessmen", having filled bags full of grass, set off on the return journey.

Acquaintance with a mysterious person

The way back was much more dangerous: bags full of grass had to be carried without being caught by the police. But the travelers successfully reached Moscow, and there they met a long-awaited stranger whom everyone called himself. In fact, his name is Grishan.

After talking a little with the newspaperman, he immediately realized that he had not gone to get the goods for the sake of profit. And in order to single-handedly fix what thousands are struggling with. They had completely opposite outlooks on life. Grishan wanted Obadiah to leave and not fool his suppliers with unnecessary talks about God and the salvation of the soul. But the newspaperman was obstinate. What does Aitmatov talk about next? "Plaha", the summary of which clearly adheres to the events described, continues to reveal the image of a newspaper employee.

Lost nerves, or Obstinacy of Obadiah

In the evening, Grishan decided to provoke the newspaperman and allowed his guys, who supplied him with the drug, to smoke weed. All with delight dragged on and in turn offered Obadiah. The latter understood perfectly well that Grishan did this on purpose to annoy him, but in the end he could not restrain himself, snatched the cigarette from the smoker's hands and threw it away. And then he began to empty out of all the bags contents dangerous to health.

How did Chingiz Aitmatov describe the reaction of smokers? "Plaha" is a novel, where the emotions of not only the protagonist, but also those whom he is trying to set on the right path are conveyed quite clearly. The young man faced all the cruelty that drug addicts were capable of. He was beaten mercilessly, sparing no effort. And Grishan watched this scene, not hiding pleasure. Finally, the bloody Obadiah was thrown off the train. He woke up from streams of rainwater.

He had to spend the night under the bridge, and in the morning he saw that his documents had turned into a wet lump, there was practically no money, and in his appearance he resembled an inhabitant of garbage dumps. But it was necessary to get home somehow. Further, the novel "Plakha" by Aitmatov continues to describe the adventures of an unlucky newspaper worker.

The way home, or the disease of a young newspaperman

A passing car drove the young man to the station, and there he was almost immediately seen at a police post. They wanted to arrest him, but they took him for a madman and released him, advising him to get out of here as soon as possible. But the newspaperman becomes ill, and he ends up in the hospital, where he again meets with a brown-eyed girl. Her name is Inga.

Aitmatov's novel "Plakha" will still return to this heroine. In the meantime, back to our poor fellow. Obadiah recovered and returned home. Arriving at the editorial office of the newspaper, he brings the material obtained with such difficulty. But there he is informed that this is no longer interesting to anyone. Moreover, he noticed some strange attitude towards himself from colleagues. Many turned away, and no one looked into the eyes.

"Plakha" (Chingiz Aitmatov). Summary of the chapters where the life of a newspaperman ends

Inga, it turns out, had a little son with whom she wanted to introduce Obadiah. Autumn came, and the young man decided to visit her. But I didn't. Instead, he found a letter where she says that she is forced to hide from her ex-husband with her child. At the station, the newspaper man meets Kandalov and goes with him to the reserve already familiar to the reader.

So, interestingly and mysteriously, the events unfold in the novel "Scum". Chingiz Aitmatov (a summary of his work finally united all the events) again proceeds to describe the wolf pack. Her fate is no less tragic than the life of the young Obadiah. The newspaperman wanted to stop the distraught hunters, but they tied him up and threw him into the car, and after the hunt they crucified him on a dry tree.

There young wolves Tashchinar and Akbar found him. They wandered in search of their little cubs. In the morning the hunters decided to return for Obadiy, but he had already died. The wolves left the reserve forever and settled in the reeds. The cubs were born again. But when they began to pave the road, the reeds were burned, and the kids died. And again the wolves went to look for another place. This is how Chingiz Aitmatov's novel "Plakha" describes the life of poor animals.

The fate of the little wolf cubs

Once Bazarbai was walking home and heard incomprehensible sounds in the pit, as if a child was crying. He came closer and found the little wolf cubs there, put them in a bag and took them with him. But Tashchinar and Akbara went after him. On the way, Bazarbai had the house of a Boston collective farmer, in which he hid from the animals pursuing him.

After waiting a little, he went on, and the wolves remained near the Boston house, where they continued to howl every night, trying to find their cubs. The novel "Slasher", the summary of which is coming to an end, very sadly describes the recent events associated with a pair of wolves.

What are the wolves to blame?

Boston felt sorry for the wolves and even went to Bazarbai to buy their little cubs from him. But he refused. Soon the animals began to attack the residents, and Boston realized that he would have to shoot them. But only the wolf was killed. And the she-wolf hid. She waited a long time and, finally, took revenge on the collective farmer by stealing his child.

Boston did not dare to shoot Akbar for a long time, fearing to injure his son. And when he got there, it was too late: the boy was dead. Then he went and shot Bazarbai, who sold the cubs and received excellent money for them. And then the collective farmer in Boston surrendered to the police. This is how Chingiz Aitmatov ends his novel. "Plakha", the summary of which cannot convey the entire tragedy of the work, will not leave indifferent any reader. The problems that the author raises in his book, and the parallels drawn between a pack of wolves and human society, are relevant today. Try to take the time to read the entire novel, it's worth it.

Analysis of the work of the block. Scientific work: Moral and religious aspect of Chingiz Aitmatov's novel "Plakha"

Option 2

Plakha - analysis of the novel

Several interesting compositions

The beginning of the work, or the Wolf family

The end of the hunt, or New characters

Newspaper employee, or Where the drugs come from

Further acquaintance with the character

Acquaintance with a mysterious person

Lost nerves, or Obstinacy of Obadiah

The way home, or the disease of a young newspaperman

"Plakha" (Chingiz Aitmatov). Summary of the chapters where the life of a newspaperman ends

The fate of the little wolf cubs

What are the wolves to blame?

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