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State management in the field of natural resources deals with one of the most important national wealth of Russia - its natural environment and is aimed at the rational use and protection of these resources.
N 7-ФЗ "About environmental protection" * (371) the environment is a set of components of the natural environment, natural and natural-anthropogenic objects, and also anthropogenic objects.
Under the natural environment (nature) is understood the totality of the components of the natural environment, natural and natural-anthropogenic objects. The components of the natural environment are land, subsoil, soil, surface and The groundwater, atmospheric air, flora, fauna and other organisms, as well as the ozone layer of the atmosphere and near-Earth outer space, which together provide favorable conditions for the existence of life on Earth. A natural-anthropogenic object is a natural object that has been modified as a result of economic and other activities, and (or) an object created by a person with properties natural object and has recreational and protective value.
Economic and other activities of bodies state power of the Russian Federation, public authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments, legal entities and individuals that have an impact on the environment should be carried out on the basis of the following principles:
observance of the human right to a healthy environment;
security favorable conditions human life;
scientifically substantiated combination of ecological, economic and social interests of a person, society and the state in order to ensure sustainable development and a favorable environment;
protection, reproduction and rational use of natural resources as the necessary conditions ensuring a favorable environment and environmental safety;
the responsibility of state authorities of the Russian Federation, state authorities of the subjects of the Russian Federation, local governments for ensuring a favorable environment and environmental safety in the respective territories;
payment for nature use and compensation for damage to the environment;
independence of control in the field of environmental protection;
presumption of ecological danger of the planned economic and other activities;
the obligation to assess the impact on the environment when making decisions on the implementation of economic and other activities;
the obligation to conduct, in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, verification of projects and other documentation justifying economic and other activities that may have a negative impact on the environment, create a threat to the life, health and property of citizens, for compliance with the requirements of technical regulations in the field of environmental protection;
taking into account the natural and socio-economic characteristics of the territories in the planning and implementation of economic and other activities;
the priority of preserving natural ecological systems, natural landscapes and natural complexes;
admissibility of the impact of economic and other activities on natural environment based on the requirements in the field of environmental protection;
ensuring a reduction negative impact economic and other activities on the environment in accordance with the standards in the field of environmental protection, which can be achieved through the use of the best existing technologies, taking into account economic and social factors;
obligatory participation in environmental protection activities of state authorities of the Russian Federation, state authorities of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments, public and other non-profit associations, legal entities and individuals;
conservation of biological diversity;
ensuring an integrated and individual approach to the establishment of requirements in the field of environmental protection for economic and other entities that carry out such activities or plan to carry out such activities;
prohibition of economic and other activities, the consequences of which are unpredictable for the environment, as well as the implementation of projects that can lead to the degradation of natural ecological systems, change and (or) destruction of the genetic fund of plants, animals and other organisms, depletion of natural resources and other negative changes environment;
observance of the right of everyone to receive reliable information about the state of the environment, as well as the participation of citizens in decision-making regarding their rights to a favorable environment, in accordance with the law;
liability for violation of legislation in the field of environmental protection;
organization and development of the system of environmental education, education and formation of environmental culture;
participation of citizens, public and other non-profit associations in solving problems of environmental protection;
international cooperation of the Russian Federation in the field of environmental protection.
The objects of environmental protection from pollution, depletion, degradation, damage, destruction and other negative impact of economic and other activities are: land, subsoil, soil; surface and ground waters; forests and other vegetation, animals and other organisms and their genetic fund; atmospheric air, the ozone layer of the atmosphere and near-Earth space.
As a matter of priority, natural ecological systems, natural landscapes and natural complexes that have not been subjected to anthropogenic impact are subject to protection. Objects included in the World Heritage List are subject to special protection. cultural heritage and the List of World Natural Heritage, state nature reserves, including biosphere reserves, state nature reserves, natural monuments, national, natural and dendrological parks, botanical gardens, health-improving areas and resorts, other natural complexes, original habitat, places of traditional residence and economic activities of the indigenous peoples of the Russian Federation, objects of special environmental, scientific, historical and cultural, aesthetic, recreational, health and other valuable significance, the continental shelf and the exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation, as well as rare or endangered soils, forests and other vegetation, animals and other organisms and their habitats.
Methods of economic regulation in the field of environmental protection include:
development of state forecasts of socio-economic development based on environmental forecasts;
development of federal programs in the field of environmental development of the Russian Federation and target programs in the field of environmental protection of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;
development and implementation of environmental protection measures in order to prevent environmental damage;
setting fees for negative impact on the environment;
setting limits on emissions and discharges of pollutants and microorganisms, limits on the disposal of production and consumption waste and other types of negative impact on the environment;
conducting an economic assessment natural objects and natural-anthropogenic objects;
conducting an economic assessment of the impact of economic and other activities on the environment;
provision of tax and other benefits in the implementation of the best existing technologies, non-traditional types of energy, the use of secondary resources and waste processing, as well as in the implementation of other effective measures to protect the environment in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation;
support for entrepreneurial, innovative and other activities (including environmental insurance) aimed at protecting the environment;
compensation in accordance with the established procedure for damage to the environment;
other methods of economic regulation to improve and effectively implement environmental protection.
In order to prevent the negative impact on the environment of economic and other activities for legal entities and individuals - users of natural resources, the following standards for permissible environmental impact are established:
standards for permissible emissions and discharges of substances and microorganisms;
standards for the generation of production and consumption waste and limits on their disposal;
standards for permissible physical impacts (amount of heat, levels of noise, vibration, ionizing radiation, electromagnetic field strength and other physical impacts);
standards for permissible removal of components of the natural environment;
standards of permissible anthropogenic load on the environment;
standards for other permissible impact on the environment in the course of economic and other activities established by the legislation of the Russian Federation and the legislation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation for the purpose of environmental protection.
Protection and use of atmospheric air. In accordance with the Federal Law of May 4, 1999 N 96-ФЗ "On the Protection of Atmospheric Air" * (372) atmospheric air is a vital component of the natural environment, which is a natural mixture of atmospheric gases located outside residential, industrial and other premises.
State management in the field of atmospheric air protection is based on the following principles:
the priority of protecting human life and health, present and future generations;
ensuring favorable environmental conditions for human life, work and recreation;
prevention of irreversible consequences of atmospheric air pollution for the environment;
mandatory state regulation of emissions of harmful (polluting) substances into the air and harmful physical effects on it;
publicity, completeness and reliability of information on the state of atmospheric air, its pollution;
scientific validity, consistency and complexity of the approach to the protection of atmospheric air and the protection of the natural environment as a whole;
obligatory compliance with the requirements of the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of atmospheric air protection, liability for violation of this legislation.
In order to determine the criteria for the safety and (or) harmlessness of exposure to chemical, physical and biological factors on people, plants and animals, specially protected natural areas and objects, as well as in order to assess the state of atmospheric air, hygienic and environmental standards for atmospheric air quality and maximum permissible levels of physical impact on it are established.
For the purpose of state regulation of emissions of harmful (polluting) substances into the atmospheric air, technical and maximum allowable emissions are established.
Legal entities that have sources of emissions of harmful (pollutant) substances into the atmospheric air and sources of harmful physical effects on the atmospheric air, as well as the amount and composition of emissions of harmful (pollutant) substances into the atmospheric air, types and sizes of harmful physical effects on it are subject to state accounting. In accordance with the Regulations on the state accounting of harmful effects on the atmospheric air and their sources * (373), the main task of the state accounting of harmful effects on the atmospheric air is to obtain information on the amount and composition of emissions of harmful (polluting) substances into the atmospheric air, types and sizes of harmful physical impacts on the atmospheric air and their sources, necessary for: formation and implementation of federal targeted programs for the protection of atmospheric air; development and implementation of measures for the protection of atmospheric air arising from the international obligations of the Russian Federation; development and implementation of regional targeted programs for the protection of atmospheric air; regulation of emissions of harmful (polluting) substances into the atmospheric air and harmful physical effects on it; design, placement, construction, reconstruction and operation of facilities that affect the state of atmospheric air; placement and development of urban and other settlements; implementation of state control over the protection of atmospheric air; forecasting changes in atmospheric air quality; determination and collection of fees for air pollution; informing the population, public authorities, as well as interested organizations about air pollution; other activities related to the implementation of state administration in the field of atmospheric air protection.
For the purpose of monitoring atmospheric air pollution, a comprehensive assessment and forecast of its condition, as well as providing state authorities, local governments, organizations and the population with current and emergency information on atmospheric air pollution, the Government of the Russian Federation, state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local authorities self-governments organize state monitoring of atmospheric air and, within their competence, ensure its implementation in the relevant territories of the Russian Federation, subjects of the Russian Federation and municipalities.
State control over the protection of atmospheric air must ensure compliance with:
conditions established by permits for emissions of harmful (polluting) substances into the atmospheric air and for harmful physical effects on it;
standards, regulations, rules and other requirements for the protection of atmospheric air, including the performance of production control over the protection of atmospheric air;
the regime of sanitary protection zones of facilities with stationary sources of emissions of harmful (polluting) substances into the atmospheric air;
implementation of federal targeted programs for the protection of atmospheric air, programs of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation for the protection of atmospheric air and the implementation of measures for its protection;
other requirements of the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of atmospheric air protection.
Production control over the protection of atmospheric air is carried out by legal entities that have sources of harmful chemical, biological and physical effects on atmospheric air and who appoint persons responsible for carrying out production control over the protection of atmospheric air, and (or) organize environmental services.
Protection and use of subsoil. In accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation of February 21, 1992 N 2395-1 "On Subsoil" * (374) subsoil is part earth's crust located below the soil layer, and in its absence - below the earth's surface and the bottom of reservoirs and watercourses, extending to depths accessible for geological study and development.
Subsoil within the boundaries of the territory of the Russian Federation, including underground space and minerals, energy and other resources contained in the subsoil, are state property. Subsoil plots cannot be the subject of purchase, sale, donation, inheritance, contribution, pledge or alienation in any other form. Subsoil use rights may be alienated or transferred from one person to another to the extent that their circulation is permitted by federal laws.
The State Subsoil Fund consists of used areas, which are geometric blocks of subsoil, and unused parts of subsoil within the territory of the Russian Federation and its continental shelf. In order to guarantee the provision of the state needs of the Russian Federation with strategic and scarce types of subsoil resources, the presence of which affects the national security of the Russian Federation, provides the basis for its sovereignty, as well as to fulfill obligations under international treaties of the Russian Federation, certain subsoil plots, including those containing mineral deposits, can receive the status of objects of federal significance. Some deposits of federal importance, including those that have been developed and prepared for the extraction of minerals, are included in the federal fund of reserve deposits.
Subsoil is provided for use for:
regional geological study, including regional geological and geophysical work, geological survey, engineering and geological surveys, research, paleontological and other work aimed at general geological study of the subsoil, geological work on earthquake prediction and the study of volcanic activity, the creation and maintenance of condition monitoring subsoil, control over the regime of groundwater, as well as other work carried out without a significant violation of the integrity of the subsoil;
geological study, including the search and evaluation of mineral deposits, as well as geological study and assessment of the suitability of subsoil plots for the construction and operation of underground structures not related to the extraction of minerals;
exploration and extraction of minerals, including the use of waste from mining and related processing industries;
construction and operation of underground structures not related to the extraction of minerals;
the formation of specially protected geological objects of scientific, cultural, aesthetic, health-improving and other significance (scientific and educational ranges, geological reserves, wildlife sanctuaries, natural monuments, caves and other underground cavities);
collection of mineralogical, paleontological and other geological collection materials.
The use of certain subsoil plots may be limited or prohibited in order to ensure national security and environmental protection. The use of subsoil in the territories of settlements, suburban areas, industrial facilities, transport and communications may be partially or completely prohibited in cases where this use may endanger the life and health of people, damage economic facilities or the natural environment.
The provision of subsoil for use is issued by a special state permit in the form of a license, which includes a form with the State Emblem of the Russian Federation in the established form, as well as text, graphic and other applications that are integral integral part licenses and defining the basic conditions for the use of subsoil. A license is a document certifying the right of its owner to use a subsoil plot within certain boundaries in accordance with the purpose specified in it within a specified period, subject to the owner's compliance with predetermined conditions. An agreement may be concluded between authorized state authorities and a subsoil user that establishes the conditions for the use of such a site, as well as the obligations of the parties to fulfill the said agreement. The license certifies the right to carry out work on the geological study of the subsoil, the development of mineral deposits, the use of waste from mining and related processing industries, the use of subsoil for purposes not related to the extraction of minerals, the formation of specially protected geological objects, the collection of mineralogical, paleontological and other geological collection materials. The granting of licenses for the use of subsoil is carried out with the prior consent of the land management authority or the owner of the land for the allocation of the relevant land plot for the purposes of subsoil use. The allotment of a land plot within the final boundaries and registration of the subsoil user's land rights are carried out in the manner prescribed by the land legislation, after the approval of the subsoil use project.
The main requirements for the rational use and protection of subsoil are:
compliance with the procedure established by law for granting subsoil for use and preventing unauthorized use of subsoil;
ensuring the completeness of geological study, rational integrated use and protection of subsoil;
conducting advanced geological study of subsoil, providing a reliable assessment of mineral reserves or properties of a subsoil plot provided for use for purposes not related to the extraction of minerals;
conducting state expertise and state accounting of mineral reserves, as well as subsoil plots used for purposes not related to the extraction of minerals;
ensuring the most complete extraction from the subsoil of the reserves of the main and, together with them, occurring minerals and associated components;
reliable accounting of the reserves of the main and co-occurring minerals and associated components extracted and left in the subsoil during the development of mineral deposits;
protection of mineral deposits from flooding, flooding, fires and other factors that reduce the quality of minerals and the industrial value of deposits or complicate their development;
prevention of subsoil pollution during work related to the use of subsoil, especially during underground storage of oil, gas or other substances and materials, disposal of hazardous substances and production waste, discharge Wastewater;
compliance established order conservation and liquidation of enterprises for the extraction of minerals and underground structures not related to the extraction of minerals;
prevention of unauthorized construction of mineral deposits and compliance with the established procedure for the use of these areas for other purposes;
prevention of accumulation of industrial and domestic wastes in catchment areas and in groundwater deposits used for drinking or industrial water supply.
When using subsoil, the following payments are paid: one-time payments for the use of subsoil upon the occurrence of certain events specified in the license; regular payments for subsoil use; payment for geological information about the subsoil; fee for participation in the competition (auction); license fee.
In addition, subsoil users pay other taxes and fees established in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation on taxes and fees. Subsoil users who are parties to production sharing agreements are payers of payments for the use of subsoil in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.
Protection and use of forests. In accordance with the Forest Code of the Russian Federation of December 4, 2006 N 200-FZ * (375), forest legislation is based on the following principles:
sustainable forest management, conservation of forest biological diversity, increasing their potential;
preservation of environment-forming, water-protective, protective, sanitary-hygienic, health-improving and other useful features forests to ensure the right of everyone to a healthy environment;
use of forests, taking into account their global ecological significance, as well as taking into account the duration of their cultivation and other natural properties of forests;
ensuring the multi-purpose, rational, continuous, sustainable use of forests to meet the needs of society in forests and forest resources;
reforestation, improvement of their quality, as well as increase of forest productivity;
ensuring the protection and protection of forests;
citizen participation, public associations in the preparation of decisions, the implementation of which may have an impact on forests during their use, protection, protection, reproduction, in the manner and forms established by the legislation of the Russian Federation;
using forests in ways that do not harm the environment and human health;
division of forests into species according to their intended purpose and the establishment of categories of protective forests depending on the useful functions they perform;
inadmissibility of the use of forests by state authorities, local governments;
payment for the use of forests.
The use of forests can be of the following types: timber harvesting; preparation of resin; harvesting and collection of non-timber forest resources; harvesting food forest resources and collecting medicinal plants; hunting management and hunting; farming; implementation of research activities, educational activities; implementation of recreational activities; creation of forest plantations and their exploitation;) cultivation of forest fruits, berries, ornamental plants, medicinal plants;) performance of work on the geological study of the subsoil, the development of mineral deposits; construction and operation of reservoirs and other artificial water bodies, as well as hydraulic structures and specialized ports; construction, reconstruction, operation of power lines, communication lines, roads, pipelines and other linear facilities; processing of wood and other forest resources; carrying out religious activities; other types.
Forests are subject to protection from fires, pollution (including radioactive substances) and other negative impacts, as well as protection from harmful organisms.
Felled, dead, damaged forests are subject to reproduction. Reproduction of forests is carried out through reforestation and forest care. Reforestation is carried out by state authorities, local governments within the limits of their powers, determined in accordance with federal laws.
Forest management includes the design of forest areas, forest parks, operational forests, protective forests, reserve forests, especially protective forest plots, forest plots, fixing the location of their boundaries on the ground, forest inventory (identification, accounting, assessment of the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of forest resources) and design measures for the protection, protection, reproduction of forests.
Planning in the field of use, protection, protection, reproduction of forests (forest planning) is aimed at ensuring the sustainable development of territories. Forest planning is the basis for the development of forests located within the boundaries of forest areas and forest parks. The document of forest planning is the forest plan of the subject of the Russian Federation. The forest plan of the subject of the Russian Federation defines the goals and objectives of forest planning, as well as measures for the implementation of the planned development of forests and the zone of such development.
The state inventory of forests is a measure to check the state of forests, their quantitative and qualitative characteristics. The state inventory of forests is carried out in order to timely identify and predict the development of processes that have a negative impact on forests, assess the effectiveness of measures for the protection, protection, reforestation, information support for management in the field of use, protection, protection, regeneration of forests, as well as in the field of state forest control and supervision.
Protection and use of water resources. In accordance with the Water Code of the Russian Federation of June 3, 2006 N 74-FZ * (376), water resources are surface and ground waters that are in water bodies and are used or can be used.
Water legislation is based on the following principles:
the importance of water bodies as the basis of human life and activity;
priority of protection of water objects before their use;
preservation of specially protected water bodies, the restriction or prohibition of the use of which is established by federal laws;
targeted use of water bodies;
priority of the use of water bodies for the purposes of drinking and domestic water supply over other purposes of their use;
participation of citizens, public associations in resolving issues related to the rights to water bodies, as well as their duties for the protection of water bodies;
equal access of individuals, legal entities to the acquisition of the right to use water bodies, with the exception of cases provided for by water legislation;
equal access of individuals, legal entities to the acquisition of ownership of water bodies, which, in accordance with the Federal Law, may be owned by individuals or legal entities;
regulation of water relations within the boundaries of basin districts (basin approach);
regulation of water relations depending on the characteristics of the regime of water bodies, their physiographic, morphometric and other features;
regulation of water relations based on the relationship of water bodies and hydraulic structures that form the water management system;
publicity of water use;
integrated use of water bodies;
payment for the use of water bodies;
economic incentives for the protection of water bodies;
use of water bodies in the places of traditional residence of the indigenous peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East of the Russian Federation for the implementation of traditional nature management.
Basin districts are the main unit of management in the field of use and protection of water bodies and consist of river basins and associated groundwater bodies and seas. Twenty basin districts are established in the Russian Federation.
In order to ensure the rational use and protection of water bodies, basin councils are created to develop recommendations in the field of use and protection of water bodies within the boundaries of the basin district. The recommendations of the basin councils are taken into account when developing schemes for the integrated use and protection of water bodies. Basin councils include representatives of federal executive bodies authorized by the Government of the Russian Federation, state authorities of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments, as well as representatives of water users, public associations, communities of indigenous peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East of the Russian Federation.
State monitoring of water bodies is a system of observations, assessment and forecast of changes in the state of water bodies that are in federal ownership, the property of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the property of municipalities, the property of individuals, legal entities. State monitoring of water bodies is a part of state environmental monitoring. State monitoring of water bodies is carried out in order to: timely identify and predict the development of negative processes that affect the quality of water in water bodies and their condition, develop and implement measures to prevent the negative consequences of these processes; assessment of the effectiveness of ongoing measures for the protection of water bodies; information support for management in the field of use and protection of water bodies, including for state control and supervision over the use and protection of water bodies.
State monitoring of water bodies includes: regular monitoring of the state of water bodies, quantitative and qualitative indicators of the state of water resources, as well as the mode of use of water protection zones; collection, processing and storage of information obtained as a result of observations; entering information obtained as a result of observations into the state water register; assessment and forecasting of changes in the state of water bodies, quantitative and qualitative indicators of the state of water resources.
Schemes for the integrated use and protection of water bodies include systematized materials on the state of water bodies and their use and are the basis for the implementation of water management measures and measures for the protection of water bodies located within the boundaries of river basins. Schemes for the integrated use and protection of water bodies are developed in order to determine the permissible anthropogenic load on water bodies, the needs for water resources in the future, ensure the protection of water bodies and determine the main areas of activity to prevent the negative impact of water.
Water bodies are used for the purposes of drinking and household water supply, discharge of sewage and (or) drainage water, production of electrical energy, water and air transport, timber rafting and other purposes provided for by law.
When designing, locating, building, reconstructing and operating hydraulic structures, measures must be provided for and timely implemented to protect water bodies, as well as aquatic biological resources and other objects of the animal and plant world. When using water bodies included in water management systems, it is not allowed to change water regime these water bodies, which may lead to a violation of the rights of third parties. Work on changing or arranging a natural reservoir or watercourse is carried out on condition that its natural origin is preserved.
The owners of water bodies carry out measures to protect water bodies, prevent their pollution, clogging and depletion of water, as well as measures to eliminate the consequences of these phenomena. The protection of water bodies that are in federal ownership, the property of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the property of municipalities, is carried out by the executive bodies of state power or local governments within their powers. When using water bodies, individuals and legal entities are obliged to carry out water management measures and measures to protect water bodies in accordance with federal laws.
Protection and use of wildlife. In accordance with the Federal Law of April 24, 1995 N 52-FZ "On the Wildlife" * (377), the wildlife is a collection of living organisms of all kinds of wild animals permanently or temporarily inhabiting the territory of the Russian Federation and in a state of natural freedom, as well as related to the natural resources of the continental shelf and the exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation.
The main principles in the field of protection and use of wildlife, conservation and restoration of its habitat are:
ensuring the sustainable existence and sustainable use of wildlife;
support for activities aimed at protecting the wildlife and its habitat;
implementation of the use of wildlife in ways that do not allow cruelty to animals, in accordance with general principles humanity;
the inadmissibility of combining activities for the implementation of state control over the use and protection of wildlife and its habitat with activities for the use of wildlife objects;
involvement of citizens and public associations in solving problems in the field of protection, reproduction and sustainable use of wildlife objects;
separation of the right to use wildlife from the right to use land and other natural resources;
payment for the use of wildlife;
priority of international law in the field of use and protection of wildlife, protection and restoration of its habitat.
Federal programs for the protection of wildlife and their habitats are approved by the Government of the Russian Federation. Regional and local programs are developed and implemented in the manner prescribed by the regulatory legal acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
An obligatory measure for the protection of the wildlife is the state ecological expertise, carried out in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation and preceding the adoption by the executive authorities of the Russian Federation and the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation of an economic decision that can affect wildlife objects and their habitat. Fertilizers, pesticides and plant growth biostimulants, as well as materials substantiating the volumes (limits, quotas) of removal of wildlife objects and work on acclimatization and hybridization of these objects are subject to mandatory state environmental expertise.
In order to preserve and reproduce objects of the animal world and their habitat, the implementation of certain types of use of the animal world, as well as the use of certain objects of the animal world, may be limited, suspended or completely prohibited in certain territories and water areas or for certain periods by decision of the executive authority of the Russian Federation or executive authority of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation within their competence on the proposal of the relevant specially authorized state body for the protection, control and regulation of the use of wildlife objects and their habitat.
Any activity that entails a change in the habitat of objects of the animal world and the deterioration of the conditions for their reproduction, feeding, rest and migration routes must be carried out in compliance with the requirements that ensure the protection of the animal world. Economic activity, associated with the use of objects of the animal world, should be carried out in such a way that the objects of the animal world permitted for use do not worsen their own habitat and do not harm agriculture, water and forestry.
Rare and endangered objects of the animal world are entered in the Red Book of the Russian Federation and (or) the Red Books of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
Legal entities and citizens can carry out the following types of use of wildlife: hunting; fishing, including the capture of aquatic invertebrates and marine mammals; extraction of objects of the animal world, not classified as objects of hunting and fishing; usage useful properties vital activity of objects of the animal world - soil formers, natural orderlies of the environment, pollinators of plants, biofilterers and others; study, research and other use of the animal world for scientific, cultural, educational, recreational, aesthetic purposes without removing them from their habitat; extracting the useful properties of the vital activity of objects of the animal world - soil formers, natural environmental sanitation, plant pollinators, biofilterers and others; obtaining the products of vital activity of objects of the animal world.
Users of objects of the animal world, carrying out the removal of objects of the animal world from their habitat, pay a fee for the use of objects of the animal world. The use of objects of the animal world can be carried out free of charge, if this is not associated with obtaining a license or permit for the use of the animal world. The use of wildlife is carried out in compliance with federal and regional standards, rules, limits and regulations in conjunction with a system of measures for the protection and reproduction of wildlife objects, the preservation of their habitat.
The use of wildlife is carried out by legal entities and individual entrepreneurs on the basis of a license within the period specified in the license by agreement of the parties and depending on the type of use of wildlife within the boundaries of a certain territory and water area. The use of the animal world is carried out by citizens on the basis of nominal one-time licenses for the extraction of a certain number of objects of the animal world in a certain place or for a specific period.
Specially protected natural areas. In accordance with the Federal Law of March 14, 1995 N 33-FZ "On Specially Protected natural areas" * (378) specially protected natural territories - plots of land, water surface and airspace above them, where natural complexes and objects are located that have special environmental, scientific, cultural, aesthetic, recreational and health-improving significance, which are withdrawn by decisions of state authorities wholly or partly from economic use and for which a regime of special protection is established.Specially protected natural territories are objects of national heritage.
Taking into account the peculiarities of the regime of specially protected natural territories and the status of nature protection institutions located on them, the following categories of these territories are distinguished: state nature reserves, including biosphere ones; National parks; natural parks; state nature reserves; monuments of nature; dendrological parks and botanical gardens; health-improving areas and resorts.
Protection of natural complexes and objects in the territories of state nature reserves and national parks is carried out by a special state inspection for the protection of territories of state nature reserves and national parks, whose employees are included in the staff of the relevant environmental institutions.
Employees of state nature reserves and national parks, who are state inspectors for the protection of the territories of these state nature reserves and national parks, in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, have the right to:
check with persons located in the territories of state natural reserves and national parks, permission for the right to stay in these specially protected natural areas;
check documents for the right to carry out nature management and other activities in the territories of protected zones adjacent to the territories of state nature reserves and national parks;
to detain in the territories of state natural reserves, national parks and their buffer zones persons who have violated the legislation of the Russian Federation on specially protected natural territories, and deliver these violators to law enforcement agencies;
send materials on bringing persons guilty of violations of the established regime of state natural reserves and national parks to administrative responsibility;
seize from violators of the legislation of the Russian Federation on specially protected natural areas products and tools of illegal nature management, vehicles, as well as relevant documents;
inspect vehicles and personal belongings on the territories of state nature reserves, national parks and their protected zones;
freely visit any objects located in the territories of state nature reserves, national parks, their protected zones, in order to verify compliance with the requirements of the legislation of the Russian Federation on specially protected natural areas.
Mineral resources or helpful fossils - These are natural substances of mineral origin used to obtain energy, raw materials and materials.
Mineral resources are characterized by:
sharp uneven placement;
non-renewability of specific types of resources;
the possibility of replenishment through exploration and development of new objects;
a wide variety of operating conditions;
limited large deposits.
All fossil substances (solid, liquid and gaseous) and geothermal energy are concentrated in upper layers earth's crust. Deposits of rocks that are enriched in one or more minerals are called geological deposits. Mineral accumulations with small reserves or poor ores (which makes development economically unfeasible) are usually considered as ore occurrences. In the case of improvement in mining techniques and extraction of useful components, ore occurrences can move into the category of industrial deposits. All fossil substances (solid, liquid and gaseous) and geothermal energy are concentrated in the upper layers of the earth's crust.
Numerical assessment of the average content of chemical elements in the bowels of the Earth is made using clarke of a given substance (expressed as a percentage, in g/t). This average values of the relative content of chemical elements in the upper layer of the earth's crust . The clarks of the chemical elements of the earth's crust differ by more than ten orders of magnitude. More than 99% of the mass of the earth's crust is made up of clarks of the following elements: oxygen - 47%, silicon - 29.6, aluminum - 8.05, iron - 4.65, calcium - 2.96, sodium - 2.50, potassium - 2, 5, magnesium - 1.87%. Elements contained in a relatively large amount form numerous independent chemical compounds in nature, and elements with small clarks are scattered mainly among the chemical compounds of other elements. Elements whose clarks are less than 0.01% are called rare.
Minerals, depending on the area of economic application, are divided into groups:
fuel and energy (oil, natural gas, fossil coal, oil shale, peat, uranium ores);
ore, which is the raw material basis of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy (iron and manganese ores, chromites, bauxites, copper, lead-zinc, nickel, tungsten, molybdenum, tin, antimony ores, noble metal ores, etc.);
mining and chemical raw materials (phosphorites, apatites, table salt, potassium and magnesia salts, sulfur and its compounds, barite, boric salts, bromine and iodine-containing solutions);
natural (mineral) building materials and non-metallic minerals, which adjoin ornamental, technical and precious stones (marble, granite, jasper, agate, rock crystal, garnet, corundum, diamond, etc.);
hydromineral (The groundwater).\
Mineral reserves in the bowels of the earth are measured in cubic meters ( Construction Materials, combustible gases, etc.), in tons (oil, coal, ore), in kilograms (precious metals), in carats (diamonds). According to the degree of reliability of the determination of reserves, they are divided into categories.
Stockscategory A are the most explored, with precisely defined boundaries of occurrence and fully prepared for production. TO category B include previously explored mineral reserves with approximately defined boundaries of occurrence. INcategory C, include explored in general terms deposits with estimated reserves. TO category C 2 include prospective reserves. As a rule, data on mineral reserves of categories BUT And IN are used in the development of current plans and forecasts for the development of the national economy. Other stock categories (FROM, And C 2 ,) are taken into account when substantiating long-term forecasts and planning exploration work.
Mineral reserves are also divided according to their suitability for use into balance and off-balance. : TObalance sheet own such reserves that it is expedient to develop with the current level of technology and economics; tooff-balance sheet - stocks that, with the existing technology, cannot be effectively used. There is also a category forecast - geological reserves estimated approximately as possible.
Estimated monetary value() mineral deposits are carried out according to the formula:
(10.1)
where - recoverable reserves in terms of final products; - the period of development of reserves; Z - closing costs for a given region for final products (under certain conditions, the functions of closing costs can be performed by world prices); - estimated current operating costs per unit of final product; - time factor, including the estimated life of the estimated field; - forthcoming capital investments related to exploration, development, (that is, estimates given to the year).
It is practically impossible to extract 100% of raw materials from the deposit. Recovery factor- determines the proportion of raw materials potentially extractable at the present time to its total reserves. To oil - 0.4; natural gas– 0.8; coal - 0.25. Such a low K of coal is explained by the conditions of occurrence of the seams - thin, deep, hard to reach.
The most optimistic forecast assumes that fossil fuels will last for 520 years. Pessimistic estimates of the most important resources give 50-70 years before their complete depletion.
Oil - Oil is a rock belonging to the group of sedimentary rocks along with sands, clays, limestones, rock salt, etc. One of important properties oil - the ability to burn.
Crude oil compounds are complex substances consisting of five elements - 82-87% carbon, 11-15% hydrogen, 2.5-3% sulfur, 0.1-2% oxygen and 0.01-3% nitrogen.
Oil is easily transported. In the process of processing, a wide range of products is obtained from it: gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel, fuel oil, various lubricating oils, plastics, synthetic rubber, detergents. Most often, oil occurs together with natural gas, forming oil and gas basins. Oil is produced mainly through boreholes. With a shallow occurrence of oil reservoirs to the earth's surface, production is carried out by the mine method . The deepest well on the Kola Peninsula is 12 km. In the Republic of Belarus 5420 m. Oil fields are unevenly distributed around the globe. World reserves - 840 billion tce tons. Depending on the size of the initial reserves, oil fields are divided into five groups: small (up to 10 million tons), medium (10-50), large (50 - 500), giant (500 - 1000) and unique (over 1 billion . T). According to the data, only 0.18% belonged to the category of unique and giant ones, but their share in the total reserves exceeds 80%.
62% of the world's oil reserves are concentrated in the Arabian Peninsula and the Persian Gulf. The composition of the "top ten" in 1993 1Saudi Arabia (420 million tons), 2USA, 3Russia, 4Iran (185), 5Mexico (155), 6China (145), 7Venezuela (115), 8Norway (PO), 9UAE (PO) and 10Nigeria (95). The share of OPEC countries in world oil production in 1993 reached 43%.
Natural gas - cheapest fuel. Natural gas reserves are estimated at 300-500 trillion. m 3. Natural gas is located in deposits, which are domes of a waterproof layer (clay), under which gas, consisting mainly of CH 4, is under pressure in a porous medium under pressure. At the exit from the well, the gas is cleaned of sand suspension, condensate drops and other inclusions.
When burned, it gives a lot of heat and does not require special processing. Natural gas is easy to extract. This does not require pumps. It is convenient to transport it in a liquefied state in special tanks, and not only using gas pipelines. This type of fuel and energy resources is also used for the production of nitrogen fertilizers, plastics, synthetic fabrics (nylon, nitron). Natural gas is located in the bowels of the Earth even more unevenly than oil. The first place in the world in terms of gaseous fuel resources is occupied by Russia (deposits of Western Siberia). Significant gas fields are located in the countries of the Near and Middle East (resources are especially large in Iran, Saudi Arabia, in the waters of the Persian Gulf). Less stocks in the US, North Africa, Venezuela. The shelf zones of the World Ocean are promising. In the global energy balance, natural gas accounts for 17%, in a number of countries (USA, Western Europe, Japan) it is higher. In addition, more than half of the shelf area has not yet been explored in terms of gas content. On land, only 30% of tectonic structures promising for this raw material have been studied.
Fuel and energy resources include coal : (300-500 trillion m 3) brown and stone, anthracite. Brown coal has a low calorific value. Therefore, it is used as a fuel in mining areas. Coal is characterized by high calorific value. One of its species, under appropriate conditions, can turn into strong coke. Coking coals are used in ferrous metallurgy for iron and steel smelting. Anthracite gives a significant amount of heat during combustion and is effectively used in the energy sector. In addition, coal is a raw material for the production of plastics, resins, medicines, fertilizers and other products of the chemical industry. Coal is mined by open and underground methods. With a close occurrence of coal to the earth's surface, its extraction is carried out by an open method. This is the most profitable and cheapest way of mining. Coal basins are unevenly distributed over the territory the globe. For Russia and neighboring states, USA, China and South Africa account for more than 90% of hard coal production.
The impact of mining on the natural environment
The overall economic burden on ecological systems is simplistically dependent on three factors: the size of the population, the average level of consumption and the widespread use of various technologies. The degree of damage caused to the environment by the consumer society can be reduced by changing agricultural models, transportation systems, urban planning methods, energy consumption intensity, reviewing existing industrial technologies, etc.
The extraction of minerals from the bowels of the Earth affects all its spheres . Impact of mining on the lithosphere appears in the following:
1) creation of anthropogenic landforms: quarries, dumps (up to 100-150 m high), waste heaps, etc. Terrikon- cone-shaped tailings dump. The volume of the waste heap reaches several tens of millions of m 8 , the height is 100 m and more, the development area is tens of hectares. Dump- an embankment formed as a result of the placement of overburden in specially designated areas. As a result of open mining, quarries are formed with a depth of more than 500 m;
2) activation of geological processes (karst, landslides, talus, subsidence and displacement of rocks). In underground mining, subsidence and dips are formed. In Kuzbass, a chain of sinkholes (up to 30 m deep) stretches for more than 50 km;
4) mechanical disturbance of soils and their chemical pollution.
In the world, the total area of lands disturbed by mining operations exceeds 6 million hectares. To these lands should be added agricultural and forest lands, which are negatively affected by mining. Within a radius of 35-40 km from the existing quarry, crop yields are reduced by 30% compared to the average level.
The upper layers of the lithosphere within the territory of Belarus are experiencing intense impact as a result of engineering and geological research and exploration work on various types of minerals. It should be noted that only from the beginning of the 50s of the XX century. about 1,400 exploration and production wells for oil (up to 2.5-5.2 km deep), more than 900 wells for rock and potash salts (600-1,500 m deep), more than 1,000 wells for geological objects of special aesthetic and recreational value were drilled .
Conducting seismic studies using drilling and blasting operations, the density of which is especially high within the Pripyat trough, causes a violation of the physical and chemical properties of the soil, pollution of groundwater.
Mining affects the state of the atmosphere:
1) air pollution occurs with emissions of methane, sulfur, carbon oxides from mine workings, as a result of burning dumps and waste heaps (release of oxides of nitrogen, carbon, sulfur), gas and oil fires.
More than 70% of waste heaps in Kuzbass and 85% of dumps in Donbass are on fire. At a distance of up to several kilometers from them, the concentrations of S0 2 , CO 2 , and CO are significantly increased in the air.
In the 80s. 20th century in the Ruhr and Upper Silesian basins, 2-5 kg of dust fell daily for every 100 km 2 of area. Due to the dustiness of the atmosphere, the intensity of sunshine in Germany decreased by 20%, in Poland - by 50%. The soil in the fields adjacent to quarries and mines is buried under a layer of dust up to 0.5 m thick and loses its fertility for many years.
Impact of mining on the hydrosphere manifests itself in the depletion of aquifers and in the deterioration of the quality of ground and surface waters. As a result, springs, streams, and many small rivers disappear.
The extraction process itself can be improved through the use of chemical and biological methods. This is underground leaching of ores, the use of microorganisms.
accident on Chernobyl nuclear power plant led to radioactive contamination a significant part of the country's mineral resources that are in the zone of its negative impact. According to research data, 132 deposits of mineral resources, including 59 being developed, turned out to be in the zone of radioactive contamination. These are mainly deposits of clay, sand and sand and gravel mixtures, cement and lime raw materials, building and facing stone. The Pripyat oil and gas basin and the Zhitkovichskoye field also fell into the pollution zone. brown coal and oil shale.
Currently, about 20 tons of raw materials are mined annually for every inhabitant of the Earth. Of these, a few percent goes into the final product, and the rest of the mass turns into waste. Most mineral deposits are complex and contain several components that are economically viable to extract. In oil fields, associated components are gas, sulfur, iodine, bromine, boron, in gas fields - sulfur, nitrogen, helium. Deposits of potash salts usually contain sylvin and halite. Currently, there is a constant and rather significant decrease in the amount of metals in mined ores. The amount of iron in mined ores is reduced by an average of 1% (absolute) per year. Therefore, to obtain the same amount of non-ferrous and ferrous metals in 20-25 years, it will be necessary to more than double the amount of mined and processed ore.
Main ways of rational use and protection of subsoil
a) saving resources is one of the ways of rational use. For example, each percentage of savings in fuel and energy resources is 2-3 times more profitable than an increase in their production. Saving mineral raw materials by only 1% is equivalent to involving in production an additional 1 million tons of steel, 5 million tons of oil, up to 3 billion m 3 of natural gas. To save metals in metallurgy, it is necessary to improve the quality of rolled products by strengthening them and applying coatings that protect against corrosion.
b) recycling of products of processing of mineral raw materials. A large reserve in the use of secondary resources is the recycling of scrap metal. 1 ton of steel from scrap is 20 times cheaper than from ore, requires less fuel and pollutes the environment less;
c) maximum reduction of losses during the transportation of mineral raw materials, etc.
The Code of the Republic of Belarus on Subsoil (1997) defines the basic requirements for the rational use and protection of subsoil, among them:
provision of subsoil for use and prevention of unauthorized use of subsoil;
geological study of the subsoil, providing a reliable assessment of mineral reserves;
ensuring the most complete extraction from the reserves of the main and associated associated components with them;
protection of mineral deposits from flooding, flooding, fires and other disasters that reduce the quality and industrial value of minerals.
The Program for the Development of the Mineral Resource Base of the Republic of Belarus defines the following areas:
search and exploration of oil and gas fields;
search and preparation for the industrial development of brown coal;
assessment of diamond potential;
exploration of iron ore reserves;
This is especially true in relation to oil production, the extraction of which in the conditions of Belarus does not exceed 40%, while the latest technologies make it possible to increase this figure to 60%. The introduction of advanced technologies in the development of potash salts will ensure a more rational use of the reserves of the Starobinskoye deposit, a reduction in waste from potash production by up to 10% and a decrease in subsidence of the earth's surface by 15-20%.
Today you can find many scientific articles, abstracts and other literature on the topic of natural resources and their use. It is worth trying to describe this topic as simply and specifically as possible. What is meant by this concept? Why are they needed, how are they connected Natural resources, ecology and people? Let's try to understand these issues.
basic information
Part of natural resources is used by man directly - air, drinking water. The other part serves as a raw material for industry or is included in the cycle of agriculture or animal husbandry. For example, oil is not only an energy carrier and a source of fuel and lubricants, but also a valuable raw material for the chemical industry. Plastic, varnishes, rubber are made from the components of this resource. Oil refining products are widely used not only in industry, but also in medicine, and even in cosmetology.
Natural resources are chemicals, as well as their combinations, such as gas, oil, coal, ores. It is also fresh and sea water, atmospheric air, animal and vegetable world(forests, animals, fish, cultivated and cultivated land (soils)). Also, this concept means physical phenomena- wind energy, solar radiation, geothermal energy, tides, ebbs. Everything that is somehow used by mankind for life and progress.
The assessment and analysis of the state of the elements described above is carried out on the basis of geography and geology data by economic calculation. Control over the rationality and safety of the use of federal natural resources is exercised by the Ministry of Natural Resources.
Origin Classification
Biological resources are living organisms of the oceans and land, animals, plants, microorganisms (including the microflora of the seas and oceans). Closed ecosystems of individual regions, nature reserves, recreational areas.
. Resources of mineral origin - rock ore, granites, quartz deposits, clays. Everything that the lithosphere contains and that is available for human use as a raw material or energy source.
. Energetic natural resources are physical processes such as tidal energy, sunlight, wind energy, thermal energy of the earth's interior, as well as nuclear and mineral energy sources.
Classification by way of human use
Land fund - cultivated or suitable for cultivation in the future land. Non-agricultural lands, namely the territories of cities, transport links, industrial purposes (quarries, etc.).
. Forestry Fund - forests or areas planned for planting forests. Forestry is both a source of wood for human needs and a way to maintain the ecological balance of the biosphere. It is under the control of such a service as the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources.
. Water resources - water in surface reservoirs and groundwater. This includes both fresh water suitable for human biological needs, and the water of the seas and oceans. World water resources are inextricably linked with federal ones.
. The resources of the animal world are fish and land dwellers, the rational fishing of which should not violate the ecological balance of the biosphere.
. Minerals - this includes ore and other resources of the earth's crust available for raw materials or energy use. The Department of Natural Resources oversees the rational use of this class of natural resources.
Renewability classification
Inexhaustible - the energy of solar radiation, geothermal energy, tidal energy and the energy of rivers as the driving force of hydroelectric power plants. This also includes wind power.
. Exhaustible, but renewable and conditionally renewable. These natural resources are flora and fauna, soil fertility, fresh water and clean air.
. Exhaustible and non-renewable resources. All minerals - oil, gas, mineral ores, etc. Most important for the survival of mankind, the scarcity or disappearance of certain resources can threaten the existence of civilization as we know it, and lead to the death of most of humanity. Therefore, the protection of natural resources and environmental safety is controlled at such a high level as the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources.
Do human activities affect the state of natural resources?
The use of natural resources by man leads to the depletion of not only mineral resources, but also the Earth's biosphere, and the loss of biological diversity. Biospheric natural resources are renewable and can be restored both naturally and with the participation of man (planting forests, restoring the fertile soil layer, cleaning water and air). Is it possible to avoid irreparable damage to nature? To do this, one should take into account the features that natural resources possess and the conditions for maintaining ecological balance. Create and preserve national parks, nature reserves, sanctuaries, maintain the biological diversity of species and preserve the gene pool in research centers, botanical gardens, etc.
Why is security needed?
The change of geological epochs and evolutionary processes have always influenced the species diversity of both flora and fauna on the planet (for example, the extinction of dinosaurs). But due to active human activity over the past 400 years, more than 300 species of animals and plants have disappeared from the face of the earth. Today, more than a thousand species are endangered. Obviously, the protection of natural resources is not just the protection of rare species of animals and plants, but also the most important task for the life of mankind itself. After all, as a result of an ecological catastrophe, not only the number of species of living beings can change, but the climate will also suffer. Therefore, it is necessary to preserve the habitat of wild species as much as possible during the construction of cities and the development of farmland, to limit commercial fishing and hunting until the restoration of populations. The protection of the environment and its inherent elements is one of the most important tasks that the Ministry of Natural Resources performs.
State of the land and forest fund, world and federal
Over 85% of food people receive as a result of agriculture. Land used as meadows and pastures provides another 10% of food. The rest is accounted for by the oceans. In our country, about 90% of food is obtained from cultivated land, and this is taking into account that cultivated land (fields, orchards, plantations) accounts for a little more than 11% of the land fund.
Forests play an important role in the cycles of evaporation and precipitation, the carbon dioxide cycle, keep soil from erosion, regulate groundwater levels, and much more. Therefore, the wasteful use of natural resources, namely forests, will lead to a reduction in the forestry fund. Despite this, forest areas are being lost at a faster rate than they are being restored by planting young trees. The forest is cut down for the development of agricultural land, for construction, for obtaining wood as a raw material and as a fuel. In addition, fires cause significant losses to forestry.
It's obvious that modern methods soil cultivation leads to almost constant degradation and impoverishment of the fertile layer. Not to mention the pollution of soils and groundwater with pesticides and pesticides. Although fertile soil layers are considered as “renewable” natural resources, this is still a long process. In fact, it takes 200 to 800 years to naturally regenerate one inch of soil (2.54 cm) in warm and temperate climates. Protection of fertile lands from degradation and restoration of the fertile layer - the most important directions in the development of modern agricultural technologies.
The state of the water component of the planet
Rivers are the basis of the country's water resources. They are used as a source of drinking and agricultural water. They are also actively used for the construction of hydroelectric power plants and for shipping. Despite the huge reserves of water in rivers, lakes, reservoirs and in the form of groundwater, there is a gradual deterioration in its quality, the destruction of the banks of reservoirs and hydraulic structures. This issue, among other organizations, is supervised by the Department of Natural Resources.
Exhaustible Resource Status
Modern minerals available to us, such as oil, gas, ore, accumulated in the planet's lithosphere over millions of years. Given the continuous and accelerating growth in the consumption of fossil resources over the past 200 years, the issue of protecting the subsoil and reusing products made on the basis of raw materials from fossil resources is quite acute.
In addition, the development of subsoil itself has an extremely negative impact on the ecology of the region. This is a change in the relief (subsidence of soil, dips), and pollution of soils, groundwater, drainage of swamps and small rivers.
Ways to solve the problems of destruction of the natural environment and prospects for the introduction of innovations
The natural environment and natural resources must be used prudently to preserve life. Therefore, it is necessary to highlight what is necessary so as not to complicate the situation with the environment.
1. Protection of the fertile layer from wind and water erosion. These are forest plantations, correct crop rotations, etc.
2. Protection of soils and groundwater from pollution by chemicals. This is the application of environmental technologies for plant protection: breeding of beneficial insects ( ladybugs, some species of ants).
3. Use of water from the oceans as sources of raw materials. One of the methods is the extraction of dissolved elements, the second is the extraction of minerals on the sea shelf (no pollution and incapacitation of land suitable for farmland). Today, methods for intensive use of ocean resources are being developed, while the number of components that are commercially viable to extract from water is very limited.
4. An integrated approach to the extraction of fossil natural resources with an emphasis on environmental safety. Starting with a full study of the bowels and ending with the maximum possible use of associated substances and components.
5. Development of low-waste technologies and recycling of natural resources. These are the continuity of technological processes, which will maximize energy efficiency, and the maximum automation of technological processes, and the optimal use of by-products of production (for example, generated heat).
Conclusion
Other innovative technologies can also be identified, such as the transition to the maximum use of inexhaustible energy sources. It is they who will save the life and ecology of our planet. This article described how important it is to take care of the environment and its gifts. Otherwise, serious problems may arise.
Natural-territorial aspects of environmental problems in Russia. The ecological originality of Russia in its large territory with a relatively low population density (8.5 people / km 2, in Europe almost 6 times more).
The second feature is the uneven distribution of the population throughout the country. In the Siberian-Far Eastern region, it does not exceed 3 people/km2. Approximately to the same extent, the development of the territory and the load on the natural environment are uneven.
The third ecologically important feature of Russia is its great natural diversity. It is represented by various relief, natural areas, landscapes, climatic, hydrological and other conditions. Thus, the presence of vast plains sharply reduces the stagnation of the atmosphere, contributes to the dispersal of pollutants and self-purification of the air environment.
The ecological specificity of Russia is also associated with the presence large areas occupied by swamps and wetlands. They occupy 200-220 million hectares, which is about 65% of the planet's swamp fund. On the one hand, these are colossal reserves of peat - valuable fuel, raw materials for chemical processing, fertilizers, etc., and on the other hand, the most important factor in the binding, accumulation and removal of carbon from the atmosphere, as well as various pollutants.
In general, the natural and territorial features of Russia are assessed positively both in terms of the formation of the ecological environment and in relation to the possibilities of neutralizing the negative consequences of human activity. Russia is one of those few countries in the world that have significant undeveloped or poorly developed territories. As noted above, they account for more than 60% of the country's surface.
It should be borne in mind that the presence of such territories has little to do with any measures for their conservation. These are mostly remote areas, difficult or economically unfavorable for development. A significant proportion of them is represented by easily vulnerable (tundra, forest-tundra, marsh, etc.) ecosystems that require extremely careful handling during further development.
Natural resources and their protection. Natural resources are everything that a person takes from nature for his use: sunlight, water, soil, air, minerals, tidal energy, wind power, flora and fauna, internal heat, etc.
Natural resources are classified according to a number of criteria:
- on their use- for production (agricultural and industrial), health (recreational), etc.;
- by exhaustibility- into exhaustible and inexhaustible.
Inexhaustible natural resources include: solar radiation, wind, moving water, sea waves, ebbs and flows, sea currents, internal heat.
The composition of exhaustible resources includes flora and fauna, minerals.
According to the ability to self-renewal, all exhaustible resources can be classified into renewable, relatively renewable and non-renewable.
Renewable resources are resources that can be restored through various natural processes in a time commensurate with the timing of their consumption. These include flora and fauna.
Non-renewable resources are resources that are not renewable at all or the rate of their recovery is so low that practical use their man becomes impossible. These include, first of all, ores, groundwater, solid building materials (granite, sand, marble, etc.), as well as energy carriers (oil, gas, coal).
Land resources constitute a special group. The soil-forming process is long and complex. It is known that a layer of the chernozem horizon 1 cm thick is formed in about a century. Thus, being in principle a renewable resource, the soil regenerates over a very long time.
Two most important natural bodies, which form natural conditions: atmospheric air and water. Being quantitatively inexhaustible, they are qualitatively exhaustible. There is enough water on Earth, however, reserves fresh water, suitable for use, make up 0.3% of the total volume.
Conservation of natural resources - a system of measures that ensures the conservation and rational use of natural resources.
The use and protection of these resources is ensured by:
Regulation and planning of the quality of the natural environment,
Prevention of environmentally harmful activities,
Prevention and elimination of consequences of accidents, catastrophes, natural disasters.
Conservation of natural resources- the activities of the authorities and society aimed at preserving and restoring the natural environment, rational use and reproduction of natural resources, preventing the negative impact of any activity on the natural environment and eliminating its consequences.
Purpose of protection- prevent environmentally harmful effect any activity on the natural environment, to protect it from pollution, damage, depletion or destruction. These goals are interrelated and interdependent, since the rational use of natural resources implies a careful attitude towards them, the prevention of irreversible consequences for them, i.e., in fact, their protection.
The protection of natural resources has an economic and social significance. Practical measures for the protection of natural resources include the introduction of non-waste technologies, the maintenance of centers for breeding rare and endangered animals and plants, and the compilation of Red Data Books.
Practical measures for the protection of nature include the introduction of waste-free technologies, breeding centers for rare and endangered animals and plants, and the compilation of Red Data Books.
The protection of natural resources is carried out by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology, which public administration in the field of nature management, environmental protection and environmental safety. It carries out:
- protection of the forest fund and reforestation,
- rational use and protection of subsoil, water bodies,
- wildlife and its habitat, etc.
The main legislative act in this area is the Federal Law “On Environmental Protection”.
Land protection and soil protection - this is a complex of economic, agronomic, technical, reclamation, economic and legal measures to prevent and eliminate processes that worsen the condition of lands, as well as cases of violation of the procedure for using lands. Land protection is closely related to soil protection. New subspecies of earthworms can be used to remediate soils contaminated with toxic industrial wastes (including lead, arsenic, zinc and copper). Each subspecies has its own protein complex that neutralizes dangerous compounds, that is, it absorbs a certain element and returns it to the soil in a form suitable for absorption by plants. Since these worms are not able to live in clean soils, they can also be used to assess soil toxicity.
Forest protection. Russian forests are of global importance. This is due to the large reserves of wood, their biodiversity, as well as their role in the global cycle.
All forests in our country are subject to protection from fires, illegal logging, violations of forest management procedures and other actions that harm them, as well as protection from forest pests and diseases. This requirement is set out in federal law"Forest Code" and other laws.
Forest protection (from fires, unauthorized logging) and their protection (from pests and diseases) include a set of organizational, legal and other measures for the rational use of forests, preserving them from destruction, damage, weakening, pollution and other negative impacts.
Protection and protection of forests is carried out by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology (MNR) and its local bodies - forestries. Services of the Ministry of emergencies(Ministry of Emergency Situations).
