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Humanity owes these brave men not only interesting information, but also scientific discoveries.
And in the times that we call "prehistoric", there were people who could not sit still, who aspired there, beyond the horizon. They set off into complete obscurity, without decent vehicles and means of protection at their disposal, thinking not of themselves, but of the great goal that they set and eventually achieved.
Hanno - 505 BC
wikimediaCarthaginian (resident of the state of Carthage, located on the territory of modern Tunisia - approx. ed.) Gannon considered the very first of all known travelers. The Carthaginian Senate equipped 60 galleys, each of which had 50 rowers. This fleet was to make a risky expedition - to reach the western coast of Africa and colonize the land. Hanno was at the head of the expedition. In total, thirty thousand people went on a trip - today they would be called settlers: their mission was to develop new lands.
Sailing across the Atlantic Ocean was then incredibly dangerous. Nevertheless, Gannon and his associates, having overcome all the obstacles on the way, reached the shores of West Africa. On one of the islands (apparently belonging to the Canary Islands group), travelers discovered many gorillas and mistook them for "wild people". Hoping to establish contact, the Carthaginians captured three "savages", but soon, due to the aggressiveness of the gorillas, they had to be killed.
On other islands, the Carthaginians entered into friendly and commercial alliances with the locals. Having reached the South Horn, the travelers realized that they risked being left without supplies - they were running out. Then Gannon decided to return home. In Carthage, in the temple of Moloch, in memory of this journey, a large marble slab was placed on which a description of the great journey was carved.
Herodotus (484 - 425 BC)
pixabay.com Ancient Greek scientist - historian and geographer, Herodotus He became famous as the "father of history", as well as one of the first travelers. He compiled the first more or less accurate description of the real world for his contemporaries - based on his own observations and on the stories of other people.
To obtain the information necessary to write his most famous work - "History" - Herodotus traveled all the countries available at that time. He traveled to Greece and Egypt, Persia and Babylonia, Asia Minor and Southern Italy, the Mediterranean islands and the Crimea.
Herodotus began to travel at about 20 years old, and his goal was precisely science - he sought to collect as much information as possible about ongoing events, about the peoples who inhabited different lands. His first journey resulted in a major study of those peoples who at that time were not yet known to the Greeks. Herodotus wrote in his writings about the Greco-Persian wars, about the manners and customs of the Persians.
He was the first to describe Scythia and the peoples inhabiting this country, gave a complete description of the Ister (Danube) river, which flows through all of Europe, and Borisfen (Dnieper). In the writings of Herodotus, much attention is paid to Scythian myths - for example, about Hercules. He also writes about the Amazons - female warriors.
Later, Herodotus visited Northeast Africa, in Cyrene, and was the first in history to describe these territories. Herodotus collected very interesting information about Egypt, and modern scholars for the most part confirm the correctness of his descriptions.
Pytheas (340 BC)
wikimedia Tragedy Pythea lies in the fact that his stories about distant countries aroused distrust and ridicule among his contemporaries. But his courage deserves respect - he dared to embark on a dangerous voyage across the Atlantic on a single ship. The expedition of Pytheas was heading to the North - they hoped to find tin and amber in uncharted lands. Such an order was given to Pytheas by his fellow merchants from the city of Massilia (Marseille). Pytheas did an excellent job with the assignment, while making several important geographical discoveries.
For example, moving north, he noticed that the farther to the northern latitudes, the longer the day becomes. Thus, the relationship between the length of day and night and geographic latitude was established. In addition, he was the first to guess that the ebbs and flows are associated with the attraction of the moon. Pytheas discovered that the North Star cannot serve as an accurate guide to the north. He was able to make all these and other discoveries thanks to his travels.
Eudoxus (IIcentury BC)
Greek scientist and geographer Eudoxus He began his travels by visiting Egypt and India.
Having hired a large ship and two launches, Eudoxus sailed through the waters of the Atlantic. It is not known how far he made his way. Scholars are wary of putting too much trust in his evidence because there is no credible evidence. However, it is known for sure that by order of the pharaoh Ptolemy Eudoxus visited India, sailing there accompanied by an Indian guide. This was followed by a second trip to India - Eudoxus was sent there by the queen Cleopatra, to bring Indian incense.
Deciding to go around Africa, the brave traveler almost carried out a dizzying plan, but died at the very end of the journey.
Strabo (64/63 BC - 23/24 AD)
wikimedia Ancient Greek traveler and geographer Strabo was known for his comprehensive education. He left behind an amazing work - "Geography" in 17 volumes, which contained the most detailed and diverse information about many countries and peoples. The chapters on the Trans-Caspian lands, on Asian Scythia, and on the Caucasus are relevant and interesting even today.
Strabo traveled a lot. He repeatedly visited Egypt and compiled a detailed description of Alexandria, described the Egyptian pyramids, talked a lot about the wonders of the world.
Strabo lived a long life and died in Rome. His "Geography" is the most important and most interesting monument of ancient Greek science.
1. FAMOUS TRAVELERS OF THE ANCIENT BREMEH
Hanno (505) - Herodotus (484) - Pytheas (340) - Eudoxus (146) - Strabo (63)
Hanno of Carthage - Happy Islands (Canaries), Evening Horn, Southern Horn, Rio de Oro Bay - Herodotus visits Egypt, Libya, Ethiopia, Phenicia, Arabia, Babylonia, Persia, Media, Colchis, the Caspian Sea, Scythia and Thrace - Pytheas explores the shores of Iberia and Celtish, the English Channel, Albion Island, the Orcadian (Orkney) Islands, the land of Thule - Nearchus circles the Asian coast from the Indus to the Persian Gulf - Eudoxus gets acquainted with the western coast of Africa - Strabo travels through Inner Asia, Egypt, Greece and Italy
The first traveler to be mentioned in historical sources was Gannon, sent by the Carthaginian 1 (numbers, see note at the end) Senate to colonize new territories on the western coast of Africa. The message about this expedition was written in Punic 2 and translated into Greek; it is known as Hanno's circumnavigation of the world by sea. What era did this explorer live in? Historians have different opinions. But the most reliable is the version according to which his visit to the African shores dates back to 505 BC 3 .
Navigation map of the Argonauts
The South Horn was without a doubt the end point reached by the Punic expedition. Some historians claim that the Carthaginian fleet did not go further than Cape Bojador, located two degrees north of the tropic, but the first view seems to us more likely.
Upon reaching the South Horn, Gannon began to run short of provisions. Then he turned north and returned to Carthage, where, by his order, a marble slab was placed in the temple of Baal Moloch with a description of the journey “around the world” carved on it.
After the Carthaginian navigator, the Greek scientist was the most famous of the ancient travelers in historical times. Herodotus called "the father of history". For our purpose, we will separate the traveler from the historian and follow him to the countries he has visited.
Greek galley. 500 BC
Herodotus was born about 484 BC 9 in the Asia Minor city of Halicarnassus. He came from a wealthy and distinguished family with extensive trade connections, which may have contributed to the development of the instincts of the traveler-explorer awakened in the boy.
In that era, there was no consensus on the shape of the Earth. The school of Pythagoras has already begun to spread the doctrine that the Earth is spherical. But Herodotus did not take any part in these disputes, which worried the scientists of his time. In his early youth, he left his homeland with the intention of carefully studying distant countries, about which very scarce and contradictory information reached.
In 464, at the age of twenty, he left Halicarnassus. Apparently, Herodotus first went to Egypt, where he visited the cities of Memphis, Heliopolis and Thebes. During the trip, he managed to get a lot of valuable information about the floods of the Nile. In his notes, he gives various opinions regarding the origins of this great river, which the Egyptians revered as a deity.
“When the Nile floods,” says Herodotus, “nothing is visible but cities; they seem to be built on top of the water and resemble the islands of the Aegean."
Herodotus tells about the religious rites of the Egyptians, about how they make sacrifices to their gods and how they solemnly celebrate holidays in honor of the goddess Isis in the city of Buziris, the ruins of which are still visible today. Herodotus also tells how the Egyptians revere wild and domestic animals, considering them sacred, and give them funeral honors. With the precision of a real naturalist, he describes the Nile crocodile and its habits; describes the methods by which crocodiles are caught. We will find out what other animals are found there and what the Egyptian hippopotamus, the ibis bird, and various snakes represent.
Herodotus draws the domestic life of the Egyptians, their customs, games, talks about the art of embalming the dead, which the Egyptians mastered to perfection. Further, he reports what structures were erected under Pharaoh Cheops: a labyrinth built near Lake Merisa, the remains of which were discovered in 1799; lake Meris, created by human hands, and two pyramids rising above the surface of its waters; Herodotus tells with surprise about the temples erected in Memphis, about the famous colossus of solid stone, over the transportation of which from Elephantine 10 to Sais two thousand people worked for three years.
Having carefully studied Egypt, Herodotus went to other countries of Libya, that is, Africa, but at the same time the young traveler did not even imagine that Africa extended far to the south, beyond the Tropic of Cancer; he believed that the Phoenicians could go around this mainland and return to Egypt through the Strait of Gibraltar 11 .
Egyptian ship. 1600 BC
Listing the peoples living in Libya, Herodotus mentions the shepherd tribes wandering along the coast of Africa, and also names the Ammonians who live in the depths of the country, in places abounding with predatory animals. The Ammonians built the famous Temple of Zeus of Ammon, the ruins of which were discovered in the northeast of the Libyan Desert, 500 kilometers from the city of Cairo 12 . He also describes in detail the customs and customs of the Libyans and reports what animals are found in this country: snakes of terrible size, lions, elephants, horned donkeys (probably rhinos), baboon monkeys - “animals without a head, with eyes on their chests”, foxes , hyenas, porcupines, wild sheep, panthers, etc.
According to Herodotus, Libya is inhabited by two peoples: Libyans and Ethiopians. But did he really travel through this country? Historians doubt this. Most likely, he wrote down many details from the words of the Egyptians. But there is no doubt that he actually sailed to the city of Tyre, in Phoenicia, since here he gives quite accurate descriptions. In addition, Herodotus collected information on which he compiled a brief description of Syria and Palestine.
Following that, Herodotus descends south - to Arabia, the country he calls Asiatic Ethiopia, that is, to that part of South Arabia, which he considers the last inhabited land. The Arabs living on the Arabian Peninsula, according to him, are strictly religious people. In their country, valuable plants grow in abundance, from which frankincense and myrrh are obtained. The traveler reports interesting details about how fragrant substances are extracted from these plants.
Then we meet Herodotus in the countries he vaguely calls either Assyria or Babylonia. He begins his account of these countries with a careful description of Babylon, where kings have lived since the destruction of the ancient capital of Nineveh. The ruins of Nineveh have survived to this day, in the form of mounds scattered along both banks of the Euphrates, at a distance of 78 kilometers southeast of Baghdad. The large, fast and deep river Euphrates then divided the city of Nineveh into two parts. In one towered the fortified royal palace, in the other - the temple of Zeus. Further, Herodotus speaks of the two queens of Babylon - Semiramis and Nitocris; then proceeds to a description of crafts and agriculture, reporting how wheat, barley, millet, sesame, grapes, fig trees and palm trees are cultivated in this country.
Having studied Babylon, Herodotus went to Persia and, since the purpose of his trip was to collect accurate information about the long Greco-Persian wars, he visited the places where these wars took place in order to get all the details he needed on the spot. Herodotus begins this part of his history with a description of the customs of the Persians. They, unlike other peoples, did not give their gods a human form, did not erect temples or altars in their honor, being content with the performance of religious rites on the tops of mountains.
Further, Herodotus speaks of the life and customs of the Persians. They have an aversion to meat, a love of fruit, and a taste for wine; they show interest in foreign customs, love pleasures, value military prowess, take seriously the upbringing of children, respect the right to life of everyone, even a slave; they hate lies and debts, they despise lepers. The disease of leprosy serves as proof for them that "the unfortunate one has sinned against the Sun."
The marriage was accompanied by national publicity
The India of Herodotus, according to Vivien de Saint-Martin 13 , is limited to the countries irrigated by the five tributaries of the present Panjnad and the territory of Afghanistan. The young traveler directed his way there, leaving the Persian kingdom 14 . Indians, in his opinion, are the most numerous of the known peoples. Some of them lead a settled way of life, others constantly wander. The tribes living in the east of this country, according to Herodotus, not only kill the sick and the elderly, but allegedly even eat them. The tribes living in the north are distinguished by their courage and skill in crafts. Their land is rich in golden sand.
Herodotus believes that India is the last inhabited country in the East. It retains in all seasons the same fertile climate as in Greece, located at the opposite end of the earth.
Then the indefatigable Herodotus went to Media 15, where he compiled the history of the Medes, the first people who overthrew the yoke of the Assyrians. The Medes founded the huge city of Ecbatana (Hamadan), which was surrounded by seven rows of walls. Having crossed the mountains separating Media from Colchis, the Greek traveler entered the country, glorified by the exploits of Jason 16, and studied with his characteristic conscientiousness its customs and customs.
Athenian merchant ship. 500 BC
Herodotus, apparently, was well acquainted with the outlines of the Caspian Sea. He says that "this sea is in itself, and has no communication with another." The Caspian Sea, according to him, is bounded in the west by the Caucasus Mountains, and in the east by a vast plain inhabited by the Massagets, who probably belonged to a Scythian tribe. The Massagetae worshiped the sun and sacrificed horses to it. Herodotus also speaks of the large river Arak, which flows into the Caspian Sea.
Then the traveler gets to Scythia. Scythians - by definition of Herodotus - various tribes inhabiting the vast space between the Danube and the Don, that is, a significant part of European Russia. The most numerous and strong Herodotus calls the tribe of "princely Scythians", who occupied the banks of the Tanais (Don) River. In addition, Herodotus mentions the tribes of Scythian nomads and Scythian farmers.
Although Herodotus lists various Scythian tribes, it is not known whether he personally visited the countries located north of Pontus Euxinus 17 . He describes in detail the customs of these tribes and is sincerely delighted with Pontus Euxinus - this "hospitable sea." Herodotus determines the dimensions of the Black Sea, the Bosphorus, Propontis 18 and the Sea of Azov, and his definitions are almost correct. He lists the great rivers flowing into the Black Sea: the Ister, or Danube; Borisfen, or the Dnieper; Tanais, or Don.
The traveler conveys many myths about the origin of the Scythian people; in these myths, a large role is assigned to Hercules. He ends the description of Scythia with a story about the marriages of the Scythians with warlike women from the Amazon tribe, which, in his opinion, can explain the Scythian custom, which consists in the fact that a girl cannot marry until she kills the enemy.
From Scythia Herodotus arrived in Thrace. There he learned about the Khets - the most courageous people who inhabited this country 19 . Then he traveled to Greece, where he wanted to collect the missing information for his story. He visited the areas where the main events of the Greco-Persian wars took place, including the Thermopylae Pass, the Marathon Field and Plataea. Then he returned to Asia Minor and traveled around its coast, exploring the numerous colonies founded there by the Greeks.
Returning 28 years old to his homeland, Halicarnassus, the famous traveler took part in the popular movement against the tyrant Lygdamis and contributed to his overthrow. In 444 BC, Herodotus attended the Panathenaic festivals and read passages from the description of his travels there, arousing general enthusiasm. At the end of his life, he retired to Italy, to Thurium, where he died in 426 BC, leaving behind the fame of a famous traveler and an even more famous historian.
After Herodotus, we will step over a century and a half, mentioning a doctor named Ctesias, a contemporary of Xenophon 20 . Ctesias wrote an account of his journey through India, although there is no reliable information that he actually made it.
In chronological order, let's move on to Pytheas from Massilia - a traveler, geographer and astronomer, one of the most learned men of his time. In 340 BC, Pytheas ventured to set sail across the Atlantic Ocean on a single ship. Instead of following the coast of Africa to the south, as his Carthaginian predecessors usually did, Pytheas went north, where he began to explore the coast of the Iberian Peninsula 21 and the coast of the country of the Celts, up to the granite cape Finisterre. Then Pytheas entered the English Channel and landed on the island of Albion 22. He met the inhabitants of this island, who, according to him, were distinguished by good nature, honesty, moderation and ingenuity. They traded in tin, for which merchants from distant countries came here.
Continuing north, Pytheas passed the Orkney Islands, located at the northern tip of Scotland, and rose to such a latitude where "in summer the night did not exceed two hours." After a six-day voyage across the North Sea, Pytheas reached the land known since then as the Extreme Thule (Ultima Thule). Apparently, it was the Scandinavian peninsula. But Pytheas could no longer move further north. “Further,” he says, “there was no sea, no land, no air.”
Pytheas was forced to turn back, but his journey did not end there: he sailed east and arrived at the mouth of the Rhine, where the Ostions lived, and even further the Germans. From there he sailed to the mouth of a great river which he calls Thais (probably the Elba) and then sailed back to Massilia and returned to his native city a year after he left it.
The remarkable traveler Pytheas was no less remarkable a scientist; he was the first to prove the influence of the moon on the tides of the sea and noticed that the North Star does not occupy a point in the sky that is located above the very earthly pole, which was later confirmed by science.
A few years after Pytheas, around 326 BC, another Greek traveler became famous for his research - nearhs islands of Crete. As commander of the fleet of Alexander the Great, he was ordered to go around the entire coast of Asia from the Indus to the Euphrates.
The sailors of Nearchus scare the whales
The idea of such an expedition was caused by the need to establish communication between India and Egypt, in which Alexander was extremely interested, being at that time with his army 800 miles from the coast, in the upper reaches of the Indus. The commander equipped a fleet for Nearchus, consisting of thirty-three double-deck galleys and a large number of transport ships, which housed two thousand people. While Nearchus sailed with his fleet down the Indus, Alexander's army followed him along both banks. Having reached the Indian Ocean four months later, Nearchus sailed along the coast, which is now the border of Balochistan.
Nearchus launched into the sea on the second of October, without waiting for the favorable winter monsoon, which could have favored his navigation. Therefore, during the forty days of the journey, Nearchus barely managed to swim 80 miles to the west. His first stations were made in Stura and in Koreestis; these names do not correspond to any of the current villages located in those places. Then he sailed to the island of Crokala, which lies not far from the modern Carantian Bay. The fleet, broken by storms, took refuge in a natural harbor, which Nearchus was forced to strengthen "to protect against the attack of savages."
Twenty-four days later, the naval commander of Alexander the Great again set sail and set sail. Violent storms forced them to make frequent stops at various places along the coast and defend themselves against the attacks of the Arabites, who were characterized by Eastern historians as "a barbarian people, wearing long hair, growing beards and looking like fauns or bears."
After many adventures and skirmishes with the coastal tribes, Nearchus landed on the land of the Orites, which in modern geography bears the name: Cape Moran. "In this region," Nearchus notes, describing his journey, "the sun at noon illuminated all objects vertically, and they did not cast a shadow." But Nearchus, apparently, is mistaken, since at this time of the year the daylight was in the southern hemisphere, on the tropic of Capricorn, and not in the northern hemisphere; in addition, the ships of Nearchus always sailed at a distance of several degrees from the Tropic of Cancer; consequently, even in summer in these areas, the sun at noon could not illuminate objects vertically.
As the northeast monsoon set in, sailing continued under favorable conditions. Nearchus followed the shores of the country of ichthyophages, that is, "people who eat fish" - a rather miserable tribe, which, due to lack of pastures, was forced to feed its sheep with seafood. Here the fleet of Nearchus began to lack food supplies. Rounding Cape Posmi, Nearchus took a native helmsman to his galley. Driven by coastal winds, the ships of Nearchus successfully moved forward. The beach became less barren. There were trees here and there. Nearchus moored at the city of ichthyophages, whose name he does not indicate, and, suddenly attacking the inhabitants, by force seized from them the supplies that his fleet so needed.
Then the ships arrived in Kanazida, in other words, the city of Churbar. The ruins of this city can still be seen now near the bay of the same name. By that time, the Macedonians were running out of bread. In vain did Nearchus stop at Kanat, at Troy, and at Dagazir—he failed to get anything from these impoverished peoples. The seafarers had no more meat or bread, and yet they did not dare to eat turtles, which abound in these countries.
Almost at the entrance to the Persian Gulf, the fleet encountered a large herd of whales. The frightened sailors wanted to turn back the galleys, but Nearchus boldly went forward on his ship, towards the sea monsters, which they managed to disperse.
On reaching Carmania 23, the ships swerved to the northwest. The shores here were fertile; everywhere came across grain fields, vast pastures, fruit trees. Nearchus anchored off Badis, today's Jask. Then, rounding Cape Maceta or Mussendon, the navigators found themselves at the entrance to the Persian Gulf, to which Nearchus, like the Arab geographers, gives the unusual name of the Red Sea.
In the harbor of Harmosius (Ormuz), Nearchus learned that Alexander's army was five days away. Having landed on the shore, he hurried to join the conqueror. Alexander, having received no news of his fleet for twenty-one weeks, no longer hoped to see him. One can imagine the commander's joy when Nearchus, emaciated beyond recognition, appeared before him whole and unharmed! To celebrate his return, Alexander ordered gymnastic games to be held and plentiful sacrifices to be made to the gods. Then Nearchus again went to Harmosia, where he left his fleet in order to sail from there to the mouth of the Euphrates.
Sailing along the Persian Gulf, the Macedonian fleet landed on many islands, and then, rounding Cape Bestion, sailed to the island of Keishu, on the border of Carmania. Then Persia began. The ships of Nearchus, following along the Persian coast, stopped at different places to stock up on bread, which Alexander sent here.
After several days of sailing, Nearchus arrived at the mouth of the Endian River, then reached the river flowing out of the large lake teeming with fish Catatherbis, and finally anchored near the Babylonian village of Degela, not far from the mouth of the Euphrates, thus sailing along the entire Persian coast. Here Nearchus joined the army of Alexander the Great for the second time, who generously rewarded him and appointed him the head of his entire fleet. Alexander also wanted to undertake an exploration of the Arabian coast of the Persian Gulf, up to the Red Sea, and establish a sea route from Persia and Babylon to Egypt, but death prevented him from carrying out this plan.
Nearchus compiled a description of his journey, unfortunately not preserved. A detailed account of his voyages is contained in the book of the Greek historian Flavius Arrian 24 "History of India", which has come down to us in fragments.
Nearchus is believed to have been killed at the Battle of Ipsus. He left behind the glory of a skilled navigator, and his journey is an important event in the history of navigation.
Now we should also mention the bold enterprise of the Greek geographer Eudoxa who lived in the 2nd century BC. Having visited Egypt and the shores of India, this brave traveler had the intention of circumnavigating Africa, which in reality was only accomplished sixteen centuries later by the Portuguese navigator Vasco da Gama.
Eudoxus hired a large ship and two launches and set off through the unfamiliar waters of the Atlantic Ocean. How far did he bring his ships? It's hard to define. Be that as it may, having become acquainted with the natives, whom he mistook for Ethiopians, he returned to Mauritania, and from there he crossed over to Iberia and began preparations for a new extensive journey around Africa. Has this journey been made? Doubtful. It must be said that this Eudoxus, a man certainly brave, does not deserve much trust. In any case, scientists do not take it seriously.
Roman galley. 110 BC
Among the ancient travelers, it remains for us to mention the names of Caesar and Strabo. Julius Caesar 26, born in 100 BC, was primarily a conqueror and did not aim to explore new countries. Let us only recall that in 58 BC he began to conquer Gaul and ten years later brought his legions to the shores of Great Britain, which was inhabited by peoples of Germanic origin.
As for, born in Cappadocia on 27 around 63 AD, he is known more as a geographer than a traveler. However, he traveled through Asia Minor, Egypt, Greece, Italy and lived for a long time in Rome, where he died in the last years of the reign of Tiberius. Strabo left a "Geography", divided into seventeen books, most of which has survived to our time. This work, together with the writings of Ptolemy, constitutes the most important monument of ancient Greek geography.
NOTES
1Carthage was founded by the Phoenicians around 850 BC on the northern coast of Africa, in the Gulf of Tunis.
2 The Romans called the Carthaginians Puns; hence the name of the language - Punic.
3 The exact date of the expedition Hanno cannot be installed. Modern scholars date it to the 5th or 6th century BC. The description of this voyage has come down to us in the form of an "adventure novel", in which reliable facts are intertwined with fictional ones. However, the geographical description of the western coast of Africa, the story of the steppe fires inside the country leave no doubt about the authenticity of the journey, which later became overgrown with various fables.
Gannon was the first navigator to visit the west coast of Africa. He sailed along this coast from the Strait of Gibraltar to the south for about 4500 kilometers. Nineteen centuries later, it took Portuguese navigators fifty years to explore the coast that Hanno bypassed.
4 Pillars of Hercules- two mountains on the European and African shores of the Strait of Gibraltar, allegedly erected by the mythical hero Hercules. According to the ancient Greeks, the Pillars of Hercules were the western edge of the known world.
5 Probably the Senegal River.
6 cymbals- an ancient musical instrument in the form of copper plates. Tambourine- a percussion musical instrument resembling a tambourine.
7 South Horn- now Sherborough Bay in the state of Sierra Leone (formerly an English colony), located on the coast of the Gulf of Guinea.
8 It must be assumed that these were not gorillas, but chimpanzees.
9 Biographical information about Herodotus is extremely scarce. The years of his life are not precisely known; it is believed that he was born about 484 BC and died in 424 or 426 BC. Herodotus is the author of the first great historical work that has come down to us - the famous "History", in which he included rich geographical material collected by him during his long travels. It is impossible to say exactly which countries Herodotus visited during his travels. There is no doubt that he visited Egypt and the northern coast of the Black Sea. In the east, it probably reached Babylon. Herodotus also speaks of a journey to India, but this description has no historical basis.
10 Island Elephantine(Ivory) is located on the Nile River, at the first rapids, on the border of Egypt and Sudan.
11 Here the author refers to the story of Herodotus, heard by him in Egypt, about the journey of the Phoenician navigators around Africa, undertaken on the orders of the Egyptian pharaoh Necho around 600 BC. This enterprise is unparalleled in the history of geographical discoveries, so we will give the full brief story of Herodotus: “Libya, it turns out, is surrounded by water, with the exception of the part where it borders on Asia; the first to prove this, as far as we know, was the Egyptian pharaoh Necho. Suspending the digging of a canal from the Nile to the Arabian Gulf [Red Sea], he sent the Phoenicians in ships out to sea with orders to sail back through the Pillars of Heracles [Strait of Gibraltar] until they entered the North [Mediterranean] Sea and arrived in Egypt.
The Phoenicians set sail from the Erythrean [Red] Sea and entered the South Sea [Indian Ocean]. At the onset of autumn, they landed on the shore and, wherever they landed in Libya, they sowed the land and waited for the harvest; after harvesting the bread, they sailed on. So two years passed in the voyage, and only in the third year they rounded the Pillars of Hercules and returned to Egypt.
They also told me, which I do not believe, and someone else, perhaps, will believe that during the voyage around Libya, the Phoenicians had the sun on their right side. So Libya became known for the first time.
12 Ammon(Siwa) is an oasis in the Libyan desert.
13 Vivienne de Saint Martin(1802-1897) - French geographer, author of the well-known work "Essay on General Geography" and other works.
14 Herodotus did not travel through Afghanistan and India; he collected information about these countries in Babylon.
15 Mussel was located south of the Caspian Sea. Under the Persian king Cyrus (c. 558–529 BC), it became part of Persia. The main city is Ecbatana.
16 Jason- in Greek mythology, the leader of the Argonauts' campaign for the Golden Fleece. According to one version of the myth, he died under the wreckage of the Argo ship, according to another, he committed suicide. The myth about the Argonauts, who undertook a voyage from Greece to Colchis (the eastern coast of the Black Sea), is a reflection of the history of early Greek colonization (VIII-VII centuries BC).
17 The ancient Greeks originally called the Black Sea Pont Aksinsky(inhospitable) because of strong and frequent storms. Subsequently, when the Greeks colonized the Black Sea shores, the sea was renamed Pontus Euxinus (hospitable).
18 propontida(literally: "lying in front of Pontus") - the Sea of Marmara.
19 Thrace- a country located in the north of the Balkan Peninsula; its shores were washed by the Black Sea from the east, and the Aegean from the south.
20 Xenophon- Greek historian of the end of the 5th - the first half of the 4th century BC, the author of "Greek History", "Anabasis" and other works.
21 Iberia is the ancient name of Spain.
22 Albion- the ancient name of the island of Great Britain, which means "White Island" (the name was given by Pytheas because of the chalk cliffs towering over the English Channel).
23 Karmania- a region in southern Iran; according to the ancients, it was inhabited by nomads eating fish (ichthyophages).
24 Arrian Flavius(c. 95-175 AD) - Greek writer of the Roman period, historian and geographer. Major works: "Anabasis of Alexander" (History of the campaigns of Alexander the Great) and "History of India".
25 Mauritania- an area on the northwest coast of Africa. At the beginning of the 1st century AD, it became a Roman province.
26 Caesar Julius(full name Gaius Julius Caesar) - Roman emperor,
27 Cappadocia- the name of the area located in the southeastern part of the peninsula of Asia Minor.
Without the Russian pioneers, the map of the world would be completely different. Our compatriots - travelers and navigators - made discoveries that enriched world science. About the eight most notable - in our material.
Bellingshausen's first Antarctic expedition
In 1819, the navigator, captain of the 2nd rank, Thaddeus Bellingshausen led the first Antarctic expedition around the world. The purpose of the voyage was to explore the waters of the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian oceans, as well as to prove or disprove the existence of the sixth continent - Antarctica. Having equipped two sloops - "Peace" and "Vostok" (under the command of Mikhail Lazarev), Bellingshausen's detachment went to sea.
The expedition lasted 751 days and wrote many bright pages in the history of geographical discoveries. The main one - the discovery of Antarctica - was made on January 28, 1820.
By the way, attempts to open the white mainland were made earlier, but did not bring the desired success: there was not enough luck, or maybe Russian perseverance.
So, the navigator James Cook, summing up his second circumnavigation, wrote: “I went around the ocean of the southern hemisphere in high latitudes and rejected the possibility of the existence of a mainland, which, if it can be found, is only near the pole in places inaccessible to navigation.”
During the Antarctic expedition of Bellingshausen, more than 20 islands were discovered and mapped, sketches were made of the views of Antarctica and the animals living on it, and the navigator himself went down in history as a great discoverer.
“The name of Bellingshausen can be directly put on a par with the names of Columbus and Magellan, with the names of those people who did not retreat before the difficulties and imaginary impossibilities created by their predecessors, with the names of people who went their own way, and therefore were the destroyers of barriers to discoveries, by which epochs are designated, ”wrote the German geographer August Petermann.
Discoveries of Semenov Tien-Shansky
Central Asia at the beginning of the 19th century was one of the least explored areas of the globe. An indisputable contribution to the study of the "unknown land" - as geographers called Central Asia - was made by Peter Semenov.
In 1856, the main dream of the researcher came true - he went on an expedition to the Tien Shan.
“My work on Asian geography led me to a detailed acquaintance with everything that was known about inner Asia. In particular, the most central of the Asian mountain ranges, the Tien Shan, beckoned me to itself, on which the foot of a European traveler had not yet set foot and which was known only from scarce Chinese sources.
Semenov's research in Central Asia lasted two years. During this time, the sources of the Chu, Syrdarya and Sary-Jaz rivers, the peaks of Khan-Tengri and others were put on the map.
The traveler established the location of the Tien Shan ranges, the height of the snow line in this area and discovered the huge Tien Shan glaciers.
In 1906, by decree of the emperor, for the merits of the discoverer, they began to add a prefix to his surname - Tien Shan.
Asia Przewalski
In the 70-80s. XIX century Nikolai Przhevalsky led four expeditions to Central Asia. This little explored area has always attracted the researcher, and traveling to Central Asia was his old dream.
Over the years of research, mountain systems have been studied Kun-Lun , the ranges of Northern Tibet, the sources of the Yellow River and the Yangtze, basins Kuku-burrow and Lob-burrow.
Przhevalsky was the second person after Marco Polo to reach lakes-bogs Lob-burrow!
In addition, the traveler discovered dozens of species of plants and animals that are named after him.
“Happy fate made it possible to make a feasible study of the least known and most inaccessible countries of inner Asia,” Nikolai Przhevalsky wrote in his diary.
Around the world Krusenstern
The names of Ivan Kruzenshtern and Yuri Lisyansky became known after the first Russian round-the-world expedition.
For three years, from 1803 to 1806. - this is how long the first circumnavigation of the world lasted - the ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva", having passed through the Atlantic Ocean, rounded Cape Horn, and then reached Kamchatka, the Kuril Islands and Sakhalin by the waters of the Pacific Ocean. The expedition refined the map of the Pacific Ocean, collected information about the nature and inhabitants of Kamchatka and the Kuriles.
During the voyage, Russian sailors crossed the equator for the first time. This event was celebrated, according to tradition, with the participation of Neptune.
A sailor dressed as the ruler of the seas asked Kruzenshtern why he had come here with his ships, because the Russian flag had not been seen in these places before. To which the expedition commander replied: "For the glory of science and our fatherland!"
Expedition of Nevelskoy
Admiral Gennady Nevelskoy is rightfully considered one of the outstanding navigators of the 19th century. In 1849, on the transport ship Baikal, he went on an expedition to the Far East.
The Amur expedition continued until 1855, during which time Nevelskoy made several major discoveries in the area of the lower reaches of the Amur and the northern shores of the Sea of Japan, and annexed vast expanses of the Amur and Primorye to Russia.
Thanks to the navigator, it became known that Sakhalin is an island that is separated by the navigable Tatar Strait, and the mouth of the Amur is accessible for ships to enter from the sea.
In 1850, the Nikolaevsky post was founded by the Nevelsky detachment, which today is known as Nikolaevsk-on-Amur.
“The discoveries made by Nevelsky are invaluable for Russia,” wrote Count Nikolai Muravyov-Amursky , - many previous expeditions to these lands could achieve European fame, but not one of them achieved domestic benefit, at least to the extent that Nevelskoy did it.
North Vilkitsky
The purpose of the hydrographic expedition of the Arctic Ocean in 1910-1915. was the development of the Northern Sea Route. By chance, the captain of the 2nd rank Boris Vilkitsky assumed the duties of the head of navigation. The icebreaking ships Taimyr and Vaygach put to sea.
Vilkitsky moved through the northern waters from east to west, and during the voyage he managed to compile a true description of the northern coast of Eastern Siberia and many islands, received the most important information about currents and climate, and also became the first who made a through voyage from Vladivostok to Arkhangelsk.
The expedition members discovered the Land of Emperor Nicholas II, known today as Novaya Zemlya - this discovery is considered the last of the significant ones on the globe.
In addition, thanks to Vilkitsky, the islands of Maly Taimyr, Starokadomsky and Zhokhov were put on the map.
At the end of the expedition, the First World War began. Traveler Roald Amundsen, having learned about the success of Vilkitsky's voyage, could not resist exclaiming to him:
“In peacetime, this expedition would stir up the whole world!”
Kamchatka campaign of Bering and Chirikov
The second quarter of the 18th century was rich in geographical discoveries. All of them were made during the First and Second Kamchatka expeditions, which immortalized the names of Vitus Bering and Alexei Chirikov.
During the First Kamchatka campaign, Bering, the leader of the expedition, and his assistant Chirikov explored and mapped the Pacific coast of Kamchatka and Northeast Asia. They discovered two peninsulas - Kamchatsky and Ozerny, Kamchatsky Bay, Karaginsky Bay, Cross Bay, Providence Bay and St. Lawrence Island, as well as the strait, which today bears the name of Vitus Bering.
Companions - Bering and Chirikov - also led the Second Kamchatka Expedition. The goal of the campaign was to find a route to North America and explore the islands of the Pacific.
In Avacha Bay, the expedition members founded the Petropavlovsk prison - in honor of the ships of the voyage "Saint Peter" and "Saint Pavel" - which was later renamed Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.
When the ships set sail for the shores of America, by the will of evil fate, Bering and Chirikov began to act alone - because of the fog, their ships lost each other.
"Saint Peter" under the command of Bering reached the western coast of America.
And on the way back, the expedition members, who had many difficulties, were thrown by a storm onto a small island. Here the life of Vitus Bering ended, and the island on which the expedition members stopped to spend the winter was named after Bering.
"Saint Pavel" Chirikov also reached the shores of America, but for him the voyage ended more safely - on the way back he discovered a number of islands of the Aleutian ridge and safely returned to the Peter and Paul prison.
"Non-Yasak Lands" by Ivan Moskvitin
Little is known about the life of Ivan Moskvitin, but this man nevertheless went down in history, and the reason for this was the new lands he discovered.
In 1639, Moskvitin, leading a detachment of Cossacks, set sail for the Far East. The main goal of the travelers was to "find new unclaimed lands", to collect furs and fish. The Cossacks crossed the rivers Aldan, Maya and Yudoma, discovered the Dzhugdzhur ridge, which separates the rivers of the Lena basin from the rivers flowing into the sea, and along the Ulya river they entered the Lamskoye, or Sea of Okhotsk. Having explored the coast, the Cossacks opened the Taui Bay and entered the Sakhalin Bay, rounding the Shantar Islands.
One of the Cossacks said that the rivers in the open lands “are sable, there are a lot of animals, and fish, and the fish is big, there is no such thing in Siberia ... there are so many of them - just run a net and you can’t drag it out with fish ... ".
Man is a rational being - Homo sapiens, and the craving for discoveries and the indefatigable desire to develop are the "costs" of his genetics. Throughout history, people have explored something. A separate milestone in the development of mankind is the Epoch of the Great Geographical Discoveries. Its beginning is associated with the name of the third son of the King of Portugal, Joan the First - Henry. Enrico was never a navigator, but he was not known as a life-saver. Although the crowned offspring did not sail further than Gibraltar, it was he who, in the 15th century (1420), invited all cartographers and shipbuilders known at that time to the court, ordering the construction of unprecedented ships - caravels. The sailing equipment of the ships was supposed to allow them to sail against the wind.
The first sea expeditions, consisting exclusively of caravels, were sent to the western coast of Africa, to Madeira and the Canary Islands. No, the navigators were not faced with the task of discovering unseen lands. They were supposed to replenish the Portuguese treasury with gold, spices, ivory. Portuguese navigators methodically explored the northern and western coasts of Africa. At the end of the 15th century (1484), Diego Cano reached the equator and crossed it.
Travel routes of sailors of the era of the great geographical discoveries
A little later (1488), Bartolomeo Diaz was lucky enough to reach the Indian Ocean from the west, rounding the southern part of the African continent. Upon his return, a triumph awaited him. This is the first stage in the development of the sea route to India and the beginning of the Age of Discovery.
Interesting fact. Among the sailors who, together with Diaz, made this landmark sea voyage, was the brother of the notorious Christopher Columbus - Bartolomeo.
Navigators of the Age of Discovery
The era of great geographical discoveries - 15-17 centuries - during this period, the "sea wolves" of Europe managed to tell mankind about hitherto unknown lands and lay waterways to the coast of Africa, discover America and Australia, explore Asia and Oceania. Who are they, navigators of the era of geographical discoveries?
Marco Polo - one of the first travelers of the Age of Discovery
Spanish conquistador Vasco Nunez de Balboa. He had the high title of adelantado. It is he who has the honor of being the founder of the first European city in America. It was the glorious hidalgo who was the first European navigator to set foot on the land of the Pacific Islands. He was accompanied by 190 Spaniards and 600 Indians (tribal identity unknown) who acted as porters.
Furrowing the seas and oceans in search of prey, the conquistadors "along the way" discovered new lands
The Portuguese Vasco da Gama is a representative of an ancient noble family, mathematician and astronomer. The fate and will of the powerful of this world made him one of the most famous navigators of the era of great geographical discoveries. He has the honor of being the discoverer of the sea route to India. The expedition lasted two years (1497-1499), its path lay around the entire African continent. Strictly speaking, Vasco da Gama was simply "appointed" as a navigator who needed to find a sea route to India. King Manuel I of Portugal did everything to make the expedition successful. Subsequently, da Gama held very honorable positions - governor and even viceroy of Portuguese India. It was not in vain that he agreed to the very tempting offer of the king.
Vasco da Gama, a Portuguese navigator who first reached the shores of India
The Genoese Christopher Columbus is a "favorite" among the navigators of the Age of Discovery and a very mysterious person: different sources indicate conflicting dates of his birth and death. Presumably - 1451-1506. Several cities in Europe claim the "title" of the homeland of the navigator. There is no exact data on the origin and education of the discoverer and one of the most famous heroes of the Age of Discovery. However, this did not prevent historians from writing hundreds of scientific papers about his expedition to the West Indies, and biographers created several "legends" for him. In a word, solid mysteries that abound in the Age of Discovery. One thing is clear, namely, a number of islands in the Caribbean.
Having set off on three caravels in search of India, Christopher Columbus "accidentally" discovered America, calling it the West Indies.
A citizen of Castile and Leon, Ferdinand Magellan (1480-1521) is considered not only the most significant figure of the Age of Discovery, but one of the most famous navigator of the planet. He made the first trip around the world (1519-1522), was both its initiator and commander. Magellan served as the page of the king's wife, Leonora, and was her favorite, so he so quickly managed to get the funds to organize the expedition, which pretty much replenished the royal treasury.
The Spaniard Ferdinand Magellan was the first to travel around the world, writing his name in the history of the Age of Discovery
Magellan's expedition was not without losses. Initially, it consisted of 256 (280) people and 5 ships, only one Victoria and 18 crew members reached the house. A little later, another 18 arrived, captured by the Portuguese. Magellan discovered the strait, which is named after him, and was the first on the planet to cross the Pacific Ocean. A seamount, a spacecraft, a species of penguin, a crater on the moon, and an entire galaxy in space are named after him.
The Florentine merchant Amerigo Vespucci (1454-1512) took not only a worthy place among the discoverers of the Age of Discovery, but an entire continent was named after him. How did it happen that a simple merchant became a navigator and discoverer? After all, he, in principle, did not reveal anything? According to one of the versions of scientists, Amerigo simply asked for it on an expedition to Alonso de Ojeda (1499). Another version testifies that he participated in the journey of Columbus (1492) to the shores of America. Why was Amerigo long considered the discoverer of America? Only because Vespucci was the first to come up with the idea that the unknown islands were not Asia at all, but a completely new and hitherto unknown mainland.
Amerigo Vespucci was the first to suggest that the West Indies is not India at all, but an unknown continent. That's why America was named after him.
The national hero of Russia and the famous Russian discoverer - Ermak Timofeevich (1525-1584) was not a navigator. He did not find new continents, he discovered and conquered Western Siberia for Russia. He and his Cossack squad walked along the path where the Trans-Siberian Railway runs today. The expedition was created at the request of the Stroganov merchants and on the orders of Ivan the Terrible. The Long March began in 1581.
Interesting fact. It was the gift of John to Ermak - chain mail, that became the cause of his tragic death. It was found in the Irtysh many years after the death of the Cossack chieftain, today it is stored in the Armory.
The era of great geographical discoveries is still a lot of names and mysteries and mysteries associated with them.
In contact with
AMUNDSEN Rual
Travel routes
1903-1906 - Arctic expedition on the ship "Yoa". R. Amundsen was the first to cross the Northwest Passage from Greenland to Alaska and determined the exact position of the North Magnetic Pole at that time.
1910-1912 - Antarctic expedition on the ship "Fram".
On December 14, 1911, a Norwegian traveler with four comrades on a dog sled reached the South Pole of the earth, ahead of the expedition of the Englishman Robert Scott by a month.
1918-1920 - on the ship "Maud" R. Amundsen passed through the Arctic Ocean along the coast of Eurasia.
1926 - together with the American Lincoln Ellsworth and the Italian Umberto Nobile R. Amundsen made a flight on the airship "Norway" along the route Svalbard - North Pole - Alaska.
1928 - during the search for the missing expedition in the Barents Sea, U. Nobile Amundsen died.
Name on a geographical map
The name of the Norwegian traveler is given to a sea in the Pacific Ocean, a mountain in East Antarctica, a bay near the coast of Canada and a basin in the Arctic Ocean.
The US Antarctic Research Station is named after the pioneers: Amundsen-Scott Pole.
Amundsen R. My life. - M.: Geografgiz, 1959. - 166 p.: ill. - (Travel; Adventure; Fantasy).
Amundsen R. South Pole: Per. from Norwegian - M.: Armada, 2002. - 384 p.: ill. - (Green series: Around the world).
Booman-Larsen T. Amundsen: Per. from Norwegian - M.: Mol. guard, 2005. - 520 p.: ill. - (Life is noticed by people).
The chapter dedicated to Amundsen, Y. Golovanov called "Traveling gave me the happiness of friendship ..." (pp. 12-16).
Davydov Yu.V. Captains are looking for a way: Tales. - M.: Det. lit., 1989. - 542 p.: ill.
Pasetsky V.M., Blinov S.A. Roald Amundsen, 1872-1928. - M.: Nauka, 1997. - 201 p. - (Scientific biographical series).
Treshnikov A.F. Roald Amundsen. - L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1976. - 62 p.: ill.
Tsentkevich A., Tsentkevich Ch. The Man Called by the Sea: The Tale of R. Amundsen: Per. from est. - Tallinn: Eesti raamat, 1988. - 244 p.: ill.
Yakovlev A.S. Through the Ice: A Tale of a Polar Explorer. - M.: Mol. guard, 1967. - 191 p.: ill. - (Pioneer means first).
Bellingshausen Faddey Faddeevich
Travel routes
1803-1806 - F.F. Bellingshausen took part in the first Russian circumnavigation under the command of I.F. Kruzenshtern on the ship "Nadezhda". All the maps that were subsequently included in the "Atlas of Captain Kruzenshtern's trip around the world" were compiled by him.
1819-1821 - F.F. Bellingshausen led a round-the-world expedition to the South Pole.
On January 28, 1820, on the sloops Vostok (under the command of F.F. Bellingshausen) and Mirny (under the command of M.P. Lazarev), Russian sailors were the first to reach the shores of Antarctica.
Name on a geographical map
A sea in the Pacific Ocean, a cape in South Sakhalin, an island in the Tuamotu archipelago, an ice shelf and a basin in Antarctica are named after F.F. Bellingshausen.
The name of the Russian navigator is the Russian Antarctic research station.
Frost V. Antarctica: History of discovery / Khudozh. E. Orlov. - M.: White City, 2001. - 47 p.: ill. - (Russian history).
Fedorovsky E.P. Bellingshausen: East. novel. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2001. - 541 p.: ill. - (Golden library of the source of the novel).
BERING Vitus Jonassen
Danish navigator and explorer in Russian service
Travel routes
1725-1730 - V. Bering led the 1st Kamchatka expedition, the purpose of which was to search for a land isthmus between Asia and America (there was no exact information about the voyage of S. Dezhnev and F. Popov, who actually discovered the strait between the continents in 1648). The expedition on the ship "Saint Gabriel" rounded the shores of Kamchatka and Chukotka, discovered the island of St. Lawrence and the strait (now Bering).
1733-1741 - 2nd Kamchatka, or the Great Northern Expedition. On the ship "Saint Peter" Bering crossed the Pacific Ocean, reached Alaska, explored and mapped its shores. On the way back during wintering on one of the islands (now Commander Islands), Bering, like many members of his team, died.
Name on a geographical map
In addition to the strait between Eurasia and North America, islands, a sea in the Pacific Ocean, a cape on the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk and one of the largest glaciers in southern Alaska bear the name of Vitus Bering.
Konyaev N.M. Revision of Commander Bering. - M.: Terra-Kn. club, 2001. - 286 p. - (Fatherland).
Orlov O.P. To unknown shores: A story about the Kamchatka expeditions undertaken by Russian navigators in the 18th century under the leadership of V. Bering / Fig. V.Yudina. - M.: Malysh, 1987. - 23 p.: ill. - (Pages of the history of our Motherland).
Pasetsky V.M. Vitus Bering: 1681-1741. - M.: Nauka, 1982. - 174 p.: ill. - (Scientific biographical series).
The last expedition of Vitus Bering: Sat. - M.: Progress: Pangea, 1992. - 188 p.: ill.
Sopotsko A.A. The history of V. Bering's navigation on the boat "St. Gabriel" to the Arctic Ocean. - M.: Nauka, 1983. - 247 p.: ill.
Chekurov M.V. Mysterious Expeditions. - Ed. 2nd, revised, add. - M.: Nauka, 1991. - 152 p.: ill. - (Man and environment).
Chukovsky N.K. Bering. - M.: Mol. guard, 1961. - 127 p.: ill. - (Life is noticed by people).
VAMBERI Arminius (German)
Hungarian orientalist
Travel routes
1863 - A. Vamberi's journey under the guise of a dervish through Central Asia from Tehran through the Turkmen desert along the eastern shore of the Caspian Sea to Khiva, Mashhad, Herat, Samarkand and Bukhara.
Vambery A. Journey through Central Asia: Per. with him. - M.: Institute of Oriental Studies RAN, 2003. - 320 p. - (Stories about the countries of the East).
Vamberi A. Bukhara, or History of Mavarounnahr: Excerpts from the book. - Tashkent: Lit. and lawsuit, 1990. - 91 p.
Tikhonov N.S. Vambery. - Ed. 14th. - M.: Thought, 1974. - 45 p.: ill. - (Remarkable geographers and travelers).
VANCOUVER George
English navigator
Travel routes
1772-1775, 1776-1780 - J. Vancouver as a cabin boy and midshipman participated in the second and third round-the-world voyages of J. Cook.
1790-1795 - A round-the-world expedition under the command of J. Vancouver explored the northwestern coast of North America. It was determined that the proposed waterway connecting the Pacific Ocean and Hudson Bay did not exist.
Name on a geographical map
In honor of J. Vancouver, several hundred geographical objects are named, including an island, a bay, a city, a river, a ridge (Canada), a lake, a cape, a mountain, a city (USA), a bay (New Zealand).
Malakhovskiy K.V. In the new Albion. - M.: Nauka, 1990. - 123 p.: ill. - (Stories about the countries of the East).
GAMA Vasco yes
Portuguese navigator
Travel routes
1497-1499 - Vasco da Gama led an expedition that opened for Europeans a sea route to India around the African continent.
1502 - second expedition to India.
1524 - the third expedition of Vasco da Gama, already as Viceroy of India. Died during the expedition.
Vyazov E.I. Vasco da Gama: Discoverer of the sea route to India. - M.: Geographizdat, 1956. - 39 p.: ill. - (Remarkable geographers and travelers).
Camoens L., de. Sonnets; Lusiads: Per. from Portuguese. - M.: EKSMO-Press, 1999. - 477 p.: ill. - (Home library of poetry).
Read the Lusiads.
Kent L.E. They walked with Vasco da Gama: A Tale / Per. from English Z. Bobyr // Fingaret S.I. Great Benin; Kent L.E. They walked with Vasco da Gama; Zweig S. The feat of Magellan: East. story. - M.: TERRA: UNIKUM, 1999. - S. 194-412.
Kunin K.I. Vasco da Gama. - M.: Mol. guard, 1947. - 322 p.: ill. - (Life is noticed by people).
Khazanov A.M. The secret of Vasco da Gama. - M.: Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, 2000. - 152 p.: ill.
Hart G. Sea route to India: A story about the voyages and exploits of Portuguese sailors, as well as about the life and time of Vasco da Gama, admiral, viceroy of India and Count Vidigueira: Per. from English. - M.: Geographizdat, 1959. - 349 p.: ill.
GOLOVNIN Vasily Mikhailovich
Russian navigator
Travel routes
1807-1811 - V.M. Golovnin leads the round-the-world voyage on the sloop "Diana".
1811 - V.M. Golovnin conducts research on the Kuril and Shantar Islands, the Tatar Strait.
1817-1819 - circumnavigation on the sloop "Kamchatka", during which a description of a part of the Aleutian ridge and the Commander Islands was made.
Name on a geographical map
Several bays, a strait and a seamount, as well as a city in Alaska and a volcano on Kunashir Island are named after the Russian navigator.
Golovnin V.M. Notes of the fleet of Captain Golovnin about his adventures in captivity with the Japanese in 1811, 1812 and 1813, with the addition of his remarks about the Japanese state and people. - Khabarovsk: Prince. publishing house, 1972. - 525 p.: ill.
Golovnin V.M. Voyage around the world, made on the sloop-of-war "Kamchatka" in 1817, 1818 and 1819 by Captain Golovnin. - M.: Thought, 1965. - 384 p.: ill.
Golovnin V.M. Journey on the sloop "Diana" from Kronstadt to Kamchatka, made under the command of the fleet of Lieutenant Golovnin in 1807-1811. - M.: Geographizdat, 1961. - 480 p.: ill.
Golovanov Ya. Etudes about scientists. - M.: Mol. guard, 1983. - 415 p.: ill.
The chapter devoted to Golovnin is called “I feel a lot…” (pp. 73-79).
Davydov Yu.V. Evenings in Kolmov: The Tale of G. Uspensky; And before your eyes...: Experience of the biography of a sailor-marinist: [About V.M. Golovnin]. - M.: Book, 1989. - 332 p.: ill. - (Writers about writers).
Davydov Yu.V. Golovnin. - M.: Mol. guard, 1968. - 206 p.: ill. - (Life is noticed by people).
Davydov Yu.V. Three Admirals: [About D.N. Senyavin, V.M. Golovnin, P.S. Nakhimov]. - M.: Izvestia, 1996. - 446 p.: ill.
Divin V.A. The Tale of a Glorious Navigator. - M.: Thought, 1976. - 111 p.: ill. - (Remarkable geographers and travelers).
Lebedenko A.G. The sails of the ships rustle: A novel. - Odessa: Mayak, 1989. - 229 p.: ill. - (Marine library).
Firsov I.I. Twice Captured: East. novel. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2002. - 469 p.: ill. - (Golden library of the source of the novel: Russian travelers).
HUMBOLDT Alexander, background
German naturalist, geographer, traveler
Travel routes
1799-1804 - Expedition to Central and South America.
1829 - a journey through Russia: the Urals, Altai, the Caspian Sea.
Name on a geographical map
Ranges in Central Asia and North America, a mountain on the island of New Caledonia, a glacier in Greenland, a cold current in the Pacific Ocean, a river, a lake and a number of settlements in the United States are named after Humboldt.
A number of plants, minerals, and even a crater on the moon are named after the German scientist.
The university in Berlin bears the name of the brothers Alexander and Wilhelm Humboldt.
Zabelin I.M. Return to descendants: A novel-study of the life and work of A. Humboldt. - M.: Thought, 1988. - 331 p.: ill.
Safonov V.A. Alexander Humboldt. - M.: Mol. guard, 1959. - 191 p.: ill. - (Life is noticed by people).
Skurla G. Alexander Humboldt / Abbr. per. with him. G.Shevchenko. - M.: Mol. guard, 1985. - 239 p.: ill. - (Life is noticed by people).
DEZHNEV Semyon Ivanovich
(c. 1605-1673)
Russian explorer, navigator
Travel routes
1638-1648 - S.I. Dezhnev took part in river and land campaigns in the area of the Yana River, on Oymyakon and Kolyma.
1648 - a fishing expedition led by S.I. Dezhnev and F.A. Popov rounded the Chukotka Peninsula and reached the Gulf of Anadyr. Thus, the strait between the two continents was opened, which was later named Bering.
Name on a geographical map
A cape on the northeastern tip of Asia, a ridge in Chukotka and a bay in the Bering Strait are named after Dezhnev.
Bakhrevsky V.A. Semyon Dezhnev / Fig. L. Khailova. - M.: Malysh, 1984. - 24 p.: ill. - (Pages of the history of our Motherland).
Bakhrevsky V.A. Walking to meet the sun: East. story. - Novosibirsk: Prince. publishing house, 1986. - 190 p.: ill. - (Destinies connected with Siberia).
Belov M. The feat of Semyon Dezhnev. - M.: Thought, 1973. - 223 p.: ill.
Demin L.M. Semyon Dezhnev - pioneer: East. novel. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2002. - 444 p.: ill. - (Golden library of the source of the novel: Russian travelers).
Demin L.M. Semyon Dezhnev. - M.: Mol. guard, 1990. - 334 p.: ill. - (Life is noticed by people).
Kedrov V.N. To the End of the World: East. story. - L.: Lenizdat, 1986. - 285 p.: ill.
Markov S.N. Tamo-rus Maclay: Tales. - M.: Sov. writer, 1975. - 208 p.: ill.
Read the story "Dezhnev's Feat".
Nikitin N.I. Pathfinder Semyon Dezhnev and his time. - M.: Rosspen, 1999. - 190 p.: ill.
DRAKE Francis
English navigator and pirate
Travel routes
1567 - F. Drake took part in the expedition of J. Gaukins to the West Indies.
Since 1570 - annual pirate raids in the Caribbean.
1577-1580 - F. Drake led the second round-the-world voyage of Europeans after Magellan.
Name on a geographical map
The name of the brave navigator is the widest strait on the globe, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.
Francis Drake / Retelling by D. Berkhin; Artistic L. Durasov. - M.: White City, 1996. - 62 p.: ill. - (History of piracy).
Malakhovskiy K.V. Circumnavigation of the Golden Doe. - M.: Nauka, 1980. - 168 p.: ill. - (Countries and peoples).
The same story can be found in the collection of K. Malakhovsky "Five Captains".
Mason F. van V. Golden Admiral: Novel: Per. from English. - M.: Armada, 1998. - 474 p.: ill. - (Great pirates in novels).
Muller V.K. Pirate of Queen Elizabeth: Per. from English. - St. Petersburg: LENKO: Gangut, 1993. - 254 p.: ill.
DUMONT-DURVILLE Jules Sebastien Cesar
French navigator and oceanographer
Travel routes
1826-1828 - circumnavigation on the ship "Astrolabe", as a result of which part of the coast of New Zealand and New Guinea was mapped, island groups in the Pacific Ocean were examined. On the island of Vanikoro, Dumont-D'Urville discovered traces of the lost expedition of J. Laperouse.
1837-1840 - Antarctic expedition.
Name on a geographical map
The sea in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Antarctica is named after the navigator.
The French scientific Antarctic station bears the name of Dumont-D'Urville.
Varshavsky A.S. The Journey of Dumont-D'Urville. - M.: Thought, 1977. - 59 p.: ill. - (Remarkable geographers and travelers).
The fifth part of the book is called "Captain Dumont d'Urville and his belated discovery" (pp. 483-504).
IBN BATTUTA Abu Abdallah Muhammad
Ibn al-Lawati at-Tanji
Arab traveler, itinerant merchant
Travel routes
1325-1349 - Departing from Morocco on a hajj (pilgrimage), Ibn Battuta traveled to Egypt, Arabia, Iran, Syria, Crimea, reached the Volga and lived for some time in the Golden Horde. Then through Central Asia and Afghanistan he arrived in India, visited Indonesia and China.
1349-1352 - travel to Muslim Spain.
1352-1353 - a trip to Western and Central Sudan.
At the request of the ruler of Morocco, Ibn Battuta, together with a scholar named Juzay, wrote the book "Rikhla", where he summarized the information about the Muslim world that he had collected during his travels.
Ibragimov N. Ibn Battuta and his travels in Central Asia. - M.: Nauka, 1988. - 126 p.: ill.
Miloslavsky G. Ibn Battuta. - M.: Thought, 1974. - 78 p.: ill. - (Remarkable geographers and travelers).
Timofeev I. Ibn Battuta. - M.: Mol. guard, 1983. - 230 p.: ill. - (Life is noticed by people).
Columbus Christopher
Portuguese and Spanish navigator
Travel routes
1492-1493 - H. Columbus led the Spanish expedition, the purpose of which was to find the shortest sea route from Europe to India. During the voyage on three caravels "Santa Maria", "Pinta" and "Nina" the Sargasso Sea, the Bahamas, Cuba and Haiti were discovered.
October 12, 1492, when Columbus reached the island of Samana, is recognized as the official day of the discovery of America by Europeans.
During three subsequent expeditions across the Atlantic (1493-1496, 1498-1500, 1502-1504), Columbus discovered the Greater Antilles, part of the Lesser Antilles, the coasts of South and Central America and the Caribbean Sea.
Until the end of his life, Columbus was sure that he had reached India.
Name on a geographical map
The name of Christopher Columbus is carried by a state in South America, mountains and plateaus in North America, a glacier in Alaska, a river in Canada and several cities in the United States.
In the United States of America there is Columbia University.
Travels of Christopher Columbus: Diaries, letters, documents / Per. from Spanish and comment. I. Sveta. - M.: Geographizdat, 1961. - 515 p.: ill.
Blasco Ibanez V. In search of the Great Khan: Novel: Per. from Spanish - Kaliningrad: Prince. publishing house, 1987. - 558 p.: ill. - (Marine romance).
Verlinden C. Christopher Columbus: Mirage and Perseverance: Trans. with him. // Conquerors of America. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 1997. - S. 3-144.
Irving W. History of the life and travels of Christopher Columbus: Per. from English. // Irving V. Sobr. cit.: In 5 volumes: T. 3, 4. - M .: Terra - Book. club, 2002-2003.
Clients A.E. Christopher Columbus / Art. A. Chauzov. - M.: White City, 2003. - 63 p.: ill. - (East novel).
Kovalevskaya O.T. Admiral's brilliant mistake: How Christopher Columbus, without knowing it, discovered the New World, which was later called America / Lit. edited by T. Pesotskaya; Artistic N. Koshkin, G. Alexandrova, A. Skorikov. - M.: Interbuk, 1997. - 18 p.: ill. - (The greatest journeys).
Columbus; Livingston; Stanley; A. Humboldt; Przhevalsky: Biogr. storytelling. - Chelyabinsk: Ural LTD, 2000. - 415 p.: ill. - (Life of remarkable people: Biogr. F. Pavlenkov's library).
Cooper J.F. Mercedes from Castile, or Journey to Cathay: Per. from English. - M.: Patriot, 1992. - 407 p.: ill.
Lange P.V. The Great Drifter: The Life of Christopher Columbus: Per. with him. - M.: Thought, 1984. - 224 p.: ill.
Magidovich I.P. Christopher Columbus. - M.: Geographizdat, 1956. - 35 p.: ill. - (Remarkable geographers and travelers).
Reifman L. From the harbor of hopes to the seas of anxiety: The life and times of Christopher Columbus: East. chronicles. - St. Petersburg: Lyceum: Soyuzteatr, 1992. - 302 p.: ill.
Rzhonsnitsky V.B. Discovery of America by Columbus. - SPb.: St. Petersburg Publishing House. un-ta, 1994. - 92 p.: ill.
Sabatini R. Columbus: Novel: Trans. from English. - M.: Respublika, 1992. - 286 p.
Light Ya.M. Columbus. - M.: Mol. guard, 1973. - 368 p.: ill. - (Life is noticed by people).
Subbotin V.A. Great discoveries: Columbus; Vasco da Gama; Magellan. - M.: Publishing house of URAO, 1998. - 269 p.: ill.
Chronicles of the Discovery of America: New Spain: Book. 1: East documents: Per. from Spanish - M.: Academic project, 2000. - 496 p.: ill. - (B-ka Latin America).
Shishova Z.K. Great voyage: East. novel. - M.: Det. lit., 1972. - 336 p.: ill.
Edberg R. Letters to Columbus; Spirit of the Valley / Per. from the Swedish L. Zhdanova. - M.: Progress, 1986. - 361 p.: ill.
Krasheninnikov Stepan Petrovich
Russian naturalist, the first explorer of Kamchatka
Travel routes
1733-1743 - S.P. Krasheninnikov took part in the 2nd Kamchatka expedition. First, under the guidance of academicians G.F. Miller and I.G. Gmelin, he studied Altai and Transbaikalia. In October 1737, Krasheninnikov went to Kamchatka on his own, where until June 1741 he carried out research, on the basis of which he subsequently compiled the first “Description of the Land of Kamchatka” (vols. 1-2, ed. 1756).
Name on a geographical map
An island near Kamchatka, a cape on Karaginsky Island and a mountain near Lake Kronotskoe are named after S.P. Krasheninnikov.
Krasheninnikov S.P. Description of the land of Kamchatka: In 2 volumes - Reprint. ed. - St. Petersburg: Science; Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky: Kamshat, 1994.
Varshavsky A.S. Sons of the Fatherland. - M.: Det. lit., 1987. - 303 p.: ill.
Mixon I.L. The Man Who...: East. story. - L .: Det. lit., 1989. - 208 p.: ill.
Fradkin N.G. S.P. Krasheninnikov. - M.: Thought, 1974. - 60 p.: ill. - (Remarkable geographers and travelers).
Eidelman N.Ya. What is there beyond the sea-ocean?: A story about the Russian scientist S.P. Krasheninnikov, the discoverer of Kamchatka. - M.: Malysh, 1984. - 28 p.: ill. - (Pages of the history of our Motherland).
KRUZENSHTERN Ivan Fyodorovich
Russian navigator, admiral
Travel routes
1803-1806 - I.F. Kruzenshtern led the first Russian round-the-world expedition on the ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva". I.F. Kruzenshtern - author of the "Atlas of the South Sea" (vols. 1-2, 1823-1826)
Name on a geographical map
The name of I.F. Kruzenshtern bears the strait in the northern part of the Kuril Islands, two atolls in the Pacific Ocean and the southeastern passage of the Korea Strait.
Kruzenshtern I.F. Travel around the world in 1803, 1804, 1805 and 1806 on the ships Nadezhda and Neva. - Vladivostok: Far East. book. publishing house, 1976. - 392 p.: ill. - (Dalnevost. ist. b-ka).
Zabolotskikh B.V. To the glory of the Russian flag: The story of I.F. Kruzenshtern, who led the first trip of Russians around the world in 1803-1806, and O.E. Kotzebue, who made an unprecedented voyage on the brig "Rurik" in 1815-1818. - M.: Autopan, 1996. - 285 p: ill.
Zabolotskikh B.V. Petrovsky Fleet: East. essays; To the Glory of the Russian Flag: A Tale; The Second Journey of Kruzenshtern: A Tale. - M.: Classics, 2002. - 367 p.: ill.
Pasetsky V.M. Ivan Fyodorovich Kruzenshtern. - M.: Nauka, 1974. - 176 p.: ill.
Firsov I.I. Russian Columbuses: The history of the round-the-world expedition of I. Kruzenshtern and Yu. Lisyansky. - M.: Tsentrpoligraf, 2001. - 426 p.: ill. - (Great geographical discoveries).
Chukovsky N.K. Captain Kruzenshtern: A Tale. - M.: Bustard, 2002. - 165 p.: ill. - (Honor and courage).
Steinberg E.L. Glorious sailors Ivan Kruzenshtern and Yuri Lisyansky. - M.: Detgiz, 1954. - 224 p.: ill.
COOK James
English navigator
Travel routes
1768-1771 - round-the-world expedition on the frigate "Endeavor" under the command of J. Cook. The insular position of New Zealand has been determined, the Great Barrier Reef and the east coast of Australia have been discovered.
1772-1775 - the goal of the second expedition led by Cook on the ship "Resolution" (to find and map the southern mainland) was not achieved. As a result of the search, the South Sandwich Islands, New Caledonia, Norfolk, South Georgia were discovered.
1776-1779 - Cook's third round-the-world expedition on the ships "Resolution" and "Discovery" aimed to find the Northwest Passage connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. The passage was not found, but the Hawaiian Islands and part of the coast of Alaska were discovered. On the way back J.Cook was killed on one of the islands by natives.
Name on a geographical map
The highest mountain in New Zealand, a bay in the Pacific Ocean, islands in Polynesia and the strait between the North and South Islands of New Zealand are named after the English navigator.
James Cook's first circumnavigation of the world: The Endeavour, 1768-1771. / J.Cook. - M.: Geographizdat, 1960. - 504 p.: ill.
Second circumnavigation of the world by James Cook: Voyage to the South Pole and around the world in 1772-1775. / J.Cook. - M.: Thought, 1964. - 624 p.: ill. - (Geographic Ser.).
James Cook's third circumnavigation of the world: Sailing in the Pacific 1776-1780. / J.Cook. - M.: Thought, 1971. - 636 p.: ill.
Vladimirov V.I. Cook. - M.: Spark of Revolution, 1933. - 168 p.: ill. - (Life is noticed by people).
McLean A. Captain Cook: History of geogr. discoveries of the great navigator: Per. from English. - M.: Tsentrpoligraf, 2001. - 155 p.: ill. - (Great geographical discoveries).
Middleton H. Captain Cook: The famous navigator: Per. from English. / Il. A. Marx. - M.: AsKON, 1998. - 31 p.: ill. - (Great names).
Light Ya.M. James Cook. - M.: Thought, 1979. - 110 p.: ill. - (Remarkable geographers and travelers).
Chukovsky N.K. Frigate Drivers: A Book of Great Navigators. - M.: ROSMEN, 2001. - 509 p. - (Golden Triangle).
The first part of the book is titled "Captain James Cook and his three voyages around the world" (pp. 7-111).
LAZAREV Mikhail Petrovich
Russian naval commander and navigator
Travel routes
1813-1816 - circumnavigation on the ship "Suvorov" from Kronstadt to the coast of Alaska and back.
1819-1821 - commanding the Mirny sloop, M.P. Lazarev participated in a round-the-world expedition led by F.F. Bellingshausen.
1822-1824 - MP Lazarev led a round-the-world expedition on the frigate "Cruiser".
Name on a geographical map
A sea in the Atlantic Ocean, an ice shelf and an underwater trench in East Antarctica, a village on the Black Sea coast are named after M.P. Lazarev.
The Russian Antarctic Research Station also bears the name of MP Lazarev.
Ostrovsky B.G. Lazarev. - M.: Mol. guard, 1966. - 176 p.: ill. - (Life is noticed by people).
Firsov I.I. Half a century under sail. - M.: Thought, 1988. - 238 p.: ill.
Firsov I.I. Antarctica and Navarino: A Novel. - M.: Armada, 1998. - 417 p.: ill. - (Russian commanders).
LIVINGSTON David
English explorer of Africa
Travel routes
Since 1841 - numerous trips to the interior regions of South and Central Africa.
1849-1851 - Research of the area of Lake Ngami.
1851-1856 - Research of the Zambezi River. D. Livingston discovered the Victoria Falls and was the first European to cross the African continent.
1858-1864 - Exploration of the Zambezi River, Lakes Chilwa and Nyasa.
1866-1873 - several expeditions in search of the sources of the Nile.
Name on a geographical map
The waterfalls on the Congo River and the city on the Zambezi River are named after the English traveler.
Livingston D. Travels in South Africa: Per. from English. / Il. author. - M.: EKSMO-Press, 2002. - 475 p.: ill. - (Wind rose: Epochs; Continents; Events; Seas; Discoveries).
Livingston D., Livingston C. Traveling the Zambezi, 1858-1864: Per. from English. - M.: Tsentrpoligraf, 2001. - 460 p.: ill.
Adamovich M.P. Livingston. - M.: Mol. guard, 1938. - 376 p.: ill. - (Life is noticed by people).
Votte G. David Livingston: The Life of an African Explorer: Per. with him. - M.: Thought, 1984. - 271 p.: ill.
Columbus; Livingston; Stanley; A. Humboldt; Przhevalsky: Biogr. storytelling. - Chelyabinsk: Ural LTD, 2000. - 415 p.: ill. - (Life of remarkable people: Biogr. F. Pavlenkov's library).
MAGELLAN Fernand
(c. 1480-1521)
Portuguese navigator
Travel routes
1519-1521 - F. Magellan led the first round-the-world voyage in the history of mankind. Magellan's expedition discovered the coast of South America south of La Plata, circled the continent, crossed the strait, later named after the navigator, then crossed the Pacific Ocean and reached the Philippine Islands. On one of them Magellan was killed. After his death, the expedition was led by J.S. Elcano, thanks to which the only one of the ships ("Victoria") and the last eighteen sailors (out of two hundred and sixty-five crew members) were able to reach the coast of Spain.
Name on a geographical map
The Strait of Magellan is located between the mainland of South America and the Tierra del Fuego archipelago, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.
Boytsov M.A. Way of Magellan / Khudozh. S. Boyko. - M.: Malysh, 1991. - 19 p.: ill.
Kunin K.I. Magellan. - M.: Mol. guard, 1940. - 304 p.: ill. - (Life is noticed by people).
Lange P.V. Like the sun: The life of F. Magellan and the first circumnavigation of the world: Per. with him. - M.: Progress, 1988. - 237 p.: ill.
Pigafetta A. Journey of Magellan: Per. with it.; Mitchell M. El Cano - the first circumnavigator: Per. from English. - M.: Thought, 2000. - 302 p.: ill. - (Travel and travelers).
Subbotin V.A. Great discoveries: Columbus; Vasco da Gama; Magellan. - M.: Publishing house of URAO, 1998. - 269 p.: ill.
Travinsky V.M. Navigator's Star: Magellan: East. story. - M.: Mol. guard, 1969. - 191 p.: ill.
Khvilevitskaya E.M. How the earth turned out to be a ball / Art. A. Ostromentsky. - M.: Interbuk, 1997. - 18 p.: ill. - (The greatest journeys).
Zweig S. Magellan; Amerigo: Per. with him. - M.: AST, 2001. - 317 p.: ill. - (World classics).
Miklukho-Maclay Nikolay Nikolaevich
Russian scientist, explorer of Oceania and New Guinea
Travel routes
1866-1867 - travel to the Canary Islands and Morocco.
1871-1886 - the study of the indigenous people of Southeast Asia, Australia and Oceania, including the Papuans of the Northeast coast of New Guinea.
Name on a geographical map
The Miklouho-Maclay Coast is located in New Guinea.
The Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Russian Academy of Sciences also bears the name of Nikolai Nikolaevich Miklukho-Maclay.
Man from the moon: Diaries, articles, letters of N.N.Miklukho-Maclay. - M.: Mol. guard, 1982. - 336 p.: ill. - (Arrow).
Balandin R.K. N.N.Miklukho-Maclay: Book. for students / Fig. author. - M.: Enlightenment, 1985. - 96 p.: ill. - (People of science).
Golovanov Ya. Etudes about scientists. - M.: Mol. guard, 1983. - 415 p.: ill.
The chapter dedicated to Miklouho-Maclay is titled “I do not foresee the end of my travels…” (pp. 233-236).
Greenop F.S. About the one who wandered alone: Per. from English. - M.: Nauka, 1986. - 260 p.: ill.
Kolesnikov M.S. Miklukho Maclay. - M.: Mol. guard, 1965. - 272 p.: ill. - (Life is noticed by people).
Markov S.N. Tamo - Russian Maclay: Tales. - M.: Sov. writer, 1975. - 208 p.: ill.
Orlov O.P. Come back to us, Maclay!: A story. - M.: Det. lit., 1987. - 48 p.: ill.
Putilov B.N. NN Miklukho-Maclay: Traveler, scientist, humanist. - M.: Progress, 1985. - 280 p.: ill.
Tynyanova L.N. A friend from afar: a story. - M.: Det. lit., 1976. - 332 p.: ill.
NANSEN Fridtjof
Norwegian polar explorer
Travel routes
1888 - F. Nansen made the first ever ski crossing through Greenland.
1893-1896 - Nansen on the Fram ship drifted across the Arctic Ocean from the New Siberian Islands to the Svalbard archipelago. As a result of the expedition, extensive oceanographic and meteorological material was collected, but Nansen failed to reach the North Pole.
1900 - expedition to study the currents of the Arctic Ocean.
Name on a geographical map
An underwater basin and an underwater ridge in the Arctic Ocean, as well as a number of geographical objects in the Arctic and Antarctic, are named after Nansen.
Nansen F. To the country of the future: The Great Northern Route from Europe to Siberia through the Kara Sea / Authoriz. per. from Norwegian A. and P. Hansen. - Krasnoyarsk: Prince. publishing house, 1982. - 335 p.: ill.
Nansen F. Through the eyes of a friend: Chapters from the book "Through the Caucasus to the Volga": Per. with him. - Makhachkala: Dagestan book. publishing house, 1981. - 54 p.: ill.
Nansen F. "Fram" in the polar sea: At 2 o'clock: Per. from Norwegian - M.: Geographizdat, 1956.
Kublitsky G.I. Fridtjof Nansen: His Life and Extraordinary Adventures. - M.: Det. lit., 1981. - 287 p.: ill.
Nansen-Heyer L. Book about the father: Per. from Norwegian - L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1986. - 512 p.: ill.
Pasetsky V.M. Fridtjof Nansen, 1861-1930. - M.: Nauka, 1986. - 335 p.: ill. - (Scientific biographical series).
Sannes T.B. "Fram": Adventures of polar expeditions: Per. with him. - L .: Shipbuilding, 1991. - 271 p.: ill. - (Remarkable ships).
Talanov A. Nansen. - M.: Mol. guard, 1960. - 304 p.: ill. - (Life is noticed by people).
Holt K. Competition: [About the expeditions of R.F. Scott and R. Amundsen]; Wandering: [On the expedition of F. Nansen and J. Johansen] / Per. from Norwegian L. Zhdanova. - M.: Physical culture and sport, 1987. - 301 p.: ill. - (Extraordinary travel).
Please note that this book (in the appendix) contains an essay by the famous traveler Thor Heyerdahl Fridtjof Nansen: A Warm Heart in a Cold World.
Tsentkevich A., Tsentkevich Ch. What will you become, Fridtjof: [Tales about F. Nansen and R. Amundsen]. - Kiev: Dnipro, 1982. - 502 p.: ill.
Shackleton E. Fridtjof Nansen - researcher: Per. from English. - M.: Progress, 1986. - 206 p.: ill.
NIKITIN Afanasy
(? - 1472 or 1473)
Russian merchant, traveler in Asia
Travel routes
1466-1472 - A. Nikitin's journey through the countries of the Middle East and India. On the way back, stopping at the Cafe (Feodosia), Afanasy Nikitin wrote a description of his travels and adventures - "Journey beyond the three seas."
Nikitin A. Journey beyond three seas Athanasius Nikitin. - L.: Nauka, 1986. - 212 p.: ill. - (Lit. monuments).
Nikitin A. Journey beyond three seas: 1466-1472. - Kaliningrad: Amber Tale, 2004. - 118 p.: ill.
Varzhapetyan V.V. The Tale of the Merchant, the Pinto Horse and the Talking Bird / Fig. N. Nepomniachtchi. - M.: Det. lit., 1990. - 95 p.: ill.
Vitashevskaya M.N. The wanderings of Athanasius Nikitin. - M.: Thought, 1972. - 118 p.: ill. - (Remarkable geographers and travelers).
All peoples are one: [Coll.]. - M.: Sirin, B.g. - 466 p.: ill. - (History of the Fatherland in novels, stories, documents).
The collection includes the story of V. Pribytkov "The Tver Guest" and the book of Afanasy Nikitin himself "Journey Beyond the Three Seas".
Grimberg F.I. Seven songs of a Russian foreigner: Nikitin: East. novel. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2003. - 424 p.: ill. - (Golden library of the source of the novel: Russian travelers).
Kachaev Yu.G. Far away / Fig. M. Romadina. - M.: Malysh, 1982. - 24 p.: ill.
Kunin K.I. Over Three Seas: The Journey of the Tver Merchant Athanasius Nikitin: Ist. story. - Kaliningrad: Amber Tale, 2002. - 199 p.: ill. - (Cherished pages).
Murashova K. Afanasy Nikitin: The Tale of a Tver Merchant / Khudozh. A. Chauzov. - M.: White City, 2005. - 63 p.: ill. - (East novel).
Semenov L.S. Travel of Athanasius Nikitin. - M.: Nauka, 1980. - 145 p.: ill. - (History of science and technology).
Soloviev A.P. Journey beyond three seas: a novel. - M.: Terra, 1999. - 477 p. - (Fatherland).
Tager E.M. The Tale of Afanasy Nikitin. - L .: Det. lit., 1966. - 104 p.: ill.
PIRI Robert Edwin
American polar explorer
Travel routes
1892 and 1895 - two trips through Greenland.
From 1902 to 1905 - several unsuccessful attempts to conquer the North Pole.
Finally, R. Piri announced that he had reached the North Pole on April 6, 1909. However, seventy years after the traveler's death, when, according to his will, the diaries of the expedition were declassified, it turned out that Piri could not actually reach the pole, he stopped at 89˚55΄ N.
Name on a geographical map
The peninsula in the far north of Greenland is called Piri Land.
Piri R. North Pole; Amundsen R. South Pole. - M.: Thought, 1981. - 599 p.: ill.
Pay attention to the article by F. Treshnikov "Robert Pirie and the conquest of the North Pole" (pp. 225-242).
Piri R. North Pole / Per. from English. L. Petkyavichute. - Vilnius: Vituris, 1988. - 239 p.: ill. - (World of discoveries).
Karpov G.V. Robert Peary. - M.: Geographizdat, 1956. - 39 p.: ill. - (Remarkable geographers and travelers).
POLO Marco
(c. 1254-1324)
Venetian merchant, traveler
Travel routes
1271-1295 - M. Polo's journey through the countries of Central and East Asia.
The memoirs of the Venetian about wanderings in the East made up the famous "Book of Marco Polo" (1298), which for almost 600 years remained the most important source of information for the West about China and other Asian countries.
Polo M. A book about the diversity of the world / Per. from old French I.P. Minaeva; Foreword H.L. Borges. - St. Petersburg: Amphora, 1999. - 381 p.: ill. - (Personal library of Borges).
Polo M. Book of Wonders: An excerpt from the "Book of Wonders of the World" from the Nat. libraries of France: Per. from fr. - M.: White City, 2003. - 223 p.: ill.
Davidson E., Davis G. Son of Heaven: The Wanderings of Marco Polo / Per. from English. M. Kondratiev. - SPb.: ABC: Terra - Book. club, 1997. - 397 p. - (New Earth: Fantasy).
A novel-fantasy on the theme of the wanderings of a Venetian merchant.
Maink W. The Amazing Adventures of Marco Polo: [Ist. story] / Abbr. per. with him. L. Lungina. - St. Petersburg: Brask: Epoch, 1993. - 303 p.: ill. - (Version).
Pesotskaya T.E. Treasures of a Venetian merchant: How Marco Polo wandered around the East a quarter of a century ago and wrote a famous book about various miracles that no one wanted to believe in / Khudozh. I. Oleinikov. - M.: Interbuk, 1997. - 18 p.: ill. - (The greatest journeys).
Pronin V. Life of the great Venetian traveler Messer Marco Polo / Khudozh. Yu.Saevich. - M.: Kron-Press, 1993. - 159 p.: ill.
Tolstikov A.Ya. Marco Polo: Venetian Wanderer / Art. A. Chauzov. - M.: White City, 2004. - 63 p.: ill. - (East novel).
Hart G. Venetian Marco Polo: Per. from English. - M.: TERRA-Kn. club, 1999. - 303 p. - (Portraits).
Shklovsky V.B. Land Scout - Marco Polo: East. story. - M.: Mol. guard, 1969. - 223 p.: ill. - (Pioneer means first).
Aers J. Marco Polo: Per. from fr. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 1998. - 348 p.: ill. - (Mark on history).
Przhevalsky Nikolai Mikhailovich
Russian geographer, explorer of Central Asia
Travel routes
1867-1868 - research expeditions in the Amur region and the Ussuri region.
1870-1885 - 4 expeditions to Central Asia.
The scientific results of the expeditions N.M. Przhevalsky outlined in a number of books, giving a detailed description of the relief, climate, flora and fauna of the studied territories.
Name on a geographical map
The name of the Russian geographer is given to a ridge in Central Asia and a city in the southeastern part of the Issyk-Kul region (Kyrgyzstan).
The wild horse, first described by the scientist, is called Przewalski's horse.
Przhevalsky N.M. Journey in the Ussuri region, 1867-1869 - Vladivostok: Far East. book. publishing house, 1990. - 328 p.: ill.
Przhevalsky N.M. Travel in Asia. - M.: Armada-press, 2001. - 343 p.: ill. - (Green series: Around the world).
Gavrilenkov V.M. Russian traveler N.M. Przhevalsky. - Smolensk: Mosk. worker: Smolenskoe department, 1989. - 143 p.: ill.
Golovanov Ya. Etudes about scientists. - M.: Mol. guard, 1983. - 415 p.: ill.
The chapter devoted to Przhevalsky is called "The exceptional good is freedom ..." (pp. 272-275).
Grimailo Ya.V. Great Pathfinder: A Tale. - Ed. 2nd, revised. and additional - Kiev: Young, 1989. - 314 p.: ill.
Kozlov I.V. Great traveler: Life and work of N.M. Przhevalsky, the first explorer of the nature of Central Asia. - M.: Thought, 1985. - 144 p.: ill. - (Remarkable geographers and travelers).
Columbus; Livingston; Stanley; A. Humboldt; Przhevalsky: Biogr. storytelling. - Chelyabinsk: Ural LTD, 2000. - 415 p.: ill. - (Life of remarkable people: Biogr. F. Pavlenkov's library).
Overclocking L.E. “Ascetics are needed like the sun…” // Razgon L.E. Seven lives. - M.: Det. lit., 1992. - S. 35-72.
Repin L.B. “And again I return ...”: Przhevalsky: Pages of life. - M.: Mol. guard, 1983. - 175 p.: ill. - (Pioneer means first).
Khmelnitsky S.I. Przhevalsky. - M.: Mol. guard, 1950. - 175 p.: ill. - (Life is noticed by people).
Yusov B.V. N.M. Przhevalsky: Prince. for students. - M.: Enlightenment, 1985. - 95 p.: ill. - (People of science).
PRONCHISHCHEV Vasily Vasilievich
Russian navigator
Travel routes
1735-1736 - VV Pronchishchev took part in the 2nd Kamchatka expedition. A detachment under his command explored the coast of the Arctic Ocean from the mouth of the Lena to Cape Thaddeus (Taimyr).
Name on a geographical map
A part of the eastern coast of the Taimyr Peninsula, a ridge (hill) in the north-west of Yakutia and a bay in the Laptev Sea bear the name of V.V. Pronchishchev.
Golubev G.N. “Descendants for the news…”: Ist.-dokum. story. - M.: Det. lit., 1986. - 255 p.: ill.
Krutogorov Yu.A. Where Neptune Leads: East. story. - M.: Det. lit., 1990. - 270 p.: ill.
SEMENOV-TIAN-SHANSKY Petr Petrovich
(before 1906 - Semyonov)
Russian scientist, researcher of Asia
Travel routes
1856-1857 - Expedition to the Tien Shan.
1888 - expedition to Turkestan and the Transcaspian region.
Name on a geographical map
A ridge in Nanshan, a glacier and a peak in the Tien Shan, mountains in Alaska and Svalbard are named after Semenov-Tyan-Shansky.
Semenov-Tyan-Shansky P.P. Journey to the Tien Shan: 1856-1857. - M.: Geografgiz, 1958. - 277 p.: ill.
Aldan-Semenov A.I. For you, Russia: Tales. - M.: Sovremennik, 1983. - 320 p.: ill.
Aldan-Semenov A.I. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky. - M.: Mol. guard, 1965. - 304 p.: ill. - (Life is noticed by people).
Antoshko Ya., Solovyov A. At the origins of Jaksart. - M.: Thought, 1977. - 128 p.: ill. - (Remarkable geographers and travelers).
Dyadyuchenko L.B. Pearl in the wall of the barracks: a novel-chronicle. - Frunze: Mektep, 1986. - 218 p.: ill.
Kozlov I.V. Pyotr Petrovich Semenov-Tyan-Shansky. - M.: Enlightenment, 1983. - 96 p.: ill. - (People of science).
Kozlov I.V., Kozlova A.V. Pyotr Petrovich Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky: 1827-1914. - M.: Nauka, 1991. - 267 p.: ill. - (Scientific biographical series).
Overclocking L.E. Tien Shan // Acceleration L.E. Seven lives. - M.: Det. lit., 1992. - S. 9-34.
SCOTT Robert Falcon
English explorer of Antarctica
Travel routes
1901-1904 - Antarctic expedition on the ship "Discovery". As a result of this expedition, King Edward VII Land, the Transantarctic Mountains, the Ross Ice Shelf were discovered, and Victoria Land was explored.
1910-1912 - Expedition of R. Scott to Antarctica on the ship "Terra-Nova".
January 18, 1912 (33 days later than R. Amundsen) Scott and four of his companions reached the South Pole. On the way back, all travelers died.
Name on a geographical map
An island and two glaciers off the coast of Antarctica, part of the western coast of Victoria Land (Scott Coast) and mountains on Enderby Land are named after Robert Scott.
The US Antarctic Research Station is named after the first explorers of the South Pole - "Amundsen-Scott Pole".
The name of the polar traveler is also the New Zealand scientific station on the coast of the Ross Sea in Antarctica and the Institute of Polar Research in Cambridge.
The last expedition of R. Scott: Personal diaries of Captain R. Scott, which he kept during the expedition to the South Pole. - M.: Geographizdat, 1955. - 408 p.: ill.
Golovanov Ya. Etudes about scientists. - M.: Mol. guard, 1983. - 415 p.: ill.
The chapter dedicated to Scott is called "Fight to the last cracker ..." (pp. 290-293).
Ladlem G. Captain Scott: Per. from English. - Ed. 2nd, rev. - L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1989. - 287 p.: ill.
Priestley R. Antarctic Odyssey: Northern party of R. Scott's expedition: Per. from English. - L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1985. - 360 p.: ill.
Holt K. Contest; Wandering: Per. from Norwegian - M.: Physical culture and sport, 1987. - 301 p.: ill. - (Extraordinary travel).
Cherry-Garrard E. The most terrible journey: Per. from English. - L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1991. - 551 p.: ill.
STANLEY (STANLEY) Henry Morton
(real name and surname - John R o l e n d s)
journalist, African researcher
Travel routes
1871-1872 - G. M. Stanley, as a correspondent for the New York Herald, participated in the search for the missing D. Livingston. The expedition was successful: the great explorer of Africa was found near Lake Tanganyika.
1874-1877 - GM Stanley crosses the African continent twice. Explores Lake Victoria, the Congo River, looking for the source of the Nile.
1887-1889 - G. M. Stanley leads an English expedition that crosses Africa from West to East, and explores the Aruvimi River.
Name on a geographical map
In honor of G. M. Stanley, waterfalls in the upper reaches of the Congo River are named.
Stanley G.M. In the wilds of Africa: Per. from English. - M.: Geographizdat, 1958. - 446 p.: ill.
Karpov G.V. Henry Stanley. - M.: Geografgiz, 1958. - 56 p.: ill. - (Remarkable geographers and travelers).
Columbus; Livingston; Stanley; A. Humboldt; Przhevalsky: Biogr. storytelling. - Chelyabinsk: Ural LTD, 2000. - 415 p.: ill. - (Life of remarkable people: Biogr. F. Pavlenkov's library).
KHABAROV Erofey Pavlovich
(c. 1603, according to other sources, c. 1610 - after 1667, according to other sources, after 1671)
Russian explorer and navigator, explorer of the Amur region
Travel routes
1649-1653 - E.P. Khabarov made a number of campaigns in the Amur region, compiled a “Drawing of the Amur River”.
Name on a geographical map
The city and region in the Far East, as well as the railway station Erofey Pavlovich on the Trans-Siberian Railway, are named after the Russian explorer.
Leontieva G.A. Explorer Erofey Pavlovich Khabarov: Book. for students. - M.: Enlightenment, 1991. - 143 p.: ill.
Romanenko D.I. Erofei Khabarov: A novel. - Khabarovsk: Prince. publishing house, 1990. - 301 p.: ill. - (Far East library).
Safronov F.G. Erofey Khabarov. - Khabarovsk: Prince. publishing house, 1983. - 32 p.
SCHMIDT Otto Yulievich
Russian mathematician, geophysicist, Arctic explorer
Travel routes
1929-1930 - O.Yu. Schmidt equipped and led the expedition on the ship "George Sedov" to Severnaya Zemlya.
1932 - expeditions led by O.Yu. Schmidt on the icebreaker "Sibiryakov" managed for the first time to pass from Arkhangelsk to Kamchatka in one navigation.
1933-1934 - O.Yu.Shmidt led the northern expedition on the steamer "Chelyuskin". The ship caught in ice captivity was crushed by ice and sank. The expedition members, who had been drifting on the ice floes for several months, were rescued by the pilots.
Name on a geographical map
The name of O.Yu. Schmidt is given to an island in the Kara Sea, a cape on the coast of the Chukchi Sea, the peninsula of Novaya Zemlya, one of the peaks and a pass in the Pamirs, a plain in Antarctica.
Voskoboynikov V.M. On an ice trip. - M.: Malysh, 1989. - 39 p.: ill. - (Legendary heroes).
Voskoboynikov V.M. Call of the Arctic: Heroic Chronicle: Academician Schmidt. - M.: Mol. guard, 1975. - 192 p.: ill. - (Pioneer means first).
Duel I.I. Lifeline: Dokum. story. - M.: Politizdat, 1977. - 128 p.: ill. - (Heroes of the Soviet Motherland).
Nikitenko N.F. O.Yu. Schmidt: Book. for students. - M.: Enlightenment, 1992. - 158 p.: ill. - (People of science).
Otto Yulievich Schmidt: Life and work: Sat. - M.: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1959. - 470 p.: ill.
Matveeva L.V. Otto Yulievich Schmidt: 1891-1956. - M.: Nauka, 1993. - 202 p.: ill. - (Scientific biographical series).
