World natural heritage sites include. Natural properties promising for inclusion on the Tentative List

There are many beautiful buildings, natural phenomena and other unique objects in the world that delight people. And the task of each generation is to preserve this wealth and pass it on to descendants. The most valuable sights fall into a special list.

About World Heritage Sites

It is terrible to think that the descendants will not see, for example, the Acropolis or, meanwhile, this can happen, if not in the near future, then in several generations. That is why one of the primary tasks of mankind is to preserve and increase the cultural and natural wealth of the planet.

For this purpose, a special list was created, which includes World Heritage sites located on the territory of various countries and regions. There are many, they are diverse, and each is unique in its own way.

General information about the list

The idea of ​​a list of the most valuable objects in the world was first implemented in 1978, after the UN Convention was adopted six years earlier, declaring a common responsibility for the preservation of the most significant cultural and natural monuments.

At the end of 2014, the list contains 1007 titles. In the top ten in terms of the number of World Heritage sites are Italy, China, Spain, France, Germany, Mexico, India, the United Kingdom, Russia and the United States. In total, there are 359 items included in the list on their territory.

There are a number of criteria according to which the list is expanded. They include the uniqueness or exclusivity of a particular place or building from different points of view: its inhabitants, construction, evidence of milestone development of civilizations, etc. Therefore, sometimes in the list you can find objects that are quite unexpected for someone.

Categories and examples

All the diversity of the World Heritage is divided into three conditional groups: cultural, natural and cultural-natural. The first category is the most numerous, it includes 779 items, for example, the building of the Opera House in Sydney. The second group contains 197 objects, including Belovezhskaya Pushcha and the Grand Canyon. The last category is the smallest - only 31 monuments, but they combine both natural beauty and human intervention: Machu Picchu, Meteora monasteries, etc.

For some reason, people are used to first of all admiring buildings and creations of their own efforts, forgetting about natural beauties. And in vain, because in fact it is also a World Cultural Heritage.

In Russia

On the territory of the Russian Federation there are 26 monuments included in the UNESCO list. Of these, 15 are classified as cultural, and the remaining 11 are natural. They are located all over the country and include truly unique UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Russia.

For the first time, the Russian Federation added to the list of countries on whose territory there are monuments to human and natural genius, in 1990, when the list was replenished with the Kizhi churchyard and the historical center of St. Petersburg. In the future, the World Heritage of Russia has been regularly updated and still continues to expand. The list includes reserves, monasteries, geological monuments and many other objects. So, in 2014, the Bulgar historical and archaeological complex, which is located in Tatarstan, was included in the World Heritage List of Russia.

Full list

The World Heritage Sites of Russia are mostly known to many citizens. But someone will find for themselves unfamiliar points that they may want to visit, so it is better to give a complete list:

• the historical center and monuments of St. Petersburg;
• Kremlin and Red Square in Moscow;
• Kizhi churchyard;
• Veliky Novgorod and its environs;
• white monuments of Suzdal and Vladimir;
• Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye;
• Trinity-Sergius Lavra;
• Komi forests;
• lake Baikal;
• Kamchatka volcanoes;
• nature reserve Sikhote-Alin;
• golden Altai mountains;
• Ubsu-Nur lake basin;
• Western Caucasus;
• Kazan Kremlin;
• Ferapontov Monastery;
• Curonian Spit;
• the old city of Derbent;
• Wrangel Island;
• Novodevichy Convent;
• historical center of Yaroslavl;
• Struve arc;
• the Putorana plateau;
• Lena Pillars;
• complex "Bulgar".

Another point is related to the political events of 2014 - on the Crimean peninsula is located ancient city Chersonese, which is also included in the World Cultural Heritage. Russia actually has something to strive for, because there are many more unique objects on the territory of the country, and each of them may eventually enter the UNESCO list. In the meantime, it is still worth learning more about those monuments that are already on this list. After all, it’s not for nothing that they were included there?

Natural

Russia is a huge country, the largest on the planet in terms of territory. 9 time zones, 4 climatic and a huge number of different zones. It is not surprising that the World Natural Heritage of Russia is quite numerous and diverse - 11 objects. There are huge forests, clean and deep lakes, natural phenomena of amazing beauty.

• Virgin forests of Komi. They are considered the largest untouched forests in Europe. They were included in the World Heritage of Russia in 1995. Many species of rare representatives of flora and fauna grow and live on their territory.
• Lake Baikal. It is the deepest on the planet. Listed in 1996. Many species living in the lake are endemic.
• Volcanoes of the Kamchatka Peninsula. They are part of the Pacific Ring of Fire. Included in the World Heritage Sites of Russia in 1996.
• Altai. Listed since 1998. Includes habitats of rare representatives of flora and fauna.
• Caucasian reserve. It is located in three subjects of the Russian Federation: Krasnodar Territory, the Republic of Karachay-Cherkessia and Adygea. Listed since 1999.
• Central Sikhote-Alin. A natural reserve located in the Primorsky Territory. Many rare species of animals live on its territory. Entered the UNESCO list in 2001.
• Curonian spit. This unique object is a sand body stretching across the Baltic Sea for almost 100 kilometers. On the territory of the spit is located a large number of interesting places, for example the famous "Dancing Forest", also through it lies the seasonal migration route of many birds. Listed in 2000.
• Ubsu-Nur basin. Located on the border of the Russian Federation and Mongolia. The hollow was included in the list in 2003 according to the criteria of international scientific importance and the conservation of biological and landscape diversity.
• Wrangel Island. Divided into almost equal halves between the Western and Eastern hemispheres. Most its territory is occupied by mountains. grow here rare plants, which, among other things, caused the object to be included in the UNESCO list in 2004 under the number 1023.
• It was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 2010. Here are the migration routes of large populations of reindeer, as well as a unique combination of ecosystems.
• Lena pillars. At the moment, the last object of the World natural heritage in Russia. Was listed in 2012. In addition to its aesthetic importance, this object is valuable for the uniqueness of the geological processes taking place here.

man-made

Objects of the World cultural heritage Russia, of course, includes not only natural monuments, but the results of human labor.

• Historical center of St. Petersburg. Red Square and the Kremlin in Moscow. The hearts of both capitals entered the list at the same time - in 1990 - and immediately according to four criteria.
• Kizhi. This unique ensemble wooden buildings was included in the UNESCO list also in 1990. This real wonder of the world not only demonstrates the genius of mankind, but also surprisingly harmonizes with the surrounding nature.
• In 1992, UNESCO added 3 more sights to its list: the monuments of Novgorod, Suzdal and Vladimir, as well as
• The Trinity-Sergius Lavra and the Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye, listed in 1993 and 1994 respectively, are known for their beauty to everyone - many residents of Moscow and the Moscow region regularly visit there.
• entered the list in 2000, as well as
• Monuments of the city of Derbent in Dagestan - 2003.
• in Moscow - 2004.
• The historical center of Yaroslavl - 2005.
• (2 points), which helped to establish the shape, size and some other parameters of the planet - 2005.
• Architectural and historical complex Bulgar - 2014.

As can be seen, the objects of the World Cultural Heritage of Russia are mostly concentrated in the European part, which is due to the peculiarities of the development of the territory.

Applicants

Russia's World Heritage List may expand significantly in the coming years. The Government of the Russian Federation regularly offers the UN new applicants, unique and beautiful in their own way. Now there are 24 more objects that can be included in the main list of UNESCO.

Endangered

Unfortunately, it is not always possible to preserve the World Heritage. Fortunately, this does not threaten Russia yet, all of its monuments included in the list are in relative safety. UNESCO regularly edits and publishes a special list of unique sites in danger. Now it consists of 38 items. Natural and cultural monuments fall into this “alarming” list according to different reasons: poaching, deforestation, construction and reconstruction projects that violate the historical appearance, climate change, etc. In addition, the worst enemy of World Heritage is time, which cannot be defeated. And yet, from time to time, monuments are removed from this list, most often due to an improvement in the situation. But there are also sad examples when the situation has deteriorated so much that the objects simply ceased to be included in the World Heritage. Russia has nothing to fear yet, although the ecological situation in some parts of the country may affect many natural monuments. And then, perhaps, for the Russian Federation, the “alarming” list will become relevant.

UNESCO action

Inclusion in the list is not only and not so much prestige, but first of all, increased attention to the safety and condition of certain objects on the part of a larger number of organizations. UNESCO also stimulates the development of eco-tourism and increases people's awareness of the uniqueness of monuments. Among other things, there is a special fund that finances the maintenance of facilities.

Cultural heritage is an important part of the life of every nation. For this reason, one should know what cultural heritage is and why its preservation is so important. It helps to better know and understand the history of formation modern society.

What is cultural heritage

Nature and culture together form the human environment. The skills and knowledge acquired by mankind from the beginning of time are accumulated and multiplied over the centuries, forming a cultural heritage. There is no single definition of what cultural heritage is, since this term is considered from different points of view.

From the point of view of cultural studies, this is the main way of existence of culture. Heritage objects preserve and pass on to future generations values ​​that carry an emotional aspect. History considers cultural heritage primarily as a source of information about the development and formation of modern society. The legal point of view does not take into account the emotional value, but determines the degree of informativeness and relevance of this or that object, as well as its ability to influence society.

If we combine these concepts, then cultural heritage can be defined as a set of material and non-material values ​​created by nature and man during previous historical eras.

social memory

Social memory should be understood as the basis of social cognition. The experience and knowledge accumulated by mankind are passed down from generation to generation. The development of modern man is possible only based on the knowledge of ancestors.

Cultural heritage and social memory are concepts that always go hand in hand with each other. Heritage objects are the main means of transferring knowledge, thoughts and worldviews to future generations. This is irrefutable evidence of the existence of certain people, events and ideas. In addition, they guarantee the authenticity of social memory, preventing it from being distorted.

Social memory is a kind of library where all useful knowledge is stored that can be used and improved by society in the future. Unlike the memory of one person, social memory has no end and belongs to every member of society. Ultimately, heritage determines the basic elements of social memory. Those values ​​that are not part of the cultural heritage, sooner or later lose their meaning, are forgotten and excluded from social memory.

Organization UNESCO

UNESCO is a UN agency dealing with education, science and culture (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization). One of the goals of UNESCO is to unite countries and peoples to preserve the world's cultural values.

The organization was formed in November 1945 and is based in Paris. To date, more than two hundred states are members of UNESCO.

In the field of culture, the organization is engaged in the preservation and protection of the cultural and natural heritage of mankind. The Convention on the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, adopted in 1972, became the basis for this area of ​​activity. During the first session, the main provisions and tasks of the World Heritage Committee were adopted.

The Committee also determined the natural and cultural criteria for assessing objects, according to which they were included or not included in the list of protected. The preservation of cultural heritage is an obligation undertaken by the state that has this or that object, with the support of UNESCO. Today, the register includes more than a thousand protected objects.

world heritage

The 1972 Convention gave a clear definition of what cultural heritage is and divided it into categories. Cultural heritage means:

• monuments;
• ensembles;
• places of interest.

Monuments include all works of art (painting, sculpture, etc.), as well as objects of archaeological significance (rock inscriptions, burials) created by man and valuable for science, history and art. Ensembles are architectural groups harmoniously inscribed in the surrounding landscape. Places of interest are human creations separate from nature or together with it.

The Convention also outlined the criteria for natural heritage. It includes natural monuments, places of interest, geological and physiographic formations.

Cultural heritage of Russia

To date, the World Heritage Register includes twenty-seven objects that are located on the territory of Russia. Sixteen of them are selected according to cultural criteria and eleven are natural sites. The first objects were classified as World Heritage in 1990. Twenty-three more objects are on the list of candidates. Of these, eleven are cultural, three are natural and cultural, nine are natural objects.

Among the UNESCO Member States, the Russian Federation is in ninth place in terms of the number of World Heritage Sites.

Cultural Heritage Days in Moscow - International Day for the Protection of Monuments and Sites (celebrated on April 18) and International Museum Day (May 18). Every year these days in Moscow free access to heritage sites is opened, excursions, quests, lectures are organized. All these events are aimed at popularization of cultural values, familiarization with them.

Legal aspect

The federal law (FZ) on cultural heritage objects was adopted State Duma RF in 2002. This law defines the preservation of cultural heritage as a priority for the authorities. The law also establishes the procedure for identifying heritage sites and including them in the register.

This register includes tangible and intangible cultural values ​​that have passed peer review. Each object entered in the register is assigned registration number and a passport. The passport contains detailed characteristics of the object: name, date of occurrence, photographic materials, description, location information. The passport also reflects data on the expert assessment of the object and the conditions for protecting the object.

According to the Federal Law on objects of cultural heritage, cultural values ​​are recognized as the property of the state. In this regard, the need to preserve them, as well as to popularize and provide access to heritage sites, has been declared. The law prohibits alteration and demolition of objects. Management of cultural heritage objects is a set of measures aimed at the control, preservation and development of cultural objects.

Natural objects of Russia

Within the territory of Russian Federation there are ten sites included in the World Heritage. Six of them, according to the UNESCO classification, should be considered as a phenomenon of exceptional beauty. One of these objects is Lake Baikal. This is one of the oldest freshwater formations on the planet. Thanks to this, a unique ecosystem has formed in the lake.

Volcanoes of Kamchatka are also natural phenomena. This formation is the largest cluster of active volcanoes. The area is constantly evolving and has unique landscapes. Unique in their geographical features are the Golden Altai Mountains. The total area of ​​this heritage site is one million six hundred and forty thousand hectares. This is a habitat for rare animals, some of which are on the verge of extinction.

Cultural objects of Russia

Among the objects that represent the cultural heritage of Russia, it is difficult to single out more significant exhibits. Russian culture is ancient and very diverse. These are monuments of Russian architecture, and a colossal project of interweaving the streets and canals of St. Petersburg, and numerous monasteries, cathedrals and Kremlins.

The Moscow Kremlin occupies a special place among the heritage sites. The walls of the Moscow Kremlin are witnesses of many historical events that affect the life of Russia. St. Basil's Cathedral, located on Red Square, is a unique masterpiece of architecture. Churches and monasteries form the main part of the World Heritage Site in Russia. Among them is the ensemble "Solovki Islands", the first settlement of which dates back to the fifth century BC.

Importance of cultural heritage

The value of cultural heritage is very great both for society as a whole and for each person individually. The formation of personality is impossible without knowledge of the traditions and experience of ancestors. Preservation of heritage sites and their enhancement is an important task of every generation. This ensures the spiritual growth and development of mankind. Cultural heritage is an important component of culture, which helps to assimilate the experience of world history.

Project work "World Heritage of Russia"

Prepared by the teacher primary school
Tagibekova Faiza Tagirovna

Research objectives:

- introduce the objects of natural and cultural heritage of Russia;

-show all the greatness and beauty of the natural and cultural heritage of Russia;

- to instill love for the Motherland and the environment.

Project objectives:

- to cultivate feelings of respect for nature and pride in their homeland;

- to develop cognitive activity among students, to form a persistent interest in the subject;

- to form a careful attitude to the natural and cultural heritage.

Fundamental question:

Can humanity learn lessons?

Problem questions:

What is World Heritage?

What was the origin of the World Heritage Organization?

What do people do to save these objects for posterity?

When did Russia join this organization?

What objects of Russia are included in the World Heritage List?

Project result:

Strong knowledge on the topic "World Heritage of Russia".

People realized that due to ill-conceived economic activity the whole world may lose priceless treasures. The idea arose to announce the most

outstanding sights of nature and culture as a World Heritage Site subject to mandatory protection. This is how the World Heritage List was born. It is run by the authoritative international organization UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization).

In 1972, the UNESCO organization adopted the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (entered into force in 1975). The USSR ratified the convention on March 9, 1988. the main objective World Heritage Sites make known and protect sites that are unique in their kind. The states in whose territory the World Heritage sites are located assume the responsibility for their conservation.

Like most countries of the world, Russia supported the idea of ​​creating a World Heritage List. Now it includes a number of objects of nature and culture of our country. Every year the UNESCO World Heritage List is replenished.

UNESCO attractions in Russia

Russia is a unique country. In terms of territorial area, it ranks first in the world, in terms of population - ninth. As of 2012, there are 25 specially protected objects in Russia. Fifteen of them have the status of a cultural landmark, the remaining ten are of a natural nature. Six out of fifteen UNESCO cultural sites in Russia are labeled "i", that is, they belong to the masterpieces of human civilization. Four out of ten natural sites have the highest aesthetic criterion "vii".
UNESCO sites in Russia
The nature of the country is distinguished by a variety of plant and animal forms: northern mosses and lichens coexist in it with southern palm trees and magnolias, the coniferous forests of the taiga make up a striking contrast with the steppe crops of wheat and sunflower. The climatic, natural and cultural diversity of Russia has led to interest in it both on the part of its own and foreign citizens. Natural and man-made attractions, river cruises and rail travel, beach and health, sports and extreme tourism make the country attractive for all categories of tourists. The main sights of Russia are included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. Anyone who wants to discover a great country can start by getting acquainted with twenty-five natural and man-made objects that have a cultural, historical or ecological degree of world significance. UNESCO List and is compiled in order to preserve and show modern man the entire depth of our common civilizational heritage.

1. Historic center of St. Petersburg

The northern capital of Russia was included in the UNESCO List as part of 36 monuments located not only in St. Petersburg itself, but also in its neighboring cities - Pushkin and Shlisselburg. The palace and park ensembles of the villages of Gatchina and Strelna, the Koltuvskaya and Yukkovskaya uplands, the Lindulovskaya grove and the Komarovskoye village cemetery - all this makes up one huge cultural and natural formation, territorially and historically connected with the northern capital of Russia. St. Petersburg itself is represented in the UNESCO List by the historical center and the old part of the city of Kronstadt, the Pulkovo Observatory and the palace and park ensembles of Peterhof, the Shuvalovsky Park and the Vyazemsky estate, local fairways and numerous city highways.

2. The architectural ensemble of the Kizhi Pogost

Built in the 18th-19th centuries in Kizhi, two wooden churches and a bell tower were included in the UNESCO List in 1990. The cultural heritage of Karelia is known throughout the world for the Church of the Transfiguration, built, according to legend, without a single nail. Since the middle of the 20th century, the Kizhi State Historical and Architectural Museum has been functioning on the basis of the Kizhi Pogost. Along with the ancient primordial buildings, it includes objects of wooden religious architecture brought in and built in the immediate vicinity - for example, an eight-winged windmill built in 1928. The wooden fence of the ensemble of the Kizhi churchyard was reconstructed in 1959 in accordance with the principles of organizing traditional churchyard fences.

3. Moscow Kremlin and Red Square

The symbols of the whole country and era - the Moscow Kremlin and Red Square - are among the most significant cultural sights of Russia and the whole world. It seems that there is no person on Earth who does not know what they look like. Most foreigners visiting Russia first go to Red Square. The Moscow Kremlin is one of the oldest architectural monuments in Russia. Its majestic walls and numerous towers, its Orthodox cathedrals and palace buildings, its squares and gardens, the Armory and the Kremlin Palace of Congresses reflect the centuries-old history of the country. Adjacent to the northeastern wall of the Kremlin, Red Square is known not only for the Mausoleum and the Eternal Flame, but also for the numerous events organized on it recently. Victory parades, concerts dedicated to the Independence Day of Russia, New Year's skating rinks - all this can be afforded by one of the largest pedestrian areas in Moscow.

4.Novgorod historical monuments

Veliky Novgorod and its surroundings were included in the UNESCO list with more than ten cultural sites of a predominantly religious nature. Znamensky, Zverin, Anthony and Yuriev Monastery, the Church of the Nativity on the Red Field, the Church of the Savior on Nereditsa, John the Merciful and the Annunciation on Myachina and many other Orthodox buildings belong to ancient periods Russian history and are unique architectural complexes. The Novgorod citadel (that is, the Kremlin) and the part of the city related to it are interesting from the point of view of historical and architectural heritage.

5. Solovetsky Islands

The Spaso-Preobrazhensky Solovetsky Monastery was built in the 20-30s of the 15th century. It is spread over four islands of the Solovetsky archipelago. The Solovetsky Islands cultural and historical ensemble includes the main monastery, Voznesensky and Savvatievsky skete, St. Isaakovskaya, Makarievskaya and Filippovskaya hermitages on Bolshoy Solovetsky Island, Sergievsky skete on Bolshaya Muksalma island, Trinity and Golgotha-Crucifixion skete and Eleazarova hermitage on Anzer and Andreevskaya deserts and stone labyrinths on the Big Zayatsky Island. AT Soviet time On the territory of the monastery, the largest in the USSR corrective labor camp, the Solovetsky Special Purpose Camp, operated. Monastic life became possible here only at the end of 1990.

6.White stone monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal

Eight architectural monuments of ancient Russian architecture, mostly of a white stone character, were included in the UNESCO list in 1992. All of them are located on the territory of the Vladimir region and belong to Orthodox culture Russia. There are three UNESCO-protected sites in Vladimir: the Assumption and Demetrius Cathedrals erected in the 12th century, as well as the Golden Gates. In Suzdal stands the 12th century Kremlin with the Nativity Cathedral and built in XVI-XVII centuries Spaso-Efimievskiy monastery. The village of Bogolyubovo is known to Orthodox pilgrims for the Palace of Andrei Bogolyubsky and the magnificent Church of the Intercession on the Nerl. The Church of Boris and Gleb in the village of Kideksha is the first white stone building in northeastern Russia.

7. Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye

Built in the 16th century, the Church of the Ascension of the Lord is the first stone Orthodox church to use a tent instead of a classic dome. According to legend, it was erected on the occasion of the birth of Ivan the Terrible. The place for the temple was chosen on the right bank of the Moskva River, famous for its miraculous key. The Church of the Ascension of the Lord has the appearance of a centric tower temple, rising above the ground to a height of 62 meters. AT architectural design Church traced features of the early Renaissance. In a circle, the temple is surrounded by a two-tiered gallery-gullbishche.

8. Trinity - Sergius Lavra.

The Holy Trinity Sergius Lavra was founded by St. Sergius of Radonezh in 1337. Currently, it is the largest Orthodox male monastery in Russia. The Trinity-Sergius Lavra is located in the center of Sergiyev Posad, a city in the Moscow region. The designation "lavra" indicates the crowdedness, multi-population of the monastery. The architectural ensemble of the monastery consists of fifty buildings of various functional purpose. Among them there are Orthodox cathedrals, and numerous bell towers, and royal palaces. In the Trinity-Sergius Lavra, Boris Godunov and members of his family found their last shelter.

9. Komi Forest.

The virgin forests of Komi are known as the largest untouched forests growing in Europe. They occupy an area of ​​32,600 square kilometers in the north of the Ural Mountains, within the Pechero-Ilychsky Reserve and national park Yugyd Va. According to their composition, the Komi forests belong to the taiga ecosystem. They are dominated by coniferous trees. The western part of the forests falls on the foothills, the eastern part - on the mountains themselves. The forest area of ​​Komi is distinguished by the diversity of not only flora, but also fauna. More than two hundred species of birds live here, rare species of fish are found. Many forest plants are protected.

10. Lake Baikal.

For the whole world, Baikal is a lake, for the people of Russia, who are in love with a unique natural object, Baikal is a sea! Located in Eastern Siberia, it is the deepest lake on the planet and, at the same time, the largest natural repository in terms of volume. fresh water. The shape of Baikal has the shape of a crescent. The maximum depth of the lake is 1642 meters at medium depth in 744. Baikal contains 19 percent of all fresh water on the planet. The lake is fed by more than three hundred rivers and streams. Baikal water is different high content oxygen. Its temperature rarely exceeds plus 8-9 degrees Celsius even in summer near the surface. The water of the lake is so clean and transparent that it allows you to see in depth at a distance of up to forty meters.

11. Kamchatka volcanoes.

Volcanoes of Kamchatka are part of the Pacific volcanic ring of fire - a large chain of the main active volcanoes of the planet. Unique natural sites were included in the UNESCO List in 1996, along with adjacent territories, characterized by scenic views and biological diversity. The exact number of volcanoes on the peninsula is unknown. Scientists talk about several hundred and even thousands of objects. About thirty of them are classified as active. The most famous Kamchatka volcano is Klyuchevskaya Sopka, the highest volcano in Eurasia and the most active on the peninsula. The volcanoes of Kamchatka are of different volcanic origin and are divided into two superimposed belts - Sredinny and East Kamchatka.

12. Sikhote - Alinsky reserve.

A large biosphere reserve in Primorsky Krai was originally created to preserve the sable population. At present, it is the most convenient place for observing the life of the Amur tiger. A huge number of plants grow on the territory of the Sikhote-Alin Reserve. More than a thousand higher species, more than a hundred - mosses, about four hundred - lichens, more than six hundred species of algae and more than five hundred - fungi. Local fauna represented large quantity birds, marine invertebrates and insects. Many plants, birds, animals and insects are among the protected objects. Schisandra chinensis and Palibina edelweiss, spotted deer and Himalayan bear, black kite and Japanese starling, Sakhalin sturgeon and Swallowtail butterfly - all of them found shelter in the Sikhote-Alin Reserve.

13. Golden mountains of Altai.

The three most significant areas of the Altai Mountains - the Altai and Katunsky Reserve and the Ukok plateau - were included in 1998 in the UNESCO list under the name "Golden Mountains of Altai". Mount Belukha and Lake Teletskoye also fell into the number of protected geographical objects. The Altai Mountains received the natural criterion "x" for the most complete picture of alpine vegetation. In this area, one after another, in turn, five belts follow: steppe, forest-steppe, mixed, subalpine and alpine. On the territory of the golden mountains of Altai, rare species of animals live - the snow leopard, the Siberian mountain goat and others.

14. Ubsunur basin.

The Ubsu-Nur lake basin, located in the Tyva Republic, belongs to both Russia and Mongolia. On the part of the Russian Federation, it is represented by the biosphere natural reserve "Ubsunur Hollow", which includes both the waters of the lake itself and the land areas adjacent to it. On the latter, there is a unique and, in many respects, diverse ecosystem of the region - here you can find both glaciers and the northernmost deserts in Eurasia. On the territory of the Ubsunur basin there are taiga zones, forest and classical steppes, alpine tundra and meadows. The area of ​​the reserve is replete with several tens of thousands of unexcavated mounds of ancient nomadic tribes.

15. Caucasian reserve.

The natural biosphere reserve located in the Western Caucasus belongs to the category of state ones. It is a large natural formation belonging to two climatic zones - temperate and subtropical. More than 900 species of vascular plants and 700 species of mushrooms grow on the territory of the reserve. Initially, the Caucasian Reserve was called the bison. Nowadays, it was decided to abandon this definition, since, in addition to bison, a large number of other mammals live in the Western Caucasus, each of which needs state protection. Today on the territory of the reserve you can meet wild boars and roe deer, the West Caucasian tur and brown bear, Caucasian mink and bison.

16 Kazan Kremlin.

Not only the Moscow and Novgorod Kremlin are included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. The Kazan Kremlin was also among the culturally significant objects of world significance. Its historical and architectural complex, consisting of a white-stone Kremlin, temples and other buildings, is a monument of three historical periods: XII-XIII, XIV-XV and XV-XVI centuries. The Kremlin territory of Kazan has the shape of an irregular polygon, coinciding in outline with the hill on which the ancient settlement is located. Initially, the Kazan Kremlin was a Bulgar fortress. Then he came under the rule of the Kazan Khanate. After the capture of Kazan by Ivan the Terrible, the first Orthodox churches. In 2005, in honor of the millennium of Kazan, the main mosque of the Republic of Tatarstan - Kul Sharif - was built within the Kazan Kremlin.

17. Ferapontov monastery.

Currently, the Ferapontov Monastery is one of the inactive. The Ferapontovsky branch of the Kirillo-Belozersky Museum-Reserve located in it and the unique Dionysius Frescoes Museum became a stumbling block between the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation and the Russian Orthodox Church. In 2000, the Ferapontov Monastery was included in the UNESCO List, which finally gave it the status of not so much a religious as a cultural heritage of mankind. The architectural ensemble of the monastery is represented by the Cathedral of the Nativity of the Virgin, painted by the famous Moscow icon painter of the XV-XVI centuries - Dionysius, the monumental Church of the Annunciation, the state chamber and outbuildings.

18. Curonian Spit.

The Curonian Spit is a long, narrow strip of sandy land that separates the Curonian Lagoon from Baltic Sea. According to its geographical status, this natural object is sometimes referred to as peninsulas. The Curonian Spit is 98 kilometers long and 400 to 4 kilometers wide. The saber-shaped strip of land belongs half to Russia, half to Lithuania. On Russian territory, the Curonian Spit contains the national park of the same name. The original peninsula was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List thanks to its biodiversity. Numerous landscapes, ranging from deserts to tundra, a large number of flora and fauna, as well as the ancient migratory route of birds, make the Curonian Spit a unique natural complex that needs protection.

19. Derbent.

Derbent, the southernmost city in Russia, located in the Republic of Dagestan, is one of the ancient cities peace. The first settlements on its territory arose at the end of the 4th millennium BC. The city acquired its modern look in 438. In those distant times, Derbent was a Persian fortress, consisting of the Naryn-Kala citadel and double walls descending to the Caspian Sea. The ancient fortress, the old city and fortifications of Derbent were included in the UNESCO List in 2003. Naryn-kala has survived to this day in the form of ruins, an ancient temple of fire worshipers, a mosque, baths and water reservoirs located on its territory.

20. Wrangel Island.

Located in the Arctic Ocean, Wrangel Island was discovered in 1849. In 1926, the first polar station was established on it, in 1948, the island was inhabited by domestic reindeer, and in 1975, by musk oxen. The last event led to the fact that the authorities of the Magadan region decided to establish a nature reserve on Wrangel Island, which also included the neighboring Herald Island. At the end of the 20th century, the adjacent water areas joined the Wrangel Island Reserve. The flora of the island consists mainly of ancient plant species. The fauna of the area is poorly developed: most often, birds and walruses are found here, which have set up their main Russian rookery on Wrangel Island.

21. Novodevichy Convent.

The Novodevichy Bogoroditse-Smolensky Monastery was founded in 1524 in honor of the Smolensk Icon. Mother of God"Hodegetria". The location of the women's Orthodox monastery is the Maiden's Field of Moscow. In the center of the monastery is the five-domed Smolensk Cathedral, from which the creation of the entire architectural ensemble of the religious monument of the Russian capital began. In the 17th century, the Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, the Church of the Transfiguration of the Savior, the Church of the Intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary, a bell tower, a refectory, Lopukhinsky, Mariinsky and Burial Chambers were built around it.

22. Historical center of Yaroslavl.

The historical center of Yaroslavl, consisting of the Chopped City (the local Kremlin) and the Earthen City, was awarded by UNESCO in 2005 as an outstanding architectural example of the urban reform carried out under Catherine II. The buildings of the classicism period were carried out near the parish church of Elijah the Prophet, in front of which there was a semicircular square. Streets-rays were drawn to it, each of which ended with an architectural monument earlier in time of construction - the Assumption Cathedral on the Strelka, the Znamenskaya and Uglich towers, the church of Simeon the Stylite.

23. Struve geodesic arc.

A network of 265 reference geodetic points, created in the first half of the 19th century to study terrestrial parameters, is currently found in many European cities. On the Russian territory, it is represented by two points - "Point Mäkipyallus" and "Point Z", located on the island of Gogland. Of the more than two hundred objects of the Struve arc, only 34 have survived to this day, which served as the basis for the inclusion of a unique scientific monument of mankind in the List of Especially Valuable Cultural Objects of Our Time.

24. Putarana Plateau.

Like many natural objects of Russia included in the UNESCO List, the Putarana Plateau was included in it because of the unique combination of different ecological systems. Located within an isolated mountain range, the Putorana State Nature Reserve combines the subarctic and arctic belts, taiga, forest tundra and the arctic desert within its territory. The Putoran subspecies of the snow leopard, listed in the Red Book of Russia, lives on the territory of the reserve. Winters on the plateau and the world's largest population of wild reindeer.

25. Lena Pillars.

Located on the territory of the Republic of Sakha, the Lena Pillars are the latest Russian site to be included in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2012. geological formation, located on the banks of the Lena, is a multi-kilometer complex of vertically elongated rocks. The unique natural monument is based on Cambrian limestone. Scientists attribute the beginning of the formation of the Lena Pillars to the early Cambrian - a time removed from ours by 560 million years. The relief form of the Lena Pillars was formed much later - only 400 thousand years ago. Near the Lena Pillars there is a natural park of the same name. On its territory there are waving sands and a parking lot. ancient man. There are also fossilized remains of mammoths.

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SECO is the specialized agency of the United Nations for education, science and culture. The list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites includes the most valuable objects (both natural and man-made) in terms of their cultural, historical or environmental significance. Here are twenty unique UNESCO sites located in Europe.

20 PHOTOS

1 national park Plitvice Lakes, Croatia.

Forest reserve in Central Croatia, famous for its cascading lakes, waterfalls, caves and limestone gorges.

2 Red Square, Moscow, Russia.

The most famous square in Russia, located to the east of the Kremlin - the official residence of the president. On Red Square are St. Basil's Cathedral and the State Historical Museum.

3 Vlkolinec village, Slovakia.

A well-preserved ethnographic village, which is included in the list of museums of folk architecture in Slovakia. The settlement reflects the traditional features of the Central European village: log buildings, stables with haylofts and a wooden bell tower.

4 Rila Monastery, Bulgaria.

The largest and most famous Orthodox monastery in Bulgaria, founded in the 10th century and rebuilt in the mid-1800s.

5 Natural-historical complex of Mont-Saint-Michel, France.

A fortified island Gothic abbey built between the 11th and 16th centuries in northwestern France.

6 Monastery of Alcobaça, Portugal.

Roman Catholic church located north of Lisbon. It was built by the Portuguese king Alfonso I in the 12th century.

7 Budapest: The banks of the Danube, the castle hill in Buda and Andrássy Avenue.

The central part of the Hungarian capital boasts such stunning masterpieces of architecture as the Parliament building, the opera house, the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and the Market Hall.

8 Peace Churches in Jawor and Swidnica, Poland.

The largest wooden sacred buildings in Europe, built in the second half of the 17th century after the Peace of Westphalia, which ended the Thirty Years' War.

9. Stave Church in Urnes, Norway.

The stave church, located in western Norway, is an excellent example of traditional Scandinavian architecture.

10. Pavement of giants, Ireland.

A monument of nature, consisting of approximately 40,000 interconnected basalt columns, formed as a result of an ancient volcanic eruption.

11. Pont du Gard Aqueduct, France

The highest surviving ancient Roman aqueduct. It is 275 meters long and 47 meters high.

12. Pilgrimage Church in Wies, Germany

Rococo Bavarian church located in a beautiful alpine valley southwest of Munich.

13. Fjords of Western Norway, Norway.

Geirangerfjord and Nordfjord, located in the southwest of Norway, are among the longest and deepest fjords in the world.

14. Vatican, Italy.

The center of Catholic Christianity, and the residence of the Pope. Also in the Vatican Museums are stored many of the world's artistic masterpieces.

15. Millennial Benedictine monastery in Pannonhalma, Hungary.

The monastic community and one of the oldest historical monuments in Hungary was founded in 996.

16. Pirin National Park, Bulgaria.

National park with an area of ​​403 sq. km, located on three belts of vegetation: mountain-forest, subalpine and alpine.

17. Grand Place, Brussels. 18. Old Bridge area in the historic center of Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

The old bridge, built in the 16th century during the reign of Ottoman Empire- one of the most significant architectural monuments in the Balkans.

19. Glacial fjord Ilulissat, Denmark.

A fjord located in western Greenland, 250 km north of the Arctic Circle. It includes the Sermeq Kujalleq glacier moving at 19 meters per day, one of the fastest glaciers in the world.

20. Palace of Catalan Music, Barcelona, ​​Spain.

Famous concert hall, which is one of the best examples of Catalan Art Nouveau. It is also the only concert hall in Europe with natural light.

In Russia, many priceless natural and cultural monuments have been recognized as World Heritage Sites.

They are under the scrutiny of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO - United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization). We offer you the most protected UNESCO sites in Russia.

Moscow Kremlin and Red Square

The real symbols of Russia, which are known throughout the world and are considered the main cultural attractions of the planet. Moscow Kremlin and Red Square - included in the UNESCO heritage list in 1990.

Almost the most ancient monument Russia with numerous buildings reflected the centuries-old history of the Russian people. On the territory of the Moscow Kremlin, unique examples of Russian foundry art are exhibited - the Tsar Cannon weighing 40 tons and the Tsar Bell weighing over 200 tons and 6.6 m in diameter.

Lake Baikal

Baikal, a unique natural monument of Eastern Siberia, was included in the UNESCO heritage list in 1996. The lake is the deepest in the world and contains 19% of the planet's fresh water reserves. When viewed from a height, the lake resembles a crescent moon, covers an area of ​​​​over 3 million hectares and is fed by more than 300 rivers and streams.

The water in the lake has a high oxygen content, and due to its transparency, it is possible to see a depth of up to 40 m. The age of the ancient lake is especially impressive - more than 25 million years, the complete isolation of which contributed to the development of a unique ecosystem in it.

Natural Park "Lena Pillars"

Included in the UNESCO National Heritage List in 2012, Lena Pillars Park is a place where priceless finds of the inhabitants of the Cambrian period were discovered. The park is located in the center of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) near the coast of the Lena River, occupying 1.27 million hectares.

The park is inhabited by 12 species of fauna listed in the Red Book. Due to its antiquity, the park is of particular interest for geology: the natural monument is distinguished by its relief, dotted with caves, stone spiers, towers and niches.

The architectural ensemble of the Kizhi Pogost

The unique architectural complex of wooden architecture of the XVIII-XIX centuries was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1990 and is an ensemble of two wooden churches and a bell tower in Karelia.

It houses the Kizhi State Historical and Architectural Museum with many objects of wooden religious architecture, including an eight-winged windmill from 1929 and the Church of the Transfiguration, built without a single nail.

Novgorod historical monuments

The architectural complexes of Veliky Novgorod and its environs were included in the UNESCO National Heritage List in 1992. The cultural objects include such significant Orthodox buildings of antiquity as the Znamensky, Antoniev, Yuryev, Zverin monasteries, as well as the churches of the Nativity of Christ, the Savior on Nereditsa, the Novgorod Kremlin Detinets.

Nature Reserve Wrangel Island

The reserve was included in the UNESCO list in 2004. The unique protected area is known for its almost untouched natural ecosystem dominated by the largest population of polar bears, walruses, more than 50 species of birds.

The territory of the reserve is located beyond the Arctic Circle, including the island of Wrangel and Herald and the waters of the Chukotka and East Siberian Seas. Despite the harsh conditions of the waters of the Arctic, more than 400 plant species can be seen here.

curonian spit

The famous sand spit stretches for 98 km with a maximum width of up to 3.8 km, located on the dividing line between the Baltic Sea and the Curonian Lagoon. The natural attraction was included in the UNESCO heritage list in 2000 and is interesting for its unique anthropogenic landscape, which is represented by a variety of reliefs - from deserts to swampy tundras.

The spit is of great importance during the migration of 10 to 20 million birds and serves as a haven for them during their rest. Only here you can find dunes up to 68 m in height, the width of which sometimes reaches 1 km.

Novodevichy Convent in Moscow

Since 2004, the monastery has been included in the UNESCO list, which since 1524 was among the defensive structures of Moscow. In 1926, a historical and domestic and historical museum was founded in the building of the monastery, and in 1980, the residence of the Metropolitan of Krutitsy and Kolomna was placed. In 1994, the convent was officially approved. There are more than eight hundred monasteries in Russia. You can read about the most beautiful temples in our article.

Komi Forest

The Komi forest area is recognized as the most virgin forests Europe with a total area of ​​32,600 sq. km, which belong to the territory of the Pechero-Ilychsky Reserve and occupy part of the YugydVa National Park. The number of volcanoes in Kamchatka is more than a thousand

The exact number of volcanoes on the peninsula is still unknown. The highest volcano is Klyuchevskaya Sopka with a height of 4835 m. The editors of the site also invite you to learn more about the most beautiful places in Russia.
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