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O conscription.
WITH this time in Russia they canceled recruitment in the army and introduced
universal military service, which has spread to the male population of all classes and estates, who has reached the age of 21. The total service life was set at 15 years: of which 6 years were in active military service, and 9 years were in the reserve. Particular attention was paid to improving the professional training of officers. The literacy of the soldiers was recognized as necessary, so teaching them to read and write became compulsory.
Main content:
Replacement of conscription with all-class conscription, creation of an exchange reserve stock, formation of a military district control system (15 districts);
The allocation of a new "Regulations on the field command of troops
v wartime ”, rearmament of the army with rifled small arms and artillery;
Reorganization of the combat training of troops (development and introduction
v troops of the new military regulations), as well as the system of training officers (replacement of cadet corps by military gymnasiums, the establishment of military and cadet schools);
Permanent military courts (regimental, military district and main) have been established.
DA Milyutin recalled: "My most notorious enemies had to admit that never before had the Russian army come to the theater of war so well prepared and equipped." The military-judicial reforms of 1860-1870 contributed to the strengthening of the Russian army.
MILITARY REFORMS 1905-1912
After the defeat in the Russo-Japanese War, the government of Nicholas II took measures to revive the combat power of the Russian armed forces. This was forced by the difficult international situation.
The First World War was impending, which began on July 19, 1914. Germany declared war on Russia, and after it on France. In a matter of days after that, the main European states entered the war. The First World War became another heroic and at the same time tragic page for the history of Russia and its armed forces.
Main content:
The centralization of military command has been strengthened (a territorial recruitment system has been introduced);
The terms of service have been reduced, the officer corps has been rejuvenated;
New programs for military schools, new regulations and new models of artillery pieces have been adopted;
Heavy field artillery has been created, engineering troops have been reinforced, and material support has been improved.
Year of reforms
Working with a table
Supervisor
carried out
Ivan groznyj
YES. Milyutin
Nicholas II
Recruiting local troops;
Centralized control and supply of the army;
Creation of a streltsy army.
Introduction of recruitment;
the creation of a regular army;
military training;
creation of the Russian fleet.
Creation of a mobilization reserve for the duration of the war;
Professional training;
Literacy training for soldiers;
Rearmament of the army.
Strengthened centralization of military command;
Reduced service life;
New educational programs for schools have been adopted;
New samples of artillery pieces;
Improving material supplies.
Definitions. Right answers
The first permanent parts of the archers were formed when:
The first regular army was created when:
The main reason for the military reform carried out in the 60s and 70s. XIX century:
Date of introduction of universal military service in Russia:
noble formations regular army archers cavalry
Ivan the Terrible Pavel I
Ivan the Terrible Peter 1 Catherine II Ivan III
Defeat in the Crimean War Internecine wars Victory in the Russian-Turkish war
Russo-Japanese war
A nobleman obliged to carry out military service for life was called ________________.
Auxiliary detachments, which consisted of poorly armed peasants and of little use for combat, were called ______________.
Infantry armed with axes and rifles - ___________.
The armed army consisting of the noble cavalry was called the __________________ army.
A soldier regiment consisting of Russian people, in which officers were foreigners in Russian service, was called a regiment of _______________ formation.
A person from a peasant household sent to life-long military service was recruited ____________________.
SERVICE .
A nobleman obliged to carry out military service for life was called SERVICE .
Auxiliary detachments consisting of poorly armed peasants and unsuitable for military operations were called SECURITY.
Infantry armed with axes and rifles- Sagittarius .
An armed army consisting of noble cavalry was called LOCAL army.
A soldier regiment consisting of Russian people, in which officers were foreigners in Russian service, the regiment was called NEW building.
A man from a peasant household sent to life-long military service was subjected to RECRUIT set.
Correct answer
Correct answer
I ) The basis of the armed forces of the Moscow state in the 16th century was: 1) noble formations + 2) regular army 3) archers + 4) cavalry 5) artillery II ) The first permanent parts of the archers were formed when: 1) Ivan III 2) Peter I 3) Ivan the Terrible + 4) Pavel I 5) V. I. Lenin (Ulyanov) III) The first regular army was created when: 1) Ivan the Terrible 2) Peter 1 + 3) V.I. Lenin 4) Catherine II 5) Ivan III IV) The main reason for the military reform carried out in the 60-70s. XIX century: 1) Defeat in the Crimean War + 2) Internecine wars 3) Peasant unrest 4) Victory in the Russian-Turkish war 5) Russian-Japanese war V) Date of introduction of universal military service in Russia: 1) 1918 2) 1904 3) 1776 4) 1874 + 5) 1550 g
The history of the civil service in Russia represents the process of expanding the initiation of conscription into the account of the initiation of a free agreement. In pre-Moscow Russia, as in feudal Europe, there is a simultaneous application of both principles.
The ancient Russian princes sent court and government through the tivuns, while the tivuns were usually slaves, slaves: to take on tivunism, without stipulating their freedom, was considered tantamount to entering slavery. And among the first Moscow princes, slaves were tivuns, key keepers, treasurers, clerks, and generally clerks. Military service was sent by free servants, who were rewarded with feedings. In the institute of free servants, the beginning of free agreement reached its highest manifestation.
With the strengthening of the power of the Moscow sovereigns, the right to leave free servants gradually decreases and service becomes obligatory for them; and since the free servants were for the most part patrimonials, it is thus established that the duty to carry out service from the patrimony is established. Even earlier, the local system began to develop - the distribution of land by the Moscow princes for use under the condition of service.
In the second half of the XVI century. the concept of service land is finally established: all landowners are obliged to the state service. In its final result, the policy of the Moscow sovereigns led to the emergence of a special service class, which under Peter I was nicknamed the gentry, and then received the name of the nobility. A special omnipotent institution was supervised by a special all-powerful institution - a category, or a discharge order, which, under Peter I, was transformed into a heraldry. Under Peter I, the character of public service as a duty reaches its climax. Under him, for the first time, service was distinguished in various state institutions, as a special independent type of public service, which is called state, or civil, which in Muscovite Russia was carried by clerks and clerks. Along with this, the former method of remuneration, which consisted in the distribution of estates, is also changing. In the previous era, salaries were assigned to service people only as an exception, in case of need, or as a reward. In 1722, and then in 1723, a certain monetary salary was assigned to civilian ranks in accordance with the ranks of military service.
The need for significant military strength forced Peter Vel. and his successors to take care of the supply of employees of the army and navy, primarily in front of the chancelleries. Thus, the king of arms was instructed to observe that "more than one third of each surname was not in citizenship. As a rule, positions in the civil service were filled by persons unfit for military service. Throughout the reign of Peter, as well as during his successors, a number of strict measures are drawn to To make the gentry serve.To this end, the correct reviews were instituted for the ignoramuses of the nobility, to which they had to repeatedly appear after they reached a certain age. Those who evaded appearing for service - the so-called netchiks - were deprived of their estates and estates; decrees threaten them with “cruel punishment.” Despite the tsar's harsh decrees, the undersized and noblemen were very reluctant to appear at the service, which is evident from the often repeated orders of Peter, which threatened all netchiks. more and more severe punishments and even outlawed them.
During the reign of Anna Ioannovna, a precise procedure was established for examinations of noble niggards and the rules according to which they were distributed among the regiments and offices; the determination to the posts was made by the Senate. When Anna Ioannovna was elected to the throne, the nobility directly expressed their dissatisfaction with the serf service for life to the state and declared their desire that the service be limited to 20 years. In 1736, the service of the nobility was converted from lifelong to urgent and limited to 25 years, and the manifesto on February 18. In 1762, the compulsory service of the nobility was completely abolished. This cancellation was confirmed in 1785 by a letter of gratitude to the nobility.
Having ceased to be a duty of the nobility, the state S. became its privilege: our legislation still continues to look at the nobility as an estate, mainly called to the state S. Over time, the privileges granted in this respect to hereditary nobles and children of personal nobles were widespread and for other categories: the sons of persons who were in the state S., the sons of commerce advisers and merchants of the 1st guild, the sons of priests, etc. serving as chief officer's children, using the title of hereditary honorary citizens in the service of their grandfathers. Over time, numerous exceptions have been established from this rule, partly for individual types of service (finance, control, telegraph, etc.), partly for individual localities. On the other hand, a number of positions are currently free to be filled.
Rights of origin are largely contested by rights in education. Higher education, as well as the completion of the course of secondary educational institutions with honors, gives the right to admission to the state S. and to those persons who do not have it by their origin. Persons with diplomas, upon admission to S., are approved in the class rank to which they are entitled to their academic degree, title, or a certificate of the institution (higher education gives the right to be approved in the ranks of the XII, X, IX, and even VIII classes).
Upon admission to the S., the following conditions are met: it is possible to be accepted into service no earlier than reaching 14 years of age, but the beginning of active service is considered only from the age of 16. Differences in religion or tribe do not prevent entry into the service. An exception to this rule is the exclusion of Jews who have not received higher education in civil society; however, in our administrative practice, there has recently been an almost complete exclusion of Jews from the service, as well as the limitation of the number of Catholic employees to a certain percentage of the total number of employees.
Our legislation, in contrast to the German one, does not require that persons entering this or that branch of the service must necessarily have a certain level of education. To enter the service of a clerical officer, a person who does not have the right to a class rank by education, it is enough to be able to read and write and know the basics of grammar and arithmetic.
For the promotion to the first grade, an examination is required in the scope of the course of the county school, and then for the promotion to all further ranks, and, therefore, no educational qualification is required for appointment to all administrative positions. It has only been established that those entering the civil service must be educated in Russia, at least between the ages of 10 and 18: persons who were brought up at this age abroad are deprived of the right to enter public service without special highest permission.
According to the Petrovsky legislation, the practical training of employees was ensured by the fact that the ranks corresponded to the positions, the passage of service necessarily began with the first rank and further production proceeded in strict sequence. From the beginning of the XIX table. the government begins to take care of the proper training of officials. The decree of 1809, drawn up according to Speransky's thought, ordered to pass a special exam to obtain the rank of collegiate assessor. This measure caused general displeasure not only on the part of officials, but even on the part of people like Karamzin; immediately after the removal of Speransky, numerous exceptions to this law appeared, and in 1834 it was completely abolished. At the present time, when there is no longer a stricter correspondence between rank and position, rank production can no longer have the former meaning of training experienced employees. Meanwhile, the law does not establish anything else to ensure correct practical preparation for taking up public positions: the legislation limits even the preliminary practical test of persons entering the service, establishing that it can last no longer than four months. Only a few departments require prior special education for employees: for example. judicial office requires a degree in law (which can be replaced by experience acquired in judicial service). The needs of other departments requiring employees with special knowledge (public education, mining, land surveying, communications, forestry, medical, etc.) are met by numerous special schools.
As a general rule, foreigners are not accepted into the service; an exception is established for the scientific part, as well as for persons who have passed the exam for medical and pharmaceutical titles, for mechanics, craftsmen, artists and generally those who are versed in mining, salt and coinage; finally, civil service rights can be granted to foreigners in the form of a reward.
Females are allowed to serve in public and government institutions: to classes in the counting and writing part in the institutions of the Department of Institutions of the Empress Maria, to occupy positions in women's medical institutions, to work in the educational field, as telegraph operators, in the counting and writing part in institutions of state control and railway administrations (without the rights of the state S.), for medical studies (also without the rights of the public service), etc.
The loss of the right to enter the service is a consequence of the deprivation of all or some of the rights of the state, and the temporary deprivation of this right is a consequence of the withdrawal or expulsion from the clergy.
To be admitted to the service, a petition must be submitted to the highest name. Admission to service and appointment to positions is carried out by orders of the subject authorities, published in the "Government Gazette" and "Senate Gazette" or in the local "Provincial Gazette". The posts of the first three classes are replaced directly by the supreme power; positions of the fourth and some of the fifth grade - by her on the proposal of the ministers; the appointment of officials for the positions of the fifth and sixth classes is provided to ministers and chief executive officers; the rest of the positions are filled by department directors (in central offices) and provincial authorities (in provincial institutions). Upon initial assignment to S., employees are required to take an oath of allegiance. Appointment to a certain position is determined by the correspondence of the position and rank, although the strict coincidence of ranks and positions established by the table of ranks in 1722 no longer exists at the present time.
Although the military and civil sergeants are separated in our country, however, in the form of exemption, military ranks are allowed to occupy civilian positions.
No one can hold a position at the same time in different departments or hold two or more positions in the same department; but these rules are strictly observed only in the judicial department and in relation to certain posts in other departments, in general, the combination of two or more posts in the same department can be authorized by the highest command, and permission to serve in different departments is simultaneously granted by mutual agreement of the subject authorities.
It is forbidden to designate as members of public places officials connected by kinship or property with the chairman or other members of the same places. It is forbidden to appoint officials to governors for special assignments from relatives and namesakes.
The employee must have his place of residence where he serves; absences of employees are possible only with the permission of their superiors.
The employee is obliged to keep sacred and inviolable every secret entrusted to him, concerning the service and benefits of EI V. The employee is obliged to show respect to his superiors and execute his lawful orders; he is also obliged to lead a way of life in private life that would not undermine the dignity of power. Bosses are required to observe the behavior and behavior of their subordinates. Finally, employees are prohibited from certain activities that are incompatible with public service.
The content of employees is determined by rank, position, at the highest discretion or by special order of the superiors. Maintenance consists of salary, canteen and apartment money; as the pay received by the employee increases, certain deductions are made. An employee has the right to an allowance upon assignment to C., and the right to a pension or a lump sum upon retirement. He has the right to enhanced criminal protection against crimes in the execution or in relation to the execution of judicial duties. A special procedure has been established for bringing the officials themselves to justice for crimes of office, and the very delivery to the court does not depend on the judicial authorities, but on the officer's superiors. Civilian officials have the right to wear prescribed uniforms.
The service relationship is terminated, as a general rule, by dismissal from service at the request of the employee. Requests for dismissal from service can be filed at any time (except for persons obligated to urgent service for a scholarship they received at an educational institution); the petitions submitted must be motivated, because the law allows you to ask for dismissal for domestic and other reasons. Requests are submitted in the same manner as requests for placement in service; dismissal from office depends on the same authority that appoints to the office, but no one can be fired before the office has surrendered in the prescribed manner. Dismissal from office (without petition), removal from it and expulsion from service are the consequences of conviction for the crime of office. On the basis of Art. 838 p. 3 Const. about the service of citizens, an official, according to the conviction of his superiors, is incapable of correcting the position assigned to him, or for some reason he is unreliable, or who has made a fault known to his superiors, but such that cannot be proved by facts, perhaps, at the discretion of the superiors, on whom depends determination to the position, dismissed from S. without a request from him and without explaining the reasons (the so-called dismissal under the third paragraph). Although the authorities are charged with the obligation to proceed with such dismissal of officials with sufficient discretion, this is only good advice: in essence, such power puts the subordinate in unconditional dependence on the authorities. This is contrary to the provision of our legislation, by virtue of which the subordinate only executes the lawful orders of the superior. In Prussia and Bavaria, the authorities can, at their discretion, remove an official from his post, but cannot deprive him of the assigned post of maintenance without guilt recognized by judicial or disciplinary order; thus, the full material security of the employee is combined in these states with the proper freedom of the government at the disposal of the official personnel.
A special record of service (formulary) is kept about each employee at the place of his service. Collection of detailed information about S. of all ranks holding class positions, drawing up a general schedule of class positions in the empire, compiling lists of ranks of the first four classes (three times a year) and publishing an address calendar, or a general list of employees in the state (for each year) , belongs to the duties of the Inspection Department of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery.
Upon resignation, an official receives a certificate.
Civil service rights, although with some restrictions - ex. without the right to retire, - certain positions are used by elections in noble, zemstvo and city institutions, as well as employees in some charitable institutions (Imperial philanthropic society, institutions of the Red Cross, etc.), managers of private railways, etc. S. are set out in the Code of Regulations about S. civil (Holy Law, vol. III, ed. 1896), which does not include special rules about S. civil in the provinces of the Kingdom of Poland. With a new edition in 1896, III volume of St. Zac. the rules on electoral service have been transferred to the laws of states and to other parts of the Holy Zak. The election service in estates is distinguished by the fact that, within certain limits, it has retained the character of compulsory service to this day.
By the decree of October 5, 1906, all Russian subjects, except for foreigners, were granted the same rights in relation to the state, in relation to the rights of the nobles, with the abolition of all special estate advantages in occupying certain positions. Accordingly, the division of office clerks into categories has been established, depending on the educational qualification: the I category includes those who have completed the course in gymnasiums or educational institutions equal to them, and those who do not have this qualification belong to the II category. Clerical servants of the I category are promoted to the class rank after one year of service, servants of the II category, having the appropriate educational training (see) - after two years of service. Officers who do not belong to the nobility class are among the persons who enjoy the rights of the II class in relation to serving military service. (Cossack officers in II and III grade), upon transferring to civil service, are renamed to the corresponding civil rank, regardless of the time of their service in the officer rank.
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