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Land Resources China has a wide variety of land types, with many mountainous areas but few plains. arable land are concentrated in the plains and basins located in the eastern part of China, the steppes are located mainly in the inland highlands, mountainous regions in the west and north of the country, and forests are concentrated in the remote northeast and southwest edges.
Arable land In China, the area of arable land is 130.04 million hectares, the area of virgin land suitable for agriculture is 35.35 million hectares. Arable land is mainly concentrated on: the Northeast China Plain (fertile black earth prevails, mainly wheat, corn, kaoliang, soybeans, bast crops and beets are grown); The plain of Northern China (burozems dominate, wheat, corn, millet, kaoliang, cotton, peanuts are grown); Plain in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze (rice, citrus fruits, rape seeds are grown); the Pearl River Delta and the Sichuan Basin (violet soils predominate, on which flooded rice, rape seeds, sugar cane, tea, citrus fruits, including grapefruits, are grown).
Forest land The area under forest in the entire country amounted to 175 million hectares, that is, 18.21% of the area is covered by forest. The total volume of living trees amounted to 13.62 billion cubic meters. m. Forest reserves are estimated at 12.46 billion cubic meters. m. In China, a variety of species of tree-like plants is widely represented, including 2800 species of trees proper. Currently, the area of artificial forests is 33.79 million hectares, or 31.86% of the total forest area of the country. According to statistics, in 2005, 6370 thousand hectares of territory were afforested in the country, including 5430 thousand hectares in the six largest areas of forest plantations, which accounted for 85.2% of the entire territory afforested in that year. The largest forest areas are located in the regions of the Greater and Lesser Khingan, in the Changbaishan Mountains of the Northeast, their area and timber reserves occupy more than one third of the forest area and timber reserves of the whole country, their logging is half the scale of the entire country. There grow cedar, larch, birch, oak, Manchurian ash, poplar. The second largest forest area is occupied by Southwest China, its timber reserves account for one third of the timber reserves of the entire country. Spruce, fir, Yunnan pine predominate here. Valuable species include grapefruit trees, santalinus pterocarpus, camphor tree, nanmu phebe, mahogany, and others. - Guizhou Highlands.
Grassland China has more than 400 million hectares of diverse natural pastures, including 313.33 million hectares of cultivated pastures, making China one of the world's leading pastures. China's natural pastures are mainly located in the vast areas to the west and north of the Greater Khingan-Yinshan-Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau line, artificial pastures are mainly scattered in the southeast of China.
China's Four Large Pastoral Regions Inner Mongolia is China's largest pastoral region and is famous for its elite livestock breeds such as the Sanhe horse and the Sanhe bull. Xinjiang is famous for fine-fleeced sheep, Altai fat-tailed sheep, Ili horse, etc. Qinghai is the main area for yak cultivation, it is also famous for the world-famous Hequ horse. Tibet is the main yak growing area.
Non-Metal Minerals China is one of the few countries in the world that has a fairly complete range of non-metallic minerals. Now in China there are more than 5,000 deposits of minerals of this category, the rich resources of which have already been proven. In particular, one of the leading places in the world is occupied by reserves of magnesite, graphite, fluorite, talc, asbestos, gypsum, barite, silica, alunite, bentonite, rock salt; after them come deposits of phosphorus, kaolin, iron sulfide, mirabilite, diatomite, zeolite, perlite and cement marl; marble and granite are distinguished by excellent quality and rich stocks. Not enough, however, deposits of potassium salt and boron.
Metallic Minerals China is one of the countries in the world with rich resources of metallic minerals. It ranks in terms of reserves in the world: 1st place 2nd place 4th place 5th place of tungsten, tin, antimony, tantalum, titanium, rare earth metals; ores of vanadium, molybdenum, niobium, beryllium and lithium zinc iron, lead, gold, silver
Iron ore is found mainly in the Anshan-Benxi city belt, in the northern part of Hebei Province and in Shanxi Province; Aluminum ores occur in the provinces of Shanxi, Henan, Guizhou and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region; Deposits of tungsten ores are located in the provinces of Jiangxi, Hunan and Guangdong; Tin deposits - in the provinces of Yunnan, Guangdong, Hunan and the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region.
Energy Minerals China has comparatively rich underground energy resources, but their structure is far from ideal: coal deposits predominate, while oil and natural gas reserves are relatively scarce. Coal deposits are rich in reserves and a variety of fuels, the coal mined is mostly brown, and only a small part of the coal can be mined open way. Oil and natural gas deposits put China in the list of ten countries in the world, in each of which industrial oil reserves exceed 15 billion tons; however, geologically explored deposits on land account for only 1/5 of all resources, reserves near the coastal strip of the sea are poorly explored; oil fields are concentrated, the reserves of 14 basins with an area of over 100 thousand square kilometers. each account for 73% of the country's total, and natural gas deposits in the central and western regions exceed half of the country's reserves.
Water and vaporous minerals Natural resources have been explored in China The groundwater at 870 billion m3/year, industrial reserves are 290 billion m3/year, brackish natural groundwater is estimated at 20 billion m3/year. However, their geographical distribution is uneven: the reserves in the south are rich, while those in the northwest are poor. different types aquifers are located in different bands: pore waters are mainly concentrated in the north, and karst - in the southwest.
Marine Resources China is rich in marine resources. Oil and gas deposits are about 700 thousand square meters. km, oil reserves - 24 billion tons, natural gas - 14 trillion. cube m. The sea areas of China have 2.8 million square meters. km of fisheries; On 2.6 million hectares of shallow sea water within 20 m, seafood can be grown, the area of \u200b\u200bbreeding seafood is currently 710 thousand hectares. China has already acquired about 75 thousand square meters of seabed in the international regions. km of mining areas of metal nodules, the reserves of which amount to over 500 million tons of nodules of many types of ores In the coastal region of China, there are currently more than 50 salt mines, their total area is 337 thousand square meters. km. In the extraction of salt over 70% - sea salt. Tidal energy reserves are estimated at 110 million kW, and industrial reserves are about 21 million kW, which allows to generate 58 billion kWh of electricity annually.
Water resources In China, there are many rivers and lakes, water resources rich. The origins of most of China's rivers are located in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the height difference is large and this creates favorable conditions for the use of hydropower resources, which amount to 680 million kW and rank first in the world. But water resources in China are uneven, 70% is located in the southwest of the country. The Yangtze hydropower resources account for about 40% of the country's total water resources, and the Yalutsangpo, Huanghe, and Zhujiang river systems are also rich in hydropower resources. According to the statistical communique, in 2005 the volume of water resources was 2.743 trillion. cube m, an increase of 13.7%; water resources on average per capita amounted to 2098 cubic meters. m, an increase of 13.0%. Precipitation for the whole year averaged 628 mm, up 4.6%. By the end of the year, the total capacity of 454 large reservoirs in the country was 222.7 billion cubic meters. m, by 28.3 billion cubic meters. m more. The total water consumption for the entire year was 557.8 billion cubic meters. m, which increased against the previous year by 0.5%. Of which household consumption? by 6.9%, in industry? by 3.7%, in agriculture? 3.8% less. Water consumption per GDP per 10,000 yuan was 357 cubic meters. m, which decreased by 8.7%. The average per capita water consumption in the whole country amounted to 427 cubic meters. m, basically remained the level of the previous year. Temporary difficulties with drinking water experienced 21.63 million people, as well as 19.69 million head of cattle.
Fauna In terms of the number of species of wild animals, China occupies one of the first places in the world. It is home to more than 2000 species of terrestrial vertebrates, which is 9.8% of all species existing on Earth. About 1189 species of birds, 500 species of predators, 210 species of amphibians, 320 species of reptiles have been registered, many of which live only in China, for example, big panda called "living fossil". There are also many individuals of resource animals in China, only the number of fur species is more than 70. Bamboo bear (panda), golden monkey, white-lipped deer, takin, white dolphin, Chinese alligator are unique species found only in China.
Flora The flora of China is also exceptionally rich. There are more than 2,800 tree species in the country, among which about a thousand species have a high economic value. Almost all plants of the cold, temperate and tropical zones of the northern hemisphere grow in China. Unique species include glyptostroboid metasequoia, Chinese glyptostrobus, Chinese argyrophylla, cunningamia, false larch, Taiwan flusiana, Fujian cypress, davidia, eocommia, etc.
Mineral resources of China
China has deposits of almost 150 world-famous minerals. Geological surveys have confirmed the reserves of 136 types of minerals, of which more than 20 are considered valuable.
Energy Minerals
. Deposits of energy minerals - coal, oil, natural gas, as well as oil shale and radioactive elements, uranium and thorium - are proven. Coal is the main source of energy in China; coal reserves account for almost 1/3 of the world's deposits. By the end of 1985, coal reserves reached 769.18 billion tons, and its production amounted to 800 million tons per year (2nd place in the world). Coal can be found in many areas, but most of all - in the north (Northeast, North and Northwest China). Shanxi Province, where coal reserves account for 30% of the country's total, is known as the "home of coal." Another important source of energy in China is oil. Since the 50s. more than 300 oil and gas deposits and 1,400 oil and gas bearing structures were discovered; the main oil fields are in Daqing, Dagang, Shengli, Jizhong (Central Hebei), Liaohe, Jiangsu, Zhongyuan (Central Plain) and Karamai. Oil exploration in offshore areas in last years made it possible to discover 6 large deposits gas, the most important of which is the East China Sea basin.Black metals . Proved reserves include metals such as iron, manganese, chromium, vanadium and titanium. All of them, with the exception of titanium, are in sufficient quantity, although high-grade iron and manganese ore are few. Iron reserves are estimated at 49.6 billion tons, of which 2/3 are sedimentary metamorphic ore and igneous ore; half of the stock is located in Anshan, Liaoning Province. Vanadium-titanium magnetite is available in Panzhihua, Sichuan Province. reserves of manganese, for the most part sedimentary and accumulative types are estimated at about 400 million tons and are found mainly in Guangxi, Hunan, Guizhou, Hubei and Sichuan.
Rare and precious metals. Confirmed reserves of copper, aluminum, lead, zinc, nickel, cobalt, tungsten, tin, molybdenum, mercury, antimony, bismuth, gold, silver and 6 metals belonging to the platinum group. In terms of proven reserves of tungsten, antimony, zinc, tin, molybdenum, lead and mercury, China occupies one of the first places in the world. Copper ore is found almost everywhere, but its largest amount lies in the valley of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, in the provinces of Sichuan and Yunnan, the largest copper mine is located in Dexing, Jiangxi Province. Lead and zinc, which are often associated with silver, are found mainly in the Nanling Mountains, western Yunnan, southern Shaanxi, Lanshan and the northern tip of the Qaidam Basin, bauxite deposits - mainly in central Shanxi, Gongxian County, Henan Province, Zibo, Shandong Province, Xiuwen Guizhou Province and Pingguo Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. China has the richest reserves of tungsten ores, more than any other country; they make up more than half of the world's deposits. Tungsten ore reserves, concentrated in the south of Jiangxi, the north of Guangdong and the east of Hunan, account for more than half of the country's total reserves. Tin occurs mainly in Yunnan, Guangdong, Guangxi and Hunan; the largest mine is located in Gejiu (Yunnan) - "the tin capital of the world." Tin mines are part of the famous tin belt around the Pacific Ocean. China ranks first in the world in antimony reserves. Antimony deposits are located mainly in Hunan, Guangxi, Guizhou and Yunnan; the largest mine is the Xikuangshan mine in Xinhua (Hunan). Mercury is concentrated at the Sichuan-Guizhou-Hunan border. 3/4 of all the country's reserves are mercury deposits in the northeastern part of Guizhou, which is therefore called the "mercury province". Gold, mostly mountainous, is found mainly in the Shandong Peninsula, western Hunan, northern Heilongjiang, eastern Jilin, central Inner Mongolia, and northern Xinjiang.
Rare metals, rare earth metals and minerals with dispersed elements. China is proud to have rich reserves 8 rare metals, 10 rare earth metals and 10 minerals with dispersed elements. Its rare earth reserves are much larger than anywhere else in the world, and the impure rare earth reserves at the iron mine in Bayan Obo (Inner Mongolia) are the largest in the world.
Non-metallic ores. The subsoil of China contains 73 non-metallic minerals with proven reserves, including 9 minerals used as auxiliary raw materials in metallurgy, and 23 minerals used as raw materials for the chemical industry. The most important of these are phosphorus, sulfur, magnesium, asbestos, graphite, mica, gypsum and kaolin, as well as gems, jade and ornamental stones.
Relief and minerals
China is one of the most mineral-rich countries in the world. It is mined here: coal, oil, magnesium and iron ores, tungsten, copper, graphite and tin. Within the Sinai Shield, the country's largest deposits of coal (which in its origin dates back to the Jurassic period), oil (mainly of the Mesozoic and Meso-Cenozoic period) are concentrated. Deposits of non-ferrous and rare metals, the largest of which is the tungsten deposit, which ranks first in size in the world, are located within the South China massif, antimony, tin, mercury, molybdenum, manganese, lead, zinc, copper and etc. And in the Tien Shan, Mongolian Altai, Kunlun, Khingan there are deposits of gold and other precious metals.
Agro-climatic resources
One of the main factors affecting the climatic features of China is, first of all, the country's position within three zones: temperate, subtropical and tropical. In addition, the large size of the mainland and inland regions, as well as the coastal position of the eastern and southern regions, has a significant impact.
The average January temperature ranges from -4 and below in the North (and in the North of Greater Khingan to -30) and up to +18 in the South. In summer, the temperature regime is more diverse: the average July temperature in the North is +20, and in the South +28.
The annual precipitation decreases as one moves from the Southeast (2000 mm in the Southeast, mainland China, 2600 mm on Hainan Island) to the Northwest (up to 5 mm or less in the Tarim Plain in places).
According to the temperature regime in China, the southern and northern parts are distinguished. The first - with a temperate and warm climate even in winter, and the second - with cold winters and a sharp temperature contrast between summer and winter. According to the annual amount of precipitation, the eastern, relatively humid, and western arid zones are distinguished.
Land resources
In many ways, the climatic and relief features of the country have led to a wide variety of soils in China. The western part is characterized by desert-steppe complexes. Outside the Tibetan part, chestnut and brown soils of dry steppes predominate, as well as dry-brown deserts, with significant areas of stony or solonchak areas. characteristic feature This part of China is dominated by gray soils, mountain chestnut and mountain meadow soils. In the Tibetan Plateau, the soils of high-altitude deserts are more common.
For the eastern part of China, soils associated with forest associations are typical, and the most common soils in this territory are: soddy-podzolic, brown forest soils in the mountains, and meadow dark-colored soils in the northeast plains. Zheltozems, krasnozems and laterites, mainly in mountain varieties, are common in the south of the country.
In many respects, the peculiarities of the formation of China's soil resources were influenced by the centuries-old cultivation of the country's most ancient agricultural crop, rice, which led to soil changes and the formation of essentially special varieties, such as "marshy rice" in the South and "Eastern carbonate" in Loess plateau.
Water resources
The features of the relief were reflected, first of all, in the distribution of the country's water resources. The most humid are the Southern and Eastern parts, which have a dense and highly branched system. The largest rivers in China, the Yangtze and the Yellow River, flow in these areas. They also include: Amur, Sungari, Yalohe, Xijiang, Tsagno. the rivers of eastern China are for the most part full of water and navigable, and their regime is characterized by uneven seasonal flow—minimum flows in winter and maximum flows in summer. Floods are not uncommon on the plains, caused by rapid spring and summer snowmelt.
The western, arid part of China is poor in rivers. Basically, they are shallow, navigation on them is poorly developed. Most of the rivers in this area do not have a drain into the sea, and their current carries episodic character. The largest rivers in this region are the Tarim, the Black Irtysh, the Ili, and the Edzin-Gol. The largest rivers in the country, carrying their waters to the ocean, are blocked in the Tibetan Plateau.
China is rich not only in rivers, but also in lakes. There are two main types:
tectonic and water erosion. The former are located in the Central Asian part of the country, and the latter in the Yangtze River system. In the western part of China, the largest lakes are: Lop Nor, Kununor, Ebi-Nur. Lakes are especially numerous in the Tibetan Plateau. Most of the flat lakes, as well as rivers, are shallow, many are without drainage and are saline. In the eastern part of China, the largest ones are Dongtinghu, Poyanghu, Taihu, located in the Yangtze River basin; Hongzuohu and Gaoihu - in the Yellow River basin. During high water, many of these lakes become the country's natural reservoirs.
Flora and fauna
The special geographical position of China, due to which it is located in three zones at once: temperate, subtropical and tropical, influenced not only the formation of climatic conditions, relief and soil resources, but, above all, the diversity and richness of the country's flora and fauna. It is no coincidence that the flora and fauna of China has more than 30 thousand species. various plants. It is also characteristic that out of 5 thousand tree and shrub species, about 50 are found only in China. There are also numerous relics of ancient flora. In terms of the diversity of forest species, China ranks first in the world. Here grow such valuable technical breeds like poppy and tallow trees, tung, camellia oleifera and sumac.
The country distinguishes two main parts according to the nature of the vegetation cover: eastern and western. In the eastern part, forest types of vegetation are more common; to the north of the Qinling Range, summer-green broad-leaved forests extend. various types. In the central part of eastern China there are large plains, the forests are almost reduced here, and the lands are plowed up.
In the Northeast, taiga-type forests are widespread. Here you can find pines, birches, daurce larch, spruce, oak, maple, cedar, cedar, hornbeam, walnut and even Amur velvet.
In the south and southeast of China, evergreen subtropical forests stretch, in which you can find cypress, amphora laurel, lacquer and tallow trees, as well as the relic queeninghami tree. Tropical forests in their original form are preserved only on the island of Hainan.
One of the features of the flora of China is the contrast between the forest and desert, mostly saline and completely devoid of vegetation areas of the western part. The number of animal species is not large here, although animal world China is rich and diverse. It has about 1,800 species of land animals only. The most common and numerous are deer, elk, leopards, brown bears, wild boars, monkeys, porcupines, gibbons, armadillos and even Indian elephants. The South-Eastern territory of the country is richest in animal species.
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China is rich in mineral resources - there are 140 kinds of them. The country occupies one of the first places in the world in terms of reserves of many minerals: coal, oil, iron ore, bauxite, tungsten, molybdenum, tin, mercury, lead, zinc. The country has a powerful fuel and energy base. Industrial coal reserves account for 1/3 of the world's reserves.
Topic 8. Natural resources of China
50% of coal is located in the north of China, 1/5 - in the northwestern provinces. China's oil-bearing basins are unevenly distributed. 1/3 gives the Daqing Shenli deposit. Here the oil is sour. In terms of oil reserves, the country ranks third in the world. In the future, oil will be produced on the shelf of the Yellow, South China Seas, on about. Hainan.
Oil shale reserves amount to 7 billion tons. China has significant reserves of sulfur, salts, gypsum, copper, pyrite, magnesite, asbestos, graphite, phosphorite, nickel, chromium, uranium, etc., iron ore - 50 billion tons (III place in the world).
The natural conditions are diverse due to the great length of the country from north to south and from west to east.
The relief is mountainous, 58% of the country's area is located at an altitude of 1000 m above sea level, plains occupy 12%. China is divided into 7 natural regions. The western part is high, occupied by the Tibetan Plateau. Here are the deserts: Tarim, Dzhungar, Gobi, Alashan. The eastern part is occupied by the Great China Plain and the Loess Plateau.
Climate. China is in the 3rd climatic zones: temperate, subtropical, tropical. The eastern part of China is under the influence of the monsoons.
Inland waters - the Yangtze, Huang He, Sujiang, Songhua rivers (their total length is 227 thousand km); the area of lakes is 80 thousand km2, there are glaciers, canals, underground waters; they are distributed unevenly. The country is rich in water resources and occupies one of the first places in the world. The hydropower potential is used so far by 9%.
Soils in the northeast are brown forest, meadow, chernozem; in the northwest - gray-brown, mountain-steppe; in the south - red earth, yellow earth.
The vegetation is varied. Rare trees: Dahurian larch, Korean cedar, Taiwanese pine, metasec-woya, red cypress, tung, lacquer, camphor trees, magnolia, camellia, bamboo, etc. South of the river. Yangtze - subtropical evergreen forests. The vegetation of the western arid regions is poor.
The animal world contains 2 thousand species of fish, 1.1 thousand species of birds, 450 species of wild animals. Rare animals: bamboo bear, red squirrel, Yangjing crocodile, golden monkey, Amur tiger, musk deer, etc. In the south - lemurs, rhinos, tapirs; in the deserts - kulans, goitered gazelles, Przewalski's horse, etc.
Natural resources and conditions of China wikipedia
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China is extremely rich in land resources and minerals. China has vast areas of diverse soil types, arable land, forests and steppes, deserts and shoals. Arable land is concentrated in the east of China, steppes are located mainly in the west and north, and forests are located in the remote northeast and southwest regions.
At present, the area of cultivated land in China is 130.04 million hectares. The main agricultural regions are the Northeast, North China Plains, the plain of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze, the Pearl River Delta and the Sichuan Basin. The North-Eastern Plain with an area of 350 thousand square meters. km is the largest in China; wheat, corn, soybeans, kaoliang, sugar beet and bast crops are cultivated on its fertile black soil. The North China Plain is formed from thick deposits, burozems predominate. Rich crops of wheat, corn, millet, cotton and other crops are harvested here. The plain of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze is low and flat, with many lakes scattered in an intricate interweaving of rivers and streams. It is an ideal place to grow many crops, including tea; freshwater fish species are successfully bred in reservoirs. This region is rightfully famous as "the land of rice and fish".
Natural resources and conditions of China
Violet soils predominate in the Sichuan depression. In a warm and humid climate, agricultural work is carried out here all year round and good harvests jellied rice, rapeseed and sugar cane. The Pearl River Delta has two to three bountiful rice crops a year.
The forest area in China is small - 175 million hectares. The largest forest areas are located in the Greater and Lesser Khingan regions, in the Changbaishan mountains in the northeast, where the main types of tree species are cedar, larch, birch, oak, Manchurian ash, elm and poplar. Southwest China occupies the second place in terms of forest reserves. It is rich in valuable species of wood, including spruce, fir, Yunnan pine, pompelmus, sandalwood, camphor wood, nanmu phebe and mahogany. Xishuangbanna is a unique place in the south of Yunnan province. The impenetrable jungle of tropical broad-leaved plants, numbering more than 5 thousand species, is rightly called the "kingdom of plants."
Natural pastures extend over about 400 million hectares. In the steppe zone for more than 3 thousand km from the northeast to the southwest, many bases have been created for the development of cattle breeding and animal husbandry. The leader in the expanses of natural pastures is Inner Mongolia, it is famous for its elite livestock breeds. Business card animal husbandry is Sanhe bull, Sanhe horse and Mongolian sheep. Xinjiang is an important breeding base for the famous Ili horse and Xinjiang fine fleece sheep.
China occupies one of the first places in the world in terms of the total area of arable land, pastures and forests, but due to the huge population, the per capita indicators of these natural resources are minimized. This primarily applies to the arable wedge, which is only a third of the world average per capita.
China is rich in various minerals. Almost all known elements of the periodic system are represented here. Modern geological exploration has confirmed the presence of industrial reserves of 158 minerals known in the world. In terms of their total reserves, China ranks third in the world. China is among the world leaders in reserves of a number of major minerals - coal, iron, copper, aluminum, antimony, molybdenum, manganese, tin, lead, zinc and mercury. Basic coal reserves are estimated at 334.2 billion tons. The richest coal deposits are located in Xinjiang, Shanxi Province and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Basic reserves of iron ore amount to 21.24 billion tons, the most significant deposits are located in the north, northeast and southwest of the country. China is rich in oil, natural gas, oil shale, phosphorus and sulfur.
The main oil fields have been explored in the northwestern, northeastern and northern regions, as well as on the continental shelf of the eastern seaside. In terms of reserves of rare earth metals, China surpasses all other countries in the world combined.
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| Natural resources China is rich in various minerals. Their list contains almost all known elements of the periodic system. Modern geological surveys have confirmed the presence of commercial reserves of more than 160 items. In terms of total mineral reserves, China ranks third in the world. Coal reserves are estimated at 1.0071 trillion. tons. The main oil fields were found in the northwestern, northeastern and northern regions, as well as on the continental shelf of the eastern seaside. Reserves of energy carriers - natural gas, oil shale, uranium, thorium have also been discovered. Reserves of ferrous metals, such as iron, manganese, vanadium and titanium, have also been explored. According to estimates, iron ore reserves are about 50 billion tons. China is among the world leaders in reserves of a number of non-ferrous metals - tungsten, tin, antimony, zinc, molybdenum, lead and mercury. As for rare earth metals, their reserves make up 80% of the world's reserves, antimony reserves - 40%, China surpasses all other countries in the world in titanium reserves, and China's tungsten reserves are 5 times more than the total reserves of all other countries of the world combined. Flora and fauna |
Natural Resources of China: Overview, Evaluation, Use and Interesting Facts
About 1189 species of birds, 500 species of predators, 210 species of amphibians, 320 species of reptiles have been recorded, many of which live only in China, for example, the giant panda, called a "living fossil". In China, there are also many commercial species of animals, only the number of fur species is more than 70, or more than 17 percent of all fur species in the whole country.
The flora of China is exceptionally rich. There are more than 30,000 species of trees in the country, including 2,800 species of trees, among which about a thousand species have a high economic value. Almost all plants of the cold, temperate and tropical zones of the northern hemisphere grow in China. Unique species found only in China include glyptostroboid metasequoia, Chinese glyptostrobus, Chinese argyrophylla, cunningamia, false larch, Taiwan flusiana, Fujian cypress, davidia, eocommia, etc.
Land resourcesChina's land resources have three main features: first, a wide variety of land types are represented; secondly, mountainous regions and highlands prevail over the plains in terms of total area; thirdly, arable land is concentrated in the eastern part of China, steppes are located mainly in the west and north of the country, and forests are concentrated in the remote northeastern and southwestern regions. Cropland in China is 130 million hectares, mainly wheat, rice, corn, kaoliang, soybeans, millet, bast crops, beets, cotton, peanuts, citrus fruits, rape seeds, sugarcane, tea, etc. are grown.
ForestsForests in China occupy 158.94 million hectares, forests account for 16.55%. The country has a variety of tree species, including 2,800 tree species. Unique species found only in China include ginkgo, metasequoia, etc. Currently, the area of artificial forests is 33.79 million hectares, or 31.86% of the total forest area of the country. The largest forest areas are located in the regions of the Greater and Lesser Khingan, in the Changbaishan Mountains of the Northeast, their area and timber reserves account for more than one third of the forest area and timber reserves of the entire country. The second largest forest area is occupied by Southwest China, its timber reserves account for one third of the timber reserves of the entire country. Southeast China is the most important artificial forest region in China. Forest protection system. To fight against winds, sands and erosion, many windbreaks have been created in China. The largest environmental improvement project in the world is considered to be a program to create a forest protection system that runs from the Northeast to the Northwest through the deserted deserts of Northern China. At the same time, two other similar programs are being intensively carried out - the program for creating a forest protection system in the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River and the program for creating a system of protective forests in the seaside. In addition, greening programs are also being carried out in the Taihang Mountains and the lowlands.
pasturesGrassland: China has more than 400 million hectares of diverse natural grasslands, or one quarter of the country's total area. China's Four Large Pastoral Regions: Inner Mongolia is China's largest pastoral region and is famous for its elite livestock breeds such as the Sanhe horse and the Sanhe bull. Xinjiang is famous for fine-fleeced sheep, Altai fat-tailed sheep, Ili horse, etc. Qinghai is the main yak-growing area, and it is also famous for the world-famous Heqiu horse. Tibet is the main yak growing region.
Mineral resources of China
China has deposits of almost 150 world-famous minerals. Geological surveys have confirmed the reserves of 136 types of minerals, of which more than 20 are considered valuable.
Energy minerals. Deposits of energy minerals - coal, oil, natural gas, as well as oil shale and radioactive elements, uranium and thorium - are proven. Coal is the main source of energy in China; coal reserves account for almost 1/3 of the world's deposits. By the end of 1985, coal reserves reached 769.18 billion tons, and its production amounted to 800 million tons per year (2nd place in the world). Coal can be found in many areas, but most of all - in the north (Northeast, North and Northwest China). Shanxi Province, where coal reserves account for 30% of the country's total, is known as the "home of coal." Another important source of energy in China is oil. Since the 50s. more than 300 oil and gas deposits and 1,400 oil and gas bearing structures were discovered; the main oil fields are in Daqing, Dagang, Shengli, Jizhong (Central Hebei), Liaohe, Jiangsu, Zhongyuan (Central Plain) and Karamai. Oil exploration in offshore areas in recent years has made it possible to discover 6 large gas fields, the most important of which is the East China Sea basin.
Black metals. Proved reserves include metals such as iron, manganese, chromium, vanadium and titanium. All of them, with the exception of titanium, are in sufficient quantity, although high-grade iron and manganese ore are few. Iron reserves are estimated at 49.6 billion tons, of which 2/3 are sedimentary metamorphic ore and igneous ore; half of the stock is located in Anshan, Liaoning Province. Vanadium-titanium magnetite is available in Panzhihua, Sichuan Province. Reserves of manganese, mostly of sedimentary and accumulative types, are estimated at about 400 million tons and are found mainly in Guangxi, Hunan, Guizhou, Hubei and Sichuan.
Rare and precious metals. Confirmed reserves of copper, aluminum, lead, zinc, nickel, cobalt, tungsten, tin, molybdenum, mercury, antimony, bismuth, gold, silver and 6 metals belonging to the platinum group. In terms of proven reserves of tungsten, antimony, zinc, tin, molybdenum, lead and mercury, China occupies one of the first places in the world. Copper ore is found almost everywhere, but its largest amount lies in the valley of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, in the provinces of Sichuan and Yunnan, the largest copper mine is located in Dexing, Jiangxi Province. Lead and zinc, which are often associated with silver, are found mainly in the Nanling Mountains, western Yunnan, southern Shaanxi, Lanshan and the northern tip of the Qaidam Basin, bauxite deposits - mainly in central Shanxi, Gongxian County, Henan Province, Zibo, Shandong Province, Xiuwen Guizhou Province and Pingguo Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. China has the richest reserves of tungsten ores, more than any other country; they make up more than half of the world's deposits. Tungsten ore reserves, concentrated in the south of Jiangxi, the north of Guangdong and the east of Hunan, account for more than half of the country's total reserves.
Geography of the People's Republic of China
Tin occurs mainly in Yunnan, Guangdong, Guangxi and Hunan; the largest mine is located in Gejiu (Yunnan) - "the tin capital of the world." Tin mines are part of the famous tin belt around the Pacific Ocean. China ranks first in the world in antimony reserves. Antimony deposits are located mainly in Hunan, Guangxi, Guizhou and Yunnan; the largest mine is the Xikuangshan mine in Xinhua (Hunan). Mercury is concentrated at the Sichuan-Guizhou-Hunan border. 3/4 of all the country's reserves are mercury deposits in the northeastern part of Guizhou, which is therefore called the "mercury province". Gold, mostly mountainous, is found mainly in the Shandong Peninsula, western Hunan, northern Heilongjiang, eastern Jilin, central Inner Mongolia, and northern Xinjiang.
Rare metals, rare earth metals and minerals with dispersed elements. China is proud to have rich reserves of 8 rare metals, 10 rare earth metals and 10 minerals with dispersed elements. Its rare earth reserves are much larger than anywhere else in the world, and the impure rare earth reserves at the iron mine in Bayan Obo (Inner Mongolia) are the largest in the world.
Natural resourcescultivated land
Water resources
Vegetation
Animal world
Mineral resources
Administrative division
Capital
Geography question spinner
China has a vast territory and rich natural resources. China is rich in various minerals.
In terms of hydropower reserves, the country ranks first in the world. In terms of the number of species of wild animals, China occupies one of the first places in the world. The flora of China is exceptionally rich, it has all the plants of the cold, temperate and tropical zones of the northern hemisphere.
Land resources
In China, there are a variety of land types, there are many mountainous areas, but few plains. Arable land is concentrated in the plains and basins located in the eastern part of China, the steppes are located mainly in the inland highlands, mountainous regions? in the west and north of the country, and forests are concentrated in the remote northeast and southwest regions.
cropland
According to the statistics of the National Agricultural Intelligence in 1996, in China the area of arable land is 130.04 million hectares, the area of virgin land suitable for agriculture is 35.35 million hectares. Arable land is mainly concentrated in the Northeast China Plain, North China Plain, the Yangtze Middle and Lower Yangtze Plain, the Pearl River Delta, and the Sichuan Basin. On the Plain of Northeast China, where fertile black earth prevails, wheat, corn, kaoliang, soybeans, bast crops and beets are grown mainly. Wheat, corn, millet, kaoliang, cotton, peanuts, etc. are grown in the North China Plain, dominated by burozems. Rice, citrus fruits, rapeseed, etc. In the hollow, violet soils predominate, on which flooded rice, rape seeds, sugar cane, tea, citrus fruits, including grapefruits, etc. are grown.
In 2005, 139 thousand hectares of arable land were occupied for construction, which is 4.1% less than in the previous year. Natural disasters destroyed 54 thousand hectares of arable land. Ecological absorption of arable lands amounted to 390 thousand hectares, and due to the settlement of the structure of agriculture, arable lands decreased by 12 thousand hectares. 73 thousand hectares of arable land taken for construction in previous years were discovered, which were not reported to the relevant authorities. As a result of land care, restoration of arable land and raising virgin lands, arable land was increased by 307 thousand hectares. That year, the net decrease in arable land was 362,000 ha.
forest land
According to the results of the sixth audit of the country's forest resources (1999-2003), the area under forest in the entire country amounted to 175 million hectares, that is, 18.21% of the area is covered by forest. The total volume of living trees amounted to 13.62 billion cubic meters. m. Forest reserves are estimated at 12.46 billion cubic meters. m. Natural forests are mainly concentrated in the North-East and South-West of the country.
In China, a variety of tree species is widely represented, including 2,800 species of trees proper. Unique species found only in China include ginkgo, metasequoia, etc. At present, the area of artificial forests is 33.79 million hectares, or 31.86% of the total forest area of the country.
According to statistics, in 2005, 6370 thousand hectares of territory were afforested in the country, including 5430 thousand hectares in the six largest areas of forest plantations, which accounted for 85.2% of the entire territory afforested in that year. 166 exemplary ecological regions of the state category were approved, the number of protected areas amounted to 2349, of which 243 are state category. The area of protected areas amounted to 149,950 thousand hectares, 15% of the entire territory of China. There are 138 state geological parks in the country, 53 of which have been recently approved. The area of newly approved areas for comprehensive measures to combat water and soil erosion amounted to 44 thousand square kilometers, the area of newly declared closed protected areas in areas of water and soil erosion amounted to 63 thousand square kilometers. km.
The largest forest areas are located in the regions of the Greater and Lesser Khingan, in the Changbaishan Mountains of the Northeast, their area and timber reserves occupy more than one third of the forest area and timber reserves of the whole country, their logging is half the scale of the entire country.
The second largest forest area is occupied by Southwest China, its timber reserves account for one third of the timber reserves of the entire country.
Southeast China is China's most important man-made forest region, and includes the vast hills south of the Qinlin Line. Huihe and east of Yunnan-Guizhou Highlands.
Forest protection system.
To fight against winds, sands and erosion, many windbreaks have been created in China. The largest environmental improvement project in the world is considered to be a program to create a forest protection system running from the Northeast to the Northwest through the deserted deserts of Northern China. Are there two other similar programs running at the same time? a program to establish a forest protection system in the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River; and a program to establish a system of protective forests in the seaside. In addition, greening programs are also being carried out in the Taihang Mountains and the lowlands. Is the program currently running?Green Chinese Wall?, the length of which is more than 7000 km, the area? about 260 million hectares, or one quarter of China's territory.
In 2000-2005, measures for the protection of existing forest resources were strengthened, and the ability to protect the ecological balance increased. The damage caused by forest fires was kept within one ppm, the level of measures to combat forest pests increased from 60% to 75%, and the disaster damage ratio decreased to below 0.5%.
In 2005, the gross value of the timber industry exceeded 700 billion yuan. The trend of strengthening the logging industries, industries producing wood-based panels, rosin, furniture, technical tree species continued. Bamboo-based processing, floriculture, tourism in forest areas, the production of food products and medicinal herbs of forest origin, as well as the breeding of valuable species and breeds of plants and animals, plant-based energy sources, biomaterials, etc., are growing rapidly. There has been an optimization in the location of forest industries. , their regional architectonics gradually took shape.
pastures
With over 400 million hectares of diverse natural pastures in China, with 313.33 million hectares of cultivated pastures, China is one of the world's leading pastures. The natural grasslands of China are mainly located in the vast areas to the west and north of the Greater Khingan line? Yinshan? Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, artificial pastures mostly scattered in Southeast China.
Four large pastoral regions of China
Inner Mongolia? China's largest cattle breeding region, it is famous for its elite breeds of cattle, such as the Sanhe horse and the Sanhe bull.
Xinjiang is famous for fine-fleeced sheep, Altai large-tailed sheep, Ili horse, etc.
Qinghai? the main yak growing area, it is also famous for the world-famous Hequ horse.
Tibet? main yak growing area.
Water resources
In China, there are many rivers and lakes, water resources are rich. The origins of most of China's rivers are located in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the height difference is large and this creates favorable conditions for the use of hydropower resources, which amount to 680 million kW and rank first in the world. But water resources in China are uneven, 70% is located in the southwest of the country. The Yangtze hydropower resources account for about 40% of the country's total water resources, and the Yalutsangpo, Huanghe, and Zhujiang river systems are also rich in hydropower resources.
According to the statistical communique, in 2005 the volume of water resources was 2.743 trillion. cube m, an increase of 13.7%; water resources on average per capita amounted to 2098 cubic meters. m, an increase of 13.0%. Precipitation for the whole year averaged 628 mm, up 4.6%. By the end of the year, the total capacity of 454 large reservoirs in the country was 222.7 billion cubic meters. m, by 28.3 billion cubic meters. m more. The total water consumption for the entire year was 557.8 billion cubic meters. m, which increased against the previous year by 0.5%. Of which household consumption? by 6.9%, in industry? by 3.7%, in agriculture? 3.8% less. Water consumption per GDP per 10,000 yuan was 357 cubic meters. m, which decreased by 8.7%. The average per capita water consumption in the whole country amounted to 427 cubic meters. m, basically remained the level of the previous year. Temporary difficulties with drinking water were experienced by 21.63 million people, as well as 19.69 million heads of cattle.
Hydropower Resources of China's Main Water Systems
Fauna and flora
In terms of the number of species of wild animals, China occupies one of the first places in the world. It is home to more than 2000 species of terrestrial vertebrates, which is 9.8% of all species existing on Earth. About 1189 species of birds, 500 species of predators, 210 species of amphibians, 320 species of reptiles have been recorded, many of which live only in China, for example, the giant panda, called "living fossil". In China, there are also many individuals of resource animals, only the number of fur species is more than 70.
The flora of China is also exceptionally rich. There are more than 30,000 tree species in the country, including 2,800 tree species, among which about a thousand species have high economic value. Almost all plants of the cold, temperate and tropical zones of the northern hemisphere grow in China. Unique species include glyptostroboid metasequoia, Chinese glyptostrobus, Chinese argyrophylla, cunningamia, false larch, Taiwan flusiana, Fujian cypress, davidia, eocommia, etc.
Minerals
China is rich in mineral resources. To date, 171 types of minerals have been discovered, reserves have been confirmed for 158 types of them, including 10 types of energy minerals (oil, natural gas, coal, uranium), 54 types of metal minerals (iron, manganese, copper, aluminum, lead, zinc, etc.), 91 types of non-metallic ores (graphite, phosphorus, sulfur, potassium salt), 3 types of water and vaporous minerals (groundwater, mineral waters, etc.). Today in China, mineral resources provide more than 92% of primary energy sources, 80% of industrial raw materials and over 70% of agricultural inputs.
Energy Minerals
China has relatively rich underground energy resources, but their structure is not ideal: coal deposits dominate, while oil and natural gas reserves are relatively small. Coal deposits are distinguished by the richness of reserves and the variety of fuels, but among them there are lean grades of coal, and there are few reserves of excellent coking or anthracite coal; coal is found in most parts of the country, but they differ greatly from each other in terms of the amount of reserves? the western and northern regions are richer than the eastern and southern ones; the coal mined is mostly brown, and only a small part of the coal can be mined in an open way; coal seams are often accompanied by syngenetic ores or satellites. Oil and natural gas deposits put China in the list of ten countries in the world, each of which has industrial oil reserves exceeding 15 billion tons; however, the reserves are poorly confirmed, geologically explored deposits on land account for only 1/5 of all resources, reserves near the coastal strip of the sea are even worse explored; oil fields are concentrated, the reserves of 14 basins with an area of over 100 thousand square kilometers. each account for 73% of the country's total, and natural gas deposits in the central and western regions exceed half of the country's reserves.
metal minerals
China is one of the countries in the world with rich metal mineral resources. It presents almost all minerals of this category discovered in the world. In particular, China ranks first in the world in proven reserves of metals such as tungsten, tin, antimony, tantalum, titanium and rare earth metals; the country occupies the second place in terms of the quantities of ores of vanadium, molybdenum, niobium, beryllium and lithium; fourth place in the world is given to China for the amount of zinc reserves, and the fifth? for iron, lead, gold, silver, etc. Deposits of metallic minerals are widely distributed throughout the country, but are relatively concentrated in certain areas. So, iron ores are found mainly in the Anshan city strip? Benxi, in northern Hebei and Shanxi; aluminum ores occur in the provinces of Shanxi, Henan, Guizhou and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region; deposits of tungsten ores are located in the provinces of Jiangxi, Hunan and Guangdong; and tin deposits? in the provinces of Yunnan, Guangdong, Hunan and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. Some metal minerals, such as tungsten, tin, molybdenum, antimony and rare earth metals, are rich in reserves and high quality, and therefore have strong competitiveness in the world market. Other types of ores are poor and of low quality, it is difficult to enrich them, these include iron, manganese, aluminum and copper ores. It should also be noted that the mineral deposits are mostly medium and small in area, there are few large and especially super-large ones.
Non-metallic minerals
China is one of the few countries in the world that has a fairly complete range of non-metallic minerals. Now in China there are more than 5,000 deposits of minerals of this category, the rich resources of which have already been proven. In particular, one of the leading places in the world is occupied by reserves of magnesite, graphite, fluorite, talc, asbestos, gypsum, barite, silica, alunite, bentonite, rock salt; after them come deposits of phosphorus, kaolin, iron sulfide, mirabilite, diatomite, zeolite, perlite and cement marl; marble and granite are distinguished by excellent quality and rich stocks. Not enough, however, deposits of potassium salt and boron.
Water and vapor minerals
China has explored natural groundwater at 870 billion m3/year, industrial reserves are 290 billion m3/year, brackish natural groundwater is estimated at 20 billion m3/year. However, their geographical distribution is uneven: the reserves in the south are rich, while those in the northwest are poor. Different types of aquifers are located in different bands: pore waters are mainly concentrated in the north, and karst? in the South-West.
As a result of a survey of the resources of the state territory and geological exploration, 169 new large and medium-sized mineral deposits were discovered, of which energy ores? 40, metal? 58, non-metal? 64, water and gas fields? 7. Are there reserves of new deposits for 72 types of minerals, of which oil? 943 million tons, natural gas? 526.3 billion cubic meters m, coal? 69.8 billion tons
Marine resources
China is rich in marine resources. Oil and gas deposits are about 700 thousand square meters. km, according to assumptions, oil reserves are estimated at 24 billion tons, natural gas? 14 trillion. cube m. The sea areas of China have 2.8 million square meters. km of fisheries; Seafood can be grown on 2.6 million hectares of shallow sea water within 20 m, the area of seafood farming is currently 710 thousand hectares. Seafood can be grown on 2.42 million hectares of shoals; the area of seafood cultivation is currently 550,000 hectares. China has already acquired about 75 thousand square meters of seabed in the international regions. km of mining areas of metal nodules, the reserves of which are over 500 million tons of nodules of many types of ores.
Salt fields
There are currently more than 50 salt mines in the coastal region of China, their total area is 337 thousand square meters. km. In the extraction of salt over 70%? sea salt.
Use of marine energy
Tidal energy reserves are estimated at 110 million kW, and industrial reserves are about 21 million kW, which allows to generate 58 billion kWh of electricity annually. In the provinces of Zhejiang and Fujian, there are large differences in tides, their reserves of tidal energy occupy 80% of the reserves of this type of energy of the entire sea coast of China. In particular, Zhejiang Province has 10 million kW of tidal energy reserves, and the drop at the mouth of the Qiantang River reaches 8.9 m. Therefore, this mouth is an ideal place for building a tidal power plant.
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Square: 9.6 million km2
Population: 1.3 billion people
Capital: Beijing
Natural conditions and resources.China is one of the largest countries in the world in terms of land area and the largest country in terms of population.- occupies vast expanses of Central and East Asia and goes to the Pacific coast.
Relief of China - it's a combination of high mountain systems, deep intermountain depressions and vast plains.
The most extensive highlands of the world (2 million km 2) - Tibet - is at a level of more than 4.5 thousand meters, and the tops of its ridges reach 6 thousand meters (Fig. 115). In the Karakoram, bordering the highlands from the north, there is the second peak of the planet - the city of Chogori (8611 m). Heights of Kunlun - the longest (2700 km) mountain range Asia, reach 6.3-8.6 thousand m. In the foothills of the Tien Shan is the deepest depression in Central Asia - Turfan (-154 m) (Fig. 116).
Rice. 115 Tibetan Plateau
Rice. 116 Turfan depression
L yossa
From the high and dissected Central Asia, the plains descend in wide steps to the Pacific Ocean. Upper step plains - Red Basin, Loess Plateau - stacked loess, lower - Songlyao and Great China - a powerful layer of fertile alluvium of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers.
The climate and landscapes of China are varied and contrasting. In the north and west - in Central Asia - the climate is temperate sharply continental. In closed "cells" of basins, winters are very cold (up to -35 °C) and summers are very hot (above +24 °C); there is little precipitation (150-300 mm). Deserts, semi-deserts and steppes dominate. The rivers are rare and short, but there are many large relic lakes - drainless and salty. On the arid Tibetan Plateau, the greatest rivers of Asia - the Yangtze and the Yellow River - originate with a very unstable regime and a sharp summer maximum.
To the east, summer temperatures almost do not change, and winter temperatures increase, but they become positive only south of the mouth of the Yangtze. The amount of precipitation is also growing: the windward eastern slopes of the "steps" receive 500-800 mm, and the southeastern coast due to tropical showers and typhoons - up to 2000 mm.
Rice. 118. Huang He
Here, in a subtropical monsoon climate, forests dominate; in the north - mixed coniferous-broad-leaved Korean cedar, fir, oak, ash, linden, cork. Further south, laurel, magnolia, ginkgo, mulberry trees appear and the forests become evergreen. In terms of the diversity of forest species, China ranks first in the world.
China is one of the most mineral-rich countries. Coal, oil, magnesium and iron ores, copper, graphite, tin, antimony, mercury, molybdenum, manganese, lead, zinc, gold, etc. are mined here.
Population. China is the most populated country in the world with 1.3 billion people, or 20% of the world's inhabitants.
Until the last quarter of the twentieth century. the agrarian nature of the economy, the traditional large families contributed to a very high birth rate (35-40 ‰). But the mortality rate was high (25-30 ‰) and life expectancy was low, so there was no rapid population growth. After World War II, the death rate declined and the population growth rate increased dramatically. The population of the country began to increase rapidly. From the 70s. 20th century the state pursues a demographic policy aimed at reducing the birth rate. Mainly, this is economic incentives for family planning (benefits for families with one child).
As a result of demographic policy by the end of the twentieth century. the birth rate dropped to 13‰. With a mortality rate of 6-7 ‰, this ensured a natural increase in the population of 6 ‰. In China dominated by men(51%), which is typical for countries with a large proportion of young people. About half of the population is of working age. China has the largest labor force in the world. The vast majority of them are employed in agriculture.
The excess labor force in the country contributes to numerous internal and external migrations. The total number of emigrants from China in countries and regions of the world is 50 million people. Cheap labor prevails among them, but there are highly qualified specialists and scientists. The bulk of migrants are concentrated in countries South-East Asia; many Chinese in the US and Russia.
The ethnic structure is dominated by the Chinese (91%). They are concentrated in the eastern part of the country. There are numerous non-Chinese ethnic groups in the rest of the country. Accelerated economic development predetermined the rapid urbanization of China - the share of the urban population is approaching 50%. The most urbanized are the industrialized provinces of Northeast China. The population is extremely unevenly distributed. Its average density is about 140 people/km2, but in the south of the Great China Plain it rises to 400-650, and in Tibet it drops to 1.5 people/km2.
More than 90% of cities are concentrated in the east of the country. About 50% of citizens live in cities with a population of one million, of which there are about fifty in the country.
Economy. The Chinese economy closely intertwines the features of a modern industrial economy and a traditional, often primitive, agrarian economy.
The space and nuclear industries, electronics and petrochemistry are developing, modern roads and ports, telephonization and computerization are growing. However, it is widely used manual labor and outdated equipment, many communities lack basic communications and social amenities.
One of the main features of the Chinese economy is the territorial unevenness of development. The largest industrial centers, in which the main part of the population is concentrated and most of the products of the manufacturing industries are produced, are concentrated in the east - along the sea coasts. Here are the main seaports through which almost all foreign trade is carried out. To attract foreign capital here were created free economic zones, which are characterized by special, different from the rest of the country conditions of conducting economic activity. The vast hinterland remains predominantly agrarian and lags far behind in terms of socio-economic development. industrial production it is represented mainly by extractive industries.
basis industry is heavy industry. Energy is based on its own, mainly coal resources. In terms of coal production, the country ranks first in the world. Oil production is growing rapidly. China's power industry is the 2nd in the world in terms of electricity generation. More than 80% of it is produced at thermal power plants, the largest of which operate in the industrial northeastern regions. Hydroelectric power plants produce about 20% of electricity (Fig. 119).
Rice. 119. HPP "Three Gorges"
Metallurgy It is represented by a powerful production of ferrous and non-ferrous metals. Significant reserves of coking coal, iron, manganese, tungsten and molybdenum ores predetermined the basing of ferrous metallurgy mainly on its own raw materials . China ranks first in the world in iron ore mining, steel smelting and steel pipe production. However, this is not enough for a dynamically developing economy. Therefore, the country imports a significant part of iron ore, high-quality steel, rolled ferrous metals. On the basis of the extraction of aluminum raw materials, copper, tin ores, mercury, antimony, rare earth elements, gold and silver, production of non-ferrous metals has been established. China ranks first in the world in aluminum production.
A wide variety of products and production sizes are typical for mechanical engineering . One of its main industries is machine tool building. In terms of the production of machine tools, the variety of their types and types, the level of self-sufficiency in products, China is among the world leaders. Railway engineering is confined to the largest metallurgical and railway junctions. In ports at the mouths of the largest rivers, there are maritime shipbuilding centers that produce dry cargo ships, tankers, container ships, refrigerators, etc. The automotive industry specializes in the production of trucks and buses (Fig. 120). E electrical engineering industry produces electrical equipment for all industries, agriculture and household purposes. The main centers are located on the coast.
Rice. 120. Car assembly plant
China is one of the world's largest manufacturers of household appliances - refrigerators, washing machines, radios and televisions (first place in the world), tape recorders, watches, electronic computers, communications equipment, instruments and measuring equipment, etc.
On the table salt, phosphorites supplied by mining chemistry , the production of mineral fertilizers, sulfuric acid, calcium carbide, etc. is based. Petrochemistry is developing rapidly.
China ranks first in the world in the production of chemical fibers. Most of them are used by the world's largest Chinese textile industry. Most enterprises are confined to petrochemical centers (Shanghai, Beijing, Nanjing, etc.).
The most capacious domestic market in the world, huge cheap labor resources and a rich resource base determine the power light industry. In textile, clothing, knitwear industries, mainly natural raw materials (cotton) are used (Fig. 121). The leather and footwear, porcelain and faience industries, the production of carpets, and folk crafts are developed. China is the world leader in food production: tobacco products, tea, vegetable (peanut, soy, rapeseed, cottonseed) oils, beer. Main productions in food industries - rice cleaning and flour milling.
AT agriculture plays a leading role crop production . This is due to the country's position in three climatic zones, which allows growing a wide range of crops. The basis of it is grain farming.
China is the world leader in terms of irrigated land (about 50% of all arable land). At the same time, only 0.1 ha of arable land falls on each inhabitant. deficit land resources mitigated by the fact that the same areas receive several crops a year.
In terms of gross grain harvest, China leads the world. home grain and food crop- rice.
Rice farming is labor intensive but provides high yields. Therefore, it is most effective in conditions of land shortage. Rice is sown wherever irrigation is possible. The main regions are the Yangtze, Huang He and Sichuan basins. They collect two, and in some places - three crops a year.
China is the world leader in the harvest of wheat, spring (in the north) and winter. Its main crops are located in the Huang He valley, and in Tibet they rise to a height of 4000 m. China ranks first in the world in cotton harvesting: cotton accounts for 2/3 of the crops industrial crops- on the Great Chinese Plain, the Loess Plateau. The main oil crop is peanuts. In the south there are plantations of sugar cane and tobacco, in the northeast - beets. South of the Yangtze and on about. Hainan - tea plantations (Fig. 122). Main industry animal husbandry - pig breeding. The number of pigs, in which China leads the world, is concentrated in private farms. China is the world leader in the number of sheep. Bred large cattle, goats, poultry farming, sericulture are developed. Significant fisheries; rice fields are used for fish farming.
Rice. 122 Tea plantations
Transport and foreign economic relations. Leading in cargo turnover water and railway transport. Water represented by sea international and coastal transportation and inland river transport. The role of long-distance cargo transportation railway , in areas remote and inaccessible - automotive transport. The growth of the car park exacerbates the problem of road quality, especially in large cities.
The main part of the trade turnover (2 / 3) falls on the Asia-Pacific region (Japan, Taiwan, the Republic of Korea, Singapore), the USA, the EU and Russia. Among the countries, the main partners are the USA and Japan. Exports greatly exceed imports. Among developing countries, China leads in terms of foreign investment.
In exports, the share of finished products is growing. China is the main supplier to the world market of labor-intensive consumer goods, electronics and electrical appliances for household use. Traditionally, products of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, coal, oil are presented, but due to the increase in demand in the domestic market, their share in exports is decreasing.
Numerous exotic sights of the country ensure the development of foreign tourism.
Bibliography
1. Geography Grade 9 / Tutorial for the 9th grade of institutions of general secondary education with the Russian language of instruction / Edited by N. V. Naumenko/ Minsk "People's Asveta" 2011
