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1. Kuzbass in ancient times

The oldest site discovered by archaeologists in Siberia is located near Kuzbass in the Altai Mountains. It belongs to the Paleolithic period. Her age is 500 thousand years. It was the habitat of the oldest group of people, who are usually called archanthropes (pithecanthropus is one of their species). The time of their existence coincided with the great glaciation, which Europe and Siberia experienced to the greatest extent. The Kuznetsk-Salair landscape region, as well as other mountainous regions, was under the influence of glaciers.

The most ancient human sites on the territory of the Kuznetsk Territory were discovered in 1989 on the territory of the Mokhovsky coal mine (Leninsk-Kuznetsky district). One of them was covered with cover deposits about 40 meters thick. At this depth, several stones chiseled by human hands and a large number of animal bones were found. A significant part of the species of these animals does not currently exist. In ancient times, they were the main hunting prey of man. The appearance of the first people within the southern regions of Siberia, including the territory of the Kuznetsk-Salair landscape region, coincided with the interglacial period. Climate warming and geographical conditions were favorable for life. Monuments of the Middle Paleolithic (300-40 thousand years ago) on the territory of the Kuznetsk-Salair landscape region are still unknown. But the discoveries and studies carried out in the Altai Mountains, in the south Krasnoyarsk Territory and Khakassia, suggest that it was part of the habitat of paleoanthropes. At this stage, significant changes in a person's life did not occur. The former way of life was preserved, the main types economic activity and a form of bringing people together. But relations within the fore-community became more complex, subordinated to the interests of the collective. The methods of production of tools have not changed, but the range of these tools has somewhat expanded. All this testifies to the progressive trend in the development of man and his society.

Late Paleolithic time(40-12 thousand years ago) is associated with the last phase of the Ice Age. The cooling caused the activation of mountain glaciers, beyond which the tundra extended. So, the mountains of the Kuznetsk Alatau were covered with glaciers, and the Kuznetsk basin and the surrounding areas were tundra. Simultaneously with the formation of the late Paleolithic, the formation of modern man took place. physical appearance, as well as society, the basis of which was the tribal organization. Many sites of the late Paleolithic are known on the territory of the Kuznetsk-Salair landscape region. This is a treasure trove of stone tools near the village. Kuzedeevo, workshops for processing stone and making tools (Shumikha-I), short-term camps of Paleolithic hunters (Bedarevo-P, Shorokhovo-I, Ilyinka-II, Sarbala), finally, a stationary settlement on the Kiya River, near the village of Shestakovo. Their research resulted in a significant collection of stone objects. Side-scrapers and scrapers predominate among them. These tools are designed to process the inner surface of the animal's skin, as a result of which it becomes softer. Such a skin could already be used for making clothes. The most ancient Late Paleolithic sites on the territory of the Kuznetsk Territory are Voronino-Yaya (about 30 thousand years old) and Shestakovo, on the right bank of the river. cues. The Shestakovskaya site, which first arose 25 thousand years ago, continued to exist with significant interruptions until 18 thousand years ago. The remaining sites, that is, most of the Late Paleolithic sites, date back to 12-15 thousand years. This is the time of the final phase not only of the Late Paleolithic period, but also of the Pleistocene epoch.

In the middle stone period - the Mesolithic(12-8 thousand years ago) on the vast territory of Europe and North Asia from 12 thousand to 10 thousand years ago there was a process of transition from the Pleistocene to a new geological epoch - the Holocene. It consisted in the gradual disappearance of glaciers, in the formation of landscapes that are currently familiar to us, in the replacement of animals of the glacial world with animals adapted to new climatic conditions. Global natural changes have affected people's lives. Active development of territories previously occupied by glaciers began, new hunting tools were invented, such means of transport as skis and boats, new ways of fishing appeared. Of particular note is the invention of the bow and arrow, which for many millennia became the most important and widespread weapon and which continued to exist for a long time with the advent of firearms. Stone was still the main material for the production of tools. On the territory of the modern Kemerovo region, the Mesolithic has not been studied enough, but monuments were discovered in its various regions: in the north of Kuzbass, this is the Bolshoi Berchikul-1 site, in the middle reaches of the river. Tomi site Bychka-1 and in Mountain Shoria - Pe-chergol-1. The materials of these monuments are characteristic of the Mesolithic. Their main features are the small, miniature size of the tools and the manufacture of a significant part of the tools on small knife-like plates.

comingNeolithic(8-5 thousand years ago) or the New Stone Age - the final period of the Stone Age. This is the time of the most important discoveries and achievements in the ancient history of mankind. Invented in the Neolithic ceramic tableware, which allowed a person to cook and consume hot liquid food for the first time, a fabric was invented, for the production of which specially processed plant fibers (nettle, hemp) were used. New techniques appeared in stone processing: sawing, drilling, and grinding reached its peak. This made it possible for man to use new types of stone for the manufacture of tools. Almost all of these achievements can be traced back to the Neolithic materials of the Kuznetsk-Salair landscape region. Settlements of the New Stone Age were discovered by archaeologists in the foothills of the Kuznetsk Alatau (Big Berchikul-4, the Tambar reservoir, on the Dudet River, Smirnovsky Creek-1, on the Kiya River), in the mountains of Mountain Shoria (Pechergol-2), on the banks of the Tom River (Bychka-1 , late layer). Burials (cemeteries) of this time were found and excavated in the region of Novokuznetsk (Kuznetsk burial ground), on the Ina River near the villages of Trekino, Lebedi, Vaskovo, on the Yaya River not far from the village of the same name. The world of things of the Neolithic population that lived within the Kuznetsk Territory is quite diverse. But what is most striking is that absolutely symmetrical and proportional objects are made of stone using primitive techniques. Stone remained the main raw material for the production of tools, however, bone and horn began to occupy a prominent place. Almost all stone tools are associated with hunting and the corresponding way of life. Having mastered the entire territory of the Kuznetsk Territory, the Neolithic population was engaged in hunting and fishing. Ancient people hunted bear, elk, deer, roe deer, wolf, beaver. From fur-bearing animals they hunted hare, marmot, squirrel, sable, fox. By the end of the Neolithic is the emergence of a natural sanctuary on the Tom, now widely known as the Tomskaya petroglyph.

In the transitional period from the Stone Age to the Bronze Age (Eneolithic). At the end of the 4th - beginning of the 3rd millennium BC, tribes appeared on the territory of the southern regions of Siberia who knew and used copper. These were the first cattle breeders on Siberian soil. But during this historical period, no particularly noticeable changes occurred within the Kuznetsk-Salair landscape region. As before, stone and bone remained the main material for the manufacture of tools and household items. The technique of their production has not changed either. But the number of tools that were made on a knife-like plate noticeably decreased. Finally, the chronology of the monuments (the middle of the 3rd millennium BC) indicates that they belong to the transitional time, when tribes using copper lived in the adjacent territories - in the Altai mountains and the steppes of modern Khakassia. At present, the largest settlement of this people has been explored on the territory of the Kuznetsk Territory. It was located on the shores of Lake Tanai. Villages on the shore of the lake were created by hunters and fishermen. In the taiga they caught bear, elk, deer, and in the forest-steppe - roe deer. Fishing occupied a significant place in the life of the people of these villages. We caught a lot of carp. Here, on the territory of the villages, dishes were made. Sand was added to the carefully mixed clay. Then again mixed, achieving a homogeneous mass. Ribbons were made from it, connecting them, they formed a vessel.

The second half of the III - the beginning of the II millennium BC. e. were the Early Bronze Age. The ancient societies of Siberia made a noticeable step forward in mastering the early metal. They switched to the production of tools from bronze, their manufacture by casting in special forms. Unfortunately, this historical period in most of Siberia, including the Kuznetsk Territory, is still poorly understood. Excavations carried out by archaeologists in Gornaya Shoria on the Mrassu River, near the village of Mundybash, on the Tom River in the vicinity of Novokuznetsk, in the north of Kuzbass and in the Kuznetsk Basin, suggest that almost the entire landscape area was developed during this period. Probably, representatives of two peoples lived here, who actively but peacefully contacted in the central regions of the region (Kuznetskaya Hollow). One of them occupied mainly Mountain Shoria, and the other - most of the territory from the northern foothills of the Kuznetsk Alatau to the basin. The history of these tribes can be reconstructed only from the materials of the sites. And they had a temporary or seasonal nature, which indicates a mobile lifestyle of people.

first half of the 2nd millennium BC. e. was the period of developed (middle) bronze. Most of the Kuznetsk Territory, mainly its forest-steppe, was occupied by the tribes of the new population. Groups of the Caucasoid population of Western Asia took part in its formation. But the basis was formed by the peoples of the previous time, who lived in the forest-steppe of the Upper Ob and in adjacent territories. It is well known that the new population occupied not only the Kuznetsk Basin, but also the coastal regions of the Ob up to the confluence of the Tom River. They were herdsmen, hunters, fishermen and gatherers. They bred horses and large cattle. But this type of economic activity did not satisfy the needs of society for meat food. Therefore, the diet was supplemented by hunted game, fish and gathering products. Some experts suggest that this people knew agriculture. More definitely, we can say that they were excellent metallurgists and foundry workers.

In the middle of the II millennium BC. e. vast expanses of steppe and forest-steppe from the Southern Urals to the Middle Yenisei occupied shepherds-cattle breeders of the Andronovo culture. Andronovites destroyed quite developed cultures in this area. Experts believe that these people belonged to the Indo-Iranian language group. The main occupation of the Andronovo tribes was cattle breeding. The time of existence of Andronovites is connected with the decomposition of primitive communal relations. Their social organization was complex. To occupy a vast territory and destroy sufficiently developed associations, it was necessary to have a powerful organization. In Andronov society, social inequality has noticeably increased. Heads of a large family, elders of tribal communities and tribal leaders began to have special significance. These posts were in the hands of men.

AT Late Bronze Age(in the XII-X centuries BC) on the territory of the Kuznetsk basin, the Andronovites were replaced by a new population, which was formed with their participation. They were herdsmen and hunters. It is no coincidence that their settlements were located in places rich in game, but at the same time near lands that could be used for grazing. There is reason to believe that they were also engaged in agriculture and fishing. Such a diversified economy, combining appropriating and producing forms in equal shares, was possible only with a settled way of life. Their history is associated with population growth and a significant pace of development, which was not in the previous time. Farming dictated a settled way of life for people. Therefore, they created settlements consisting of several houses (from 4 to 15).

At the final stage (X--VIIcentury BC BC) Late Bronze Age throughout the territory of the modern Kemerovo region, a culture appears, the creators of which were new tribes. This people occupied vast areas from the Middle Irtysh to the Kuznetsk Alatau. The main archeological monuments: settlement on the Lyuskus river, Ust-Kamenka settlement, burial grounds Zhuravlevo-4, Pyanovo, Titovo. The new population built settlements along the banks of rivers with a vast floodplain valley rich in succulent herbage and fertile soils; on high and steep places they built fortifications (fortifications) against military raids. They were farmers and pastoralists. Archaeologists conditionally call them Irmenians. With the Late Bronze Age, one of the fascinating pages of ancient history ends. It is being replaced by a new era associated with the advent and widespread use of iron.

AT early iron age(VIII-VII centuries BC) on the vast expanses of the steppes of Eurasia, large associations of tribes are formed. In the north of the modern Kemerovo region, where a narrow belt of forest-steppe stretches, in the VI-V centuries BC. e. Significant groups of a new population appeared, which are conditionally called Tagars. of which have been excavated by archaeologists. These are large barrow necropolises near the villages of Nekrasovo, Serebryakovo, Kondrashka in the Tisulsky district, near the settlement on the shore of Lake Utinka and near the village of Tisul, etc. The excavation materials make it possible to restore many aspects of the life of the Tagar population. The Tagars were herdsmen and farmers. Unlike the steppe peoples of Eurasia, who had nomadic pastoralism, they lived in stationary settlements. Such a settlement could have up to 20 houses located in rows, forming a street. The houses were logged, square or rectangular in shape, with a gable roof. Men plowed the land, harvested crops, grazed cattle, and teenagers helped them in this. Women were engaged in housework, preparing products for long-term storage, weaving, and sculpting dishes. The children helped them. But this is all peaceful life. It was violated by frequent military clashes. In winter and summer time, between plowing and harvesting, the men went out on the "military path". The armament of the Tagarian consisted of a dagger, a bow and arrows, which were in a quiver, and a coinage. The coinage was the most formidable weapon of the Tagars. The need for metal weapons was very significant. This caused the further development of specialization in the field of mining, metallurgy and metalworking. The Tagars had to cast a lot of objects from bronze. But bronze cauldrons are striking, in some cases quite large (up to 20 liters).

2nd century BC e. -- 5th century AD appeared period of the Great Migration. By the end of the first millennium BC. e. processes on the territory of Kuzbass historical development have become complex. This was due to the migration of some population groups from the northern taiga regions of Western Siberia and from the territory of the Middle Yenisei. So, in the Middle Yenisei region, a new population arose, which received the conditional name "Tashtyk". Their appearance on the historical "arena" was directly related to the ancient history of the Kuznetsk-Salair landscape region. In the north of the Kemerovo region, where the Kiya River emerged from the gorges of the Kuznetsk Alatau mountains, archaeologists found and explored a huge settlement of the Tashtyks or their kindred population. It consisted of a large number of polygonal houses with narrow and long entrances. It was a settlement of the population, the main occupation of which was cattle breeding and agriculture.

At the same time, when warlike Tashtyks lived in the north of Kuzbass, groups of tribes mastered the rest of the territory. Archaeologists call them "Kulais". The Kulay people created an amazing material and spiritual culture. The Kulay people created an amazing material and spiritual culture.

2. Ancient Turkic period in the history of Kuzbass

During the period early medieval(VI-XI centuries) the historical development of ancient societies was closely connected with the events in the steppes of Central Asia. The fact is that nomadic tribes of the Turks appeared in the Central Asian territory in the previous time. Within their limits, replacing each other, early states arise, which are commonly called "Kaganate". During the existence of the First (552-630) and Second (679-742) Turkic Khaganates, the traditional culture created by the Kulays continued to develop on the territory of the Kuznetsk Territory. But, undoubtedly, there have been significant changes. They were associated with an increase in the share of cattle breeding in the economic activity of the population, with the further social stratification of society. The history of this people is recreated based on materials from excavations of burial grounds near the villages of Saratovka, Shabanovo, Vaganovo, treasures found in the vicinity of Yelykaev, Terekhin, Egozov, Lebedei. The local origins of its development are evidenced by the burial rite in the form of cremation followed by burial in a mound, the shape of dishes and their ornaments, some household items and weapons. Through the Turks, the Kuznetsk population maintained contacts with China and the states of Western Asia. In particular, Chinese coins were found in the burials. AT IX-X centuries the situation in the territory of the Kuznetsk-Salair region has changed significantly. In 840, the Kyrgyz created a huge power. This was preceded by long wars with the Uighurs, which were finally defeated. According to experts, tribes lived on the territory of the Kuznetsk Territory, which are known in written sources as the Kipchaks. It was a nomadic or semi-nomadic population. They raised sheep and cattle, as well as horses, which were used for riding. The Mongolian period (XIII-XIV centuries) on the territory of the Kuznetsk-Salair landscape region has been studied very poorly. The main historical events of this time took place in the steppe and were associated with the formation of the Chingizid empire. The dominion of the Mongols over the population of the region was formal, so it could hardly cause any significant changes. According to anthropologists, the population of the Mongolian time in appearance combined Caucasoid and Mongoloid racial features. This once again allows us to assert that the local line of historical development and the external one, connected with the Turkic world, were in interaction for a long time. There was no major breakdown. But in the end the process of Turkization local population has been completed. When the Kuznetsk land was included in the Russian state, the Russians were met here by the indigenous peoples who spoke the Turkic language. A new page has begun in the history of our region.

3. Development of the territory of Kuzbass by Russians

The XVII century in the development of the territory of the modern Kemerovo region is the time of the implementation of the historical mission of Russia.

With the formation of the Russian state, his interest in distant Siberia manifested itself. Ivan IV decided to expand the number of yasak payers at the expense of Siberia. Yasak in Siberia was collected from the indigenous population mainly with the skins of fur-bearing animals: sable, mink, ermine.

The monopoly right of the state extended to the fur wealth of Siberia. The main ways of advancement of Russian explorers, obviously, were the rivers Cherdyn, Vishera, Tavda, Tobol, Irtysh, Ob, Tom. The starting point for the colonization of the Kuznetsk Basin was the foundation in 1604 of the city of Tomsk, which opened the way for Russian explorers to the middle and lower Pritomye. It is believed that the first news about the sending of armed detachments by the Tomsk governor up the Tom River dates back to 1607-1608. Moving deep into the Siberian land, Russian service people taxed the local residents with yasak, they called all of them Tatars. The attempts of the Tomsk governors to collect yasak from the population of the upper Tom region met with fierce resistance from the Kyrgyz, Teleut and Kalmatian nobility. detachments of Russian servicemen had to linger for a long time in unfamiliar lands, and sometimes even spend the winter there. On the site of such winter quarters, small temporary prisons began to appear. One of the first prisons that arose on the Kuznetsk land was a prison in the Abagura region, founded in 1615. In the same year, the village of Yagunovo was founded. In 1617, Moscow issued a decree on the construction of a prison on the Tom river. According to another version, the prison was originally set up on the Kondoma River, 6 kilometers from its confluence with the Tom, on Krasnaya Gora. This version is confirmed by materials of archaeological excavations. The new prison was located in the lands of the Abins, whom the Cossacks called blacksmiths for their ability to melt and forge iron. Hence the name of the prison - Kuznetsk. Until the 17th century, rye bread was the staple food of Russians. A very common type of bread food was porridge - oatmeal, buckwheat, barley, wheat. At the beginning of the 17th century, the Kuznetsk prison was after Tomsk the southernmost point of land development in Siberia. Kuznetsk received the status of a city in 1622. In the same year, Kuznetsk received its first coat of arms. Kuznetsk land became Russian. In 1620, peasants settled on the territory of the prison. In 1657 between watchmen Cossack villages Yarskaya and Itkara set up a Sosnovsky prison, which administratively entered the Tomsk district. In 1665, to the south of Sosnovsky, the Verkhotomsk prison was set up by Tomsk service people. Initially, the entire population was concentrated in the prison itself. Then small towns and villages began to appear around it. Zaimka, and then the village of Kemerovo, also arose on the right bank of the Tom, eight miles from the prison. It was named after its founder Afanasy Stepanovich Kemerov. The most common form of peasant land use at that time was the seizure. Capturing-borrowing land use was based on three main principles of customary law: the right of the first seizure of "no man's" land, labor law, the right of prescription. The leading role was played by the first two principles, the right of limitation was of secondary importance. Having seized the lands, the peasant considered himself their full owner. However, the nomadic tribes that were around made raids on the local indigenous population and ruined the Russian settlements that had arisen. In order to save from raids, at the beginning of the 18th century, fortresses were built along the Irtysh and the upper reaches of the Ob. The Mungatsky prison near the modern village of Krapivino, founded in 1715, became the latest in time. With the creation of a system of fortified prisons and agricultural camps located around them, final formation Tomsk-Kuznetsk agricultural region. Then there were significant changes in the social status of the Kuznetsk peasantry. The financial and economic transformations of the time of Peter the Great, the introduction of the poll tax legally prepared the formation of the estate of state peasants in Russia. The total number of the Russian population of the Kuznetsk Land at the beginning of the 18th century was small. There were far fewer women than men at that time, since it was predominantly single men who traveled to these distant lands.

4. The development of the mining industry of Kuzbass in the XVII-XVIII centuries

In the 20s of the 18th century, the search for ores and the construction of factories in Siberia began. The discovery of coal in the country dates back to the same time. Mikhailo Volkov is rightfully considered the discoverer of coal in the Kuzbass. But in those days this discovery did not find practical application. Together with coal, rich deposits of metal ores were discovered in Altai and Kuznetsk land. Their discovery aroused the interest of the famous industrialist Akinfiy Demidov. In 1726, the Berg College allowed him to build copper smelters in Altai. Demidov made an attempt to use Kuznetsk coal. In 1744, Empress Elizaveta Petrovna found out about the secret smelting of silver at the Demidov factories and ordered them to be transferred to the royal Cabinet. By decree of May 12, 1747, the Kolyvano-Voskresensky mining district was created, which included a vast territory, including the lands of the Kuznetsk district. In 1770-1771, an ironworks was built on the left bank of the Tom-Chumysh River and was named Tomsk. It was the first factory erected on the Kuznetsk land, 50 kilometers west of the city of Kuznetsk, near the village of Tomsk in the modern Prokopyevsk district. Products differed in variety: cast iron, iron, steel and various products. The management of the plant made an attempt to use coal for smelting from a small adit 45 versts from the plant. However, technical difficulties forced the smelting process to be carried out on charcoal. The royal Cabinet showed the greatest interest in silver. The production of precious metals was the main task of the mining industry in Altai and Kuzbass. In 1781, the exiled miner Dmitry Popov discovered largest deposits silver ores price Salair. Initially, the Salair ores were taken away for remelting to the Altai plants. However, then the mining authorities considered it more profitable to build a plant at the site of ore mining. Thus, in 1795, a silver-smelting plant was built, named by order of Empress Catherine II Gavrilovsky. At the beginning of the 19th century, the Gavrilov factory could no longer meet the needs of the Cabinet. There was a need to build a second silver smelter. A place for the plant was found in 1811 on the Bachat River. But the question of the construction of the plant was postponed until better times due to the outbreak of the war with Napoleon. The silver-smelting plant was launched on November 15, 1816, on the day of the holy martyrs Gury and Dmitry, and was named Guryevsky. But soon its new purpose was determined, and the plant began to develop as a ferrous metallurgy enterprise. In the 20s of the 19th century, experimental smelting of cast iron and iron using Kuznetsk coal began to be carried out in the workshops of the Guryev plant. In the second quarter of the 19th century, factories in Kuzbass remained enterprises where manual labor prevailed. At the same time, it was at this time that a clear idea of ​​the Kuznetsk coal basin was formed. The area of ​​the "coal area" is 40,000 square versts. On August 23, 1842, researcher Chikhachev arrived in Kuznetsk on behalf of the Cabinet. A visit to the Bachatsky region amazed the scientist with thick coal-bearing deposits between the Alatau mountain range and the Chumysh, Kondoma, Mrassu and Usa rivers. Chikhachev compiled the first geological map of the Altai basin, the Kuznetsk and Minusinsk basins and the Sayan Mountains. This map was the first to delineate the area of ​​distribution of coal-bearing deposits of the Kuznetsk Basin, "the largest of all coal basins in the world." The colossal reserves of coal in the Kuznetsk basin continued to be completely forgotten. In pursuit of silver, copper, lead, zinc, which were contained in the Salair polymetallic ores, were sent to the dump. A feature of the development of Kuzbass in the 30-60s was gold mining. The discoverers of alluvial gold in Western Siberia were free prospectors from local peasants. They began to mine gold in the taiga along the Kiya River. Gold mining was usually carried out by hand both in summer and winter, workers often died. In general, labor productivity at the Cabinet gold mines was low and the Cabinet considered it more profitable to lease the mines to private entrepreneurs. Hundreds of scouts rushed to the gold-bearing regions after the merchants for gold. A gold rush began in Siberia. The rapidly developing private gold industry required tens of thousands of workers. Siberian exile became the main source of labor for the mines. exiled settlers. From the end of the 30s of the 19th century, the factories fell into decay. A crisis began in the industry of Kuzbass.

5. Life and customs of the Russian population of Kuzbass

In order to understand the nature of the arrangement and the life of the first Russian blacksmiths, it is important to take into account some features of their survival in the new lands. Until the 17th century, rye bread was the staple food of Russians. A very common type of bread food was porridge - oatmeal, buckwheat, barley, wheat. In addition, grain served as the basis for the preparation of a number of drinks - kvass, beer, as well as for distillation. Livestock and poultry products were in second place after bread and other plant foods. The agricultural nature of Russian culture as a whole, the need for bread and vegetable food experienced by servicemen arriving in Siberia made the issue of grain supply one of the main issues in the activities of the local administration. The first inhabitants of the prison were Russian servicemen and Kuznetsk Tatars. In most of the villages and hamlets of the Tom region, animal husbandry played a secondary role. Fishing was a subsidiary industry. Beekeeping was also widespread. The appearance of the Russians brought significant changes to the life of the aborigines of the Tom region. Russian villages were based, as a rule, along the banks of rivers, which served as means of communication and, most importantly, rich in fertile floodplain lands, fishing grounds and drinking resources. The small ethno-local groups of aborigines living on coastal lands quickly got used to their new neighbors, borrowing from them, first of all, new, more advanced forms of housekeeping and carpentry skills. The appearance of the Russian ethnos on the territory of the Tom region entailed not only the economic development of the region, but also the establishment of close military-diplomatic contacts with the aboriginal population of the Abins and Biryusins. Household and material culture Both groups of "Kuznetsk Tatars" - Abins and Biryusinsk - represented a combination of steppe pastoral traditions with the features of the economy of foot hunters of the mountain taiga. Russian documents of the 17th-18th centuries call metallurgy and blacksmithing, hunting for fur-bearing animals the main occupations of the main part of the Abins, leading a sedentary lifestyle, and cattle breeding, primitive agriculture, gathering and barter trade as auxiliary ones. In the XVIII century, the main population of the Kuznetsk land were peasants, consisting of three categories: state, economic and ascribed. State peasants appeared as a result of the tax reform of 1724. They had to pay a tax to the state - a poll tax and dues and zemstvo dues for the maintenance of postal roads, the repair of bridges, government buildings, etc. But especially difficult for the peasants were recruitment duties and in-kind duties: the construction of roads, postal stations, the transportation of government goods. Peasants were organized into communities. And the official owner of the land was not a separate peasant household, but a community. It was a legal entity in solving all land issues. The third category of Kuznetsk peasants were ascribed peasants. They appeared in the Middle Tom region in connection with the construction of the Demidov factories. In 1742, part of the state peasants of the Kuznetsk district was assigned to the Barnaul plant. And then into the ownership of the Cabinet. Formally, the postscript did not change the legal status of the peasants, they retained the status of state. Their personal and civil rights and obligations remained the same. But instead of paying the poll tax, the ascribed peasants performed factory work. Iberian ascribed peasants in their position were close to serfs. In the middle of the 18th century, peasant protests led to their mass self-immolations. This forced the government of Catherine II to issue a decree in 1765 suggesting that the authorities prevent Siberian residents from self-immolation. Self-immolations ceased, but escapes continued to the near taiga and further - “beyond the Stone”, to Belovodie, to the upper reaches of the Katun, to Eastern Siberia. Only the peasant reform of 1861 freed the ascribed peasants from factory work and transferred them to the class of state peasants. Another large part of the population of the Kuznetsk land were artisans. The Mining Charter defined artisans as a special class of people who were obliged to perform mining factory work. The material standard of living of the artisans was extremely low. They built their own huts adobe ovens, with small windows covered with a bullish bubble. Apart from benches and a table, there was no other furniture. The basis of food was state-owned food, i.e. flour, often musty. Bread was baked from flour and flour stew was cooked. The craftsmen were completely illiterate. Driven to despair, the craftsmen fled to the nearby taiga, and sometimes further, to Eastern Siberia. Under the vigilant eye of the state was the spiritual life of society. The cabinet authorities strove to keep abreast of the public mood of the population. The main focus was on the church. The main temple of the Kuznetsk district in the 18th century was the Transfiguration Cathedral in the city of Kuznetsk. Public life in the Kuznetsk Territory was modest and quiet. Public education in the 18th century in Kuzbass was based on private education. home school and private lessons at home have long been one of the most common forms of education. In the middle of the 19th century, schools were created at the Tomsk and Guryev factories, at the Salair mine and some mines. More significant changes in the social life of the region occurred later and were associated with the abolition of serfdom and other reforms.

In the 17th century, Kuznetsk and its environs were a remote, poorly inhabited area, and even subjected to constant attacks by nomads. Therefore, if Russian people got here, then, as a rule, not of their own free will: either they were military men who were sent here to serve, or exiles. The latter were political or criminal criminals, and here they were recorded, as a rule, "in arable land." In addition, former foreign prisoners of war from European states were sometimes sent to Kuznetsk in the 17th century to replenish the local garrison. They, being in exile in various Russian cities and prisons, carried out military service, passed into Russian citizenship and very often adopted Orthodoxy. The majority of the population of the city were military people. Here also lived exiled peasants and a small number of free peasants. In the 17th century, Kuznetsk was a city where the male population prevailed over the female. Here at that time the so-called "women's question" was very acute. In Kuznetsk of the 17th century there were also exiled women, mostly criminals. They were sent here in order to "marry" the exiled peasants and thereby "to appease and strengthen them from running away." And the flight of exiled peasants from Kuznetsk in the 17th century was massive. When the gold rush began in Siberia. The rapidly developing private gold industry required tens of thousands of workers. Siberian exile became the main source of labor for the mines. exiled settlers. They were employed by merchants for seasonal work. Merchant mines worked only in the summer.

References to the exiled Poles in Kuznetsk are contained in the memoirs of a well-known participant in the revolutionary movement, economist, sociologist, publicist, writer V.V. Bervi-Flerovsky and his wife. V.V. Bervy noted rapprochement with the Polish exiles. In his memoirs, he pointed out that "during my stay in Kuznetsk and in general in Siberia (1866), Poles who were involved in the uprising were sent there in large numbers." Describing the Polish exiles of Kuznetsk, Ekaterina Ivanovna noted that “the majority were gentry with an elementary education. their rations" Many of the exiles were engaged in crafts. For example, Felix Albertovich Kovalsky studied shoemaking, the younger Landsberg was a blacksmith. Domanovsky baked delicious wheat bread, made sausages and frankfurters. Undoubtedly, crafts in Siberia had a certain impact on the life and life of the local population.

7. Kuzbass under capitalism

The abolition of serfdom, the development of the economy of Kuzbass. The implementation of the reform of 1861 led to the loss of cheap labor and caused the curtailment of cabinet production, the closure of factories and mines, and a reduction in the number of inhabitants in industrial settlements. Moreover, the rich upper iron ore horizons had already been worked out, there were no funds for the development of new, deeper layers - all this gave rise to the collapse of the cabinet economy. In 1864, the Tomsk ironworks was closed, in 1897 the Salair mines and the Gavrilovsky silver smelter were closed. The state gold mines in Kuznetsk Alatau, Salair and Gornaya Shoria, the coal mines in Bachaty, Kolchugino and the Guryev Metallurgical Plant experienced difficulties. At general trend recession cabinet production has received some development of industrial coal mining. By 1890, coal mining in Kuzbass increased 20 times and amounted to 1,051 thousand pounds. But on the scale of Russia, this was only 0.28 percent. In the post-reform period there was a rapid growth of private gold mining. In 1861, private gold mining was allowed on Cabinet lands. Basic labor force local peasants came to the mines, exiled settlers also worked, partly alien people from European Russia. All mined metal was supposed to be handed over at a fixed price to state-owned gold-alloy laboratories, but part of it was concealed by industrialists and sold privately to China or sent to the Irbit fair. The abolition of serfdom contributed to the growth of agricultural migration from European Russia to Siberia and the growth of agricultural production here. In almost forty years by 1897, the population of Siberia increased by 96.5 percent. All peasants, including new settlers who were ascribed and lived here until 1861, had to bear general duties, which were divided into state payments (capitation tax, a six-ruble quitrent tax to the income of His Majesty's Cabinet, real estate tax, state tax on trade certificates) , provincial zemstvo collection and worldly duties (salary to volost foremen, clerks, clergy of the church, etc.). In addition, in-kind duties (travel, underwater, recruiting, etc.) were retained. The plow, wooden harrows, sickles, and scythes remained the main tool of labor. Cattle breeding specialized in breeding horses, which were bred both for agricultural work and for fishing and for sale to the mines and cities. Dairy and meat production was limited by the needs of on-farm use. At the same time, Siberia was included in the trade turnover, which led to the development of peasant crafts and crafts, such as woodworking, metalworking, hauling, fishing, nuts, animals, carpentry, oven, sheepskin, carpentry, and rolling. Distilleries, vodka, brewing, yeast, match, tar industries were created. Thus, by the end of the century, the main trends generated by the reforms of the 1980s were noticeably manifested in Kuzbass: the weakening of the cabinet industry and the activation of private industry, population growth, a certain rise in the development of agriculture, the expansion and capitalization of peasant and urban crafts.

administrative device. Population. Cities. culture

In the second half of the 19th century, Kuzbass was an integral part of the Tomsk province. Mariinsky and Kuznetsky constituted the Kuznetsk Territory. The population of the Mariinsky and Kuznetsk districts in 1858 was 120 thousand people, of which 75 thousand were called factory people, 20 thousand of whom lived in 19 factory, mine or mining settlements, the rest - in the villages. In 1896, 124,464 people (21 thousand families) lived in the Mariinsky District alone, including 15 thousand people in the city of Mariinsky. There were 29 thousand people (6 thousand families) in the Kuznetsk district, including 3.5 thousand people in the city. In general, over half a century, the population of Kuzbass has increased by 27.5 percent and amounted to more than 153,000 people. In administrative terms, the highest governing body in the province was the Tomsk provincial government. The governor appointed by the sovereign was at the head of the board, and the vice-governor was his deputy. The board initially consisted of four departments: the first was in charge of the police organization and supervision of order, the second carried out an inventory and sale of property, the third - the distribution of food, income and expenses, the fourth - transportation, distribution of exiles. In 1861, in connection with the implementation of the peasant reform, a fifth one was created - a peasant department, in 1881 - in addition to the existing ones - a construction department, in 1890 - a prison department. In 1867, the Tomsk provincial gendarme department was created, subordinate to the head of the Siberian gendarme district, the headquarters of the gendarme corps and the Police Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. The department was in charge of the affairs of the political police: it conducted a search and inquiry on political matters, overt and covert supervision, and the fight against foreign espionage. In 1883, in the Tomsk and Tobolsk provinces, special positions of officials for peasant affairs and district presences for peasant affairs were established, which were entrusted with the general "supervision of the public administration of rural inhabitants." On the ground - in volosts - volost boards were created, elected by volost gatherings of peasants, headed by volost foremen. In villages and villages, important issues were decided by the village meeting. Before the reform, the administration of urban settlements was headed by city dwellers, in the post-reform period, by police chiefs. The latter were subordinate to bailiffs and private bailiffs who controlled order in certain parts of the city. The religious life of the region was administered by the Tomsk Spiritual Consistory, opened in 1834. By the end of the 19th century, there were about 250 churches, chapels and prayer houses in Kuzbass. In the conditions of growing capitalist tendencies, the urban settlements of Kuzbass developed. Mariinsk and Kuznetsk had the status of such. Mariinsk was also a convenient place for trade, being on the Moscow-Siberian highway. In 1862, there were just over 500 houses and 3,671 inhabitants in Mariinsk. In 1876, the city had 6,547 inhabitants. According to the 1897 census, the city already had 8,125 inhabitants. In 1876, the so-called city self-government was introduced in Mariinsk. Of the Kuzbass settlements, it was the only one that had the right to elect its own city duma by status. The essence of city self-government consisted in the complete self-sufficiency of city needs from its own budget. The profitable part of the city's budget consisted of: fees from real estate, from commercial crafts, patents, from horses and carriages, duties of various names, private donations, all kinds of administrative fines and penalties. Expenditure items of the city budget: the maintenance of government institutions, the staff of the Duma, heating and lighting of city administrative premises, including prisons, the maintenance of the city police. Kuznetsk, unlike Mariinsk, was away from the Great Siberian Highway, factories and mines. Its population grew slowly. In 1858 it was 1,655, in 1877 - 3,051, in 1897 - 3,117 inhabitants. Most of the population of the city was engaged in agriculture, mainly cattle breeding. There were almost no industrial workers. Fairs did not exist, bazaars were once a week. Trade was carried out in goods of peasant production and, to a lesser extent, in industrial items brought from the Irbit Fair. Kuznetsk merchants purchased furs, leather, oil, lard, wax, honey from peasants and foreigners in the district and sent them to the Irbit Fair. High Representative state power on the territory of the Kuznetsk district there was a district police officer who lived in Kuznetsk with district police officers subordinate to him. In the city itself, power was sent by the city government, elected by the assembly of householders, consisting of 10 people, headed by the city headman.

The development of culture in the post-reform period. Culturally, Kuzbass was a backward outskirts. By 1889, only two mining schools remained in the Kuznetsk district - in Guryevsk and Salair with 150 students. Wealthy peasants sometimes hired private teachers for their children. In 1884, the government officially placed the elementary school under the control of the clergy. The Synod received funds for their upkeep. By 1888, 23 such schools had opened in the Kuznetsk District. The training was based on the Law of God and the elements of literacy: letters and accounts. In Mariinsk, medical assistance to the population was provided by the so-called charitable institution with a seven-bed hospital ward. In Kuznetsk, there was a county and two parish schools (male and female), where six lessons of the law of God were given a week. Medical care was provided (at the end of the century) by two doctors, one paramedic, and three midwives. In the national regions (Gornaya Shoria), the Russian Orthodox Church carried out cultural work through missionary work - propaganda, explanatory, liturgical activities aimed at spreading Christianity among the local population. In 1882, the first public library in Kuzbass was opened in Salair. Medium educational institutions in the Kuznetsk and Mariinsky districts of that time did not exist. In 1889, 305 newspapers and magazines were subscribed to the entire Kuznetsk district.

Construction of the Trans-Siberianhighways. A significant factor that influenced the development of Kuzbass was the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway through its territory. In the course of surveys and construction of the highway along the route and in the adjacent area, extensive geological studies were carried out. Nikolai Georgievich Garin-Mikhailovsky was appointed head of the survey party in the West Siberian sector. He is credited with determining the shortest road distance, with minimal slopes. On February 10, 1893, the Committee of the Siberian Railway determined the direction of the Central Siberian Railway south of Tomsk from the Ob to Irkutsk - through Mariinsk, along the northern territories of Kuzbass. The road was built at an accelerated pace. Already in 1895, the movement of trains along the West Siberian line to the Ob began. And in the summer of 1893, the builders moved from the Ob to the east through the Kuzbass. The builders included the peasant poor, expelled by need from the village, exiled settlers, yesterday's prospectors of the Mariinsky taiga, and indigenous Siberians. Within the boundaries of Kuzbass, the builders faced the age-old taiga. One of the stations was named so - Taiga. All metal products, from rails to nails, were imported from European Russia. The construction site did not know any machines or mechanisms. Thousands of workers dug the soil with shovels, chiseled the rocks with picks, and removed the earth with wheelbarrows. On February 15, 1897, temporary traffic was opened from the Ob station to Krasnoyarsk. And the next year, regular train traffic began along the Central Siberian Railway. Thus, in just ten years, from 1891 to 1900, the Great Siberian Railway was basically built and put into operation. The construction of the railway, its need for fuel led to the development of the coal industry in Kuzbass. The difficulty was only in the absence of a road for the export of coal to the main line. With the launch of the railway line, the interest in the development of coal on the part of private industrialists increased. One after another, mines with a small cross section were laid. Almost simultaneously with the Sudzhensky mines in 1898, the state-owned Anzhersk mines were opened. Both the Anzhersk and the Sudzhensky mines produced coal in a predatory way. A lot of coal was thrown in the pillars. We tried to spend as little time as possible on the enrichment of the rock. Gold mining remained even more profitable business. At the beginning of the 20th century, the gold industry began to move from the manufacturing stage to the stage of machine industry. The opening of railway traffic caused an increase in migration to Siberia. In 1895-1905, six times more settlers arrived here than in the previous 25 years. From 1895 to 1900, grain transportation along the Siberian Railway increased from 603,000 poods to 18,145,000. The villages adjacent to the highway were expanding. The consequence of the economic processes of the 90s was the formation of a significant detachment of the working class in Kuzbass. The largest number of workers was concentrated in the coal mines and at the Taiga railway station.

8. Kuzbass during the years of revolutions and the Civil War

Kuzbass during the First Russianrevolution. Overwork and the lack of basic living conditions caused hatred and anger among the workers. Railway workers and miners of Kuzbass responded with meetings of workers' solidarity to the events in the capital on January 9, 1905 (Bloody Sunday - the dispersal of a peaceful procession of St. Petersburg workers to Winter Palace, which had the goal of handing over to Tsar Nicholas II a collective Petition on working needs). A one-day political strike was held at the Taiga station. In the spring of 1905 there were unrest among the Anger miners. Fearing for the fate of fuel supplies, the government declared the Anzhersk and Sudzhensky mines under martial law. In August 1905, the All-Siberian railway strike took place. In October 1905, the workers of the Siberian Railway took part in the All-Russian political strike. On October 21, a telegram from the Ministry of Railways was sent to the chiefs of the roads with proposals for improving the financial situation of the railway workers in the event of an end to the strike. On October 23, the movement of trains on the Siberian Railway was partially resumed. On December 7, the Siberian road (and earlier than others, the Taiga) again joined the general political strike, which in a number of places (Krasnoyarsk, Chita) grew into an armed uprising. The Siberian road remained under martial law until February 1912. Two punitive expeditions were sent to Siberia: from Moscow, at the same time from Omsk, detachments of the gendarme colonel Syropyatov moved along the railway line. In 1906-1907, there was a decline in workers' strikes and an intensification of peasant uprisings: "forest riots", felling cabinet forests, refusal to pay taxes. However, events forced Nicholas II to go on a large-scale agrarian reform, which was inspired by P. A. Stolypin. The lands were transferred to the settlers, and the rights to their bowels were retained by the Cabinet, to which the state treasury was obliged to pay 22 kopecks for every tithe of land ceded by the tsar for 49 years. After 1910, the influx of immigrants declined. The reasons for this were: the industrial boom of 1909-1914, which swallowed up free laborers, the growth of return migration from Siberia, and the crop failure of 1911. In the Kuznetsk and Mariinsky districts, from 1908 to 1914, the sown area increased from 261 thousand acres to 443 thousand acres. Butter production increased sharply. The growth of resettlement, the development of the agricultural sector stimulated the rise of the Siberian industry. Gradually, mechanization and concentration of gold mining took place. Small mines began to close due to unprofitability. In 1912, a large joint-stock company of the Kuznetsk coal mines "Kopikuz" arose. It sought to monopolize coal mining and the production of ferrous metals in Western Siberia. The share of Kuzbass in the all-Russian coal production rose from 0.5 percent in 1890 to 3 percent in 1913. By 1914, agriculture and the coal industry of Kuzbass were on the rise.

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It is located in the south of the Asian part of Russia. It is part of the Siberian Federal District. The area is 95.7 thousand km2. The population is 2823.5 thousand people (2008; 2786.0 thousand people in 1959; 3176.3 thousand people in 1989). The administrative center is the city of Kemerovo. Administrative-territorial division: 19 districts, 20 cities, 23 urban-type settlements.

The oldest archaeological sites on the territory of the Kemerovo region belong to the Lower Paleolithic (a site and a workshop in the area of ​​the Mokhovo coal mine; about 400 thousand years ago). In the upper paleo-li-te, most of the Kuznetsk-Salair mountain region has been developed; the camps of hunters during the last (Sartan) glaciation were located on the high banks of the rivers Tom, Kondoma, Kiya (the earliest - Shestakovskaya, more than 20 thousand years ago). For monuments of me-zo-li-ta ti-pich-ny tools on micro-ro-pla-stin-kah (sto-yan-ka on Lake Bolshoy Ber-chi-kul, etc.). In the Neolithic, almost the entire territory of the Kemerovo region was part of the zone of the Kuznetsk-Altai culture.

During the transition to the Early Metal Age, Neolithic traditions were preserved, and an increase in the role of fishing was noted. At the turn of the 4th-3rd millennium BC, the forest-steppe of the Kuznetsk basin was occupied by the Bolshoi Mys culture (more than 40 dwellings were studied in the settlement near Lake Tanai). The developed Bronze Age is represented by the Samus culture, which bordered on the Okunev culture in the northeast. In the middle of the 2nd millennium BC, they were replaced by the Andronovo culture (burials in log cabins made of larch were studied in the Kemerovo region). Partly with its traditions, the formation of the Korchazhkin culture in the Kuznetsk basin is connected, the Mariinsky forest-steppe was part of the zone of the “andronoid” Elov culture (see the article Elov-ka). At the end of the Bronze Age, with the interaction of these traditions, the Irmen culture was formed, and at the turn of the Early Iron Age, migrants from the Middle Ob region appeared.

In the early Iron Age, the Bolsherechenskaya culture, which developed on the basis of local and alien traditions, was widespread in the Upper Ob region; the forest-steppe in the north of the modern Kemerovo region from the turn of the 6th-5th centuries BC was part of the zone of the Tagar culture. AT III-II centuries BC, carriers of the Kulai culture advanced from the Middle Ob region, occupying territories along the Tom River up to Mountain Shoria; this cultural tradition was preserved in the 1st half of the 1st millennium AD in the Upper Tom region and foothill regions. To the north, development took place with the participation of the population of the Tashtyk culture.

On the site of the modern city there was a village, with its almost three hundred years of biography dating back to the history of the development of Siberia. In 1701, in the geographical atlas of Siberia, compiled by the Tobolsk historian and geographer Semyon Ustinovich Remizov, the “Drawing of the land of the Tomsk city” indicated the Sheglovo settlement at the confluence of the Nameless River (Iskitimka) with Tom.

The history of many cities is calculated for centuries and millennia. In the life of a city, 80 years is a short period. But it was during this short period of time, on the site of the provincial and little-known village of Shcheglov, that a modern city, a large industrial and cultural center of our country, the administrative center of the Kuznetsk land, was erected.

From a provincial village, where there was not a single children's institution and a center of culture, where the only parochial school eked out a miserable existence, and every second was illiterate to the city with high level culture, where every fourth citizen of the city studies in universities, secondary specialized educational institutions and secondary schools - such are the successes in the development of the city of Kemerovo.

On the site of the modern city there was a village, with its almost three hundred years of biography dating back to the history of the development of Siberia. In 1701, in the geographical atlas of Siberia, compiled by the Tobolsk historian and geographer Semyon Ustinovich Remizov, the “Drawing of the land of the Tomsk city” indicated the Sheglovo settlement at the confluence of the Nameless River (Iskitimka) with Tom. In 1721, the Russian explorer, the Cossack son Mikhailo Volkov, rising on a plow upstream the Tom at the one hundred and twentieth line from Tomsk, discovered a three-sazhen coal seam at the very edge of the water. He sent pieces of coal to the Moscow Berg Collegium.

So the Kuznetsk "Flaming Stone" was discovered. But it took the Tsarist government almost 200 years to begin the development of Kuznetsk coals. Although there should not have been any big problems with the development and operation of the mine. Here, no expenses were required for the construction of the road - Tom opened the way for coal to the Ob, Irtysh, and up to the Urals, where fuel hunger is already acutely felt. It was here, in the area of ​​the small village of Shcheglova on the left bank and Kemerovo on the right bank, that the first mines were laid.

Here, in these mines, the first Bolshevik cells appeared. And on November 24, 1917, the Council of Workers' Deputies of the Kemerovo mine and coking plant took power into their own hands.

From the very first days of the establishment of Soviet power on the territory of Kuzbass, it became obvious that the old petty-bourgeois city of Kuznetsk, hundreds of kilometers away from the Kemerovo and Kolchuginsky mines and a densely populated agricultural region, would not have the necessary impact on the transformation of life.

On March 30, 1918, the Tomsk provincial executive committee decided to form a new county. The formed county became known as Shcheglovsky and was formed from the village. Shcheglov, Verkhotomsk volost, to the county town of Shcheglov.

Already in 1921, the rise of coal mining began in Kuzbass. This allowed him to take a leading place in the next five years in creating the base for coke production. In the summer of 1921, an initiative group of American workers headed by the Dutch communist engineer S. Rutgers and the American communist B. Haywood turned to Soviet government with a proposal to create a colony of foreign workers and specialists in the Kuzbass. On June 28, 1921, S. Rutgers, accompanied by T. Barker, B. Haywood, G. Calvert and B. Kornblit, left for Kuzbass.

Encouraged by the consciousness of their international duty, the colonists brought a living creativity into the economic life of the young city.

Autumn. In 1924, the Kuznetsk and Shcheglovsky counties were separated from the Tomsk province and transformed into a separate Kuznetsk district, the administrative center of which was Shcheglovsk.

With the development of industrial construction, the city begins to grow. In June 1930, a session of the City Council considered a draft plan for the layout of Shcheglovsk. The city was designed for 130 thousand inhabitants. When considering the project, the question arose about the name of the city. Citizens took an active part in the discussion of this issue. Everyone unanimously agreed that the name of the former trading village of Shcheglov has no direct historical connection with the city, based on the extraction and processing of coal. Therefore, the City Council applied to the Presidium of the West Siberian Regional Executive Committee with a request to rename Shcheglovsk into the city of Kemerovo.

And just nine years later, the city spread alarming news. War…

In the first days of the war, hundreds of Kemerovo residents put on soldier's greatcoats and went to the front. The first of the Kemerovo countrymen who took part in the battle with the Nazi hordes were soldiers and officers of the 681st regiment of the 133rd division. Almost all commanders here were from Kemerovo. A young Kemerovo resident, a former excellent student of the 12th secondary school, Vera Voloshina, was caught by the war within the walls of the Moscow Trade Institute. While performing a combat mission in November 1941, she was captured by the Nazis and executed. Kemerovo residents cherish the memory of V. Voloshina - the former city Palace of Pioneers, the park and the school where she studied are named after her.

On January 26, 1943, by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Kuzbass industrial region is separated into an independent region. Kemerovo becomes the administrative center of the Kemerovo region.

The war found Kemerovo wooden, one-story, with dirty, unimproved streets and swampy wastelands. The residential area consisted of barracks and covered the left-bank part - from the coking plant to the Iskitimka river. Several capital buildings on the Pritomsky site, eight four-story school buildings, the Palace of Labor and the Moscow cinema were the decoration of the city. In the pre-war and war years, Kemerovo was built up without a master plan, although an attempt was made to develop it in the 1930s. In 1947-1951, a general plan was drawn up, according to which the city was built up until the end of the 60s. According to this plan, the rapid development of the city, its residential area in the Zaiskitim part of the city was envisaged. In the 1970s and 1980s, the city continued to expand its buildings. On April 27, 1979, in the Leninsky district, the laying of the Shalgotaryan microdistrict took place. The new microdistrict was distinguished by an extraordinary novelty of planning - high-rise buildings were faced with ceramic tiles, and commercial and domestic outlets were taken out into the insets between the houses. Currently, the construction of housing and social and cultural facilities is intensively developing in the city. The recently erected temple complex of the Kemerovo Orthodox diocese has no analogues in Siberia.

Currently, Kemerovo is one of the largest industrial centers in the east of Russia, a city of energy, mechanical engineering, and chemistry.

There is an old saying - "whatever the city, then the burrows." It definitely suits Kemerovo too. His biography, his problems, his own story, which is still largely unwritten.

Russian Civilization

Chronology of events

D. V. Katsyuba

(From the book: D. V. Katsyuba. History of Kuzbass. Kemerovo, 1983)

1618 The Kuznetsk prison was built.

1721 Mikhailo Volkov discovered coal deposits in our basin.

1771 The Tomsk Iron Works began to operate.

1795 The Gavrilovsky silver-smelting plant was put into operation.

1816 The Guryev plant was put into operation.

1851 The first coal mine in Kuzbass began to work- Batatskaya.

1857 The village of Kiyskoye was transformed into the district town of Mariinsk.

1891 Start of construction of the Siberian railway.

1905 Under direction. S. M. Kirov, a Bolshevik organization was created at the Taiga station.

1905, August. S. M. Kirov and I. V. Pisarev set up a strike committee at the Taiga station.

1905 October. The strike of the railway workers of the Taiga station, Mariinsk and the miners of the Anzhersk mines.

1905 November The first congress of railwaymen of Siberia took place in Taiga.

1905 V. V. Kuibyshev lived in the city of Kuznetsk.

1908-1919 One of the organizers of the "Northern Union of Russian Workers" VP Obnorsky lived in Kuznetsk.

1912 Kopikuz is formed.

1914 In Mariinsk, Kuznetsk and in a number of villages of Kuzbass, spontaneous unrest of the mobilized broke out.

1914 Strike at the Mariinsky gold mines.

1915; Start of construction of the Kemerovo coke-chemical plant.

1917 December. The Third Congress of Soviets of Western Siberia took place in Omsk.

1917, November-1918, January. The transfer of power into the hands of the Soviets in the main working areas of Kuzbass.

May 25, 1918 The beginning of the counter-revolutionary rebellion of the Czechoslovak corps.

1918 May 28 - August 10 The legendary campaign of the Red Guard detachment of P.F. Sukhov.

1919, from 1 to 2 December. Armed uprising of the Kuznetsk garrison.

1921 The Kolchuginsky railway was put into operation.

1922 AIK "Kuzbass" was founded.

1924 Angers craftsmen F. E. Polonyankin and F. K. Tsyplyaev made a wreath of coal for the coffin of V. I. Lenin.

March 1924 The Kemerovo Coke and Chemical Plant was put into operation. 1927, September. Beginning of socialist competition between Donbass and Kuzbass.

March 1929 The first shock brigade in Kuzbass was created in Prokopyevsk. Its organizer- Komsomol miner Z. Begansky.

1929 Start of construction of KMK. A competition agreement was signed between the builders of the Kuznetsk and Magnitogorsk plants.

1931 The Belovsky Zinc Plant was put into operation.

1932 The Siberian Metallurgical Institute was opened in Novokuznetsk.

1932 KMK entered into operation operating enterprises. The first coke, cast iron, steel, and rolled products were obtained.

1933 The first tram line in Siberia was commissioned in Novokuznetsk.

1934 The Kemerovo State District Power Plant was put into operation.

1937 The first electrified section of the railway Belovo - Novokuznetsk in Siberia was put into operation.

1938 The Kemerovo nitrogen-fertilizer plant was launched.

January 29, 1942 Kuzbass residents I. S. Gerasimenko, L. L. Cheremnov, L. S. Krasilov accomplished an immortal feat.

January 26, 1943 By decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Kemerovo Region was formed.

1943 Aluminum and ferroalloy plants were put into operation in Novokuznetsk.

1948 The first Krasnobrodsky coal mine in Kuzbass was put into operation.

1949 Construction of the Novokemerovsk chemical plant began.

1951 Yuzhno-Kuzbasskaya GRES gave the first current.

1955 Ya. Ya. Gumennik, a mechanic at the Baydaevskaya mine, created a tunneling machine.

1956 Novokemerovo chemical plant produced the first products.

1958 The first block of the Tomusinskaya GRES was put into operation.

1958 The brigades of V. Rezvantsev, B. Shushpannikov, V. Markov, A. Shuvarikov were awarded the honorary title of the collective of communist labor.

1960 Mine "Polysaevskaya-2"- the first enterprise of communist labor in Kuzbass.

1966 The Biryulinskaya-1 mine of the Severo-Baidaevskaya and Gramoteinskaya-3-4 hydraulic mines was put into operation.

1966 The first products were produced by the Topkinsky Cement Plant.

February 1, 1967 The Kemerovo Region was awarded the Order of Lenin.

April 22, 1967 In Kemerovo, on the square of the Soviets, a solemn laying of a monument to V.I. Lenin took place.

1968 A monument to Mikhail Volkov was unveiled in the regional center- the discoverer of Kuznetsk coal.

1968 On the eve of the 50th anniversary of the Komsomol, the Novokuznetsk Komsomol organization was awarded the Order of Lenin.

1968 December For the first time in Siberia, converter steel was obtained at Zapsib.

December 31, 1970 The Kemerovo Region was awarded the second Order of Lenin.

1973 The 2nd BOF complex at Zapsib was put into operation.

1974 The first stage of the Raspadskaya giant mine was put into operation.

1975 The second stage of the Raspadskaya giant mine was put into operation.

March 1977 Tomusinskaya GRES was awarded the honorary title of the collective of communist labor.

April 1977 An honorary member of the club named after Pasha Angelina was the tractor driver of the May 1 collective farm of the Leninsk-Kuznetsk district V.V. Mordakina.

1977, October. Chemical product of the Kemerovo association "Azot"- caprolactam was awarded the Quality Mark.

November 21, 1977 Came to Kemerovo natural gas Samotlor. The 950-kilometer route of the gas pipeline Nizhnevartovsk - Kuzbass was put into operation.

December 29, 1977 The third stage of the Raspadskaya mine was put into operation.

February 10, 1978 The miners of Kuzbass produced the three billionth ton of coal during the years of Soviet power.

1979, January. The Kemerovo production association "Azot" launched the operation of the country's first automated air pollution control system.

July 9, 1979 KMK steelmakers have smelted the 200 millionth ton of steel since the plant was launched in 1932.

1979, August. Three millionth vacuum cleaner "Buran"- came off the assembly line of the Prokopyevsk Electromashina plant.

1979 October 1st The fifth coke oven battery of the Kemerovo Coke and Chemical Plant produced its first products. Its capacity is 1 million tons of coke per year.

November 1979 Belovskaya GRES was awarded the high title of an enterprise of communist labor.

1979 December. In the city of Yurga, a monument to the memory of the fallen heroes of the civil war was opened.

December 17, 1980 From the face of the Nagornaya mine, where the team of the Hero of Socialist Labor E. I. Drozdetsky works, 5580 tons of coal were issued. This is a new record for daily slaughter performance.

February 1980 In the village of Kuzedeevo, Novokuznetsk district, a folk museum of arts and local history has been opened.

March 1980 The team of V. S. Kostin from the mine "Ziminka" of the Prokopevsky mine produced 33,116 tons of coal in 31 working days. This is a new all-Union record for shield face productivity.

June 26, 1980 The Nagornaya mine of the Hydrougol production association was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor.

July 1980 In the city of Mezhdurechensk, a museum of local lore was opened. 1980, August. The steel wire workshop of Zapsib was put into operation, capable of producing 400 thousand tons of wire products per year.

December 30, 1980 KMK electric arc furnace shop No. 2 was put into operation.

January 1, 1981 The first issue of the newspaper "Railwayman of Kuzbass" was published.

June 26, 1981 The city of Prokopyevsk in honor of its 50th anniversary was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor.

1981 July 1 The city of Novokuznetsk on the day of its 50th anniversary was awarded the Order of the October Revolution.

July 1981 At the Kemerovo chemical fiber plant, the first pilot batch of a new cord fabric, necessary for the manufacture of tires, was received.

November 1981 The second stage of one of the country's largest pig-breeding complexes was put into operation at the Chistogorsky state farm in the Novokuznetsk region.

December 20, 1981 The team of P. I. Frolov from the Raspadskaya mine has extracted 1 million tons of coal since the beginning of the year. The team of the Hero of Socialist Labor M. N. Reshetnikov from the Zyryanovskaya mine achieved the same success.

April 1982 50 years have passed since the first smelting at the Kuznetsk Iron and Steel Works.

For half a century, the country's national economy has received 141 million tons of pig iron, 165 million tons of steel and 122 million tons of rolled products. The team of metallurgists brought up 25 Heroes of Socialist Labor and 42 laureates of the State Prize. The glorious labor banner of the KMK named after V.I. Lenin is decorated with four orders.

In connection with the anniversary of the plant, 377 metallurgists and miners of the Sibrud production association were awarded orders and medals.

June 12, 1982 The staff of the Yashkinsky cement and slate plant celebrated the 70th anniversary of the enterprise.

June 1982 The 150th anniversary of the oldest gold mine in Kuzbass "Berikulsky".

1982, August. The staff of the Anzherskaya mine celebrated the 75th anniversary of their enterprise.

January 26, 1983 40 years have passed since the formation of the Kemerovo region.

March 21, 1983 Hero of Socialist Labor Egor Ivanovich Drozdetsky, the foreman of the mining slaughter of the Nagornaya mine (Hydrougol production association), was awarded the Order of Lenin and the second gold medal "Hammer and Sickle". He became the first twice Hero of Socialist Labor in Kuzbass.