- a natural oily liquid with a specific odor and consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons. This liquid is one of the most valuable minerals, without which it is impossible to imagine a modern fuel and energy complex. Together with oil in the bowels of the earth is usually formed natural gas, which is the cheapest type of fuel.

Russia has large reserves of oil and gas and is one of the world leaders in their production. In terms of oil reserves, Russia ranks 8th in the world. As of 2013, its reserves amounted to 93.03 billion barrels or 12.74 billion tons.

By natural gas reserves the Russian Federation ranks first in the world. Its explored reserves for 2013 are estimated at about 46.7 trillion. cubic meters. This is about 32% of all world reserves.

Russian oil and gas fields

Oil and gas fields are located extremely unevenly. In Russia, the main oil and gas fields are located in Western Siberia, on Far East and in the Russian Arctic.

The total number of oil fields in Russia exceeds 2,000, and the largest are:

• Samotlor;
• Romashkinskoe;
• Priobskoye;
• Lyantorskoye;
• Fedorovskoye.

The largest Russian oil field - Samotlor. here are estimated at 7.1 billion tons. This is the 6th indicator in the world. The average daily production is about 70,000 tons per day. Oil is extracted from a depth of 1.6 - 2.4 km.

The Samotlor oil field is located in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, and got its name from Samotlor Lake. The development of this deposit began in 1965 and 2.63 billion tons were produced during the entire period of operation. Currently, the Russian oil and gas company Rosneft is producing at the Samotlor field.

Romashkinskoye The deposit is the second largest in Russia, its reserves are about 5 billion tons. This field is located in the Republic of Tatarstan and has been in operation since 1948. This is one of the oldest deposits in the Russian Federation, which is still in operation.

The average daily production is 15,200 tons per day. And for all the time more than 3 billion tons have been extracted from this deposit. oil. Production is carried out from a depth of 1600-1800 meters, the development is carried out by the Tatneft oil company.

Priobskoe The field, discovered in 1982, like Romashkinskoye, has oil reserves of about 5 billion tons. It is located in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug and today is the largest in Russia in terms of average daily production. About 110,000 tons of oil are produced here per day. Production is carried out from a depth of 2.3 - 2.6 kilometers, and the development is carried out by the Russian companies Rosneft and "".

Lyantorskoe The field occupies the 4th place in Russia in terms of oil reserves - about 2 billion tons. At the same time, it is an oil and gas condensate field and natural gas reserves here amount to about 250 billion cubic meters. m. The field was discovered in 1965, and operation began in 1978. 26,000 tons of oil are extracted daily from a depth of about 2 km. The work is being carried out by Surgutneftegaz.

Fedorovskoye The deposit, like Lyantorskoye, is located in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug. The field has been in operation since 1971 and 0.571 billion tons of oil have been extracted during the operation. The total reserves are estimated at 1.8 billion tons. The average daily production is 23,000 tons, the field is being developed by Surgutneftegaz.

Interesting Facts:

• Of the 5 largest Russian oil fields, 4 are located in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug. Not surprisingly, this district is the main "donor" of the federal budget.
• Entire cities very often grow out of workers' settlements built near deposits. The Samotlor field gave impetus to the development of Nizhnevartovsk (population 267,000), Romashkinskoye - Leninogorsk (population about 70,000), Lyantorskoye - Lyantor (population 40,000).

The largest gas fields of the Russian Federation, as well as oil fields, are located in Western Siberia. And although Russia has the world's largest reserves of "blue fuel", the largest field is located in the Persian Gulf in the territorial waters of Iran and Qatar and is called North/South Pars.

The five largest Russian gas fields in Russia look like this:

• Urengoy;
• Yamburgskoye;
• Bovanenkovo;
• Leningradskoye;
• Rusanovskoe.

Urengoy the largest gas field in Russia, has gas reserves of about 10.2 trillion. cube m. The field is located in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, production is carried out by Gazprom.

Yamburg The deposit is also located in the Yamal-Nenets region. The total gas reserves are 5.242 trillion. cube m. This is the second indicator in Russia and the 5th in the world. The field is being developed by OAO Gazprom.

Bovanenkovo, Leningrad and Rusanovskoe gas fields are located in the Kara Sea, the development is carried out by Gazprom. Gas reserves are estimated at 4.4, 4 and 4 trillion. cube m., respectively.

Oil and gas industry of the Russian Federation

The oil and gas industry in Russia can be divided into three main sectors: production, transportation, and processing. The largest Russian companies engaged in the oil and gas sector carry out not only the extraction of minerals, but also the delivery of energy carriers through pipelines to the end consumer. In addition, their structure includes gas and oil refineries.

The gas industry is one of the youngest. Its rapid development began in the 60s - 70s of the last century. The great demand for "blue fuel" is caused by its cheapness. After all, gas production is on average 2 times cheaper than oil production and almost 12 times cheaper than coal production.

In addition to extraction, processing and transportation, fuel storage plays an important role in the gas industry. For these purposes, special underground storage facilities are being created that can hold billions of cubic meters of gas. There are 26 underground gas storage facilities in Russia. The largest of them is Kasimovskoye, located in the Ryazan region, its volume is about 11 billion cubic meters. m. From underground gas storage facilities, natural gas is distributed and transported to consumers. Today in Russia there are about 153,000 km. gas pipelines.

Russia hosts the world's largest natural gas processing plant, the Orenburg Gas Processing Plant. Its capacity is 15 billion normal cubic meters per year. (normal cubic meter- the volume of natural gas measured under "normal" conditions - pressure 760 mm Hg. st and a temperature of 0 degrees Celsius). In addition to it, the Astrakhan Gas Processing Plant, the Sosnogorsky Gas Processing Plant, the Urengoy Plant for the preparation of gas condensate for transportation, and several dozens of smaller enterprises operate.

The Russian oil refining industry is represented by 32 large enterprises and 80 small refineries with a total capacity of more than 300 million tons. The refineries are located mainly in the European part of Russia. This is due to the cost of transportation. liquid fuel, because it is much cheaper to transport crude oil, so the refineries are built at the ends of oil pipelines and near the main water artery of the European part of Russia - the Volga.

In 2014 Russian refineries produced:

• Automobile gasoline - 38.29 million tons;
• Diesel fuel - 77.24 million tons;
• Fuel oil - 78.36 million tons;
• Aviation kerosene - 10.85 million tons

The largest oil refineries in the Russian Federation are: Kirishi Oil Refinery (capacity 22 million tons / year), Omsk Oil Refinery (capacity 21.3 million tons / year), Lukoil-Nizhegorodnefteorgsintez (capacity 19 million tons / year), Yaroslavnefteorgsintez (capacity 14 million tons /year).

Impact of the oil and gas industry on the Russian economy

The oil and gas industry is the most important source of income for the Russian budget. Therefore, its impact on the country's economy is enormous. Despite government statements about a decrease in the share of budget revenues from the oil and gas sector, in 2014 they accounted for 48% of all revenues. The increase in oil production also continues, and now, according to this indicator, Russia ranks 2nd in the world, second only to Saudi Arabia.

Oil and oil products are the main item Russian export, about 49% of the total volume. The federal budget of the Russian Federation is planned taking into account oil prices. And besides this, the oil and gas industry is dominant in many regions of the Russian Federation.

Experts see only one way to get rid of the dependence of the Russian budget on the oil and gas sector - the diversification of the economy. Development of promising industries, using the latest technologies such as aircraft and rocket science. There are all the prerequisites for this, since there is a material base consisting of large enterprises of the military-industrial complex.

But it will not be possible to quickly rebuild the economy, because the course of import substitution, taken by the government of the Russian Federation and introduced, involves the export of only Russian energy resources necessary for Europe. Which, for a long time, will provide the bulk of government revenues.

The largest Russian companies in the oil and gas industry

The oil and gas industry plays a leading role in the Russian economy. And therefore, it is not surprising that the largest companies in the country work in this area. In the gas industry, Gazprom is the undoubted leader, while the top three oil companies in Russia include Rosneft, Lukoil, and Surgutneftegaz.

Gazprom" largest Russian company having a monopoly on the sale of pipeline gas. Gazprom owns more than 150,000 kilometers of gas pipelines in Russia and abroad. It is the largest gas transportation system in the world. OAO Gazprom controls more than 94% of all Russian natural gas production.

The total turnover of Gazprom in 2013 amounted to 5.243 trillion. rubles. The company's net worth is estimated at 811.5 billion rubles. Gazprom employs over 430,000 people.

The current price of a Gazprom share on the Moscow Exchange is 145.33 rubles. There are almost 23 billion shares of the company in circulation. is 36.43 rubles. The stock index of OAO Gazprom shares on the Moscow Exchange is GAZP.

OJSC Rosneft- the largest Russian oil production and processing company. Rosneft is producing at the largest Russian field in Russia - Somotlor. The structure of the company includes 9 large refineries with a total processing capacity of 77.5 million tons per year.

The total turnover of the company in 2013 amounted to 4.7 trillion. rubles. estimated at 551 billion rubles. Rosneft is the largest Russian Federation; in 2013, more than 1.7 trillion rubles were transferred to all instances. rubles. The company has over 170,000 employees.

On the Moscow Exchange, Rosneft shares have the ROSN stock index, the current share price is 243.20 rubles. The profitability of the share is 32.84 rubles. There are 10.598 billion shares in circulation.

OAO Lukoil is a Russian oil company operating on the market since 1991. Until 2007, Lukoil was the leader in oil production in Russia, losing this place to Rosneft, after the takeover of Yukos by this company. Lukoil owns 4 large oil refineries, with a refining capacity of 45.6 million tons.

In 2013, the company's turnover amounted to 141.5 billion US dollars, while net profit amounted to 7.8 billion US dollars. The company has 151,400 employees.

The stock index of Lukoyol shares on the Moscow Exchange is LKOH. The current value of one share is 2,485.9 rubles. The yield is 346.27 rubles, and there are 754,866,000 shares of the company in circulation.

OAO Surgutneftegaz the largest oil and gas company headquartered outside of Moscow. The company owns the largest Russian refinery - Kirishsky. Oil production is carried out at the Lyantorskoye and Federovskoye fields.

The total turnover of the company in 2013 amounted to 814.2 billion rubles, and the net profit is estimated at 256.5 billion. The number of employees of the company is 109 thousand people.

On the Moscow Stock Exchange, the shares of OJSC “Surgutneftegas” are designated by the SNGS index. There are more than 35.7 billion shares in circulation. Current value - 33.435 rubles, earnings per share - 6.42 rubles.

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Russia is perhaps the world's largest oil exporter. Every year, enterprises in the state produce approximately 505,000,000 tons of "black gold". Today, the development carried out in the largest deposits, in terms of the volume of known natural oil reserves, has brought the country to the 7th line in the world. In this article, we will look at the largest oil fields in Russia.

Russian oil fields

The map of Russia's oil fields, compiled by experts, shows almost all the main fields. The largest are:

• Samotlor
• Romashkinskoye
• Priobskoye
• Lyantorskoe
• Fedorovskoye.

Table 1. Largest Russian oil fields

Field	Opening year		Estimated total reserves, mln. t.	Mining, thous. tons/day	Operator
Samotlor	1965		7100	422 (1980)67 (2011)	Rosneft
Romashkinskoye	1948		5000	15,2 (2008)	Tatneft
Priobskoe	1982		5000	110 (2011)	Rosneft,;Gazprom Neft
Lyantorskoe	1965		2000	26 (2004)	Surgutneftegaz
Fedorovskoye	1971		1800	23 (2011)	Surgutneftegaz
Salym group			1800	24,7 ((1).2007)	Rosneft,;Salym Petroleum Development;(Shell/Sibir Energy)
Urengoyskoye gas-oil-condensate field	1966		1500	27 (2007)	Gazprom
Mamontovskoe	1965		1400	96 (1986)20 (2007)	Rosneft
Krasnoleninskaya group			1200		TNK-BP/Lukoil/Gazprom
Sakhalin-5 project			1500	0 (2008)	Rosneft/TNK-BP
Kurmangazy (with Kazakhstan)			1100		Rosneft/KazMunayGas
Novo-Elkhovskoe			1000		Tatneft
Povkhovskoe			800	16 (2005)	Lukoil
Sakhalin-3 project			700	0 (2008)	partially distributed,;Rosneft;(2007)
Prirazlomnoye (KhMAO)			658		Rosneft
Great	2014		500		Gazprom Neft
South Khylchuyu			490		Lukoil
Tuimazinskoye	1937		480	2,5 (2004)	Bashneft
Severo-Rogozhnikovskoye			430		Surgutneftegaz
Bavlinskoe					Tatneft
Russian gas and oil			400		Gazprom
Arlan			400		Bashneft
Astrakhan gas condensate			400		Gazprom
Severo-Dolginskoe			350		unallocated (2007)
Vat-Eganskoye			325	22,5 (2005)	Lukoil
Sakhalin-1 project			307		ExxonMobil/Rosneft/ONGC/SODECO
Nizhnechutinskoe			273		Timan Oil & Gas
Vankor			260		Rosneft
Yuzhno-Dolginskoe			260		Lukoil
Tevlinsko-Russkinskoe			250	31 (2005)	Lukoil
Yurubcheno-Tokhomskoe			240		Rosneft
Usinskoe			236	5,8 (2005)	Lukoil
Yuzhno-Yagunskoye			222	12 (2005)	Lukoil
named after Vladimir Filanovsky			220	0 (2009)	Lukoil
Verkhnechonskoye			202	22,5 (2014)	TNK-BP/Rosneft
Imilor	1981				Lukoil
Pokachevskoe			185	9,3 (2005)	Lukoil
Sakhalin-2 project			182	10 (2008)	Gazprom/Shell/Mitsui/Mitsubishi
Zapadno-Matveevskoe			180		Lukoil
Savostyanovskoe			160		Rosneft
Kharyaginskoye			160	7,5 (2005)	Lukoil
Sporyshevskoe			151		Gazpromneft
Malobalykskoye			150	30 (2011)	Rosneft
Boat	1985		130		Samotlorneftegaz
Yaregskoe viscous oil			130	1,3 (2001)	Lukoil
Vozeyskoe			127	2,9 (2005)	Lukoil
Uryevskoe			119	5,3 (2005)	Lukoil
Kovykta			115		Gazprom
Talakan oil and gas			105	4 (2008)	Surgutneftegaz
Ishimbai			100		Bashneft
Ust-Balykskoe			100		Rosneft
Yuzhno-Surgut			100		Surgutneftegaz
West Surgut			100		Surgutneftegaz
Grozny			100		Rosneft
Komsomolsk oil and gas condensate			81	5,4 (2007)	Rosneft
named after Yuri Korchagin			80	0 (2008)	Lukoil
Severo-Pokachevskoye			76	2,4 (2009)	Lukoil
Kholmogorskoe			70		Gazprom Neft
Chayandinskoye oil and gas condensate			68		Gazprom
friendly			63	3,8 (2005)	Lukoil
Angaro-Lena gas condensate field			62		Gazprom
Nivagalskoe			61	3,5 (2005)	Lukoil
Nong Yegan			57	4,2 (2005)	Lukoil
Khvalynskoye oil and gas condensate			53	0 (2009)	Lukoil
Kogalym			53	6,7 (2005)	Lukoil
Pamyatno-Sasovskoe			52	6,9 (2005)	Lukoil
South Tambey gas condensate			50	0 (2008)	Yamal LNG
Sarmatskoye oil and gas condensate			50	0 (2009)	Lukoil
Prirazlomnoye			70		Gazprom Neft
Unvinskoe			43	3,2 (2005)	Lukoil
Ety-Purovskoye			40		Gazprom Neft
Tazovskoye			40		Gazprom
Yurchukskoe			37	0,9	Lukoil
key			36	4 (2005)	Lukoil
West Malobalykskoe			35	4,1 (2009)	RussNeft
Morning (Salmanovskoye) gas condensate oil			34	0 (2008)	unallocated (2008)
Upper Tarskoe			32	3,7 (2005)	TNK-BP
Shtokman gas			31		Gazprom
Yamburg			30		Gazprom
Luginets			27		Rosneft
Yuzhno-Shapkinskoe			23	4,1 (2005)	Lukoil
Kravtsovskoe			21	1,5 (2005)	Lukoil
Markovskoe			20		Irkutsk Oil Company
Tedinskoe			16	2,4 (2005)	Lukoil
Yarakta			15		UstKutNeftegaz
Kochevskoe			14	2,9 (2005)	Lukoil
Sredne-Khulymskoe			13	3,0 (2005)	Lukoil
Bovanenkovo			10		Gazprom
Long Yugansk			10		Lukoil
Pashshorskoe	1975		10	2,0 (2010)	Lukoil
South Russian			6		Gazprom/BASF
Yuzhno-Lyaminskoe	2009				Surgutneftegaz
Varioganskoye gas and oil field
Verkhne-Shapshinskoye oil field
Vyngapurovskoye oil and gas condensate field
Vyngayakhinskoye oil and gas field
Zhirnovskoye oil and gas field
Zapadno-Messoyakhskoye oil and gas field					TNK-BP,;Gazpromneft
Zapadno-Rakushechnoye oil field	2008				Caspian Oil Company (Rosneft,;Lukoil,;Gazprom)
West Tebuk oil field
Zapolyarnoye oil and gas condensate field	1965				Gazprom Dobycha Yamburg
Karpenskoye oil and gas condensate field
Korobkovskoye oil and gas field
Extreme oil field
Kuyumbinsk oil field					TNK-BP,;Gazpromneft
Layavozhskoye oil and gas condensate field
Lutseyakhskoe	2011
Lydushorskoe	1990				OOO NK Northern Lights
Mangazeyskoye oil field
Megion oil field
Muravlenkovskoye oil field
Mukhanovskoye oil field
Nazymskoye oil field
Nizhne-Shapshinskoye oil field
New Year's oil field
Novoelkhovskoye oil field
Palnikovskoye oil field
Border oil field
Pokrovskoye oil field
Russko-Rechenskoye oil condensate field
Sobolevskoye oil field
Sredne-Shapshinskoye oil field
Sugmut oil field
Suzun oil and gas field
Sutorminskoe oil field
Tagulskoye oil and gas condensate field
Tyamkinskoye oil field					TNK-BP
Urnenskoye oil field					TNK-BP
Ust-Tegusskoye oil field					TNK-BP
Kharasaveyskoye oil and gas condensate field					Gazprom Dobycha Nadym
Central oil and gas condensate field	2008				JV CenterKaspneftegaz (Lukoil,;Gazprom,;Kazmunaigas)
Chekmagush oil field
Chkalovskoye (Tomsk region)	1977				Tomskneft
Shaim oil field
Shkapovskoye oil field	1953
Yuzhno-Balykskoye oil field
Yurkharovskoye oil condensate field
Yurievskoye oil field
Yaro-Yakhinskoye oil condensate field

The largest Russian oil field - Samotlor, ranks sixth in the world list. For many years, its location was a state secret. Developments in it have been carried out for over 45 years, it is planned to be used until the end of the 21st century. It is located in the Nizhnevartovsk region of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug. The first production well was drilled at Samotlor in the winter of 1968. Geologists reached industrial scale mining in 1969. In 1981, experts reported on the billionth ton of oil. Especially for the oil workers of Samotlor, the district authorities built the city of Nizhnevartovsk.
The Romashkinskoye field is located at a distance of 70 km to the west from the city of Almetyevsk of the Republic of Tatarstan. This is the largest field in the Volga-Urals province. It was discovered in 1948. After 4 years, industrial development began. Oil from this field is extracted by the method of in-loop flooding, drilling is carried out with a turbodrill on the water. More than 2,200,000,000 tons of oil have already been extracted from it. The development is carried out by Tatneft.
The Priobskoye field was discovered near Khanty-Mansiysk. It was found in 1982 by members of the Pravdinsky oil exploration expedition. The Ob River divides the deposit into two halves - left and right bank. The volume of initial recoverable oil reserves at the field reaches 1.7 billion tons. This field has an impressive potential, but its implementation requires significant financial investments. The development is complicated by wetlands, frequent flooding, as well as the proximity of fish spawning grounds.
Experts call the Lyantorskoye field one of the most difficult to develop. It is also located near Khanty-Mansiysk. It was discovered in 1965 by representatives of the Ust-Balyk oil exploration expedition. Commercial mining began in 1978. The volume of initial recoverable oil reserves at the field reaches 2 billion tons.
The Fedorovskoye deposit is located on the territory of the Surgut arch. Belongs to the class of giant deposits. The deposit was discovered in 1971. At the same time, oil production began. Today, production is carried out with the help of horizontal drilling, hydraulic fracturing, physical and chemical method of bottomhole treatment. This field is the backbone of Surgutneftegaz's resource base. The field was named after Viktor Fedorov, a well-known geophysicist in the Tyumen region.

Oil fields of Siberia

The West Siberian oil and gas province is located on the territory West Siberian Plain. On the eastern side, the province is bounded by the Yenisei River, on the western side by the Ural Mountains, on the south by the border with Kazakhstan and the Altai Mountains, and on the north by the Kara Sea. Most deposits are located in the Tyumen region, namely in the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Districts. In addition, there are deposits in the Tomsk region, the Omsk region, the Sverdlovsk region, the Novosibirsk region and the Krasnoyarsk Territory.
The West Siberian province has 15 oil and gas regions.
Oil and gas deposits are recorded in a vast stratigraphic belt, from the layers of the Paleozoic basement to the Apt-Cenomanian deposits of the Upper Cretaceous period. In total, about 500 oil and gas fields are known in Western Siberia.

1. Introduction……………………………………………………………

2. Origin of oil and gas……………………………………

3. Rocks containing oil and natural gases………………

4. Concepts: "deposit", "trap", "deposit", "layer"….

5. Deposits and fields of oil and gas……………………….

6. World oil and gas reserves ……………………………..

7. Classification of field reserves, prospective and forecast resources of oil and combustible gases in Russia

8. Groups of oil and gas reserves…………………………………

Conclusion………………………………………………………..

List of used literature…………………………….

Introduction

“Oil and gas have attracted attention since time immemorial. peoples different countries used oil, asphalts and bitumens in medicine, construction, as fuel, lubricants, lighting and for military purposes. At present, technical progress in all branches of industry is associated with the use of oil and gas.

Oil and gas play an important role in the development of the national economy of our country. Oil and gas, as the most efficient and energy-intensive of all natural substances, have a dominant position in the energy sector.

Almost all cars and aircraft, as well as a significant part of ships and locomotives, run on petroleum products. An oil derivative - kerosene with liquid oxygen is used in rocket technology, where the problem of fuel energy consumption is especially acute.

The value of oil as a fuel is determined by its energy properties, its physical condition, sufficient stability during storage and transportation, and low toxicity.

But no less valuable is oil as a raw material for the chemical industry. Today, the petrochemical industry covers the production of synthetic materials and products mainly based on oil and natural gas processing products (synthetic rubber, basic organic synthesis products, soot, rubber, asbestos and other products).

Gas is a high-calorie fuel. It is an excellent raw material for chemical production. In a sense, it replaces coke, being a technological component in the smelting of metals, is used in cement production and for generating electricity, and has found wide application in everyday life.

1. Origin of oil and gas

There are different theories of the origin of oil and gas. Some of them suggest inorganic, while others - organic formation of these minerals.

I will give the essence of some of them.

Water moves to the core of the Earth through cracks. Under conditions of high temperatures and pressures, water vapor reacts with carbides heavy metals, resulting in the formation of their oxides and hydrocarbons, i.e. components of oil and gas. Vapors of hydrocarbons rise to the upper cold zones of the Earth, where they condense and accumulate in cracks, voids and pores, forming deposits.

Another hypothesis about the cosmic origin of oil. The Earth was formed from the gas and dust matter scattered in the protosolar system. The gaseous envelope of the Earth contained hydrocarbons. As the Earth cooled and its transition from a fiery-liquid state to a liquid-solid state, hydrocarbons were absorbed by the cooling substance. In the coldest upper layers On the ground, they condensed, moved along cracks and accumulated in certain zones, forming deposits of oil and gas.

This explains the alleged inorganic origin of oil and gas.

The generally accepted theory is the organic formation of oil and gas. The remains of animal and plant organisms, decomposing in the bowels of the Earth without access to oxygen under the influence of high temperatures and pressures, formed hydrocarbons - components of oil and gas.

Oil formation is associated with the processes of formation and subsequent changes in sedimentary rocks in significantly subsided basins. This process is multi-stage: oil consists of components that were formed in different periods. Some of its constituent parts arose even in living organisms. The next generation of oil components was formed during the transformation of loose sediments into sedimentary rocks in the upper zone of the earth's crust.

Oil saturates the rock, which over time is subjected to the action of increasing rock pressure due to the increase in the thickness of sedimentary rocks. Under the influence of this pressure, the oil moved into more porous rocks, resulting in the formation of deposits.

The following factors confirm the organic origin of oil. Oil deposits are almost absent in volcanic regions and those regions that are composed of rocks erupted from great depths. The vast majority of known accumulations of oil and gas are associated with sedimentary rock formations.

2. Rocks containing oil and natural gases

Rocks that have the ability to contain oil, gas and water and release them during the development of their accumulation sites are called reservoirs. Most of the reservoir rocks are of sedimentary origin. Oil and gas reservoirs are sands, sandstones, siltstones, silts, some clay rocks, limestones, chalk, dolomites.

Reservoir rocks are characterized by two features - porosity and permeability. Porosity characterizes the volume of voids in the rock, and permeability - the ability of oil, water or gas to penetrate through the rock. Not all porous rocks are permeable to oil and gas. Permeability depends on the size of voids or pores, grains, mutual arrangement and packing density of particles, rock fracturing. Supercapillary voids have dimensions >0.5 mm, capillary 0.5-0.0002 mm, subcapillary<0,0002 мм. Движение нефти в пласте возможно лишь по сообщающимся между собой поровым каналам размером >0.0002 mm.

There are general, open and effective porosity. Total porosity is the volume of all the pores in a rock. Open porosity is the volume of only those pores that communicate with each other. Effective porosity is determined by the presence of such pores from which oil can be extracted during the development of its accumulation sites. The value of porosity reaches 40%.

When developing oil and gas accumulation sites, artificial methods are sometimes used to increase porosity and permeability.

Reservoir properties of oil and gas bearing formations often change over short distances in the same formation.

Accumulations of oil and gas in reservoir rocks are overlain by rocks that are impermeable to oil, gas, and water. Such breeds are called tires. Their role is played by clays, salts, gypsum, anhydrites, etc.

Rocks-tires are different in thickness, density, permeability, mineralogical composition and distribution pattern.

At the same time, absolutely impermeable tires for oil and gas do not exist in nature. The best are those rocks-tires that have a high screening ability, i.e., a slight absolute gas permeability.

If the reservoir rock contains oil, gas or water and is shielded by poorly permeable rocks, then it is called a natural reservoir.

Natural reservoirs are stratal, massive and lithologically limited from all sides.

A reservoir reservoir is a reservoir that is widely distributed in area (hundreds and thousands of square kilometers) and of small thickness (from fractions to tens of meters), often contains separate lenticular layers of impermeable rocks (Fig. 1).

A massive reservoir is a massive strata of reservoirs that may contain impermeable interlayers. All layers of permeable rocks communicate with each other, representing a single reservoir.

A lithologically limited natural reservoir is practically surrounded on all sides by impermeable rocks (for example, a lens of sands in the thickness of clayey rocks).

Oil and gas, once in a natural reservoir filled with water, begin to move (migrate), tend to occupy the highest position in it. This occurs as a result of the different densities of oil, gas and water and

the action of gravitational forces (gravity). First, gas and oil move to the top of the natural reservoir (the top of the reservoir - or the bottom of the seal). If the layer is inclined, then they move along its roof until they reach the surface of the earth's crust or to some kind of obstacle (lithological screen, change in the slope of the layer to the opposite). In the first case, the oil that comes to the surface is absorbed by the rocks surrounding the reservoir outcrop, and the gas escapes into the atmosphere, in the second case, an accumulation of oil and gas is formed in front of the barrier, screened by some obstacle. The part of a natural reservoir in which oil and gas can be screened and accumulated is called a trap. In the trap, oil and gas are in a state of relative dormancy. A lithologically closed natural reservoir is itself a trap.

There are traps in nature different forms(structural, stratigraphic, lithological and reef).

3. Concepts: "deposit", "trap", "deposit", "layer"

Field oil and gas is a collection of oil and gas deposits confined to one or more natural traps in the bowels of the same limited area controlled by a single structural element.

Trap – part of a natural reservoir in which, over time, an equilibrium state of water, oil and gas is established. Since the density of the gas is the lowest, it accumulates in the upper part of the trap. Below gas is oil. Water, as the heaviest liquid, accumulates at the bottom of the trap.

A trap of any shape, under favorable conditions, can accumulate a significant amount of oil and gas. Such a trap is called deposit. The shape and size of the deposit is determined by the shape and size of the trap.

Plast - an array of any rock, presented mainly in the form of a horizontal layer of this rock, enclosed between two layers of other rocks. The upper surface of the formation is called the roof, the lower - the sole. The distance between the top and bottom is called the thickness of the formation. The main elements that characterize the bedding are dip direction, strike and dip angle.

5. Deposits and deposits of oil and gas

Oil and gas deposits are their natural accumulation in permeable porous or fractured reservoirs. The shape and size of the deposit is determined by the shape and size of the trap. Gas, oil and water are located in the trap according to their densities (Fig. 2). Gas - in the roofing part of the natural reservoir under the lid, below is oil, and even below is water. The contact surfaces of gas and oil, oil and water are called, respectively, the surfaces of gas-oil and water-oil contact. The line of intersection of this surface (gas-oil or water-oil contact) with the top of the reservoir is called the outer contour of gas or oil. The line of intersection of the surface of the water-oil (gas-oil) contact with the bottom of the formation is called the internal contour of the oil (gas) content.

A gas cap is an accumulation of free gas above oil in a reservoir. It is formed if the pressure in the reservoir is equal to the saturation pressure of oil with gas at a given temperature in the reservoir. If the reservoir pressure is higher than the saturation pressure, then all the gas will dissolve into the oil.

If there is not enough gas and oil in the trap to fill the entire thickness of the reservoir, then there are no internal contours of gas or oil content (for deposits in massive natural reservoirs).

The length, width and area of ​​the reservoir is determined by its projection (image) on a horizontal plane inside the outer contour of the oil (gas) content. The height of a deposit is the vertical distance from the bottom to its highest point.

Deposits are genetically related to traps, therefore they, like traps, are divided into structural, lithological, reef and stratigraphic.

The totality of oil and gas deposits confined to one or more natural traps in the bowels of the earth's crust of the same limited area is called an oil and gas field (a natural accumulation of oil and gas in any part of the earth's crust in large quantities).

A single deposit is considered a deposit if, taking into account oil and gas reserves, it is advisable to conduct its industrial development. Several deposits are included in one field, provided that they have the same type of structure and require the same approach to their development.

Oil and gas fields are divided into two classes:

Class I - deposits formed in geosynclinal areas (for example, in Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan);

Class II - deposits formed in platform areas (for example, in Western Siberia).

A set of adjacent and similar in their geological structure oil and gas fields, confined to a certain and generally unified group of genetically related local traps, is an oil and gas accumulation zone.

Large oil and gas bearing territories include: oil and gas bearing regions and oil and gas bearing provinces.

An oil and gas region is a part of an oil and gas region that combines oil accumulation zones and is distinguished by a geographical or geostructural feature.

An oil and gas bearing area is a territory confined to one of the large geostructural elements (arches, depressions, troughs, etc.), and having a common geological structure and geological history of development with it.

An oil and gas province is a single geological province that unites adjacent oil and gas areas and is characterized by the common stratigraphic position of the main oil and gas deposits in the section and the similarity of the main features of regional geology.

6. World oil and gas reserves

Energy consumption in the world is constantly growing. Naturally, the question arises: how long will they last?

Information on proven oil reserves, as well as their volumes in 1996, is given in Table 1. When compiling it for each region, countries with the largest reserves of "black gold" were selected.

Region, country	Proved reserves		Oil production in 1996		The multiplicity of stocks,
billion tons	% from	million tons	% of	years
world	world
1	2	3	4	5	6
Asia and
Oceania, total	5,79	4,2	354,0	11,2	16,4
including:
China	3,29	2,4	156,4	4,9	21,0
Indonesia	0,68	0,5	75,8	2,4	9,0
India	0,59	0,4	32,1	1,0	18,4
Northern and
Latin
America, total	21,26	15,2	849,2	26,8	25,0
including:
Venezuela	8,88	6,4	147,8	4,7	60,1
Mexico	6,68	4,8	142,7	4,5	46,8
USA	3,06	2,2	323,8	10,2	9,5
Africa, total	9,25	6,6	334,4	10,6	27,7
including:
Libya	4,04	2,9	70,1 ,	| 2 " 2	58,0
Nigeria	2,13	1,5	100,7	3,2	21,2
Algeria	1,26	0,9	40,8	1,3	30,9
middle and
Average
East of everything	92,65	66,4	952,0	30,0	97,3
including:
Saudi	35,48	25,4	392,0	12,4	90,5
Arabia
Iraq	15,34	11,0	30,0	0,9	511,3
Kuwait	12,88	9,2	90,9	2,9	141,7
Iran	12,74	9,1	183,8	5,8	69,3
Abu Dhabi	12,63	9,0	92,3	2,9	136,8
1	2	3	4	5	6
Eastern
Europe, total	8,10	5,8	364,1	11,5	22,3
including
CIS	7,81	5,6	352,2	11,1	22,2
Romania	0,22	0,2	6,8	0,2	32,4
Albania	0,02	less than 0.1	0,5	less than 0.1	40,0
Western
Europe, total	2,52	1,8	315,0	9,9	8,0
including:
Norway	1,54	1,1	154,3	4,9	10,0
United Kingdom	0,62	0,4	131,6	4,2	4,7
Denmark	0,13	0,1	10,3	0,3	12,6
Total in the world	139,57	100,0	3168,8	100,0	44,1

Proved reserves are just one component of oil resources. In addition to these, there are also probable and possible reserves.

Proved reserves are the portion of reserves that are likely to be recovered from developed fields under existing economic and technical conditions.

Probable reserves are part of the reserves, geological and engineering, the data on which are still insufficient for an unambiguous judgment on the possibility of development in the current economic and technical conditions, but which can be cost-effective even with a slight increase in information about the relevant deposits and the development of production technology.

Possible reserves are the part of the reserves, the geological information of which is sufficient only to give at least a rough estimate of the cost of extraction or a tentative indication of the optimal method of extraction, but only with a low degree of probability (such an estimate is indicative and depends on the individual point of view).

Probable and possible reserves differ from proven ones in that either it is inexpedient to develop them at the current price level and applied technologies, or information about them is insufficient.

“About 40,000 oil and gas fields have been discovered in various regions of the world. Oil and gas production is carried out in the territories and water areas of more than 75 countries of the world.

Table 1 shows that the countries of the Near and Middle East are the richest in oil. - 66.4% of its world reserves are concentrated here. If the current production rate is maintained, these reserves will last an average of 97.3 years. Most of the oil is in Saudi Arabia (35.48 billion tons). Further in descending order are Iraq (15.34 billion tons), Kuwait (12.88), Iran (12.74), Abu Dhabi (12.63). The total oil reserves of these countries account for over 96% of the reserves of the region as a whole.

The second region in terms of oil reserves is North and Latin America. 15.2% of the world's "black gold" reserves are concentrated here. It will last an average of 25 years. Venezuela has the largest oil reserves here (8.88 billion tons), the mineral resources of Mexico (6.68) and the USA (3.06) are relatively rich.

In the depths of Africa, 9.25 billion tons of oil are concentrated (6.6% of world reserves). At the current level of production, these reserves will last an average of 27.7 years. Most of the oil in this region belongs to Libya (4.04 billion tons), Nigeria (2.13) and Algeria (1.26).

Eastern Europe ranks 4th in the world in terms of oil reserves (5.8% of the world). Here, the CIS countries are beyond competition (7.81 billion tons). Romania has much less reserves - about 220 million tons. The third country in terms of reserves of Eastern Europe- Albania - has only 20 million tons of oil.

About 4.2% of the world's reserves of "black gold" are located in the bowels of Asia and Oceania, of which about 57% are in China.

Western Europe has the smallest oil reserves in the world - less than 2% of the world. Over half of them are owned by Norway (1.54 billion tons), about a quarter - by the UK (0.62).

In general, proven oil reserves in the world in 1996 amounted to 139.6 billion tons, which, at the current level of production, will last for 44.1 years.

Gloomy forecasts that “oil is running out” have been heard for a long time. In 1935, scientists predicted that in 15...20 years all known oil fields would be developed. The prediction didn't come true. In 1955, world oil production amounted to over 700 million tons. In 1951, it was expected that "oil will disappear in 25 years." But in 1976, people managed to pump out about 3 billion tons of oil from the bowels. At the same time, the deadlines for the exhaustion of the planet's oil pantries were postponed to the 21st century.

Will this prediction come true? Most probably not.

Proved oil reserves in the countries of the world are constantly updated. Table 2 shows the dynamics of changes in proven reserves in a number of leading oil-producing countries of the world.

Table 2. Dynamics of changes in proven oil reserves in the countries of the world, billion tons

The country	1961 G .	1965 G .	1981 G .	1993 G .	1995 G .
Venezuela	2,0	2,4	2,5	8,6	8,8
Iraq	3,6	3,4	4,1	13,6	13,7
Iran	5,6	5,5	7,9	12,6	12,1
Kuwait	8,4	8,4	8.9	12,8	12,9
Mexico	-	-	6,0	6,9	6,8
Nigeria	0,1	0,4	2,3	2,4	2,9
Saudi	6,5	8,1	22,6	35,2	35,4
Arabia
USA	4,3	4,3	3,6	3,2	3,1

The table shows that the proven oil reserves in the vast majority of countries for more than 30 years have not only not decreased, but increased several times. It can be expected that this trend will continue in the future.

However, as proven reserves decline, oil prices rise. New, more advanced technologies for oil production are emerging. In this regard, in the end, probable and possible oil reserves will turn into proven ones.

Considering that the values ​​of all three types of reserves are commensurate, the timing of the start of the "oil famine" can be pushed back by several decades. Even if we assume that not a single new oil field will be discovered during this time.

The widespread use of natural gas in the world began only in the 50s of our century. Since that time, scientists began to seriously study its reserves. The change in proven reserves of natural gas in the world can be judged from the data in Table. 3.

Table 3. Proven reserves of natural gas in the world

It is easy to see that in all regions except Western Europe, proven reserves of natural gas increased from 1975 to 1996. Accordingly, world gas reserves increased from 65 to 140 trillion. m 3. If in 1975 the countries of the Near and Middle East had the largest gas reserves, then in 1996 - the CIS countries (56 trillion m 3) and, above all, Russia.

Iran ranks second in terms of proven gas reserves (21 trillion m3). This is followed by Qatar (7.1), Abu Dhabi (5.4), Saudi Arabia (5.3), USA (4.7).

The total world resources of natural gas (taking into account probable and possible reserves) are estimated at 398 trillion. m 3. If the current level of gas production (about 2200 billion m 3 /year) is maintained, these resources will be enough for about 200 years.

However, natural gas is underground not only in pure gas fields. Significant amounts of it are concentrated in coal seams, in groundwater and in the form of gas hydrates.

Accidents with tragic consequences in coal mines are usually associated with methane contained in coal. Methane is in the rock mass in a sorbed state. According to geologists, in all coal-bearing regions of the world, methane reserves are close to 500 trillion. m 3.

Methane is also found in groundwater. The amount of dissolved gases in them exceeds all explored gas reserves in traditional form. for example, in the formation waters of the Gulf Coast field (USA), 736 trillion. m 3 of methane, while the reserves of natural gas in purely gas fields in the United States amount to only 4.7 trillion. m 3.

Another major source of methane can be gas hydrates - its compounds with water, reminiscent of March snow in appearance. One cubic meter of gas hydrate contains about 200 m 3 of gas.

Deposits of gas hydrates are found in the sediments of deep water areas and in the bowels of the land with a powerful permafrost(for example, in the polar part of the Tyumen region, off the coast of Alaska, the coast of Mexico and North America).

According to scientists, 9/10 of the area of ​​the World Ocean store gas hydrates. If this assumption is confirmed, then gas hydrates can become an inexhaustible source of hydrocarbons.

7. Classification of field reserves, prospective and forecast resources of oil and combustible gases in Russia

Accounting and control of mineral reserves, including oil and gas, is an important task. To calculate the reserves, a comprehensive geological study of the field, with which oil and gas deposits are associated, and knowledge of the features of their occurrence conditions are required.

Russia has always been famous for its corps of mining engineers and scientific geologists. Back in 1888, the geologist A.I. Konshin carried out calculations of reserves for deposits in the south of Russia.

“In 1925, the first attempt was made to calculate oil reserves for the country as a whole. In 1937, at the initiative of the Energy Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences, M. A. Zhdanov and S. V. Shumilin calculated gas reserves for the first time. The development of the methodology for calculating oil and gas reserves was largely facilitated by the Central Reserve Commission (TsKZ) established in 1935, later renamed the All-Union Reserve Commission (VKZ), and then the State Reserve Commission (GKZ) under the Council of Ministers of the USSR, now GKZ Russia.

Deposit reserves and prospective resources of oil and combustible gas are calculated and taken into account in the state balance of mineral reserves of Russia based on the results of geological exploration and development of deposits. Combustible gas refers to natural gas - free gas, gas cap gas and gas dissolved in oil.

Predicted oil and gas resources, the presence of which is assumed on the basis of general geological concepts, theoretical assumptions, the results of geological, geophysical, geochemical studies, are estimated within large regions, oil and gas provinces of water areas, regions, districts, areas. Data on the predicted resources of oil and gas are used in planning prospecting and exploration work.

When determining the reserves of deposits, the reserves of oil, gas, condensate and their components (ethane, propane, butane, sulfur, helium, metals) are subject to mandatory calculation and accounting, the expediency of extraction of which is justified by technological and technical and economic calculations. Calculation and accounting of reserves of oil, gas, condensate and the components contained in them that are of industrial importance are carried out for each deposit separately and for the field as a whole.

Prospective resources are calculated and taken into account, and forecast resources are estimated separately for oil, gas and condensate.

Field reserves and prospective resources of oil and condensate, as well as ethane, propane, butane, sulfur and metals are calculated and taken into account, and the predicted resources of oil and condensate are estimated in units of mass; field reserves and prospective gas and helium resources are calculated and taken into account, and forecast gas resources are estimated in units of volume. Calculation, accounting and evaluation are carried out under conditions reduced to standard (0.1 MPa at 20 ° C).

The assessment of the quality of oil, gas and condensate is carried out in accordance with the requirements of state, industry standards and specifications, taking into account the technology of production and processing, which ensures their integrated use.

When receiving groundwater inflows from wells in oil and gas fields, the chemical composition of groundwater, the content of iodine, bromine, boron and other useful components in them, temperature, water flow rates and other indicators should be determined to justify the feasibility of conducting special exploration work in order to assess groundwater reserves and determining the possibility of using them to entrain useful components or for heat and power, balneological and other needs.

The application of this Classification to field reserves and prospective oil and gas resources is determined by the instructions of the GKZ of Russia.

“The reserves of oil, gas, condensate and the components contained in them that are of industrial importance are divided into four categories according to the degree of exploration: explored - categories A, B, C 1 and preliminary estimated - category C 2 ".

According to the degree of their validity, oil and gas resources are divided into promising - category C 3 and forecast - categories D 1 and D 2.

Category A - reserves of a deposit (its part), studied in detail, providing a complete definition of the type, shape and size of the deposit, effective oil and gas pay thickness, reservoir type, the nature of changes in reservoir properties, oil and gas saturation of productive strata, composition and properties of oil , gas and condensate, as well as the main features of the deposit, which determine the conditions for its development (operation mode, well productivity, reservoir pressures, oil, gas and condensate flow rates, hydraulic conductivity and piezoconductivity, etc.).

Category B - reserves of a deposit (its part), the oil and gas content of which is established on the basis of the received industrial oil or gas inflows in wells at various hypsometric marks. Type, shape and size of the reservoir, effective oil and gas pay thickness, reservoir type, the nature of the change in reservoir properties, oil and gas saturation of productive formations, composition and properties of oil, gas and condensate in reservoir and standard conditions and other parameters, as well as the main features the deposits that determine the conditions for its development have been studied to the extent sufficient to draw up a project for the development of the deposit.

Category B reserves are calculated for a deposit (part of it) drilled in accordance with an approved flow chart for the development of an oil field or a project for a pilot development of a gas field.

Category C 1 - reserves of a deposit (its part), the oil and gas content of which is established on the basis of industrial oil or gas inflows obtained in wells (part of the wells were tested by a reservoir tester) and positive results of geological and geophysical research performed in untested wells.

The type, shape and size of the deposit, the conditions of occurrence of reservoirs containing oil and gas are established based on the results of drilling exploration and production wells and the methods of geological and geophysical surveys tested for this area. Lithological composition, reservoir type, reservoir properties, oil and gas saturation, oil displacement efficiency, effective oil and gas pay thickness of productive formations were studied using core and well logging data. The composition and properties of oil, gas and condensate under reservoir and standard conditions were studied according to well testing data. The industrial value of the oil rim has been established for oil and gas deposits. Well productivity, reservoir hydraulic and piezoconductivity, reservoir pressures, temperature, oil, gas and condensate flow rates were studied based on the results of well testing and exploration. Hydrogeological, geocryological conditions are established based on the results of well drilling and by analogy with neighboring explored deposits.

Category C 1 reserves are calculated based on the results of geological exploration and production drilling and must be studied to the extent that provides input data for compiling technological scheme development of an oil field or a pilot project for the development of a gas field.

Category C 2 - reserves of a deposit (its part), the presence of which is substantiated by the data of geological and geophysical studies: in unexplored parts of the deposit adjacent to areas with reserves of higher categories; in intermediate and overlying untested formations of explored deposits.

The shape and size of the reservoir, the conditions of occurrence, the thickness and reservoir properties of the reservoirs, the composition and properties of oil, gas and condensate are determined in in general terms according to the results of geological and geophysical studies, taking into account data on a more studied part of the deposit or by analogy with explored deposits.

Category C 3 reserves are used to determine the prospects of the field, planning exploration work or geological field studies when transferring wells to overlying reservoirs and partly for designing the development of deposits.

Category C 3 - promising oil and gas resources prepared for deep drilling of areas located within the oil and gas area and delineated by methods of geological and geophysical surveys verified for this area, as well as layers of explored deposits that have not been drilled, if their productivity is established at other deposits in the area .

The shape, size and conditions of occurrence of the deposit are determined in general terms based on the results of geological and geophysical studies, and the thickness and reservoir properties of the reservoirs, the composition and properties of oil or gas are taken by analogy with explored deposits.

Promising oil and gas resources are used in planning prospecting and exploration work and the growth of reserves of categories C 1 and C 2 .

Quantitative assessment of forecast oil and gas resources of category D 1 is carried out based on the results of regional geological, geophysical and geochemical studies and by analogy with explored deposits within the estimated region.

Category D 2 - predicted oil and gas resources of lithological-stratigraphic complexes, estimated within large regional structures, the commercial oil and gas potential of which has not yet been proven. The prospects for the oil and gas potential of these complexes are predicted based on the data of geological, geophysical and geochemical studies. Quantitative assessment of the predicted resources of this category is made according to the estimated parameters based on general geological concepts and by analogy with other, more studied regions, where there are explored oil and gas fields.

Stocks of components of industrial importance contained in oil, gas and condensate are calculated in the contours of calculating oil and gas reserves in the same categories.

8. Groups of oil and gas reserves

The reserves of oil, gas, condensate and the components contained in them in industrial quantities are divided into two groups according to their national economic significance, subject to separate calculation and accounting: balance - reserves of deposits (deposits), the involvement of which in development is currently economically feasible; off-balance - reserves of fields (deposits), the involvement of which in the development is currently not economically feasible or technically and technologically impossible, but which can be transferred to balance in the future.

In the balance reserves of oil, dissolved gas, condensate and the components contained in them that are of industrial importance, the recoverable reserves are calculated and taken into account.

Recoverable reserves - part of the balance reserves that can be extracted from the bowels when rational use contemporary technical means and production technology, taking into account the acceptable level of costs (closing) and compliance with the requirements for the protection of subsoil and the environment.

Oil and condensate recovery factors are determined on the basis of variant technological and feasibility calculations and are approved by the State Reserves Committee of Russia, taking into account the conclusions of the relevant departments.

Reserves of oil and gas fields located within the buffer zones of large reservoirs and streams, settlements, structures, agricultural facilities, nature reserves, natural, historical and cultural monuments are classified as balance or off-balance based on feasibility studies that take into account the costs of relocation of facilities or costs associated with the use of special methods of field development.

Conclusion

Oil and gas play and will play a major role in the country's energy balance in the coming years. With increasing difficulties in providing various types energy in the world, the question arises of increasing their resources. The search and exploration of new fields is becoming more difficult and expensive every year (primarily due to the increase in drilling depths and access to the shelf). Therefore, the important tasks of oil and gas producing enterprises are to achieve high efficiency in the development of oil and gas fields, to increase the recoverable reserves of oil and gas in the fields being developed. All this makes it necessary to widely apply the methods of geological and field geophysical study of oil, gas and gas condensate fields.

The study of the geological structure of oil and gas fields, the calculation of oil and gas reserves in them, the study of the processes occurring in the subsoil during the development of fields, as well as the control over their development - all these issues constitute a section of mining and geological science, which is called oil and gas field geology.

The current stage of development of field geological research is characterized by a wide complexity, which involves the use of data from geology, field geophysics, drilling, operation, economics, etc.

List of used literature:

1. Burdyn T.A., Zaks Yu.B. Chemistry of oil, gas and formation waters. – M.: Nedra, 1975.

2. Gorshkov G.P., Yakushova A.F. General geology. - M., 1973.

3. Eremenko N.A. Geology of oil and gas. - M., 1968.

4. Kabirov M.M., Razhetdinov U.Z. Fundamentals of borehole oil production. - Ufa, 1994.

5. Kalinin V. G., Vagin S. B. et al. Oil and gas field geology and hydrogeology. M., 1997.

6. Korshak A.A., Shammazov A.M. Fundamentals of oil and gas business. - Ufa, 2001.

7. Maslov N.I., Kotov M.R. Engineering geology. - M., 1971.

8. Permyakov V.G., Khairetdinov N.Sh., Shevkunov E.N. Oilfield geology and geophysics. - M., 1986.

9. Eliyashevsky I.V. Technology of oil and gas production. - M., 1985.

Kabirov M.M., Razhetdinov U.Z. Fundamentals of borehole oil production. - Ufa, 1994. P.3.

Bakirov A. A., Borodovskaya V. I. et al. Geology and geochemistry of oil and gas. M., 1993. S. 270.

Zhdanov M.A. Oil and gas field geology and calculation of oil and gas reserves. M., 1970. P. 405.

Kalinin V. G., Vagin S. B. et al. Oil and gas field geology and hydrogeology. M., 1997. S. 153.

DEPOSITS AND DEPOSITS OF OIL AND GAS

AA Bakirov subdivides oil and gas accumulations into two categories: local and regional. He refers to the local

1) deposits of oil and gas;

2) oil and gas fields.

A. A. Bakirov and other researchers subdivide regional accumulations of oil and gas into:

1) oil and gas accumulation zones;

2) oil and gas fields;

3) oil-bearing provinces or belts.

The classification of deposits for the purposes of prospecting and exploration is based on the following features:

1) the ratio of gas, oil and water in them;

trap shape.

Classification of deposits by phase composition

An oil and gas deposit is a natural local (single) accumulation of oil and gas in a trap. A deposit is formed in that part of the reservoir in which an equilibrium is established between the forces that make oil and gas move in a natural reservoir, and the forces that prevent it.

Gas, oil and water are located in the reservoir zonal:

q gas, as the lightest, occupies the roof part of the natural reservoir, under the cover;

q below the pore space is filled with oil,

q even lower - with water.

According to the predominance of the liquid phase over the gas (or vice versa), deposits are divided into:

q single-phase - oil, gas, gas condensate

q two-phase - gas and oil, oil and gas.

According to the phase relationships of the hydrocarbons contained in the deposit, 6 types of accumulations are distinguished:

gas,

gas condensate,

oil and gas condensate,

oil and gas,

gas and oil,

oil.

gas deposit(Fig. 7.1) contains mainly methane and its homologues (ethane, propane, etc.).

Rice. 7.1. Scheme of gas deposits

In a number of regions, gas deposits, in addition to hydrocarbon components, contain hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, helium, as well as small amounts of inert gases (argon, neon, krypton).

When visually inspecting the core of the productive horizons of oil fields, one can see smudges and inclusions of oil in the pores and cracks of the rock. In pure gas fields, the core from productive strata does not differ from samples taken from the overlying or underlying deposits. They can be distinguished only immediately after lifting from the well by the smell of gasoline, which quickly disappears and after a short period of time the core no longer carries any traces of hydrocarbons. In this regard, the drilling of wells in gas-bearing areas must be under constant geological control and must be accompanied by gas logging.

Gas condensate deposits(Fig. 7.2) are accumulations of fatty gas and heavier hydrocarbons dissolved in it (C 5 H 12 and above).

Rice. 7.2. Scheme of gas condensate deposit

Their concentration at a high deposit height increases down the section of the productive stratum.

Examples include such largest gas condensate fields in terms of reserves as Astrakhanskoye, Vuktylskoye, Shurtanskoye, Zapadno-Krestishinskoye, Yablonevskoye. The gas fractions of these deposits, in addition to hydrocarbons, also contain the most valuable associated components. Thus, in addition to methane (40–50%) and heavy hydrocarbons (10–13%), the gas composition of the Astrakhan field contains 22–23% hydrogen sulfide and 20–25% carbon dioxide. The content of stable condensate in the hydrocarbon gas of the same Astrakhan field, according to available data, varies over the area from 130 to 350 cm 3 /m 3 .

When calculating reserves, along with hydrocarbon gas and condensate, these components must also be taken into account.

Oil and gas condensate deposits(Fig. 7.3) differ from the previous ones by the presence of liquid hydrocarbons in the lower part of the productive stratum, which are light oil.

Rice. 7.3. Scheme of oil and gas condensate deposit

An example is the Karachaganak field. The height of the massive deposit in this field exceeds 1.5 km. From top to bottom, the amount of condensate gradually increases and about 200 m of the lower part of the productive stratum is filled with oil.

Oil and gas deposit contains an accumulation of gas underlain by oil (over the entire area or in part), the geological reserves of which do not exceed half of the total hydrocarbon reserves of the deposit as a whole. The predominant gas is usually fatty, i.e. in addition to methane, it contains a certain amount of heavy hydrocarbons.

Depending on the type of reservoir and the nature of the filling of the trap, the oil part may look like either an oil rim or an oil cushion (Fig. 7.4).

Rice. 7.4. Diagram of an oil and gas deposit

If a deposit is found in a reservoir , then the oil part of the deposit will be located along the periphery of the trap, and in this case there are continuous external and internal oil-bearing contours and external and internal gas-bearing contours. Within the inner gas-bearing contour, the wells penetrate the pure gas part of the reservoir, between the outer and inner gas-bearing contours – the gas-oil part, and outside the outer gas-bearing contour – the purely oil or water-oil part of the deposit.

Due to geological (reservoir replacement) or hydrodynamic (regional water head) reasons, an oil rim can be shifted towards better reservoirs or lower water pressure and appear as a one-sided rim .

In a massive and incomplete reservoir, the oil part in the form of an oil cushion is located throughout the entire part of the trap or, as in the previous case, can be partially shifted to its periphery .

The formation of the rim can occur due to the displacement of oil by the gas that entered the trap after the formation of the oil deposit. An indicator of this origin of the deposit is the presence of residual, associated oil throughout the section of the productive stratum. The presence of an oil rim may also be due to the flow of oil into the trap after the formation of a gas deposit. In this case, no traces of oil are found in the gas-saturated part of the formation.

Different ratios of the gas and oil parts of the deposit are clearly seen in the Urengoy field as an example. This field in the Cenomanian deposits contains a purely gas reservoir, in the Lower Cretaceous gas condensate, oil and gas condensate deposits, and in the Callovian-Oxfordian - oil. In some productive horizons, oil underlies the entire gas condensate reservoir. In others, the oil rim is displaced to the northern periclinal part of the structure.

Oil and gas deposit is an oil accumulation with a gas cap (Fig. 7.5) .

Rice. 7.5. Oil and gas deposit

Geological oil reserves exceed half of the total hydrocarbon reserves of the deposit. This type of deposits is found in many oil and gas provinces of the world.

The formation of a gas cap can occur either due to the release of gas from oil due to the rise of the trap at the last stages of its development and, consequently, a decrease in reservoir pressure, or as a result of gas inflow after the formation of an oil deposit.

oil deposit contains an accumulation of oil with gas dissolved in it (Fig. 7.6) .

Rice. 7.6. oil deposit

The phase relations of hydrocarbons in deposits of all types, except for purely gas ones, are determined by the thermobaric conditions of occurrence. In the process of development, these conditions change, the balance of the natural system is disturbed. So, in the process of developing an oil deposit in a natural regime, the reservoir pressure decreases, and if it becomes lower than the saturation pressure, then free gas is released in the reservoir and a gas cap is formed; in the gas condensate reservoir. on the contrary, liquid hydrocarbons precipitate. In other words, when the reservoir is affected, its equilibrium state changes and at some stage it passes into a new quality.

The transition of the considered natural system to a new qualitative state depends, on the one hand, on the nature of its interrelations with natural systems of higher hierarchical levels (regional background), on the other hand, on the degree of technogenic impact on it.

According to the complexity of the geological structure of productive horizons, deposits are divided into two main groups:

BUT) simple structure- productive horizons are characterized by a relative consistency of lithological composition, reservoir properties and productivity throughout the entire volume of the deposit;

b) complex structure - divided by tectonic disturbances into a number of isolated blocks and zones, or deposits with a variable nature of productive horizons.

April 16th, 2014

A new giant oil field has been discovered in Russia. Minister of Natural Resources Sergey Donskoy told Business FM about this. We are talking about the Veliky deposit in the Astrakhan region.

“The reserves of the field are unprecedented - about 300 million tons of oil and 90 billion cubic meters of gas. This discovery confirms the high prospects of the Astrakhan region in terms of such major discoveries,” the minister explained.

It is noteworthy that the previous major discovery was also made in the Astrakhan region. In 2006, LUKOIL geologists discovered the Filanovsky field on the Caspian shelf with recoverable reserves of more than 150 million tons of oil.

As for the Velikoye deposit, the AFB company will probably be engaged in its development. The oilman has been working in the Astrakhan region for several years and made another major discovery there two years ago. Then the company discovered 140 million tons of oil in the neighboring Tambov area.

“Actually, the field is not easy. He has a difficult geological structure, but in the land part of the Astrakhan region, this is the first deposit with virtually no hydrogen sulfide impurities. That is, if we confirm the declared figures, then economically its development will be extremely profitable and more than profitable,” Vladimir Kudinov, chief geologist of AFB, said at the time.

The largest shareholder of the oil company is Vitaly Vantsev, Chairman of the Board of Directors of Vnukovo Airport. A few years ago, he invested more than $100 million in an oil company, and this investment has clearly paid off.

“Based on the reserves, the cost of the Velikoye deposit can be estimated at $0.9-1.1 billion,” Alexey Kokin, an analyst at Uralsib Capital, calculated. “Now the company and the investor have a pleasant choice - to develop the project on their own or to attract a partner.” According to the expert, given the lack of large deposits on land, all the major players in the industry will certainly show interest in participating in the project. The most likely partners are Rosneft and LUKOIL, whose assets are located in neighboring regions.

In Russia, there has been no discovery of large deposits for quite a long time. On land, the last large open field was Vankor, which was discovered by geologists in 1988. The field is being developed by Rosneft, its reserves exceed 500 million tons of "black gold". Two years ago, the state sold licenses for the large Lodochnoye, Shpilman and Imilorskoye deposits, which were considered the last. The assets were acquired by Rosneft, Surgutneftegaz and LUKOIL, respectively. Now only deposits with a volume of up to 20 million tons remain in the undistributed fund.

And a little more interesting for you about oil:

Oil is flammable liquid, which is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons. Various types of oil differ significantly in chemical and physical properties: in nature, it is presented both in the form of black bituminous asphalt and in the form of light volatile varieties. Contrary to the well-established expression "black gold", oil is distinguished by a variety of colors - it can be black, brown, cherry, green, amber, yellow. Its smell can also be completely different - from pleasant and even fragrant to disgustingly sulphurous.

Crude oil contains about 1000 components. Alkanes, cycloalkanes and various aromatic hydrocarbons predominate among them. Other organic compounds present in oil contain nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur or minor amounts of metals such as iron, nickel, copper and vanadium. By chemical composition oil is very similar to coal - it also has carbon as its main constituent. Therefore, oil and gas, along with coal, peat by the Icelanders, scientists refer to one class of fossils - caustobioliths.

The deposits of this most valuable mineral are located at a depth of tens of meters to 5-6 km. The origin of oil is still hotly debated. Most scientists are supporters of the biogenic theory, according to which oil was formed from the remains of living organisms - mostly plankton. The residues accumulated at the bottom of water basins, then compacted and dehydrated. Under conditions of limited oxygen access, various biochemical processes took place in them. The layer of residues then descended to a depth where oil formation occurred under conditions of high temperature and pressure. This theory of the appearance of oil is called "biogenic". However, it is not the only explanation for the emergence of this invaluable resource.
Quite a few scientists and specialists have a different opinion on this issue, speaking as supporters of the theory of "abiogenic synthesis". Even D. I. Mendeleev suggested that oil is formed from deep fluids - liquid and gaseous components of magma or solutions circulating in the earth's depths, saturated with gases. He believed that during the processes of mountain building, water seeps down through cracks that cut through the earth's crust. Meeting in the depths with iron carbides, water reacts with them under the influence of high temperatures and pressure. This reaction produces iron oxides and hydrocarbons such as ethane. Along the same faults, fluids saturated with hydrocarbons rise to the upper layers of the crust and fill the solid reservoir rocks. This is how oil and gas fields are formed.

Geologists subsequently found out that deposits are often formed in the zone of deep faults - this confirms Mendeleev's hypothesis. But the most serious argument in favor of the abiogenic theory was the discovery in 1988 of the White Tiger deposit. This field on the sea shelf of Vietnam is located at a depth of more than 3 km, not in the sedimentary rocks, but in a granite "foundation". The drilled well immediately gushed out, and oil still flows from it with good pressure. The presence of living organisms or plankton from which oil could be formed is not possible in such an environment. Since oil can accumulate in solid crystalline rocks, in which there are no organic residues, the abiogenic theory seems to be quite logical.

The question of the origin of oil is not an abstract scientific problem. He is important to all of us. If organic synthesis is still going on in the bowels of the earth, there is hope for the discovery of more and more oil deposits. If it is of exclusively organic origin, the prospects are disappointing. It is believed that if the current level of consumption is maintained and if oil is extracted from readily available sources, it will end in the second half of this century. However, with the development of technology, oil will be able to be extracted from where it simply could not be extracted from before - for example, from natural bitumen, the reserves of which amount to 600 billion tons, which is more than four times the proven conventional oil reserves.

Why is oil so important to us? Due to its high energy intensity and transportability, it has served as the most important energy source in the world since the middle of the 20th century. Up to 84% of the volume extracted today goes to the production of fuel. The remaining 16% are used as raw materials for processing into plastics, solvents, fertilizers, medicines and other products, without which modern civilization is simply impossible. Even if in the distant future oil loses its priority role as a fuel, its value will not decrease. Mankind still cannot do without items, an essential component in the manufacture of which is oil. Thus, with the development of alternative and renewable energy sources, more and more oil will be spent on the needs of the petrochemical industry.

And a dozen more interesting facts about oil:

1. The word oil means - "something expelled (by the earth)"
The word oil came into Russian from Turkish (from the word neft), which came from the Persian naft, and which in turn was borrowed from the Semitic languages. The Akkadian (Assyrian) word nаrtn "oil" comes from the Semitic verbal root nрt with the original meaning "to spew, spew out" (Arabic naft, nafta - "spewed out").

There are other versions of the meaning of the word oil. For example, according to some sources, the word oil comes from the Akkadian napatum, which means "flare, ignite," according to others - from the ancient Iranian naft, meaning "something wet, liquid."

But, for example, the Chinese, who, by the way, were the first to drill an oil well back in 347 AD, called and still call oil - shi you, which literally means "mountain oil".

The English word petroleum, which the Americans and the British call crude oil, also, by the way, means "mountain oil" and comes from the Greek petra (mountain) and the Latin oleum (oil).

2. Do you think oil came from extinct dinosaurs?

It may seem strange to oil professionals, but many people outside the oil industry think that oil was formed from dinosaurs and other ancient animals.

Oil did form from organic material (the remains of living organisms), but these were organisms much smaller than dinosaurs. According to scientists, micro-organisms inhabiting coastal sea waters - plankton, 90% of which is phytoplankton - served as the source material for the formation of oil.

3. Or maybe you think that oil lies underground in the form of oil lakes or seas?
This is another of the misconceptions that people far from the oil industry often sin. In fact, there are no oil lakes in the bowels of the earth. Earth's crust folded rocks different mineral composition and different density. Rocks with a relatively low density, which have the ability to contain mobile substances (fluids), such as oil, gas, water, are called reservoirs. Such reservoir rocks, impregnated with oil, form oil fields.

4. Oil has been used by humans for over 6,000 years.

Oil has been known to people since ancient times. In ancient Babylon, bitumen was used in the construction of buildings and for sealing ships. Tar was first used in the 8th century in Baghdad in the construction of roads. The ancient lamp The ancient Egyptians and later the Greeks used primitive lamps for lighting, fueled by light oils.

At times Byzantine Empire"Greek fire" - an incendiary mixture, was a formidable weapon, since attempts to extinguish it with water only intensified the burning. Its exact composition is lost, but scientists suggest that it was a mixture of various petroleum products and other combustible substances.

5. Do you like whales? Good, because it was only thanks to oil that they were saved from complete extermination.

In the nineteenth century, there was a huge demand for whale oil. Whale oil was widely used in lighting lamps, as it burned slowly without emitting smoke and bad smell. In addition, whale oil was used to make candles, as a lubricant for clockwork, as protective coating in early photographs, and as an indispensable element in the manufacture of medicines, soaps and cosmetics.

Due to increased demand, whale hunting by the middle of the 19th century led to the almost complete extinction of these animals. But thanks to cheaper kerosene, obtained from the oil refining process, and the discovery of its safe use as a source of lighting, the demand for whale oil began to decline sharply. The whaling fleet of the United States, for example, consisted of 735 ships in 1846, and by 1879 there were only 39 of them. Eventually, whaling almost completely ceased, as it had lost any economic sense.

The only thing whale oil is still used for is space exploration. It turned out that whale oil (more precisely, the fat of sperm whales) does not freeze even at abnormally low temperatures (which exist in outer space). This unique property makes whale oil an ideal lubricant for use in space probes.

6. Gasoline was once extremely cheap...because it was useless.

At the dawn of the development of the oil industry, kerosene was the target product of oil refining. This was before passenger cars became a popular and widespread means of transportation. Gasoline, which at that time was a by-product of the distillation of oil into kerosene, did not have significant demand. It was a very cheap product that was used to treat lice or as a solvent to clean fabric from greasy spots. In fact, gasoline was so cheap that many oil companies simply dumped it into the river.

7. The reason why Saudi sheikhs are so rich.

Oil production is quite difficult process, but at the same time, the technology of oil production is quite well studied and developed. Saudi Aramco is a national company that produces oil in Saudi Arabia and is wholly owned by the state. This company is the world's largest oil company in terms of oil production.

Do you know how much it costs Saudi Aramco to produce one barrel of oil?

Forbes magazine knows this. Here is what he writes:

Saudi Aramco is the most profitable company on the planet. It does not fully disclose its financial figures, but a rough approximation of its net income is $200 billion a year with annual income in excess of $350 billion. Last year, Oil Minister Ali Al-Naimi told reporters that on average, the A barrel of oil in Saudi Arabia is $2. This barrel of oil is sold for $130. If you pass the same barrel of oil through an integrated petrochemical plant, it will easily bring in $500 in revenue.