Orders in the 17th century in Russia. The orders of the 16th and 17th centuries were replaced

act of the head of the body government controlled, state institutions. In the Armed Forces, a written or oral order from a superior to subordinates, which is law for them.

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ORDERS

center authorities. management in Russia 16 - beg. 18th century Their name comes from the term "order", used in the sense of a special assignment; in relation to institutions, this term has been in circulation since the 60s. 16th century The formation of the command system of government was one of the sides of the process of formation of the Russian centralized state and was caused by the complication of the tasks facing the young autocratic monarchy. In contrast to the temporary "ways" (forms of government during the period of feudal fragmentation), P. were permanent institutions. Each P. was organizationally formalized, was in charge of a certain range of issues, and was independent. state. But command system represented only the beginning. state centralization stage. device. She did not have a slender interior. unity and a clear delineation of functions between departments. institutions; for many P., the combination of court., adm. and finance. functions, as well as connection functional management with territorial. The origin of the command system occurs in con. 15 - beg. 16th centuries Most researchers (A. A. Zimin, A. K. Leontiev, and others) associate the appearance of P. with the restructuring of the grand dukes. palace and patrimonial administration, as a result of which palace institutions were created - the Treasury and the Grand Palace. A. V. Chernov believes that P. grew directly from personal assignments, to-rye were given led. princes of officials from among the dominions. class. The basis for the creation of P. was the clerk's staff of the Treasury and the time. boyar commissions, created to address the department. questions. Specialization of palace clerks according to department. state issues. management led to the allocation of these issues in the department. departments, and then in independent. institutions. They received the name deacon's huts, and later - P. In the folding of the order system, the transformations of the middle played an important role. 16th century At this time, the main a network of constant P., the number of which to con. 16th century reached 22. Military. reforms led to the design of the Discharge P., who was in charge of personnel and service local troops and Local P., who was entrusted with providing this army with land. By the same time, the creation of Streletsky P., who was in charge of another part of the Russian. army - archery army. The restructuring of the Yamskoy persecution system led to the creation of Yamsky P. The introduction of labial institutions on the ground caused the organization of Razboyny P. Expansion of the international. connections contributed to the isolation of Posolsky P., etc. As a result of the remaining remnants of disunity, the department. the lands that became part of the state-va was the creation along with the general state. finance. P. Grand Parish Terr. forensic-adm.-finance. quarters (see Cheti), as well as special court. P. with regional competence. Expansion of borders to the Yu.-V. marked the beginning of the existence of P. Kazan Palace. In the 1st floor. 17th century, after the liberation of the country from the Polish. and Swede. interventionists, the tsarist government was faced with the task of organizing the defense of the country and restoring its economy, which at first determined the directions for the further development of the command system. The production restored temporarily liquidated shops (Stone, Aptekarsky, Book Printing, etc.) and created a large number of new. In 1613-19 alone, 11 trade fairs were organized. At the same time, there was a tendency to fragment homogeneous functions between different institutions. In the field of military administrations were created by P.: Cossack, Inozemsky, Reitarsky, City Affairs; in the field of finance, simultaneously with the P. Grand Parish, the P. New Quarter and the Big Treasury began to operate, and the powers of the territory. quarters have been significantly expanded. In the 1st floor. 17th century were also created P., to-rye, having completed the particular tasks assigned to them, ceased to exist. In the military time there were P. Gathering of military and data-bearing people, Money and grain collection, Collection of fifths and request money, etc. Time. character were also numerous. detective P. As a result, to the middle. 17th century the number of permanent P. has almost doubled in comparison with the end. 16 century, and together with their temporary, there were approx. 80. During these years, there were also attempts to centralize management by combining the leadership of several. P. in the same hands. In the 2nd floor. In the 17th century, especially at the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries, the cumbersome and complex network of the P. was unable to cope with the tasks that the emerging absolutist state set before them. The emergence of new areas of management and the expansion of state. borders led to the establishment of new P., which made it even more difficult for the coherence of the work of the state. device. Already in the 50s and 60s. The pr-in tried to rebuild the work of the center. institutions. The P. of Secret Affairs and the Accounting P. were created, exercising control over the activities of the rest of the P. and reporting directly to the tsar. But their existence was short-lived. In the 80s. The government carried out a new reform of the order system, which aimed at concentrating homogeneous management functions in one department. It carried out the unification of most of the quarters with Posolsky P., created a large finance on the basis of P. the Big Treasury. an institution in which P. of the Grand Parish and the New Quarter merged, passing it means. part of finance. functions of the fourth. Enlargements were also made in 1699-1701. But dep. improvements could not make significant changes to the general structure of the command administration. The creation of institutions of a new type (they were originally also called P.) and the elimination of the order system took place in the beginning. 18th century In 1698, the Naval P. was organized, in 1700 - the Admiralty, in 1701 - the Artillery, etc. The reform of the administrative apparatus and the introduction of collegiums in 1718-1720 led to the elimination of the order system as a whole. During the 1st quarter 18th century the vast majority of P. Only a few of them continued to function even later (until 1763, for example, the Siberian settlement was preserved). P. were in the immediate vicinity. run by the tsar and the Boyar Duma. P.'s leadership was collegiate. The persons who were at the head of P. received the name. judges (from the judicial functions of the majority P.). The composition of the judges was different. In the 16th century clerks prevailed among them, in the 17th century. some large P. were headed by boyars and okolnichy, smaller ones were duma nobles. However, even at this time, the clerks remained in the leadership of a number of the most important P. (Razryadny, Posolsky, Local). In addition, clerks were necessarily members of the panel of judges, and P. Directly managed the office work. office work was carried out by clerks. The staff of P. included bailiffs, watchmen, translators, etc. The number of P.'s personnel ("order people") ranged from 3 to 400 people. Initially P. did not have vnutr. structural division. It appeared around the beginning. 17th century, when with the complication of the activity of P., tables or povyas began to be created, formed along functional or terr. principles. The diversity, heterogeneity of P., the fuzziness in the distribution of areas of control between them throughout their existence led to the fact that in the ist. lit-re developed several. classification schemes for dividing P. according to the nature of their activities. The most common, although not without convention, is the following division of P.: all P. are divided into state. and palace; state P., in turn, are divided into P., who were in charge of external issues. politics, and P. with internal politics. competence; the last - on P. general public. and region values; and, finally, P. with the state. competencies are divided into adm., finance. and judicial. The term "P." applied not only to the center. institutions. P. naz. also some local palace institutions, such as those that arose in the 20s. 17th century Novgorod and Pskov Palace P., which were under the jurisdiction of P. Big Treasury. Name P. was also used to designate archery regiments. List of orders of the 16th-17th centuries.1 Aptekarsky (Apothecary Chamber), 1594/95-1714; originally palace, later general. institution, was in charge of medical issues. services. Astrakhan Affairs, mentioned in 1643. Grand Palace (Great Palace), 1534-1728; he was in charge of the palace economy, the population of the palace volosts, as well as the Bread, Kormov and Sytny yards. Grand Parish (Great Parish), 1554/55-1699; was in charge of collections from the population: in the 16th century. - direct and indirect, in the 17th century. - Ch. arr. customs. Big treasury (Big treasury), 1621/22-1718; was in charge of collecting direct taxes from bargaining. and crafts. population of cities, monetary business, government industry; from 1680 - customs and tavern fees. Bronny, 1573 - 1st floor. 17th century; exercised control over the production of military equipment. armor. Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Lithuanian, Lithuanian administrative affairs), 1657-1674 / 75 (connected with the Ustyug quarter); created to manage the conquered lands of Lithuania since 1654. Great Russia, 1687/88-1700; was in charge of the management of the territory. suburban regiments (Sumsky, Kharkov, etc.). Upper printing house, 1680-?; was in charge of the court printing house. Vladimir quarter (Vladimirskaya Chet, Vladimirsky), 60-70s. 16th century - 1690, terr. name from 1629; was in charge of managing 26-30 cities with counties (Vladimir, Mtsensk, Orel, etc.). Galician quarter (Galician Chet, Galician), 60-70s. 16th century - 1680 (connected with Posolsky Petrov), terr. name from 1606; was in charge of managing 22-25 cities with counties (Galic, Beloozero, Shuya, etc.). City affairs, 1638-44; was in charge of the construction of a system of fortifications in the south. state border. Monetary and grain collection, in the 17th century. repeatedly resumed its activities; temporary, created in the military. time, was in charge of natural and den. military fees. needs. Cash distribution, in the 17th century. repeatedly resumed its activities; temporary, created in the military. time, was in charge of the distribution of salaries to military people. Doimochny, 70s 17th century - 1701; was in charge of collecting arrears for past years. Zhitny (Zhytny yards), 16th century - 80s 17th century (connected with Streletsky P.); palace, was in charge of receiving and issuing government supplies that came for storage at Zhitnye dvor. Zapisnoy, 1657-59; was in charge of compiling the history of the Romanov dynasty. Zemsky (Zemsky yard), 1564-1699; was in charge of the management of Moscow, the collection of taxes from its taxable population, the court for criminal and civil. affairs. Golden Deeds (Golden), 1624-56 (connected with Silver P. in P. Gold and Silver Deeds); palace, was in charge of supervising the manufacture of gold jewelry for the needs of the court, led the Golden Chamber. Gold and Silver Affairs, 1656-1700 (connected to the Armory); palace, was in charge of supervising the manufacture of jewelry for the needs of the court, led the Gold and Silver Chambers. Iconic, 1622-53; was in charge of the palace icon painters who worked in the icon painting chamber. Inozemsky (Foreigner), 1624-1701 (connected with P. Reitarsky affairs); was in charge of foreigners enrolled in Russian. service. Kazan Palace (Kazan Palace, Meshchersky Palace), 60s. 16th century - 1709; was in charge of the territory annexed to Russia in the 16th century. after the conquest of Kazan, Astrakhan and Siberian khanates , in the 17th century. part of the land goes under the jurisdiction of Dr. P. Cossack (Cossack category, Cossack fodder collection), 1613-43; he was in charge of collecting bread for the salary of the Cossacks and service people according to the device. Treasury (Treasury yard), 1512-1700 (connected with P. of the Grand Palace); palace, was the repository of the royal clothing treasury, and was also in charge of artisans, who made it (furriers, etc.). Kalmyk affairs, 1661; was in charge of negotiations with the Kalmyk taishas regarding their adoption of Russian. citizenship. Stone Affairs (Stone), 1583/84, 1615/16-1700 (connected to the P. of the Grand Palace); was in charge of state-owned stone construction, builds procurement. materials and note masons and brick makers. Principality of Smolensk (Smolensk), 1663/64-1712; was in charge of managing the Smolensk lands returned during the Russian-Polish. wars 1654-67. Konyushenny, 1573-1728; was in charge of the royal departure and the collection of duties from the horse trade. Kostroma quarter (Kostroma Chet, Kostroma, Yaroslavl quarter), 60-70s. 16th century - 1700 (in 1680 connected with Streletsky P.), terr. name from the 20s 17th century; was in charge of managing 17-22 cities with counties (Kostroma, Yaroslavl, Murom, etc.). Merchant affairs, 1664-78; was in charge of the assessment of furs and other issues related to the border. Russian trade. merchants (was subordinate to Siberian P.). Lithuanian polonian affairs, 1634-36; created to decide the fate of prisoners captured during the Russian-Polish. wars 1633-34. Lifland Affairs (Lifland Zemsky P.), 1658-62; was in charge of the lands conquered in Livonia during the Russo-Swede. wars 1656-61. Huntsman, 1509 - 1st floor. 17th century, palace; was in charge of royal hunting. Little Russia (Little Russian), 1662-1722 (in 1667 subordinated to Posolsky P.); was in charge of relations with Ukraine, which had autonomous control. Petty-bourgeois court, 1666; was in charge of the trial of the Belarusian. the population of the Meshchanskaya Sloboda in Moscow. Monastic, 1650-75, 1701-25; knew the owner. affairs of monasteries, from 1701 and the court. affairs of the clergy. Musket business, 1663-64; was in charge of the manufacture of hand firearms (he was subordinate to the Armory Chamber). Novgorod quarter (Novgorod), 60-70s. 16th century - 1720 (in 1680 subordinated to Posolsky P.), terr. name from 1601; was in charge of managing 21-33 cities with counties (Novgorod, Pskov, Arkhangelsk, Vologda, etc.). New Pharmacy, 1673-74 (connected with Aptekarsky P.); created in connection with the construction of a new pharmacy in Moscow. New Quarter (New Chet, P. Kabatsky), 1619-1680 (connected with P. Big Treasury); was in charge of tavern fees from Moscow and the south. cities (until 1665), the fight against korchestvo, in 1678 and relations with the Kalmyks. Armory Chamber (Army), 1st floor. 16th century, renewed in 1613 - until the 20s. 18th century; was in charge of the production of cold and hand firearms. Panikhidny (P. at the eternal commemoration), 1628-97; was in charge of commemorating the faces of the royal family. Pansky, 1614-23; was in charge of serving foreigners, immigrants from the countries of the West. Europe. Patriarchal palace, 1620-1726 (in 1701 - transferred to the jurisdiction of the Monastyrsky P., in 1721 - the Synod, in 1726 it was connected with the College of Economy); was in charge of managing the patriarchal household, collections from schismatics, and others. was in charge of collecting taxes that went to the patriarchal treasury. Patriarchal court (Patriarchal rank, Patriarchal spiritual), early. 17th century - 1700; the court knew. cases of crimes against faith, the appointment of clergy to positions, etc. Patriarchal Church Affairs, 1674-90; was in charge of overseeing the deanery in the churches and the behavior of the clergy. Printed, 16th century - 1722; was in charge of storage and application of the state. seals and collection of printing duties (he was subordinated to Posolsky P.). Printed (Printing), 1553-1722 (transformed into the Printing Office under the Synod); was in charge of the work of Moscow. print yard. Regimental Affairs, mentioned in 1661 (was subordinated to P. Kazan Palace). Polonyanichny, ser. 16th century - 1679; was in charge of the ransom of the Russian. the population that was taken prisoner. Local, 1577-1720 (subordinated to the Senate in 1712); in charge of feudal matters. land ownership, land disputes court, land description. Posolsky, 1549-1720; was in charge of relations with foreigners. gos-you. Postelnichiy, 1573 (according to A.K. Leontiev, 50s of the 16th century) - 1st half. 17th century, palace; was in charge of the royal bedroom, as well as persons serving royal family. Preobrazhensky (until 1695 - Preobrazhensky office), 1686-1729; was in charge of the "amusing" regiments, later - conducting recruiting sets, the police service, from 1697 - affairs of the state. crimes. Order cases, 1622-60s. 17th century; performed special assignments, was the appellate instance for the court. affairs of the Local and Kholopye P. Pushkarsky, 1677-1700; was in charge of the Russian artillery. army and the population serving it, in its administration were the state Cannon yard and gunpowder mills. Rogue (from the 80s of the 17th century - Rogue detective), 1555/56 (according to A. K. Leontiev, 1539) - 1701; was in charge of control over the decision of criminal cases in the order's huts. Discharge (Discharge, Large discharge), 1555/56 (according to A.K. Leontiev, 30s of the 16th century) - 1711; was in charge of the defense of the state-va, accounting and management of service people, appointment to the civil. positions, 33 border. cities with counties. Military affairs, 1633; functions are unclear. Reitarsky, 1649-1701 (connected with Inozemsky P.); was in charge of the "new order" regiments. Search cases, 1689-94; created for the investigation of the case of F. L. Shaklovity and his accomplices. Ore investigation, 1642-1709 or 1710; was in charge of the organization of exploration of mineral deposits. Collection of dependent people (Gathering of military and dependent people, Collection of military and capturing dependent people), 1633 - con. 30s 17th century, 1651-54 (connected with Petrograd of the Kostroma quarter), temporary; was in charge of the recruitment of heavy people for rear work in the military. time, he was also engaged in recruiting dragoon and soldier regiments. Collection of German fodder (P. German fodder, collection of grain and meat stocks), 1632 - con. 30s 17th century; was in charge of collecting food for hired foreigners. troops in Russian service. Collection of five and request money (Collection of five and Zemstvo money), 1616-18, 1632-37, temporary; was in charge of collecting emergency taxes for the military. needs. Collection of military people, 1637-1654; was in charge of recruiting people and collecting money. funds for the defense of the south. state borders. Collection of archery bread, 1672-1697; was in charge of collections in kind for the army. Semenovsky, between 1688 and 1693-1718; was in charge of the formation of the Semyonovsky regiment and the collection of funds for its maintenance. Serebryany (Silver Chamber), mentioned in 1613-56 (connected with P. Gold Cases, in P. Gold and Silver Cases); was in charge of jewelry work for the needs of the court. Siberian, 1637-1727, 1730-17 63; was in charge of Siberia. Cathedral business, mentioned in 1653; was in charge of picturesque and repair work in the Kremlin cathedrals. Falconer, 1550 - 2nd floor. 17th century; palace, was in charge of court falconry. Barrel, 1647-66; was in charge of the manufacture of barrels for handguns (he was subordinate to the Armory). Streletsky (P. Nadvornoy infantry), 1571-1701 (reorganized into P. Zemsky affairs); in charge of the archery regiments, in 1672-83 - also the collection of archery bread and archery money. Buildings of almshouses, 1670-80; was in charge of the construction of almshouses in Moscow and other cities. Judgment, 1699-1700; the court knew. affairs of servants. Sudny Vladimirsky, 1582/83-1699 (merged with Moscow Sudny P. and renamed Sudny P.); the court knew. the affairs of the upper stratum of service people (duma and Moscow officials). Court Palace, 1664/65-1709; the court knew. affairs of palace servants. Judgment Dmitrovsky, 1595 - early. 17th century; the court knew. the affairs of service people of the Dmitrovsky district, beyond the jurisdiction of local governors. Judicial Kazan, 1591-1719; the court knew. affairs of service people Cf. and Nizh. Volga region. Sudny Moscow, 1598-1699 (merged with Vladimir and renamed Sudny P.); the court knew. affairs of service people Mosk. and other counties. Counting (Counting Affairs, Table and Accounting Affairs), 1656-77/78; carried out finance. control over the activities of the center. institutions, from 1670 was in charge of collecting arrears. Detective (Detective cases), 1619; created to deal with complaints, ch. arr. on land affairs. Detective, 1638-42; was in charge of the investigation of the townspeople who pledged themselves for the estates in Moscow and Yaroslavl. Detective, 1648-52; carried out the "township building", 1649-52. Detective (Detective Outpost Affairs), 1657-60s. 17th century; created to determine the extent of devastation after the epidemic of 1654-55; in charge of preventive sanitary measures. Detective, 1662; created for the investigation of the participants of the Moscow. uprisings of 1662. Secret Affairs (Secret), 1654-76; own the office of the king; exercised control over the activities of the state. institutions, was in charge of political affairs. crimes, from 1663 and palace lands. Ustyug quarter (Ustyug), 60-70s. 16th century - 1680 (connected with Posolsky Petrov), terr. name from 1611; was in charge of managing 22-26 cities with counties (Ustyug, Solvychegodsk, Mozhaisk, etc.). Khlebny, 1663-83; he was in charge of natural collections for the army, as well as granaries, in which "shooter's bread" was brought, he managed some palace estates (Skopin, Romanov, etc.). Kholopy (Kholopy court), 50-70s. 16th century - 1681, 1683-1704; was in charge of the registration of bonded acts and the court. affairs about serfs. Tsar's workshop of the chamber, 1613 - beg. 18th century; he was in charge of the manufacture of royal clothes and the artisans who made them. The Tsarina's Workshop Chamber (Bed), 1656 (according to S. K. Bogoyavlensky, 1626) - 1701; was in charge of making clothes for queens and royal children, as well as the palace population of the Kadashev settlement and the village. Breitov. Petition, mentioned in 1550, 1613-85 (connected with the Vladimir ship port); was the court of appeal for cases of other orders, it received all the petitions addressed to the king. Yamskoy, 1550-1723; was in charge of the organization of the Yamskoye business. Lit .: Werner I.I., On the time and causes of the formation of the Moscow. orders, M., 1907; Veselovsky S. B., Prikazny management system of Moscow. state-va, K., 1912; Bogoyavlensky S. K., Writ judges of the 17th century, M.-L., 1946; Zimin A. A., On the addition of the order system in Russia, "Reports and messages of the Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR", c. 3, M., 1954; Leontiev A. K., Formation of the command system of management in Rus. state-ve, (M.), 1961; Ustyugov N. V., The evolution of the order system Rus. state-va in the 17th century, "Absolutism in Russia", Sat. Art., M., 1964; Chernov A. V., On the origin of command administration in the process of formation Rus. centralized state-va, "Tr. MGIAI", v. 19, M., 1965. N. R. Demidova. Moscow. -***-***-***- 1 The list is based on the available literature. It does not contain part of the detective P. 17th century. and P., created in the last years of the 17th century. and early 18th century Of the many detective P., the list includes the most significant, acting for a relatively long time. P. of the last years of the 17th century. and early 18th century - Admiralty, Artillery, Naval Affairs, Provisions, Zemsky Affairs (1701), Synodal Palace, etc. - are not included in the list because they were new type center. institutions, different from P. 16-17 centuries. In the list after the name P. indicates the extreme dates of its existence and P.'s functions (as a rule, the first date refers to the first mention in the sources of an order hut or P.). The abolition and restoration of P. are shown by a break in dates (for example, Monastyrsky, 1650-75, 1701-25). Items in the list are given in alphabetical order.

ORDERS - central government bodies in Russia at the end of the 15th - first quarter of the 18th centuries, the first in the country itself state institutions, which replaced the Grand Duke's palace and patrimonial administration.

Be-new-le-nie-pri-kaz-noy sys-te-we would-lo you-call-but-us-los-no-eat tasks, got up before on-ro-zh- giving-she-sya mo-nar-hi-ey in connection with the for-mi-ro-va-ni-em of the Russian state in the second half of the 15th century. At the initial stage, for-ro-g-de-niya orders of their composition, becoming for-mi-ro-val-sya from the dia-che-sko-th state of Kaz-ny, Bol-sho th palace (see the article Palaces) and, possibly, the mission of the Bo-yar-sky du-we.

Pre-kaz-naya system-the-ma, in general, the layer-living-shay in the 1530-1570s, did not deviate from the functional clarity : each order gave both the full-nor-tel-noy and the su-deb-noy authorities, the same native functions of the full whether there are different personal orders - in za-vi-si-mo-sti from ka-te-go-rii to-se-le-niya and from ter-ri-to-rii, to some races -pro-stra-nya-lis their half-but-mo-chia.

Among the orders to come, you-de-lyat the palace-ts-vye, ve-give-shie by the owner of the go-su-da-rya, general-go-su-dar- st-ven-nye (from-ra-le-vye, ter-ri-to-ri-al-nye, ter-ri-to-ri-al-no-from-racial-le-vye), and so- the same pat-ri-ar-shie and mi-tro-po-li-chi. To solve from-del-nyh, like right-vi-lo, ex-t-ra-or-di-nar-nyh tasks, temporary orders were created (for example , De-nezh-no-go collection order). The center-tra-li-za-tion of public administration on the pro-ty-the-same-nii of the entire 17th century os-sche-st-in-la-las-pu-tyom re-da-chi ru -to-vod-stvo not-how-to-mi-orders of one person (prince I.B. Cher-kas-sky, F.I. She-re-me-te-woo, B.I. Mo-ro-zo-vu, I.D. Mi-lo-slav-sko-mu, I.M. Mi-lo-slav-sko-mu and others). In 1655-1676, oversight of the activities of all orders on behalf of the tsar, ossu-sche-st-in-lyal of secret orders. For-mi-ro-va-nie pri-kaz-noy sis-te-we pro-is-ho-di-lo one-but-time-men-but with co-y-y-no-or-ha -new sa-mo-management in the places - zemstvo huts (see the article "Zem-skoe administration") and gubernatorial uch-re-zh-de-ny.

To the palace-ts-y orders from-no-si-lis Bol-sho-go-palace order (1501, until 1527 Palace-ts-vaya from-ba), Ko-nu-shen-ny at -kaz (1548, until 1573 Ko-nyu-shen-naya from-ba), Ka-zen-ny order (early 1580s) and others. The juris-dictation of the most important general state orders from the races of the races went mainly to the center. counties of the country (Yam-sky order, Raz-ryad order, Strelets order, Local order, Sol kaz, One-fight order-kaz, Pain-sho-go with-ho-yes order). One-but-time-men-but with them in the middle of the 16th century ob-ra-zo-van general-state ter-ri-to-ri-al-ny Kazan-sko-go-palace order (in 1637, from no-go, you-de-lil-sya the Siberian order-kaz), performing the same functions as from-races-le-vye orders, but on op-re-de-lyon-noy ter-ri-to-ri. Would the order of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania be similar to him (1656-1666; in 1673-1710, instead of no action, the order of the principality Smol-len-sko-go), Ma-lo-Russian-siy-kaz (1662-1722) and the leading Slo-bod-sky Ukrainian-rai-noy Ve-li-koy Ros- these orders (1687-1700). To the ter-ri-to-ri-al-no-from-ras-le-y orders from-no-si-lis Vla-di-mir-sky court order, Mo-s-kov-sky court -ny order and others -ryu people, but on different ter-ri-to-ri-yah. Treasury and ho-zyay-st-vom pat-ri-ar-shey of the ka-fed-ry manager-la-whether Pat-ri-ar-shiy palace-ts-vy order, Pat-ri-ar- our ka-zen-ny order, and mi-tro-lich-their departments - mi-tro-li-whose ka-zen-nye and palace orders. Judgment on the spirit-ho-ven-st-vom and the world-rya-na-mi according to the spiritual de-lams in Pat-ri-ar-shey ob-las-ti (dioceses) osu-sche- st-in-la-whether in different years Pat-ri-ar-shi time-row order and Pat-ri-ar-shi du-hov-ny order, in eparchy -yah - court mi-tro-by-li-whose orders.

Before the management of state affairs became more complicated, there was a complication of the management of the palace economy of the Moscow principality as the patrimony of the Moscow princes. Initially, the princes managed the economy personally, entrusting certain branches of it to their servants. Gradually, entire palace institutions formed around these servants: these were either separate orders, or parts subordinate to them, called "yards". So around the butler there was an order of the Grand Palace, around the treasurer - the Treasury order, the falconer - the Falconer order, the huntsman - the Hunting order, the bed keeper - the Bed order, the stableman - the Stable order.

The oldest palace order is the order of the Grand Palace, which initially was in charge of only Moscow lands, since other orders were in charge of newly acquired lands. The order of the Grand Palace was divided into several subordinate bodies - yards (namely: the state yard, the nourishing yard, the feed yard, the bread yard, the living yard). For the court of palace employees and peasants, there was a Palace Judgment Order. By order of the Grand Palace, monasteries were led until 1649, when a special order was established for them - Monastic.

From the department of the Grand Duke's Treasurer, the Treasury Prikaz (order of the Great Treasury) was formed, which was in charge of the treasury in broad sense words: money, goods, "hard junk" (metals, icons in valuable salaries, gold and silver dishes, household items, precious fabrics), "soft junk" (furs), etc.

Among the Moscow palace orders, one should also note the Stable Order, which was in charge of cattle breeding in general and horse breeding, as well as the collection of duties on the sale and purchase of livestock throughout Moscow Russia. In addition, the Stables Department was in charge of all the meadows, "reap" on Moscow land and income from them, both in kind and from the sale of hay; he was also in charge of the stable treasury (harness, etc.), all kinds of means of transportation: carriages, carriages, sledges, etc.

Various petty needs of royal life were satisfied by a number of small independent orders: Aptekarsky, gold and silver, Bed, etc. Veselovsky S. B. Moscow state: XV - XVII centuries. From the scientific heritage. M. 2008. S. 373.

During the formation of the order system, the leading role belonged to military administrative orders. At this time there was a reorganization of the army. It was based on the noble cavalry and archers, which appeared as a result of the reform carried out by Ivan IV. The need for a streltsy army arose in connection with further development and improvement of firearms. A special order was created to control the archers. The Streltsy order was in charge of issuing salaries to the archers, endowed them with lands and yards, judged, etc.

Formation new organization The Russian state was resisted by large landowning boyars, who were used to appearing on campaigns with their regiments and taking places in battles of their choice. Tsarist legislation extended the principle of compulsory military service to all ranks of feudal lords. All landlords and votchinniks were ordered to come on a campaign with weapons and with their people. Unlike Western Europe, where the military forces were formed from recruited or hired troops, the Russian army consisted of its own subjects. The persons obliged to serve included “serving people in the fatherland” (princes, boyars, nobles, boyar children) and “serving people according to the instrument” (archers, city Cossacks, gunners, etc.) History of the domestic state and law / Under. ed. O. I. Chistyakova. Ch. 1., M. 2003. S. 233.

One of the first was the Discharge Order. He was in charge of the personnel of the boyar and noble cavalry, recorded all cases of appointment to the service, transfers in positions. Appointments to positions were carried out in accordance with the principle of localism - by birth, nobility. The order regularly held reviews of nobles and boyar children, determining their readiness for military service.

The manufacture, purchase and storage of weapons was carried out by the Armory (He was in charge of the Armory) and Pushkar (created with the advent of artillery in the years Livonian War) orders. The latter, also in a significant part of the territory of the Moscow state, was in charge of the construction and maintenance of city fortifications, was in charge of gunners and state blacksmiths. Senin A.S. The history of Russian statehood. M. 2003. S. 53.

The local order was engaged in local and patrimonial affairs, distributed and selected estates, monitored their transitions and patrimonies from one person to another, and judged plaintiffs in land cases. The order produced land descriptions and population censuses, considered disputes over land matters of service people. At the end of the first third of the 17th century, the local prikaz concentrated the scribe business of all the manorial and patrimonial lands, which before that he had shared with the order of the Grand Parish and the quarters of Veselovsky S. B. Muscovy: XV - XVII centuries. From the scientific heritage. M. 2008. S. 371.

Under the name of quarters or quarters in the 17th century, there were six orders. The question of the origin of the chetes has not been fully elucidated. We can say with confidence that at the beginning of the second half of the 16th century, in connection with the abolition of feeding, part of the state was divided between 4 institutions, which were called quarters. Cheti had to collect income from their cities, which were intended for salaries of service people, the so-called. quarters instead of canceled feedings.

The order of the Grand Parish in the 17th century was in charge of customs and shops in most cities of all families, as well as Moscow. This order dealt with the collection of direct and indirect taxes in most of the state. There are indications that in his hands was the work of patrols and descriptions, the return for quitrent of wastelands left over from the local distribution. An important tax in the 16th century came to his cash desk - small yam money, which lost its significance in the 17th century.

In 1624, the Inozemsky Prikaz was created, which was in charge of the military, mainly officers hired for Russian service abroad. He gave them salaries, distributed them among the regiments, resolved issues related to their residence in Russia, and judicial cases.

Since 1649, the duties of recruiting regiments of the new system (reiter, dragoon, soldier) were assigned to the Reiter order. Senin A.S. History of Russian statehood. M. 2003. S. 53.

There was also a Cossack order, which was in charge of the Cossack troops. The order tried them for crimes and misdemeanors in the service, etc.

At that time, special territorial orders appeared that were in charge of the affairs of those territories that were annexed to Russia or were being developed. These included the Kazan and Siberian orders. In the future, the Little Russian order began to function, which was in charge of the affairs of Ukraine. History of the domestic state and law / Under. ed. O. I. Chistyakova. Ch. 1., M. 2003. S. 233.

During the period of a class-representative monarchy, a semblance of a central police body arises. At first, the commission of the Boyar Duma on robbery cases acted, then the Robbery Order was created. He developed orders for local authorities on combating ordinary crimes, and appointed appropriate officials at the local level. In 1682 it was transformed into the Detective Order. Ensuring order in Moscow was in charge of the Zemsky order.

Nobles and boyar children under Ivan IV received certain privileges - they could apply to the court of the tsar himself. In this regard, a special petition order was formed. This order had a dual purpose. Firstly, in it, clerks and clerks of all orders were led by the court and the administration, that is, all claims of private individuals against clerks were under his jurisdiction. Secondly, it was, as it were, an office for petitions submitted to the tsar. Veselovsky S. B. Muscovy: XV - XVII centuries. From the scientific heritage. M. 2008. S. 357.

At the end of the XVII century. a system of court orders was created (Moscow, Vladimir, Dmitrovsky, Kazan, etc.), which performed the functions of the highest judicial bodies. Subsequently, these orders, as well as the Petition, merged into a single Judgment order. History of the domestic state and law / Under. ed. O. I. Chistyakova. Ch. 1., M. 2003. S. 234.

In activity Russian state The Ambassadorial Order, which was in charge of various foreign policy issues, was of great importance. Before it arises questions foreign policy The Russian state was involved in many bodies. The absence of a single center for embassy affairs created inconvenience. The direct participation of the Boyar Duma in all foreign policy issues was inappropriate. A limited number of people had to take part in these cases in order to avoid divulging state secrets. The tsar believed that all the main issues of foreign policy (especially operational ones) should be decided personally by him. The chief was called to help in this Embassy order and a small number of orders.

The main duties of the Ambassadorial Order were to negotiate with representatives of foreign states. This function was directly performed by the head of the order himself. The order developed the most important documents in which the position of the Russian state on various foreign policy issues was substantiated. In addition, he resolved border conflicts, was engaged in the exchange of prisoners, etc. The appearance of the Ambassadorial Order had an impact on the reduction of the role of the Boyar Duma in solving foreign policy issues. The king rarely consulted with her on these issues, relying mainly on the opinion of the Ambassadorial order. The embassy order dealt with the affairs of foreign trade and judged foreigners in trade and other matters. In his hands was the case of ransoming the prisoners. Veselovsky S. B. Muscovy: XV - XVII centuries. From the scientific heritage. M. 2008. S. 370.

In the second half of the XVI century. a special central institution was created that was in charge of the affairs of serfs. Until now, this has been done by local governments and the State Order, which simultaneously performed many other functions. Now, in connection with the development of bonded servility, there is a need for a special body. The main duty of the Kholopye order was to register bonded records in special books. In addition, he considered lawsuits in cases of runaway serfs, for which the registration of serf letters in the order History of the domestic state and law / Under. ed. O. I. Chistyakova. Ch. 1., M. 2003. S. 235.

The stone order managed masons in many cities, was engaged in the construction of fortresses, churches, palaces, etc.

An important place in the system of orders was occupied by the Printed, which kept the sovereign's seals and collected printing fees from all documents that came from all orders, with the exception of the order of the Grand Palace, which was independent and took fees from its letters.

State communications with the cities were supported by one of the oldest orders - the Yamskaya. He built pit settlements, watched them, judged coachmen, and in the 17th century began to collect one of the heaviest direct taxes - big pit money. The latter gave it the significance of an important financial order.

Under Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, the Secret Order was created, which can be considered as a symptom of the decline of the order system. Veselovsky S. B. Muscovy: XV - XVII centuries. From the scientific heritage. M. 2008. S. 364. The Order of Secret Affairs is the personal office of the king. He had the right to require reporting from any order or submission for the verification of individual cases and documents.

Another control body under Alexei Mikhailovich was the Accounts Order. By special decrees of the tsar, clerks and clerks of other orders were required to provide it with credit and expense books to verify the legality and correctness of financial transactions Senin AS History of Russian statehood. M. 2003. S. 55.

greatest development command system control reached in the XVII century. The first half of the century was the final stage of its formation. Orders were the central executive and judicial bodies of the state apparatus of the estate-representative monarchy.

Despite the cumbersomeness, parallelism and vagueness of the division of functions, orders by the middle of the 17th century. have already developed into a single system of centralized management, having a certain structure, stability of the states and a fairly high level of centralization of activities. Together with short-term orders of their total number in the 17th century reached 80, and there were up to 40 long-acting orders.

In the Code of 1649, 16 orders are mentioned, two of them are of a collective nature - the Judgment Order and the Quarters. And there were several of those. The fact that the Code touched upon the ordering system only to a relatively small extent is explained, in our opinion, by the following three circumstances. Firstly, the Code does not contain constitutional norms containing the legal foundations for the structure and competence of public authorities.

Those of them that arose before the Code were assumed to act on the basis of the established system of competence. And only in those cases when new governing bodies were introduced or the competence of those that had previously arisen acquired a particular importance for the state, the Code paid special attention to them. So, based on the Code of 1649, the Monastic order is assigned a separate, XIII chapter. Issues of the activities of the Printed (Chapter XVIII), Streltsy (Chapter XXIII) orders and the New Quarter, which was engaged in the fight against taverns (Chapter XXV) are singled out in separate chapters. Secondly, many orders were both administrative and judicial bodies.

Detailed coverage in the Code of legal proceedings and procedural issues could not but lead to mentioning the activities, first of all, of those orders, whose duty was to analyze cases in accordance with their sectoral or territorial purpose.

Thirdly, the largest of the orders - such as the Local, Kholopy and Robber - could not be indicated for their intended purpose due to the fact that the Code paid great attention to land ownership, the rights of feudal lords to peasants and serfs and the fight against tatba and robberies. The compilers limited themselves to these instructions.

The issue of classification of orders is controversial. We will not enter into consideration of this dispute and adhere to one or another classification, since we are talking about a very limited number of orders. Let us accept only the division into orders with foreign policy and domestic political orientation. Of the first, the Legislative Order and the Razryad are indicated in the Code, but both are mentioned only in connection with the internal political functions subordinate to them.

The Posolsky Prikaz was entrusted with the collection of full-sized money intended for the ransom of prisoners. Previously, this was done by the Polonyanichny order. The Code and the system of collection changed - not according to the letter, as before, but according to the new census books of 1646-1648, i.e., household (VIII, 1).

In another case, in connection with the issuance of travel letters from the Embassy order to foreign guests and merchants, it was stipulated: from English and Dutch guests who were given the sovereign's letter of commendation, not to take printing duties from their petitions to Russian merchants "in trade about the council" (XVIII , 55).

Only in the same chapter about printing duties is mentioned twice the largest military and thus foreign policy in its defining function bit order. It follows from the records that the Razryad was in charge of production for the service of the nobility and boyar children: from the city he produced to the yard, and from the yard to the category of choice.

In a broader sense, the Discharge made up nobles and boyar children for service, appointed salaries and determined "according to which the city was ordered to serve." The discharge sent out letters, which were received by the Printing Order for the application of seals and the collection of duties (XVIII, 65, 69). And, of course, the duty of the Discharge Order was to notify military people through the city governor about the collection at designated points in the event of upcoming military operations (VII, 2). In solving external political problems, a certain role, which increased over time, was played by Streltsy order. To an even greater extent, archers as a military force were used inside the country both as an everyday police force and to suppress popular movements.

The Code of 1649 for the first time in legislation determined the scope and nature of the competence of the Streltsy order, although in practice the situation was the same in the past. The Streltsy order considered all cases of archers, except for robbery and red-handed tatba (XXIII, 1).

Streltsy's claims against outsiders and counterclaims against archers were considered in those orders where the defendants and plaintiffs were known, but in the presence of "signed petitions from the Streltsy order" (XXIII, 2). Thus, a small, only three articles, separate chapter of the Code concerns only the jurisdiction of archers.

The Code paid much more attention to orders, the leading function of which was questions domestic policy concerning the economic and social basis of the existing system - feudal land tenure, the position of the feudally dependent strata of the population and the provision of law and order, primarily related to the protection of life and property of the ruling and propertied circles.

The order, as a government body, appeared in Russia as early as the 16th century, and for the first time this word was used in 1512 in the letter of Grand Duke Vasily Ioannovich. However, orders reached their greatest prosperity precisely by the 17th century, when there were fifty state administration bodies in the country, each with its own set of functions and responsibilities.

Some of the orders appeared and disappeared, and some remained a stable part of the state life of the country. So, for example, under Alexei Mikhailovich, the orders of dining and counting affairs, the order of Lithuanian and Livonian affairs disappeared. Each body of state administration was responsible for its own sphere of interests, for its own area of ​​foreign and domestic policy. Of course functionality each order also varied.

The last orders began to disappear as early as the 18th century under Peter, but some of them functioned until the 19th. What orders were considered the most powerful, and what functions did they have? This can be found in the table below.

ORDERS IN THE 17TH CENTURY

For Agriculture Russia XVII in. the strengthening of the role of slash-and-burn agriculture is characteristic; the final folding of the all-Russian grain market; the beginning of the development of the Chernozem belt;

Novotragovy charter of A.L. Ordina-Nashchokin of 1667 forbade foreign merchants to export Russian goods abroad, obliged Russian merchants to pay special export duties, transferred to foreign merchants the exclusive right to trade in Russian goods, and canceled the privileges of foreign merchants in Russia.