What is cultural heritage? The concept and significance of the cultural heritage of Russia.

Natural heritage

"... In this Convention," natural heritage "means:

natural, created by physical and biological formations or groups of such formations, having outstanding universal value from the point of view of aesthetics or science;

geological and physiographic formations and strictly limited areas representing the range of endangered animal and plant species of outstanding universal value from the point of view of science or conservation;

natural or strictly limited natural areas of outstanding universal value in terms of science, conservation or natural beauty ... "

A source:

"CONVENTION ON THE PROTECTION OF THE WORLD CULTURAL AND NATURAL HERITAGE"

Official terminology... Academic.ru. 2012.

See what "Natural heritage" is in other dictionaries:

natural heritage- - EN natural heritage Generally, the world s natural resources as handed down to the present generation, and specifically, the earth s outstanding physical, biological and ... ... Technical translator's guide

Natural and cultural heritage of Moscow- "Natural and Cultural Heritage of Moscow" is a popular science series of books and brochures dedicated to various cultural and natural monuments of Moscow and its immediate environs, as well as various cultural and historical subjects related to Moscow ... Wikipedia

Maritime heritage- Maritime heritage is one of the main factors in the development of the state's maritime activities, the formation of goals and prospects for maritime activities, which has a powerful educational and educational potential. The study and use of the marine ... ... Wikipedia

World heritage- This term has other meanings, see Legacy. Project emblem World Heritage ... Wikipedia

Cultural heritage- This term has other meanings, see Legacy. Cultural heritage is a part of material and spiritual culture, created by past generations, withstood the test of time and passed on to generations as something valuable and revered. ... ... Wikipedia

Elchaninov, Anatoly Ivanovich- This biographical article does not include a date of birth. You can help the project by adding your date of birth to the text of the article. Wikipedia has articles about other people with the name ... Wikipedia

- (Heritage Institute) Type Research Institute Founders Yuri Vedenin Location Moscow ... Wikipedia

Stolyarov, Vyacheslav Pavlovich- Wikipedia has articles about other people named Vyacheslav Stolyarov. Wikipedia has articles about other people with this surname, see Stolyarov. Vyacheslav Pavlovich Stolyarov Date of birth: 1949 (1949) Country ... Wikipedia

8th session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee- Mahabalipuram ... Wikipedia

30th session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee- A landscape of agave plantations and old tequila factories ... Wikipedia

Books

• Russian provincial noble estate as a natural and cultural heritage, V. A. Toporin, E. I. Golubeva. This monograph is one of the first works that considers a noble estate as the most important element of the cultural landscape of Russia. It is prepared on the basis of the author's full-scale ... Buy for 1040 rubles
• Natural Heritage of Humanity: Landscapes and Natural Treasures Protected by UNESCO, Peter Gebel. Travel around the world with one book! All stops on your trip around the world are those places that are protected by the UNESCO Convention for the Protection of Cultural and Natural Heritage ...

Lecture number 1

Introduction to the course "Natural and Cultural Heritage of Mordovia"

1. Purpose, structure and content of the course "Natural and historical heritage in cultural landscapes".

2. Basic terms and concepts.

3. International Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (World Heritage Convention)

1. The purpose of the discipline is the formation of basic knowledge about the system of specially protected natural areas (PAs), the types of PAs and monuments, the history of development and the current state of environmental protection in the republic; formation of knowledge about the monuments of the cultural heritage of Mordovia (monuments of history and culture), their types, the system of protection and use.

Discipline objectives:

· Familiarization with the basic theoretical and methodological provisions in the field of research of natural and historical heritage;

· Mastering the doctrine of cultural landscapes;

· Assimilation of knowledge, skills, skills of cultural heritage assessment;

· Obtaining knowledge, skills and abilities in the field of field and office research of cultural landscapes.

Minimum requirements for the content of the discipline:

In the course of studying the course, the following knowledge should be acquired:

· Basic concepts and terms used in the description of protected areas;

· Classification of protected areas by size, mode of operation, etc .;

· Modern regulatory and methodological framework for the functioning of protected areas; systems of bodies and organizations of the state and municipal level, coordinating the functioning of protected areas;

· Systems of protected areas and natural monuments of the Republic of Mordovia;

· Basic concepts and terms used in the description of cultural heritage monuments;

· Cadastre of monuments of cultural heritage of Mordovia.

2. Basic terms and concepts. Legacy is what we have received from previous generations. The word “trace” sounds in it - it is a trace imprinted by the past in our life, in our perception of the world and in our heart. These are the roots that feed us. But heritage is not an inheritance that we own, dispose of, use at our own discretion.

IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE LAW Russian Federation on the protection of cultural and natural heritage, international normative legal acts, as well as taking into account modern scientific concepts, the main fundamental concepts are interpreted as follows.

Heritage (natural and cultural heritage) - especially valuable objects and phenomena environment reflecting the history of nature and society, their natural and cultural diversity. Wherein, “The definition of“ monument ”, first of all, focuses on the preservation of memory, recollection; he is excluded from active economic activity; heritage is what our ancestors passed on to us, but passed it on not just for preservation, but for interpretation and augmentation ”; "Cultural and natural heritage is the memory of the life of Russian peoples in the past, the basis of the modern cultural process in society, without which its development is impossible."

Sustainable development: development that meets the needs of the present without depriving future generations of the ability to meet their own needs.

Sustainability as an opportunity: Leaving future generations as many opportunities as we ourselves have, or even more.

Cultural heritage - objects and phenomena of the material and spiritual culture of peoples, which have a special historical, artistic, aesthetic and scientific value to ensure the social continuity of generations. Cultural heritage: consists of aspects of the past that people preserve, cultivate, study and pass on to the next generation. These achievements are embodied in tangible forms, such as buildings, and in intangible forms, such as various types of performing arts. Cultural heritage is that which has acquired value in the past and the value of which is expected in the future. Since this value and its expectations change over time, it has affirmed cultural heritage itself as a subject of dynamic change.

In our country, very often material cultural heritage was perceived practically as a synonym for the term "monument". At present, the monument is considered mainly only as a synonym for a heritage site. Monuments of history and culture are especially valuable objects of the material and spiritual culture of peoples in the form of individual structures, their ensembles and memorial sites, which have a legislatively established regime of special protection. At the same time, as TM Mironova absolutely rightly noted, “the definition of“ monument ”, first of all, focuses on the preservation of memory, recollection; he is excluded from active economic activity; heritage is what our ancestors passed on to us, but passed it on not just for preservation, but for interpretation and augmentation ”5. Consequently, unlike a monument, which is a point and non-dynamic category, a heritage object is a part of an integral and developing heritage system.

Living or “expressive” heritage: social practices, community life, values ​​and beliefs, forms of expression such as language, arts and crafts, music, dance, poetry and literature.

Intangible cultural heritage - especially valuable phenomena of the spiritual culture of peoples in the form of national languages, folklore, art, scientific knowledge, everyday habits, customs and traditions of ethnic groups and other social groups. The most important event was the adoption on October 17, 2003 by the General Conference of UNESCO of the Convention on the Protection intangible cultural heritage, which lists the following main categories of intangible cultural heritage:

- oral traditions and forms of expression, including language;

- performing arts;

- customs, ceremonies, festivities;

- knowledge and customs related to nature and the universe;

- knowledge and skills related to traditional crafts.

Today's understanding of cultural heritage includes not only cultural and historical monuments, but also their surrounding natural and territorial environment, unique historical and landscape territories, engineering structures, moral and aesthetic ideals, norms and patterns of behavior, languages, dialects and dialects, national traditions and customs , historical toponyms, folklore, arts and crafts, including, thus, both material (physical) and intangible (spiritual) components.

At the end of 2003, there were 47 positions on the UNESCO List of Masterpieces of Intangible Cultural Heritage. So far, there is only one Russian among them - the Semeiskie ethnocultural phenomenon, which reflects the way of life, folklore, folk and religious rituals, crafts, folk medicine and much more related to the life of the Old Believers of Transbaikalia (Targatai district of Buryatia).

Cultural landscapes: natural landscapes with cultural value, such as deliberately created territories (parks, estates, estates); landscapes that were involved in a certain type of activity or occupation of people, as a result of which these territories were formed (rural historical districts or agricultural landscapes); territories that have value due to their connection with historical event, activity or personality (places of battles or homes of prominent personalities).

Natural heritage - objects and phenomena of the environment of natural origin, which have a special ecological, health-improving, recreational, aesthetic and scientific value.

Specially protected natural areas - land and water areas with especially important ecological functions, having a legally established regime of special protection.

World cultural and natural heritage - monuments of nature, history and culture, their ensembles, as well as sights of outstanding universal value and included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.

Trust management of heritage is the activity of specially created non-governmental organizations aimed at the preservation and effective use of inalienable property, in which the profit received is fully spent in the interests of preserving and maintaining monuments of nature, history and culture, which are under the jurisdiction of these organizations.

Cultural Significance - Used to assess the value of an object or place. It includes aesthetic, historical, scientific (research), social or economic value.

Cultural freedom - refers to the rights of a group of people to follow or adopt a way of life of their own choice, speak their own language, practice their religion and participate in the cultural, social and economic life of their own choice.

Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without depriving future generations of the ability to meet their own needs. Sustainability as an opportunity: Leaving future generations as many opportunities as we ourselves have, or even more.

Conservation - seeks to address all aspects of the protection of an object or its remnants in order to preserve its cultural significance. It includes usage. And it may depend on the significance of the cultural artifact or related circumstances, including conservation, restoration, reconstruction, adaptation, or any combination of these actions.

Restoration is the return of the existing structure of an object to its pre-existing state by removing later additions and additions or re-assembling existing components without using new materials. This approach is applicable only in the following cases: if there is sufficient evidence of a pre-existing state of the object's structure and if returning to this state will give more meaning to the object and will not harm other parts of the internal structure of the object.

Reconstruction is bringing an object back to a previously known state as closely as possible. Its distinguishing feature is the use of materials (old or new) inside the structure. Reconstruction is applicable only where the object is incomplete due to damage or movement and otherwise cannot exist in the future. The reconstruction is limited to completing the missing components of the object and should not affect the basis of its structure.

Adaptation - modification of an object for its wider use. It can be applied where adaptation will not lead to a significant decrease in its cultural significance and can be significant if it increases the economic significance of the object.

3. International Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (World Heritage Convention). At the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, mankind, as never before, realized the finiteness of the natural resources at its disposal. Natural landscapes are the foundation of the harmonious spiritual and physical coexistence of man and nature, the guarantor of the preservation of the ecological balance of the biosphere. Against the background of natural landscapes containing the peoples of the Earth with their diversity of cultures, economies and traditions, the whole history of mankind has been and is being done. As V.O. Klyuchevsky said, nature is a force "which holds the cradle of every nation in its hands." It is well known that the origins of the "cult attitude" to nature in Russia, as well as throughout the world, go back to deep antiquity. People's admiration for the "creative power" of nature lay not only at the basis of ancient beliefs, but in the views of many scientists of the 20th century, substantiating the aesthetic and cultural significance of nature conservation.

The idea of ​​international responsibility for the preservation of the most valuable cultural and natural sites of global significance was formed at the turn of the 1950s-1960s. in connection with the construction of the high-rise Aswan Dam in Egypt and the threat of flooding by the waters of the Nile of the ancient temples of Nubia. The international community realized then: the death of the latter would be an irreparable loss not only for Egypt and Sudan, but for all people on Earth. However, it was obvious that these two countries did not have sufficient funds to save their rarities. And UNESCO appealed for help to all states of the world, after which, in a short time, it was possible to collect significant sums that made it possible to preserve these monuments - they were moved to a new safe place.

November 16, 1972 at the 17th session of the General Conference of UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) adopted Convention "On the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage"... The convention proclaims universal (international) responsibility for the preservation of globally significant cultural and natural sites, regardless of where in the world they are located. Naturally, a country party to the Convention has special responsibilities for the preservation and maintenance of such sites. Since 1978 maintained and published World Heritage List which includes: a) cultural sites of interest (World Cultural Heritage); b) natural phenomena (World Natural Heritage); c) cultural and natural objects, valuable from both points of view (World cultural and natural heritage). An object can be added to the List only if it possesses an exceptional - "outstanding universal" - value, for the determination of which a system of 10 criteria has been developed (the object must fully satisfy at least one of them). The authenticity (authenticity) and integrity of a cultural or natural site is important.

As of 01.08.2009 , in total, the UNESCO World Heritage List included 890 objects including 689 - cultural , 176 - natural and 25 - cultural and natural ... They are located in different regions of the world, on the territory of 148 states. The largest number of such sites is in Italy (44) and Spain (41), and Russia, with its 23 World Heritage Sites (including 15 cultural and 8 natural), is in ninth place in the world. The Supreme Soviet of the USSR ratified it on October 12, 1988. From that moment on, in the USSR, and later (after the collapse of the USSR) in the independent countries of the Commonwealth, an active process of preparation of nominations for objects for their recognition as world heritage sites began. Almost all new independent states in the post-Soviet space became parties to the Convention.

In order for the status of the World Heritage to be appropriated deservedly, objectively, UNESCO experts have developed a system of ten criteria. To be included in the List, it is necessary that an object fully correspond to at least one of them (for example, if it is recognized as a “masterpiece of the creative genius of man” or if it is distinguished by natural picturesqueness).

The need for this Convention was predetermined by serious global changes habitat of people that took place in the second half of the XX century. with ever increasing speed. In this situation, it became obvious how important it is to preserve the environment, in which "a person will maintain a connection with nature and objects of cultural heritage inherited from past generations." In turn, this requires "to give the cultural and natural heritage an active function in the life of society and organically link the achievements of our time, the values ​​of the past and the beauty of nature, within the framework of the general policy." At the same time, it is meant that "every object of cultural and natural heritage is unique and the disappearance of any such object is an irreparable loss and unconditional impoverishment of this heritage." Therefore, "every country on whose territory there are objects of cultural and natural heritage is obliged to preserve this part of the heritage of mankind and ensure its transmission to future generations" (Recommendations for the protection of cultural and natural heritage in the national plan. General Conference of UNESCO. Paris, November 16, 1972 .).

The currently existing World Heritage Lists have hardly touched on Russian natural attractions, many of which are at various stages of extinction. Nevertheless, after the ratification by Russia of the Convention on the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, the term "heritage" has become firmly established in the official scientific vocabulary. In 1991 the Russian Research Institute of Cultural and Natural Heritage named after D.S.Likhachev was established.

PRESERVATION of heritage is becoming in our time the most important factor in ensuring the natural dynamics of ecological processes and the preservation of the cultural identity of peoples, a necessary condition for the sustainable development of society and its individual cells. The preservation of heritage and its transmission from generation to generation are especially important in the context of globalization and the aggravation of the increasingly numerous global problems of mankind.

This circumstance determines the relevance and necessity of an adequate policy in the field of protection and use of cultural and natural heritage. Such a policy, the subjects of which - in response to the challenges of our time and with a full measure of responsibility for the final results - will have to act for the state and society in the person of the institutions involved in heritage issues. One of them is to become the institution of trust management of heritage, as has already happened in Great Britain and dozens of other countries of the world. Projecting this experience onto the situation in Russia convincingly demonstrates the attractiveness and perspectives of trust management of heritage in our country as a form that complements public and private management.

Lecture number 2

Topic: Natural heritage

1. The essence of natural heritage

2. Status of World Natural Heritage Sites: Criteria Confirming World Value and Criteria of Integrity and Preservation

3. Natural heritage as an integral part of national wealth and its integration into socio-economic development.

1. The essence of natural heritage.

The Convention in Article 2 provides a definition according to which natural heritage sites include:

- natural monuments created by physical and biological formations or groups of such formations, and having outstanding, universal value from the point of view of aesthetics or science;

- geological and physiographic formations and strictly limited areas representing the range of endangered species of animals and plants and having outstanding universal value in terms of science or conservation natural features;

- natural sites of interest or strictly limited natural areas of outstanding, universal value from the point of view of science, conservation of natural features or natural beauty.

The term "natural heritage" can be identified by the whole set of unique, rare and endangered natural objects and biological species. In this view, natural heritage combines the content of concepts such as:

Nature reserve fund;

Objects listed in the Green Book, which has two versions: landscape and phytocenososological;

- objects listed in the Red Book and their most important habitats.

The cartographic reflection of natural heritage objects was called the Green Card. Green maps as a cartographic application to lists, vaults, and cadastres of natural heritage objects were created primarily for territories, regions and republics. the former USSR... Thus, the concept of natural heritage can have several levels: worldwide(probably continental, for example, the heritage of Europe or Australia), national(For Russia - federal), interregional(for example, the heritage of the Urals or Western Siberia) and regional(for the constituent entities of the Russian Federation or its isolated natural territory (Kamchatka, Taimyr, Baikal, etc.) In recent years, work on identifying and certifying natural heritage in certain regions has been carried out at the municipal level, and vaults of heritage sites have appeared for administrative regions (for example, in the Altai Territory, Orenburg, Amur regions, Republic of Mordovia, etc.).

Summarizing the various formulations of the concept of "natural heritage", the following interpretation of this term can be proposed: global levels ".

2. Status of World Natural Heritage Sites: criteria confirming world value and criteria of integrity and preservation. STATUS OF WORLD NATURAL HERITAGE OBJECTS. Worldwide importance is the most important indicator for the inclusion of a site in the official lists of UNESCO. For this, the objects proposed for consideration must meet one or more criteria of value, as well as the conditions of integrity and safety.

2.1 CRITERIA CONFIRMING THE WORLD VALUE OF A NATURAL OBJECT. When considering natural sites that claim to be included in the World Heritage List, it is necessary first of all to determine which of the following criteria they meet (it is enough to meet one criterion, but it is preferable to put forward nominations according to several criteria).

An object to be nominated for inclusion in the List must:

a) represent the main stages of the development of the Earth, including evidence ancient life, significant geological processes in the development of forms of the earth's surface, significant geomorphological and physiographic features of the relief;

b) give an idea of ​​important and long-term ecological and biological processes in the evolution and development of terrestrial, river, coastal and marine ecosystems and communities of plants and animals;

c) represent a unique natural phenomenon or a territory of exceptional aesthetic value;

2.2 INTEGRITY AND SECURITY CRITERIA. It is not enough to simply meet the criteria of global value and significance. Even if the site responds to them, it does not yet follow that it can be recognized as a World Heritage Site. To do this, it is also necessary to have integrity (i.e., be large enough and relatively compact in order to maintain the functioning of the corresponding natural complexes) and be in a state of good preservation (outstanding objects under the threat of serious disturbances, for example, as a result of intense anthropogenic impact usually cannot be considered as real contenders for World Heritage status).

In principle, any object that meets one of the four criteria listed above, and necessary conditions integrity, can be included in the World Heritage List. However, most of the properties on the List meet two or more of the required criteria. States Parties to the Convention can view the documentation ("nomination dossier", the results of the assessment carried out by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), and the final recommendation of the Committee) for any property on the List, and, if desired, use it in preparing documents for objects on their territory.

3. Natural heritage as an integral part of national wealth and its integration into socio-economic development. Currently, in a number of countries around the world, there is a revision of the attitude towards national wealth and the inclusion of natural capital in it. It usually includes the resources of the subsoil, atmosphere, and biota. At the same time, in many countries and regions, taking into account natural diversity and natural heritage when calculating an expanded version of national wealth can become one of the priority tasks of the economics of environmental management. In Russia, the regions where the economic value of natural heritage is traditionally highly appreciated are: the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus, Valdai and the Upper Volga region, the Bashkir South Urals, Altai Mountains, Kamchatka, Primorye. It is obvious that with sufficient development of the infrastructure of the tourism and recreation industry, the list of such territories can be significantly expanded. At the same time, transport accessibility, comfort of living and safety are of great importance.

The modern market system is not able to adequately assess the natural heritage, the price of heritage sites that are not included in the UNESCO lists is completely absent. As a result, there is a deliberate underestimation of the benefits from the preservation of unique landscapes and natural diversity. In this regard, the environmental or environmental stabilizing scenario for the development of a particular territory loses in comparison with traditional solutions that provide benefits that the market can well assess.

At the same time, it is quite obvious that natural heritage objects, or rather their totality and diversity for integration into the socio-economic development of a particular territory, must be provided not only with economic, but also with legal protection. It is known that in the course of the 20th century, Russia has repeatedly made attempts to legislatively consolidate the status of the most valuable natural objects. This was expressed in the development of a scientifically grounded network of state natural reserves and in the development of regional systems of specially protected natural areas (SPNA) of various ranks.

An example of such a regional scheme is the Green Book project implemented in the Orenburg region. When developing the Green Book project, we were guided by the following principles:

PAs can be not only rare, but also typical geosystems and objects, which are well-preserved standards of widespread zonal landscapes;

The PA network should be as uniform and as representative as possible;

To preserve the local SPNA, it is necessary to provide for the protection of the entire enclosing typological natural complex (terrain, natural boundary);

The boundaries of protected areas should be established taking into account the provision of its possible ecological autonomy;

Each protected area included in the Green Book project should be studied from the point of view of genesis, development trends, and the presence of a threat to existence.

The functioning of the PA network, created in accordance with the Green Book project, provided for:

Removal of natural objects from economic use with the introduction of active and passive conservation regimes;

Introduction of restrictions on economic activities by regulating the loads on the landscape;

Regulation of economic activities in adjacent territories adjacent to the OOP G and connecting them with buffer zones.

In scientific and methodological terms, the idea of ​​an ecological framework is one of the directions of ecological optimization of landscapes. The essence of this direction boils down to the fact that in the conditions of an agro-developed region, the ecological optimization of landscapes should provide for the protection of the preserved and restoration of the lost ecological functions of disturbed geosystems in order to maintain a territorial balance between economic activity and the natural potential of the landscape. At the same time, the ecological optimization of landscapes should be aimed at the maximum preservation of aesthetic, ethical values ​​and recreational and tourist resources.

The environmental legislation that currently exists in the Russian Federation does not contribute to the formation of responsibility for specially protected areas among the local population. The regulation on reserves, natural parks, wildlife sanctuaries and natural monuments does not provide for the involvement of the local population in the management process. In addition, it is not economically interested in the activities of the protected areas. Moreover, various bans and restrictions very often unreasonably infringe on the interest of local residents. At the same time, the creation of new reserves and natural parks in areas of intensive agricultural development requires the use of the experience, knowledge and traditions of nature management of indigenous people.

Thus, the possibility of cooperation between nature reserves and local land users was, for example, laid down in the project for organizing 4 sections of the Orenburgsky reserve, but was not implemented in practice due to the fact that it contradicts the existing provision on reserves. The accumulated experience of various approvals in the organization of protected areas allows us to conclude that the tasks of protected areas should correspond to the interests of local residents, including their desire to improve the economic and other conditions of their existence. The principle of involving the local population in the economic activities of protected areas was supported by the World Parks Congress (1992) and is reflected in the Caracas Action Plan.

Thus, the introduction of effective mechanisms for integrating natural heritage objects into the socio-economic development of Russia should be associated with the development of infrastructure and services in the region, and be part of a unified regional program for balanced environmental management.

The World Heritage Sites included in the special UNESCO list are of colossal interest for the entire population of the planet. Unique natural and cultural sites make it possible to preserve those unique corners of nature and man-made monuments that demonstrate the richness of nature and the capabilities of the human mind.
As of July 1, 2009, the World Heritage List - 890 sites (including 689 cultural, 176 - natural and 25 - mixed) in 148 countries: individual architectural structures and ensembles - the Acropolis, cathedrals in Amiens and Chartres, the historical center of Warsaw (Poland) and St. Petersburg (Russia), the Moscow Kremlin and Red Square (Russia), etc .; cities - Brasilia, Venice together with the lagoon, etc .; archaeological reserves - Delphi, etc .; national parks - Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, Yellowstone (USA) and others. The states on the territory of which the World Heritage sites are located undertake obligations for their preservation.

1) Tourists visiting Buddhist sculptures Longmen Grottoes ("Dragon Gate") near the city of Luoyang in Chinese province Henan. More than 2,300 caves are located in this place; 110,000 Buddhist images, more than 80 dagobas (Buddhist mausoleums) containing relics of Buddhas, as well as 2,800 inscriptions on rocks near the Yishui River, a kilometer long. For the first time, Buddhism in China was introduced in these places during the reign of the Eastern Han Dynasty. (China Photos / Getty Images)

2) Bayon Temple in Cambodia is famous for its many giant stone faces. There are over 1,000 temples in the Angkor region, ranging from the plain heap of bricks and rubble scattered among rice paddies to the magnificent Angkor Wat, considered the world's largest single religious monument. Many of the temples in Angkor have been rebuilt. More than a million tourists visit them every year. (Voishmel / AFP - Getty Images)

3) One of the parts of the Al-Hijr archaeological site - also known as Mada'in Salih. This complex, located in the northern regions of Saudi Arabia, was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List on July 6, 2008. The complex includes 111 rock burials (1st century BC - 1st century AD), as well as a system of hydraulic structures dated to the ancient the Nabatean city of Hegra, which was the center of the caravan trade. There are also about 50 rock inscriptions dating back to the pre-Babatean period. (Hassan Ammar / AFP - Getty Images)

4) Waterfalls "Garganta del Diablo" ("Devil's Throat" is located in the Iguazu National Park in the Argentine province of Misiones. Depending on the water level in the Iguazu River, the park has from 160 to 260 waterfalls, as well as over 2000 varieties of plants and 400 bird species Iguazu National Park was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1984. (Christian Rizzi / AFP - Getty Images)

5) The mysterious Stonehenge is a stone megalithic structure, consisting of 150 huge stones, and located on the Salisbury Plain in the English county of Wiltshire. This ancient monument is believed to have been built in 3000 BC. Stonehenge was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1986. (Matt Cardy / Getty Images)

6) Tourists stroll by the Bafang Pavilion in the Summer Palace, the famous classical imperial garden in Beijing. The Summer Palace, built in 1750, was destroyed in 1860 and rebuilt in 1886. It was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1998. (China Photos / Getty Images)

7) Statue of Liberty at sunset in New York. "Lady Liberty", donated to the United States by France, stands at the entrance to the harbor of New York. It was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1984. (Seth Wenig / AP)

8) "Solitario George" (Lone George), the last live giant tortoise of this species, born on the island of Pinta, lives in the Galapagos National Park in Ecuador. She is now about 60-90 years old. The Galapagos Islands were originally inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1978, but were marked as Endangered in 2007. (Rodrigo Buendia / AFP - Getty Images)

9) People skate on the ice of the canals in the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Kinderdijk Mills near Rotterdam. Kinderdijk is home to the Netherlands' largest collection of historic mills and is also one of the main attractions in South Holland. The decoration of the holidays taking place here with balloons gives a certain flavor to this place. (Peter Dejong / AP)

10) View of the Perito Moreno glacier located in the Los Glaciares National Park, in the southeast of the Argentine province of Santa Cruz. The site was listed as a World Natural Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1981. The glacier is one of the most interesting tourist sites in the Argentinean part of Patagonia and the 3rd largest glacier in the world after Antarctica and Greenland. (Daniel Garcia / AFP - Getty Images)

11) Terraced gardens in the northern Israeli city of Haifa surround the gold-domed Tomb of the Bab, the founder of the Bahá'í faith. Here is the world administrative and spiritual center of the Bahá'í religion, the number of which worldwide is less than six million. The site was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site on July 8, 2008. (David Silverman / Getty Images)

12) Aerial view of St. Peter's Square in the Vatican. According to the World Heritage website, this small state houses a unique collection of artistic and architectural masterpieces. The Vatican was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1984. (Giulio Napolitano / AFP - Getty Images)

13) Colorful underwater scenes of the Great Barrier Reef in Australia. This thriving ecosystem is home to the world's largest collection of coral reefs, including 400 coral species and 1,500 fish species. The Great Barrier Reef was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1981. (AFP - Getty Images)

14) Camels rest in the ancient city of Petra in front of the main monument of Jordan, Al-Khaznah or the treasury, presumably representing the tomb of the Nabatean king, carved out of sandstone. This city, located between the Red and Dead Seas, is located at the intersection of routes from Arabia, Egypt, Syria and Phenicia. Petra was listed as a World Heritage Site in 1985. (Thomas Coex / AFP - Getty Images)

15) Sydney Opera House is one of the most famous and easily recognizable buildings in the world, which is the symbol of Sydney and one of the main attractions of Australia. Sydney Opera House was listed as a World Heritage Site in 2007. (Torsten Blackwood / AFP - Getty Images)

16) Rock carvings made by the San people in the Drakensberg Mountains to the east South Africa... The San people lived in the Drakensberg area for thousands of years, until they were destroyed in clashes with the Zulus and white settlers. They left behind incredible cave paintings in the Drakensberg Mountains, which were declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2000. (Alexander Joe / AFP - Getty Images)

17) General view of the city of Shibam, located in the east of Yemen in the province of Hadhramaut. Shibam is famous for its incomparable architecture, which is included in the UNESCO World Heritage Site. All houses here are built of clay bricks, about 500 houses can be considered multi-storey, since they have 5-11 floors. Often referred to as "the world's oldest skyscraper city" or "Deserted Manhattan", Shibam is also the oldest example of urban planning based on the principle of vertical construction... (Khaled Fazaa / AFP - Getty Images)

18) Gondolas off the coast of the Grand Canal in Venice. The church of San Giorgio Maggiore is visible in the background. Island Venice is a seaside resort, a center of international tourism of world importance, a venue for international film festivals, art and architecture exhibitions. Venice was listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site in 1987. (AP)

19) Some of the 390 abandoned huge statues of compressed volcanic ash (moai in Rapa Nui) at the foot of the Rano Raraku volcano on Easter Island, 3,700 km off the coast of Chile. Rapa Nui National Park has been included in the UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1995. (Martin Bernetti / AFP - Getty Images)

20) Visitors walk along the Great Wall of China in the Simatai area, northeast of Beijing. This largest architectural monument was built as one of the four main strategic strongholds in order to defend against the invasion of tribes from the north. Great Wall with a length of 8851.8 km, it is one of the largest construction projects ever completed. It was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1987. (Frederic J. Brown / AFP - Getty Images)

21) Temple in Hampi, near the southern Indian city of Hospet, north of Bangalore. Hampi is located in the midst of the ruins of Vijayanagar, the former capital of the Vijayanagar Empire. Hampi and its monuments were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1986. (Dibyangshu Sarkar / AFP - Getty Images)

22) A Tibetan pilgrim turns prayer mills at the Potala Palace in the Tibetan capital of Lhasa. The Potala Palace is a royal palace and Buddhist temple complex that was the main residence of the Dalai Lama. Today, the Potala Palace is a museum actively visited by tourists, remaining a place of pilgrimage for Buddhists and continuing to be used in Buddhist rituals. Due to its enormous cultural, religious, artistic and historical significance, it was included in the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 1994. (Goh Chai Hin / AFP - Getty Images)

23) Inca Citadel Machu Picchu in the Peruvian city of Cuzco. Machu Picchu, especially after receiving UNESCO World Heritage status in 1983, has become a center of mass tourism. 2000 tourists visit the city a day; in order to preserve the monument, UNESCO demands to reduce the number of tourists per day to 800. (Eitan Abramovich / AFP - Getty Images)

24) Kompon-Daito Buddhist Pagoda on Mount Koya, Wakayama Province, Japan. Mount Koya, located east of Osaka, was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2004. In 819 the Buddhist monk Kukai, the founder of the Shingon school, an offshoot of Japanese Buddhism, settled here first. (Everett Kennedy Brown / EPA)

25) Tibetan women walk around the Bodhnath Stupa in Kathmandu - one of the most ancient and revered Buddhist shrines. On the sides of the tower crowning it are depicted "Buddha's eyes" inlaid with ivory. The Kathmandu Valley is about 1300 m high - a mountain valley and historical region of Nepal. There are many Buddhist and Hindu temples here, from the Bodnath stupa to tiny street altars within the walls of houses. Locals say that 10 million Gods live in the Kathmandu Valley. The Kathmandu Valley was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1979. (Paula Bronstein / Getty Images)

26) A bird flies over the Taj Mahal - a mausoleum-mosque, located in the Indian city of Agra. It was built by order of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of the wife of Mumtaz Mahal, who died in childbirth. The Taj Mahal was inscribed on the World Heritage List by UNESCO in 1983. The architectural marvel was also named one of the "New Seven Wonders of the World" in 2007. (Tauseef Mustafa / AFP - Getty Images)

27) Located in northeastern Wales, the 18 km long Pontkisillte Aqueduct is a civil engineering feat from the Industrial Revolution, completed in the early years of the 19th century. More than 200 years after its opening, it is still in use and is one of the busiest sections of the UK canal network, handling around 15,000 boats a year. In 2009, the Pontkisilte aqueduct was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site as "a milestone in the history of civil engineering in the era of the industrial revolution." This aqueduct is one of the most unusual monuments to plumbing and plumbing. (Christopher Furlong / Getty Images)

28) A herd of elk grazes in the meadows of Yellowstone National Park. Mount Holmes to the left and Mount Dome are visible in the background. In Yellowstone National Park, which covers almost 900 thousand hectares, there are more than 10 thousand geysers and thermal springs. The park was included in the World Heritage Program in 1978. (Kevork Djansezian / AP)

29) Cubans drive an old car along the Malecon promenade in Havana. UNESCO inscribed Old Havana and its fortifications on the World Heritage List in 1982. Although Havana has expanded and has a population of over 2 million, its old center retains an interesting mixture of Baroque and neoclassical monuments and homogeneous ensembles of private houses with arcades, balconies, wrought iron gates and patios. (Javier Galeano / AP)

Currently, there are 26 World Heritage Sites on the territory of the Russian Federation:
16 cultural sites (have on the World Heritage List letter designationС - cultural) and 10 objects of natural (denoted by the letter N - natural) heritage.

Three of them are transboundary, i.e. located on the territory of several states: Curonian Spit (Lithuania, Russian Federation), Ubsunur Basin (Mongolia, Russian Federation), Struve Geodetic Arc (Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Republic of Moldova, Russian Federation, Ukraine, Finland, Sweden, Estonia)

The first objects - "Historical Center St. Petersburg and related groups of monuments ”,“ Kizhi Pogost ”,“ Moscow Kremlin and Red Square ”were included in the World Heritage List at the 14th session of the World Heritage Committee, held in 1990 in the Canadian city of Banff.

14th Session of the World Heritage Committee - 1990 (Banff, Canada)

No. С540 - Historical center St. Petersburg and related groups of monuments

Criteria (i) (ii) (iv) (vi)
The Venice of the North, with its many canals and more than 400 bridges, is the result of the greatest urban development project begun in 1703 under Peter the Great. The city turned out to be closely connected with the October Revolution of 1917, and in 1924-1991. he bore the name Leningrad. Its architectural heritage combines such different styles as baroque and classicism, which can be seen in the example of the Admiralty, the Winter Palace, the Marble Palace and the Hermitage.
Object information:

No. С544 - Kizhi Pogost

Criteria: (i) (iv) (v)
The Kizhi Pogost is located on one of the many islands of Lake Onega, in Karelia. Here you can see two wooden churches of the 18th century, as well as an octahedral bell tower, built of wood in 1862. These unusual structures, which are the pinnacle of carpentry skills, represent an example of an ancient church parish and harmoniously blend with the surrounding natural landscape.
Object information:
on the site of the Kizhi Museum-Reserve
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

No. С545 - Moscow Kremlin and Red Square

Criteria: (i) (ii) (iv) (vi)
This place is inextricably linked with the most important historical and political events in the life of Russia. Since the XIII century. The Moscow Kremlin, created in the period from the XIV century. to the XVII century. outstanding Russian and foreign architects, was a grand-ducal, and then a royal residence, as well as a religious center. The Cathedral of St. Basil the Blessed, a true masterpiece of Russian Orthodox architecture, rises on Red Square, which stretches along the walls of the Kremlin.
Object information:
on the website of the Moscow Kremlin Museums
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

16th Session of the World Heritage Committee - 1992 (Santa Fe, USA)

# С604 - Historical Monuments of Veliky Novgorod and its Environs

Criteria: (ii) (iv) (vi)
Novgorod, favorably located on the ancient trade route between Central Asia and Northern Europe, was in the IX century. the first capital of Russia, the center of Orthodox spirituality and Russian architecture. Its medieval monuments, churches and monasteries, as well as the frescoes of Theophanes the Greek (teacher of Andrei Rublev), dating from the 14th century, clearly illustrate the outstanding level of architectural and artistic creativity.
Object information:
on the website of the Department of Culture and Tourism of the Novgorod Region
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

No. С632 - Historical and Cultural Complex of the Solovetsky Islands

Criterion: (iv)
The Solovetsky Archipelago, located in the western part of the White Sea, consists of 6 islands with a total area of ​​more than 300 sq. km. They were settled in the 5th century. BC, however, the very first evidence of a person's stay here dates back to the 3rd-2nd millennia BC. The islands, starting from the 15th century, became the place of creation and active development of the largest monastery in the Russian North. There are also several churches of the 16th-19th centuries.
Object information:
on the website of the FGBUK "Solovetsky State Historical, Architectural and Natural Museum-Reserve"
on the website "Museums of Russia"

No. С633 - White stone monuments Vladimir and Suzdal

Criteria: (i) (ii) (iv)
These two ancient cultural centers of Central Russia occupy an important place in the history of the formation of the country's architecture. There are a number of majestic religious and public buildings of the XII-XIII centuries, among which the Assumption and Dmitrievsky cathedrals (Vladimir) stand out.
Object information:
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

17th Session of the World Heritage Committee -1993 (Cartagena, Colombia)

# С657 - The architectural ensemble of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra in the city of Sergiev Posad

Criteria: (ii) (iv)
This is a vivid example of an active Orthodox monastery with the features of a fortress, which fully corresponded to the spirit of the time of its formation - the 15th-18th centuries. In the main temple of the Lavra - the Assumption Cathedral, created in the image and likeness of the cathedral of the same name in the Moscow Kremlin - there is the tomb of Boris Godunov. Among the Lavra's treasures is the famous Trinity icon by Andrei Rublev.
Object information:
on the website of the Ministry of Culture of the Moscow Region
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

18th Session of the World Heritage Committee - 1994 (Phuket, Thailand)

No. С634rev- Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye (Moscow)

Criterion: (ii)
This church was built in 1532 on the Tsar's estate Kolomenskoye near Moscow to commemorate the birth of the heir, the future Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible. The Church of the Ascension, which is one of the earliest examples of the hipped roof, which is traditional for wooden architecture in stone, provided big influence on the further development of Russian church architecture.
Object information:

on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

19th Session of the World Heritage Committee - 1995 (Berlin, Germany)

N719 - Virgin Komi forests

Criteria: (vii) (ix)
The heritage site, covering an area of ​​3.28 million hectares, includes lowland tundra, mountain tundra of the Urals, as well as one of the largest tracts of primary boreal forests that have survived in Europe. A vast area with swamps, rivers and lakes where they grow conifers, birch and aspen, studied and protected for over 50 years. Here you can trace the course of natural processes that determine the biodiversity of the taiga ecosystem.
Object information:

on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

20th Session of the World Heritage Committee - 1996 (Merida, Mexico)

№ N754 - Lake Baikal

Criteria: (vii) (viii) (ix) (x)
Located in the southeast of Siberia and covering an area of ​​3.15 million hectares, Baikal is recognized as the oldest (25 million years) and the deepest (about 1700 m) lake on the planet. The reservoir stores approximately 20% of all the world's fresh water reserves. In the lake, which is known as the "Galapagos of Russia", thanks to its ancient age and isolation, a freshwater ecosystem, unique even by world standards, was formed, the study of which is of enduring importance for understanding the evolution of life on Earth.
Object information:
on the website of the Natural Heritage Protection Fund
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

22nd Session of the World Heritage Committee - 1998 (Kyoto, Japan)

№ N768rev - "Golden Mountains of Altai"

Criteria: (x)
The Altai Mountains, which are the main mountainous region in the south of Western Siberia, form the sources of the largest rivers in this region - the Ob and Irtysh. The heritage site includes three separate areas: Altai Nature Reserve with water protection zone Teletskoye lake, Katunsky reserve plus Belukha natural park, Ukok plateau. The total area is 1.64 million hectares. The region demonstrates the widest range of altitudinal zones within Central Siberia: from steppes, forest-steppe and mixed forests to subalpine and alpine meadows and glaciers. The area is home to endangered animals such as the snow leopard.
Object information:
on the website of the Natural Heritage Protection Fund
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

23rd Session of the World Heritage Committee - 1999 (Marrakesh, Morocco)

№ N900 - Western Caucasus

Criteria: (ix) (x)
This is one of the few large alpine massifs in Europe where nature has not yet undergone significant anthropogenic influence. The area of ​​the object is about 300 thousand hectares, it is located in the west of the Greater Caucasus, 50 km northeast of the Black Sea coast. Only wild animals graze on the local alpine and subalpine meadows, and the vast untouched mountain forests, stretching from the low-mountain zone to the sub-alpine, are also unique in Europe. The area is characterized by a wide variety of ecosystems, highly endemic flora and fauna, and is an area where once inhabited, and later re-acclimatized, the mountain subspecies of the European bison.
Object information:
on the website of the Natural Heritage Protection Fund
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

24th Session of the World Heritage Committee - 2000 (Cairns, Australia)

No. С980 - Historical and architectural complex of the Kazan Kremlin

Criteria: (ii) (iii) (iv)
Arising on a territory inhabited since ancient times, the Kazan Kremlin traces its history back to the Muslim period in the history of the Golden Horde and the Kazan Khanate. It was conquered in 1552 by Ivan the Terrible and became a stronghold of Orthodoxy in the Volga region. The Kremlin, which largely preserved the layout of the ancient Tatar fortress and became an important center of pilgrimage, includes outstanding historical buildings of the 16th-19th centuries, built on the ruins of earlier structures of the 10th-16th centuries.
Object information:
on the website of the State Historical, Architectural and Art Museum-Reserve "Kazan Kremlin"
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

# С982 - Ferapontov Monastery Ensemble

Criteria: (i) (iv)
The Ferapontov Monastery is located in the Vologda region, in the north of the European part of Russia. This is an exceptionally well-preserved Orthodox monastery complex of the 15th-17th centuries, i.e. a period that was of great importance for the formation of a centralized Russian state and the development of its culture. The architecture of the monastery is unique and holistic. The interior of the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin contains magnificent wall frescoes by Dionysius, the greatest Russian artist of the late 15th century.
Object information:
on the website of the FGBUK "Kirillo-Belozersky Historical, Architectural and Art Museum-Reserve"
on the website of the Museum of Frescoes of Dionysius
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

No. С994 - Curonian Spit
Cross-border facility: Lithuania, Russian Federation

Criterion: (v)
Human development of this narrow sandy peninsula, which is 98 km long and 400 m to 4 km wide, began in prehistoric times... The scythe was also exposed to natural forces - wind and sea waves. The preservation of this unique cultural landscape to this day has become possible only thanks to the incessant struggle of man against the processes of erosion (fixing of dunes, forest planting).
Object information:
on the website of the Curonian Spit National Park (Russia)
on the website of the Curonian Spit National Park (Lithuania)
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

25th Session of the World Heritage Committee - 2001 (Helsinki, Finland)

№ N766rev - Central Sikhote-Alin

Criterion: (x)
The Sikhote-Alin mountains are home to the Far Eastern coniferous-deciduous forests, which are recognized as one of the richest and most original in terms of species composition among all the forests of the temperate zone of the Earth. In this transitional zone, located at the junction of the taiga and the subtropics, there is an unusual mixture of southern (tiger, Himalayan bear) and northern species of animals (brown bear, lynx). The territory stretches from the highest peaks of the Sikhote-Alin to the coast of the Sea of ​​Japan, and serves as a refuge for many endangered species, including the Amur tiger.
Object information:
on the site of the Sikhote-Alin nature reserve
on the website of the Natural Heritage Protection Fund
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

27th Session of the World Heritage Committee - 2003 (Paris, France)

№ N769 rev- Ubsunur Basin
Cross-border facility: Mongolia, Russian Federation

Criteria: (ix) (x)
The heritage site (with an area of ​​1,069 thousand hectares) is located within the boundaries of the northernmost of all internal drainage basins Central Asia... Its name comes from the name of the vast shallow and very salty lake Ubsunur, in the area of ​​which a lot of migratory, waterfowl and near-water birds accumulate. The object consists of 12 scattered sites (including seven sites in Russia, with an area of ​​258.6 thousand hectares), which represent all the main types of landscapes characteristic of Eastern Eurasia. A wide variety of birds is noted in the steppes, and rare species of small mammals live in desert areas. In the high-mountainous part, such animals are noted, which are rare in globally like the snow leopard and mountain sheep argali, as well as the Siberian ibex.
Object information:
on the website of the Tuvan Republican Branch of the Russian Geographical Society
on the website of the Natural Heritage Protection Fund
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

# С1070 - Citadel, Old Town and fortifications of Derbent

Criteria: (iii) (iv)
Ancient Derbent was located on the northern borders of Sassanid Persia, which at that time stretched east and west from the Caspian Sea. The ancient fortifications, built of stone, include two fortress walls that run parallel to each other from the seashore to the mountains. The city of Derbent was formed between these two walls and has retained its medieval character to this day. It continued to be a strategically important site until the 19th century.
Object information:
on the website of the State Budgetary Institution "Derbent State Historical, Architectural and Art Museum-Reserve"
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

28th Session of the World Heritage Committee - 2004 (Suzhou, China)

No. С1097 - Ensemble of the Novodevichy Convent (Moscow)

Criteria: (i) (iv) (vi)
The Novodevichy Convent, located in the south-west of Moscow, was created during the 16th-17th centuries and was one of the links in the chain of monastic ensembles united in the city's defense system. The monastery was closely connected with the political, cultural and religious life of Russia, as well as with the Moscow Kremlin. Representatives of the royal family, noble boyar and noble families were tonsured here and buried. The ensemble of the Novodevichy Convent is one of the masterpieces of Russian architecture (“Moscow Baroque” style), and its interiors, where valuable collections of paintings and works of decorative and applied art are kept, are distinguished by rich interior decoration.
Object information:
on the website of the Theotokos-Smolensk Novodevichy Convent
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

№ N1023rev - Natural complex of the Wrangel Island reserve

Criteria: (ix) (x)
The heritage site, located beyond the Arctic Circle, includes the mountainous Wrangel Island (7.6 thousand sq. Km) and the Herald Island (11 sq. Km) along with the adjacent waters of the Chukchi and East Siberian Seas. Since this area was not covered by a powerful Quaternary glaciation, a very high biodiversity is noted here. Wrangel Island is famous for its huge walrus rookeries (some of the largest in the Arctic), as well as the largest density of polar bear ancestral dens in the world. The area is important as a feeding ground for gray whales migrating here from California and as a nesting site for over 50 bird species, many of which are considered endangered and rare. More than 400 species and varieties of vascular plants have been recorded on the island, that is, more than on any other Arctic island. Some of the living organisms found here are special island forms of those plants and animals that are widespread on the continent. About 40 species and subspecies of plants, insects, birds and animals are identified as endemic.
Object information:
on the website of the FSBI State Nature Reserve "Wrangel Island"
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

29th Session of the World Heritage Committee - 2005 (Durban, South Africa)

No. С1187 - Struve Geodetic Arc
Cross-border site: Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Republic of Moldova, Russian Federation, Ukraine, Finland, Sweden, Estonia

Criteria: (ii) (iii) (vi)
The Struve Arc is a chain of triangulation points stretching for 2820 km across ten European countries from Hammerfest in Norway to the Black Sea. These reference points of observation were laid in the period 1816-1855. astronomer Friedrich Georg Wilhelm Struve (aka Vasily Yakovlevich Struve), who thus made the first reliable measurement of a large segment of the earth's meridian arc. This allowed us to accurately establish the size and shape of our planet, which was an important step in the development of earth sciences and topographic mapping. It was an exceptional example of scientific collaboration between scientists. different countries and between ruling monarchs... Initially, the "arc" consisted of 258 geodetic "triangles" (polygons) with 265 main triangulation points. The World Heritage Site includes 34 such points (the most well-preserved to date), which are marked on the ground in a variety of ways, such as hollows carved into the rocks, iron crosses, cairns or specially erected obelisks.
Object information:
on the site St. Petersburg Society of Geodesy and Cartography
on the website of the Land Department of the Ministry of the Environment of Estonia
on the website of the Finnish Cartography Department
on the Norwegian World Heritage site
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

No. С1170 - Historical center of Yaroslavl

Criteria: (ii) (iv)
The historic city of Yaroslavl, located about 250 km northeast of Moscow at the confluence of the Kotorosl River into the Volga, was founded in the 11th century. and subsequently developed into a large shopping center. It is known for its numerous churches of the 17th century, and as an outstanding example of the implementation of the urban planning reform carried out by the order of Empress Catherine the Great in 1763 throughout Russia. Although the city has preserved a number of remarkable historical buildings, later it was reconstructed in the classicism style on the basis of a radial master plan... It also contains the ones dating back to the 16th century. buildings of the Spassky monastery - one of the oldest in the Upper Volga region, which arose at the end of the 12th century. on the site of a pagan temple, but rebuilt over time.
Object information:
on the website of the Official portal of the city of Yaroslavl
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

34th Session of the World Heritage Committee - 2010 (Brasilia, Brazil)

№ N1234rev - Putorana Plateau

Criteria: (vii) (ix)
This site coincides with its borders with the Putorana State Natural Reserve, located in the northern part of Central Siberia, 100 km beyond the Arctic Circle. The part of this plateau, included in the World Heritage List, has preserved a full set of subarctic and arctic ecosystems preserved in an isolated mountain range, including untouched taiga, forest-tundra, tundra and arctic desert systems, as well as a pristine lake with cold water and river systems. The main route of reindeer migration runs through the site, which is an exceptional, majestic and increasingly rare natural phenomenon.
Object information:
on the website of the Federal State Budgetary Institution "United Directorate of Taimyr Reserves"
on the website of the Natural Heritage Protection Fund
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

36th Session of the World Heritage Committee - 2012 (St. Petersburg, Russian Federation)

№ N1299 - Natural Park "Lena Pillars"

Criteria: (viii)
The natural park "Lena Pillars" is formed by rock formations of rare beauty, which reach a height of about 100 meters and are located along the banks of the Lena River in the central part of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). They originated in a sharply continental climate with an annual temperature difference of up to 100 degrees Celsius (from -60 ° C in winter to + 40 ° C in summer). The pillars are separated from each other by deep and steep ravines, partially filled with frost-covered fragments of rock. The penetration of water from the surface accelerated the freezing process and contributed to frosty weathering. This led to the deepening of the ravines between the pillars and their dispersal. The proximity of the river and its course are dangerous factors for the pillars. The site contains the remains of a wide variety of Cambrian species.
Object information:
on the website of the State Budgetary Institution of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) Natural Park "Lena Pillars"
on the website of the Natural Heritage Protection Fund
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

38th Session of the World Heritage Committee - 2014 (Doha, Qatar)

No. С981rev- Bulgarian Historical and Archaeological Complex

Criteria: (ii) (vi)
The facility is located on the banks of the Volga River to the south of the confluence of the Kama River and to the south of the capital of Tatarstan, Kazan. It contains evidence of the existence of the medieval town of Bolgars, an ancient settlement of the people of the Volga Bulgars, which existed from the 7th to the 15th centuries. and was in the XIII century. the first capital of the Golden Horde. Bolgar demonstrates historical and cultural relationships and transformations in Eurasia over several centuries, which played a decisive role in the formation of civilizations, customs and cultural traditions. The site is an important testament to the historical continuity and diversity of cultures. It is a symbolic reminder of the adoption of Islam by the Volga Bulgars in 922 and remains a sacred place of pilgrimage for the Muslim Tatars.
Object information:
on the website of the Bulgarian State Historical and Architectural Museum-Reserve "Great Bolgar"
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

37th sessionWorld Heritage Committee - 2013 (Phnom Penh, Siem Reap, Cambodia)

№C1411 - Ancient city of Tauric Chersonesos and its choir

Criteria: (ii) (v)

The site represents the ruins of an ancient city founded by the Dorian Greeks in the 5th century BC. NS. on the northern coast of the Black Sea. The site consists of six elements, including the ruins of a city and agricultural land, divided into several hundred rectangular areas of equal size, which were used for growing grapes; vineyard products were intended for export and ensured the prosperity of Chersonesos until the 15th century. On the territory of the object there are several complexes of public buildings, residential areas and monuments of early Christianity. There are also ruins of settlements from the Stone and Bronze Ages, Roman and medieval tower fortifications and water systems, as well as exceptionally well-preserved vineyards and dividing walls. In the 3rd century A.D. NS. Chersonesos was known as the most successful wine-making center on the Black Sea and served as a link between Greece, the Roman Empire, Byzantium and the peoples of the northern Black Sea coast. Chersonesus is an outstanding example of the democratic organization of agriculture in the vicinity of the ancient city, reflecting the urban social structure.

Object information:

41- session of the World Heritage Committee - 2017 (Krakow, Poland)

№N1448rev - Landscapes of Dauria

Criteria: (ix) (x)

Located on the territory of Mongolia and the Russian Federation, this facility is a unique example ecosystem of the Daurian steppe, which begins in the east of Mongolia and extends through Russian Siberia to the northeastern border of China. The cyclical climate with alternating wet and dry periods has contributed to the emergence of a wide variety of species and ecosystems important to the entire world. Presented here Various types steppes such as wet meadows, forest and lake areas are home to such rare species of fauna as the Daurian crane and bustard, as well as millions of rare and vulnerable migratory birds that are endangered. The park is also an important site on the migration route of Mongolian Dresden.

Object information:

# C1525 - Cathedral of the Assumption and the Monastery of the island town of Sviyazhsk

Criteria: (ii) (iv)

The Assumption Cathedral is located on the island town of Sviyazhsk and is part of the monastery of the same name. Located at the confluence of the Volga, Sviyaga and Shchuka rivers, at the crossroads of the Silk Road and the Volga River, Sviyazhsk was founded by Ivan the Terrible in 1551. It was from this outpost that Ivan the Terrible began the conquest of the city of Kazan. The location and architecture of the Assumption Monastery testifies to the existence of a political and missionary program developed by Tsar Ivan IV in order to expand the territory of the Moscow state. The frescoes of the cathedral are among the rarest examples of Eastern Orthodox wall painting.

Object information:

There are many beautiful buildings, natural phenomena and other unique objects in the world that delight people. And the task of each generation is to preserve this wealth and pass it on to descendants. The most valuable attractions are included in a special list.

About World Heritage Sites

It is scary to think that descendants will not see, for example, the Acropolis, or Meanwhile, this may happen, if not in the near future, then after several generations. That is why one of the primary tasks of humanity is to preserve and increase the cultural and natural resources of the planet.

For this purpose, a special list was created, which includes World Heritage sites located on the territory of various countries and regions. There are many of them, they are diverse, and each is unique in its own way.

General information about the list

For the first time, the idea of ​​a list of the most valuable sites in the world was implemented in 1978, after the UN Convention was adopted six years earlier, which proclaimed a common responsibility for the preservation of the most significant cultural and natural monuments.

At the end of 2014, the list contains 1007 items. Italy, China, Spain, France, Germany, Mexico, India, Great Britain, Russia and the USA are in the top ten by the number of World Heritage Sites. In total, there are 359 items included in the list on their territory.

There are a number of criteria according to which the list is expanded. They include the uniqueness or exclusivity of a particular place or building from different points of view: its inhabitants, structures, certificates of important stage development of civilizations, etc. Therefore, sometimes in the list you can find objects that are quite unexpected for someone.

Categories and examples

All the diversity of the World Heritage is divided into three conditional groups: cultural, natural and cultural-natural. The first category is the most numerous, it includes 779 items, for example, the building of the Opera House in Sydney. The second group contains 197 objects, including Belovezhskaya Pushcha and the Grand Canyon. The last category is the smallest - only 31 monuments, but they combine both natural beauty and human intervention: Machu Picchu, Meteora monasteries, etc.

For some reason, people are accustomed to first of all admiring buildings and creations of their own efforts, forgetting about natural beauties. And in vain, because in fact it is also a World Cultural Heritage.

In Russia

On the territory of the Russian Federation there are 26 monuments included in the UNESCO list. Of these, 15 are classified as cultural, and the remaining 11 are natural. They are located throughout the country and include, in fact, the unique UNESCO World Heritage Sites of Russia.

For the first time, the Russian Federation added to the list of countries on whose territory there are monuments to human and natural genius, in 1990, when the list was replenished with the Kizhi Pogost and the historical center of St. Petersburg. In the future, the World Heritage of Russia has been regularly replenished and is still expanding. The list includes reserves, monasteries, geological monuments and many other objects. So, in 2014, the historical and archaeological complex "Bulgar", which is located in Tatarstan, entered the list of the World Heritage of Russia.

Full list

Monuments of the World Heritage of Russia for the most part known to many citizens. But someone will also find unfamiliar places for themselves that they might want to visit, so it is better to give a complete list:

• historical center and monuments of St. Petersburg;
• Kremlin and Red Square in Moscow;
• Kizhi churchyard;
• Veliky Novgorod and its environs;
• white monuments of Suzdal and Vladimir;
• Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye;
• Trinity-Sergius Lavra;
• Komi forests;
• Lake Baikal;
• Kamchatka volcanoes;
• Sikhote-Alin nature reserve;
• golden Altai mountains;
• the basin of the Ubsu-Nur lake;
• Western Caucasus;
• Kazan Kremlin;
• Ferapontov Monastery;
• Curonian Spit;
• the old town of Derbent;
• Wrangel Island;
• Novodevichy Convent;
• the historical center of Yaroslavl;
• the Struve arc;
• Putorana plateau;
• Lena Pillars;
• complex "Bulgar".

Another point is connected with the political events of 2014 - on the Crimean peninsula is located ancient city Chersonesos, which is also included in the World Cultural Heritage. Russia actually has something to strive for, because there are many more unique sites on the territory of the country, and each of them may eventually enter the UNESCO list. In the meantime, it is still worth learning more about those monuments that are already on this list. After all, it was not for nothing that they were included there?

Natural

Russia is a huge country, the largest on the planet in terms of territory. 9 time zones, 4 climatic zones and a huge number of different zones. It is not surprising that the World Natural Heritage of Russia is quite numerous and diverse - 11 sites. There are huge forests, clean and deep lakes, natural phenomena of amazing beauty.

• Virgin Komi forests. Considered to be the largest intact forests in Europe. Included in the World Heritage of Russia in 1995. Many species of rare representatives of flora and fauna grow and live on their territory.
• Lake Baikal. It is the deepest on the planet. Entered the list in 1996. Many species found in the lake are endemic.
• Volcanoes of the Kamchatka Peninsula. They are part of the Pacific Ring of Fire. Included in the World Heritage Sites of Russia in 1996.
• Altai. In the list since 1998. Includes habitats of rare representatives of flora and fauna.
• Caucasian reserve. Located in three constituent entities of the Russian Federation: Krasnodar Territory, the Republic of Karachay-Cherkessia and Adygea. On the list since 1999.
• Central Sikhote-Alin. Natural reserve located in the Primorsky Territory. Many rare species of animals live on its territory. Included in the UNESCO list in 2001.
• Curonian Spit. This unique object is a sandy body stretching over the Baltic Sea for almost 100 kilometers. There are a lot of interesting places on the territory of the spit, for example the famous "Dancing Forest", and through it lies the path of seasonal migration of many birds. Listed in 2000.
• Ubsu-Nur basin. Located on the border of the Russian Federation and Mongolia. The basin was included in the list in 2003 according to the criteria of international scientific importance and conservation of biological and landscape diversity.
• Wrangel Island. Divided into almost equal halves between the Western and Eastern hemispheres. Most of its territory is occupied by mountains. Here grow rare plants, which, among other things, became the reason for the object to be included in the UNESCO list in 2004 under number 1023.
• It was listed as a World Heritage Site in 2010. Here are the migration routes of large populations of reindeer, and a unique combination of ecosystems is observed.
• Lena Pillars. At the moment, the last World Natural Heritage site in Russia. Was listed in 2012. In addition to its aesthetic importance, this object is valuable for the uniqueness of the geological processes taking place here.

Man-made

Objects of the World Cultural Heritage of Russia, of course, include not only natural monuments, but the results of human labor.

• Historical center of St. Petersburg. Red Square and the Kremlin in Moscow. The hearts of both capitals were included in the list simultaneously - in 1990 - and according to four criteria at once.
• Kizhi. This unique ensemble wooden buildings was included in the UNESCO list also in 1990. This real wonder of the world not only demonstrates the genius of mankind, but also amazingly harmonizes with the surrounding nature.
• In 1992, UNESCO added 3 more sights to its list: the monuments of Novgorod, Suzdal and Vladimir, as well as
• The Trinity-Sergius Lavra and the Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye, listed in 1993 and 1994, respectively, are known for their beauty - many residents of Moscow and the Moscow region regularly visit there.
• c entered the list in 2000, as did
• Monuments of the city of Derbent in Dagestan - 2003.
• in Moscow - 2004.
• Historical center of Yaroslavl - 2005.
• (2 points), which helped to establish the shape, size and some other parameters of the planet - 2005.
• Architectural and historical complex Bulgar - 2014.

As you can see, the sites of the World Cultural Heritage of Russia are mostly concentrated in the European part, which is due to the peculiarities of the development of the territory.

Applicants

The list of the World Heritage of Russia in the coming years may expand significantly. The government of the Russian Federation regularly proposes to the UN more and more new applicants, unique and wonderful in their own way. Now there are 24 more sites that can be included in the main list of UNESCO.

The threat of extinction

Unfortunately, it is not always possible to preserve the World Heritage. Fortunately, Russia is not threatened yet, all of its monuments included in the list are relatively safe. UNESCO regularly edits and publishes a special list of unique objects in danger. Now it consists of 38 items. Natural and cultural monuments fall on this "alarming" list for various reasons: poaching, deforestation, construction and reconstruction projects that violate the historical appearance, climate change, etc. In addition, the worst enemy of the World Heritage is time, which is impossible win. And yet, from time to time, monuments are removed from this list, most often due to an improvement in the situation. But there are also sad examples when the situation has deteriorated so much that objects simply ceased to be included in the World Heritage Site. Russia has nothing to fear so far, although the ecological situation in some parts of the country may affect many natural monuments. And then, perhaps, for the Russian Federation, the “alarming” list will become relevant.

UNESCO action

Inclusion in the list is not only and not so much prestige, but, first of all, increased attention to the safety and condition of certain objects on the part of a larger number of organizations. UNESCO also stimulates the development of ecological tourism and increases the awareness of the people about the uniqueness of the monuments. Among other things, there is a special fund that finances the support of the objects.