Religion of Kievan Rus in the 9th-12th centuries. Kievan Rus (IX-XII centuries)

landscaping 22.09.2019

Eastern Slavs in antiquity. Emergence of the state Kievan Rus.

Views on the origin of the Slavs. The origin of the Slavs is one of the most controversial issues in historical science. Briefly, the essence of the disputes can be reduced to two points: 1) the Slavs are the indigenous population of Eastern Europe, leading their origin from the earliest stages of the formation of the Indo-European community; 2) the Slavs appeared as a result of a mixture of various ethnic elements at the turn new era and do not have any single root, that is, the basis of the Slavic community is polyethnic. This question has not yet been resolved in science.

But obviously, it would be too bold to say that the Slavs do not have a single ethnic root. However, on the other hand, the presence of such a root does not negate the enormous role of other peoples in the Slavic ethnogenesis. Most likely, the formation of a new ethnic and political map Europe (in the 6th-8th centuries), is best explained by talking about the migration of many tribes, the "Great Migration of Peoples", perhaps the migration of the Slavs was facilitated by shifts in the development of tools, the decomposition of the tribal system and the separation of the nobility. The settlement of the Slavs took place in three main directions: to the south - to the Balkan peninsula; to the west; east and north along the East European Plain. Accordingly, there was a division of the Slavs into three branches - southern( Bulgarians, Serbs...) western( Poles, Czechs, Slovaks) and eastern ( Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians). In the course of settlement among the Slavs, the tribal system was decomposed. In the VI-VIII centuries, as a result of the crushing and mixing of tribes, new Slavic communities were formed, which were no longer consanguineous in nature, but rather territorial and political. The ancient Slavs were united by paganism, polytheism, agriculture

In general, we can say that by the end of the 9th century, the Eastern Slavs were already on the verge of statehood. The question was what kind of state would this be, what tribe or union of tribes would become the center of the East Slavic world and begin to subjugate others. It was also possible that several states could arise on the territory of Eastern Europe, as happened with the Western and Southern Slavs.

The prerequisites for the formation of the Old Russian state were:

1. The development of the productive forces of Vostokoslav. Tribes

2. Formation of the neighborhood community

3. Development of trade, including international

4. Increasing wealth inequality

5. Emergence of the control system

6. The presence of unions of Slavic tribes

7. Allocation of tribal nobility

The process of state formation Eastern Slavs has been going on since the beginning of the 9th century. Since the 30s, it has been known about the existence of two centers of statehood - in the south - Kiev, in the north - Novgorod. The first chronicle evidence speaks of 862, when the Novgorodians sent the Varangian ruler Rurik in order to protect themselves from foreigners. These data served as the basis for the "Norman theory" of the origin of the Russian state.

Based on the text of the chronicle "The Tale of Bygone Years", the history Kiev state usually divided into two periods. First- this is the time of a long "gathering" of lands. It has been going on since the 80s. 9th century to the end of the 10th century. The Kiev prince Oleg (882-912), according to the Tale of Bygone Years, conquers the streets, Tivertsy, Drevlyans. The son of Igor and Olga, Prince Svyatoslav (964-972) conquers the Vyatichi. Finally, under Vladimir I (980-1015), the Radimichi and Vyatichi were finally conquered. Second period- this is the time of the existence of a single Kiev state, from the time of Vladimir I until the end of the 20s of the XII century, when it broke up into independent principalities.

States of Kievan Rus in the 9th - early 12th centuries: features of economic and socio-political development. Acceptance of Christianity in Russia.

At the head of the Kievan state was a prince, who was called the Grand Duke; princes dependent on him ruled locally. Grand Duke was not an autocrat; most likely, he was the first among equals. The Grand Duke ruled on behalf of his closest relatives and inner circle - a large boyars, formed from the top of the prince's squad and the nobility of Kiev. The title of the Grand Duke was inherited in the Rurik family. Traditionally, power was transferred not only to direct heirs, but also to members of the clan. So, Prince Oleg, according to legend, was not the son, but the nephew of Rurik. However, the sons of the Grand Duke of Kiev were the primary heirs and contenders for the role of princes in the local principalities. After the death of the Grand Duke, the throne of Kiev was occupied by the eldest son, and after his death, the rest of the sons took turns. This horizontal principle inheritance of power. However, the Kiev throne of the brothers in turn could take only three elders. Younger brothers were equal in rights to the children of older ones. Inheritance was not familial, but generic. The number of reigns corresponded to the number of members of the clan. With an increase in their number, new principalities emerged due to the fragmentation of the former ones.

V state structure Kievan Rus, along with the monarchical branch of power, there was also democratic, "parliamentary" branch - veche. The entire population took part in the meeting, except for the slaves; there were cases when the veche concluded an agreement with the prince, a “row”. Sometimes the princes were forced to swear allegiance to the veche, especially in Novgorod. main force on which power rested, there was an army. It consisted of two parts: from the princely squad and militia.

The squad formed the basis of the army.

In addition to the squad and the people's militia, the troops of neighbors were sometimes involved in the conduct of hostilities -

Since the emergence of Kievan Rus, a system of customary law has also appeared. Essence of statutes customary law are: blood for blood, or payment for murder; payment in case of beatings; the right to inherit and dispose of property; theft and search laws, etc.

Princess Olga and Prince Vladimir issued their own laws. Under Olga, the collection of tribute was streamlined, laws were adopted to guide administrative activities; Prince Vladimir, apparently in order to replenish the state treasury, tried to introduce fines for murder. However, the custom of blood feud was ancient tradition, and Vladimir's attempt ended in failure. The first written code of laws "Russian Truth", created by Yaroslav the Wise. Russkaya Pravda regulated public relations. It included 18 articles and was entirely devoted to criminal law.

The "Pravda" of Yaroslav the Wise in the second half of the 11th century was supplemented by the prince's successors. By the twelfth century, the appearance "Spread Truth".

Russkaya Pravda provided for punishment for beatings, mutilation, harboring a runaway slave, damage to weapons and clothes. The death penalty as a measure of punishment for the crime was not provided. For serious crimes, all the property of the perpetrator was confiscated, expelled from the community or deprived of liberty.

Russkaya Pravda speaks of various social classes of that time. Most The population was made up of free community members - "people", or simply "people". They united in a rural community - "rope". Verv had a certain territory, separate economically independent families stood out in it. The second large group of the population is smerds; it was a non-free or semi-free population of princely possession. The third group of the population are slaves. "Russian Truth" shows the slaves completely disenfranchised. Slavery was of two types - complete and incomplete. Sources of complete slavery: captivity, self-sale into slavery, marriage to a slave or marriage to a slave, etc. Part-time slaves, “purchases”, appeared in the 12th century. A purchase is a bankrupt community member who has gone into debt bondage for a certain loan (kupa). He worked as a servant or in the field. Zakup was deprived of his personal freedom, but he kept his own household, and he could redeem himself.

A fairly large group of the population of Russia were artisans and merchants. Growing cities became centers for the development of crafts and trade. By the XII century, there were over 60 craft specialties; Russian artisans produced more than 150 types of iron products.

The most important condition functioning of the state are taxes. In Kievan Rus, they acted in the form of collecting tribute (products Agriculture, crafts and money). Tribute was laid out in graveyards and collected from the "smoke" - the yard, "ral" - the plow, that is, from individual peasant farms. In this regard, churchyards, as settlements of neighboring communities, acquire a new meaning - administrative-fiscal districts. With the name of Princess Olga, the chronicle connects the holding in 946-947. a number of measures aimed at strengthening princely power within rural areas: the rationing of duties that received a regular character, the arrangement of churchyards as permanent centers for collecting tribute.

Adoption of Christianity appeared important step in the history of Kievan Rus. The main reason that led Vladimir to take such a bold decision as the rejection of the traditional Slavic faith was the change in many aspects of the life of Russia since the formation of the state. First, an attempt was made to reform the traditional religion: the princely retinue god Perun was placed at the head of the pantheon. But the population did not support this undertaking, since Perun, in his view, could not compete with such powerful deities as Svarog or Dazhdbog. In addition, in the squad of the prince himself there were many representatives of other peoples, for whom any Slavic god was alien and incomprehensible. In addition, the attitude of neighbors towards the pagan state was far from recognizing it as an equal partner, especially for Byzantium. Actually, after the decision was made to abandon the pagan faith, the question of which religion to adopt did not arise. It is clear that this must have been Christianity of the Byzantine type. Princess Olga was baptized in Constantinople, there were many Christians among his warriors, there were Christian churches in Kiev, and Orthodoxy was not an absolutely unfamiliar faith for the Eastern Slavs. In addition, it was Byzantium that was the state with which contacts were of the greatest value for Ancient Russia. The adoption of Christianity in Russia was of great importance. Christianity forced to eat a lot of vegetables, therefore, gardening was improved. Christianity influenced the development of handicrafts, and the techniques of laying walls, erecting domes, mosaics, etc. were also adopted. Stone architecture, frescoes, iconography also appeared in Russia thanks to Christianity. Many temples were built (There were about 400 temples in Kiev, and not one of them copied the other). Russia received two alphabets: Glagolitic and Cyrillic, which contributed to the spread of literacy.

3).Rus during the period feudal fragmentation(XII - XV centuries). Features of the development of the Novgorod land.

Time from the beginning of the KhP to the end of the 15th century. traditionally called the specific period. Indeed, about 15 principalities and lands formed on the basis of Kievan Rus by the middle of the 12th century, about 50 principalities by the beginning of the 13th century, and approximately 250 in the 14th century.

Reasons for fragmentation. The rise of the economy of the Kievan state took place against the background of the continued expansion of its territory due to the further development of the East European Plain. The separation of individual principalities, the process of their isolation within the framework of the Kievan state, had been prepared for a long time. Political fragmentation has become new form organization of Russian statehood in the context of the development of the country's territory and its further development in an ascending line. Arable farming has spread everywhere. Tools of labor were improved: archaeologists count more than 40 types of metal tools used in the economy. Even on the most remote outskirts of the Kievan state, boyar estates developed. An indicator of economic recovery was the growth in the number of cities . In Russia, on the eve of the Mongol invasion, there were about 300 cities - centers of highly developed crafts, trade, and culture. The princely and boyar estates, as well as the peasant communities that paid taxes to the state, had a natural character. They sought to satisfy their needs as much as possible at the expense of internal resources. Their links with the market were very weak and irregular. The dominance of subsistence economy opened up to each region the opportunity to separate from the center and exist as an independent land or principality. Further economic development of individual lands and principalities led to inevitable social conflicts. To resolve them, a strong local government was needed. Local boyars, relying on the military power of their prince, no longer wanted to depend on the central government in Kiev. The main force of the disunity process was the boyars. Based on his power, the local princes managed to establish their power in every land. However, later inevitable contradictions arose between the strengthened boyars and local princes, the struggle for influence and power. In different land-states, it was resolved in different ways. For example, in Novgorod, and later in Pskov, boyar republics were established. In other lands, where the princes suppressed the separatism of the boyars, power was established in the form of a monarchy. The order of occupation of thrones that existed in Kievan Rus, depending on seniority in princely family created an atmosphere of instability, uncertainty, which prevented further development Russia, new forms of political organization of the state were needed, taking into account the existing correlation of economic and political forces. Such a new form of state-political organization was political fragmentation, which replaced the early feudal monarchy. Fragmentation is a natural stage in the development of Ancient Russia.

As a result, a dozen independent principalities and lands were formed, the borders of which were formed within the framework of the Kievan state as the boundaries of destinies, volosts, where local dynasties ruled. The title of the Grand Duke was now called not only Kiev, but also the princes of other Russian lands. Political fragmentation did not mean a rupture of ties between the Russian lands, did not lead to their complete disunity. This is evidenced by a single religion and church organization, a single language, the legal norms of "Russian Truth" that were in force in all lands.

In each of the lands, its own dynasty ruled - one of the branches of the Rurikovich. The sons of the prince and the boyars-deputies ruled the local destinies. Civil strife both within the individual branches of the princes of the Rurik house, and between individual lands largely determine political history period of specific fragmentation.

There was a great deal of originality political structure Novgorod. Unlike many neighboring lands, Novgorod, for various reasons, did not establish its own princely dynasty, but rather a feudal one. boyar republic. The veche, a people's assembly, in which all adult Novgorodians could participate, had the supreme power in the city. At the veche, a posadnik was elected from among the big boyars. To help him, the veche chose the thousandth, the head of the "tychyachi" - the Novgorod militia. Tysyatsky - initially the commander of the city militia, but by the time of the independent existence of Novgorod, he performed more military-administrative functions than purely military ones. He was in charge of supplying the militia with weapons, maintaining and repairing defensive structures. Militarily, in campaigns, the tysyatsky was subordinate to the prince, whose position in Novgorod was very peculiar: the Novgorodians at the veche decided which prince to invite to the city, and this prince did not have to be a representative of the same branch of the Rurik family. The prince arrived in the city with his retinue and servants, for the maintenance of which the Novgorodians allocated funds in the form of income from some Novgorod lands and crafts, but the prince had no administrative, economic and property rights to these objects. A court was built for him outside the city area, where he handled some court cases. The main function of the prince was military leadership. During the war, the prince became the head of all armed forces republics, the backbone of which was his team. If for some reason the Novgorodians were not satisfied with the prince, then at the veche they could "show the way" from Novgorod, that is, refuse his services and call on another prince. A special role in the political life of Novgorod was played by his bishop, who dealt not only with ecclesiastical affairs. In his hands, the leadership of the foreign policy activities of the republic was concentrated: the dispatch of embassies, the preparation of diplomatic documents and treaties.

Novgorod is the only city of Ancient Russia, whose economy was focused on trading and fishing activities. The poor soils of the north-west of Russia, frequent crop failures due to weather conditions they were not allowed to rely not only on the rich, but simply on stable harvests. Hence the early desire of Novgorodians to compensate for this with other types of activity. Novgorod traded mainly in the basin Baltic Sea, was a member of the Hanseatic Maritime League of German trading cities. Novgorodian exports were furs, "fish tooth", as the walrus tusk was then called in Russia, wax, flax, honey and much more. In search of new sources of their exports, Novgorodians began moving to the north and northeast of Eastern Europe as early as the 9th century. Settlements arose quite early on the Northern Dvina and along the banks of White Sea, which gave rise to such a peculiar part of the Russian people as Pomors. They were mainly engaged in marine fishing in polar waters. Exceptional, extremely difficult navigation conditions forced the Pomors to develop their own, deeply original and unique methods of building ships and sailing in high latitudes. In the northeast, Vyatka was founded by the Novgorodians.

One of the most important foreign policy problems of Novgorod was counteracting aggression from the West, from Sweden and the German spiritual and knightly orders - the Livonian, the Sword and the Teutonic. To this end, the Novgorodians on the western border are building a number of powerful stone fortresses that serve as a shield for the city. One of the ancient settlements of Novgorod, Pskov, constantly bearing the brunt of the aggressor's blows, is also becoming independent; its political structure copies that of Novgorod.

Similar information.

The oldest chronicles connect the beginning of statehood in Russia with vocation of the Varangians(Scandinavians) - the brothers Rurik (to the Ilmen Slavs), Sineus (to the Chud and Vesi on Beloozero) and Truvor (to the Krivichi in Izborsk) with a squad. Two years later, after the death of the younger brothers, Rurik assumed all power over the tribes that called them. Leaving Ladoga for the Volkhov, he founded the city, which received the name Novgorod. As a result of wars with neighboring tribes, Rurik's power spread south to the Polochans, to the west to the Krivichi, to the northeast to Merya and Murom. Thus, the beginning of the gathering of the East Slavic lands into a single state was laid. According to legend, the two "husbands" of Rurik - Askold and Dir - went down with a retinue down the Dnieper and, stopping in Kiev, began to own the lands of the glades, who paid tribute to the Khazars.

In 879, Rurik died, leaving a young son Igor in the care of a relative Oleg, who, having made a campaign to the south, killed the Kiev princes Askold and Dir and transferred the center of his principality to Kiev. According to the chronicle, he did this in 882, and this year is considered date of formation of the ancient Russian state. Having established himself in Kiev, Oleg imposed tribute on the northern tribes, actively built cities and fortresses to establish his power in new lands and protect himself from the steppe nomads. Subsequently, Oleg (882-912) subjugates the Drevlyans, Radimichi and northerners. Igor (912-945) - streets and Tivertsy and - for the second time - Drevlyans, Svyatoslav (965-972) makes a trip to the Vyatichi, and Vladimir (978-1015) - to the Croats. By the beginning of the XI century. Russia united almost all the East Slavic tribes and turned into a large European state.

The ancient Russian state faced complex foreign policy tasks- opposition to the Byzantine expansion in the Northern Black Sea region, repelling the raids of the nomadic Pechenegs, the fight against the Khazar kingdom, which prevented the eastern trade of Russia. The struggle against the attempts of the Byzantine Empire to subjugate Russia went through several stages - sea trips to Constantinople by Prince Oleg (907), Prince Igor (941 and 944), the struggle of Prince Svyatoslav on the Danube. Especially successful was the campaign of Oleg, who took a large tribute and obtained from the emperor a trade agreement beneficial for Russia. The campaign of Prince Igor in 941 ended in failure. After the campaign of 944, a new treaty was concluded, already for less favorable conditions. In other cases, Russia acted as an ally of Byzantium. was unusually active foreign policy activity Svyatoslav. In 964-965. he conquered the Vyatichi who lived on the Oka, went to the Volga, defeated the Volga Bulgaria and, moving down the Volga, fell upon the old enemy of the Eastern Slavs - the Khazar Khaganate. The Khazar army was defeated. Svyatoslav also conquered the North Caucasian tribes of Yases (ancestors of the Ossetians) and Kasogs (ancestors of the Adyghes) and laid the foundation for the Russian Tmutarakan principality on the Taman Peninsula (Eastern Sea of Azov).

In 967, Svyatoslav changed the eastern direction its activities on Balkan. By agreement with the Byzantine emperor Nikephoros Phocas, he opposed the Bulgarian kingdom, won and settled on the lower Danube. From here he began to threaten Byzantium itself. Byzantine diplomacy managed to send the Pechenegs against Russia, who, taking advantage of the absence of the Russian prince in 968, almost took Kiev. Svyatoslav returned to Russia, defeated the Pechenegs and again returned to the Danube. Here, having concluded an alliance with the Bulgarian Tsar Boris, he began a war with Byzantium and, having crossed the Balkans, invaded Thrace. Military operations took place with varying success, but in the end Svyatoslav had to retreat back to the Danube. In 971, the new Byzantine emperor John Tzimisces went on the offensive, occupied the capital of Bulgaria, Preslav, and laid siege to Svyatoslav in Dorostol (on the right bank of the Danube). The Byzantines failed to achieve decisive success, but Svyatoslav, who had exhausted his forces, was forced to agree to the conclusion of an agreement according to which he lost all the positions he had won in the Balkans. In 972, Svyatoslav with part of the army returned to Kiev along the Dnieper. At the Dnieper rapids, the Pechenegs, bribed by Byzantine diplomats, ambushed and Svyatoslav was killed.

Relationship with Turkish-speaking Pechenegs, at the beginning of the X century. who occupied the Black Sea steppes from the Danube to the Don, were also an important part of ancient Russian foreign policy. Both the facts of allied relations of Russia with individual Pecheneg tribes (in 944 and 970 against Byzantium) and military conflicts (920, 968, 972) are known. The Pecheneg onslaught on the South Russian lands was especially strong at the end of the 10th century. Prince Vladimir of Kiev (980-1015) organized the defense of the southern borders by building watchtowers along the border rivers with the steppe - Desna, Seima, Sulya, Ros.

Reign Vladimir Svyatoslavich(980-1015) was a period of political stability of Kievan Rus, when the structure of a single early feudal state was formed, the onslaught of the Pechenegs on the southern borders was neutralized. After the death of Vladimir in 1015, a fierce struggle for power unfolded between his heirs. As a result of this struggle, in 1036 Yaroslav became the "autocrat" of the Russian land.

In 1037 the last happened major battle with the Pechenegs: they were defeated near Kiev and after that they no longer posed a danger to Russia. In 1043 Russian-Byzantine relations escalated. Yaroslav sent an army to Constantinople led by his eldest son Vladimir, Prince of Novgorod. The trip turned out to be unsuccessful Russian army was defeated by the Greek fleet.

After the death of Yaroslav in 1054, political stability remained for some time between his sons. Yaroslavichi - Prince Izyaslav of Kiev, Svyatoslav of Chernigov and Vsevolod of Pereyaslav - made up the ruling triumvirate under the leadership of the elder Izyaslav. The division of power led to the temporary emergence, along with the Kiev metropolis, of two new ones - Chernigov and Pereyaslav. In 1060, the princes succeeded in defeating the combined forces of the nomadic Torks, who were trying to take the place of the Pechenegs in the Black Sea steppes.

The basis of the socio-economic structure of the state was feudal tenure . The owners of the land - princes, boyars, combatants, and after the adoption of Christianity, the church - exploited the labor of various categories of the dependent population: serfs, purchasers, outcasts, ryadoviches, smerds. The most numerous in composition was the group of smerds - free and already addicted. The main form of exploitation in the X-XII centuries. was natural (grocery) rent.

Along with the establishment of feudal relations in Russia, the growth of cities took place. The main population in them were artisans and merchants. played an important role in the life of the city veche, which was in charge of issues of war and peace, convened the militia, replaced princes, etc. The boyars, the highest hierarchs of the church, the prince towered over the bulk of the population. But the power of the prince was not autocratic, it was limited to the will of free communities and the veche system of cities.

The process of feudalization of Russia led to the formation of powerful political centers and the beginning of their struggle with Kiev. The collapse of the state began with the death of Yaroslav the Wise and the division of Russia between his sons. The rule of the triumvirate of the Yaroslavichs did not save the country from civil strife and feudal wars. It was not possible to overcome fragmentation. By the end of their reign, local princes, using an external threat (the raids of the Pechenegs, then the Polovtsy), internal instability (a popular uprising in Suzdal (1024), Kiev (1068-1071), in the same year in Rostov, in Novgorod, on Beloozero) and contradictions in the grand-ducal families launched feudal wars. The congress of princes in Lyubech (1097) officially confirmed the fall of the autocracy of the Kiev princes, the recognition of the independence of feudal centers.

The rule of Vladimir Monomakh(1113-1125). The Kiev prince managed to preserve the unity of the Old Russian state and extinguish the separatist aspirations of some princes (Yaroslav, Gleb). In the field of foreign policy, he managed to repel the danger that threatened Southern Russia from the side of the Polovtsians. In 1116-1118. Vladimir organized a large-scale military and political offensive against Byzantium. Attempts to put on the throne of Constantinople his impostor son-in-law Leon, who pretended to be the son of the Byzantine emperor Roman IV Diogenes, and after his death, the son of Leon Basil (his grandson) failed, but their result was the strengthening of the influence of Russia on the left bank of the Lower Danube.

In 1125-1132. Kiev prince was the eldest son of Monomakh Mstislav Vladimirovich. This was the last period of the relative political unity of Kievan Rus. After the death of Mstislav, during the reign of his brother Yaropolk (1132-1138), the process of disintegration of the state into virtually independent principalities became irreversible. Princely strife finally destroyed the political unity of Ancient Russia, a number of feudal states arose. The largest of them were Novgorod, Vladimir-Suzdal and Galicia-Volyn lands.

Introduction. 3

1. The emergence of the Old Russian state. 4

2. Socio-economic structure of Kievan Rus. 4

3. Formation and development of the Church in the Russian state. Influence of the Church on the formation of statehood. 4

4. Specific traits and features of the culture of Kievan Rus. 4

5. Foreign policy of the Kiev princes. 4

Conclusion. 4

List of used literature..

Introduction

The ancient Russian state of Kievan Rus arose in Eastern Europe in the last quarter of the 9th century. In the period of its highest prosperity, it occupied the territory from the Taman Peninsula in the south, the Dniester and the upper reaches of the Vistula in the west to the upper reaches of the Northern Dvina in the north.

There are two main hypotheses for the formation of the Old Russian state. According to the Norman theory, based on the Tale of Bygone Years of the XII century and numerous Western European and Byzantine sources, statehood in Russia was introduced from outside by the Varangians - the brothers Rurik, Sineus and Truvor in 862.

The anti-Norman theory is based on the idea of the emergence of the state as a stage in the internal development of society.

Mikhail Lomonosov was considered the founder of this theory in Russian historiography. In addition, there are different points of view on the origin of the Varangians themselves.

Kievan Rus 9-12 centuries (p. 1 of 4)

Scientists classified as Normanists considered them Scandinavians (usually Swedes), some anti-Normanists, starting with Lomonosov, suggest their origin from West Slavic lands.

There are also intermediate versions of localization - in Finland, Prussia, and another part of the Baltic states. The problem of the ethnicity of the Varangians is independent of the question of the emergence of statehood.

The first information about the state of the Rus dates back to the first third of the 9th century: in 839, the ambassadors of the kagan of the Ros people are mentioned, who first arrived in Constantinople, and from there to the court of the Frankish emperor Louis the Pious.

The term "Kievan Rus" appears for the first time in historical research XVIII - XIX centuries.

Kievan Rus arose on the trade route "from the Varangians to the Greeks" on the lands of the East Slavic tribes - the Ilmen Slovenes, Krivichi, Polyans, then embracing the Drevlyans, Dregovichi, Polochans, Radimichi, Severyans, Vyatichi.

1.
The emergence of the Old Russian state

Kievan Rus of the 9th-12th centuries is a huge feudal state stretching from the Baltic to the Black Sea and from the Western Bug to the Volga.

The chronicle legend considers the founders of Kiev to be the rulers of the Polyan tribe - the brothers Kyi, Shchek and Khoriv. According to archaeological excavations conducted in Kiev in the 19th-20th centuries, already in the middle of the 1st millennium AD.

there was a settlement on the site of Kiev.

Kievan Rus is one of the largest states medieval Europe- developed in the ninth century. as a result of a long internal development of the East Slavic tribes. Its historical core was the Middle Dnieper region, where new social phenomena characteristic of a class society.

In the northeast, the Slavs delved into the lands of the Finno-Ugric peoples and settled along the banks of the Oka and the upper Volga; in the west they reached the Elbe River in Northern Germany.

And yet, most of them stretched to the south, to the Balkans - with their warm climate, fertile lands, rich cities.

The existence of Kievan Rus covers the period from the 9th century to the 30s of the 12th century. The Old Russian state can be characterized as an early feudal monarchy. The head of state was the Grand Duke of Kiev. His brothers, sons and warriors carried out the administration of the country, the court, the collection of tribute and duties.

The young state faced major foreign policy tasks related to protecting its borders: repelling the raids of the nomadic Pechenegs, fighting the expansion of Byzantium, the Khazar Khaganate, and Volga Bulgaria.

Rurik, according to The Tale of Bygone Years, established himself in Novgorod.

During that period, the Slavs were subjected to constant raids by nomads. Prince Oleg conquered Kiev, having killed Rurik, expanded Russian borders, having conquered the Drevlyans, Northerners, Radimichi.

Prince Igor conquered Kiev and became famous for his campaigns in Byzantium.

Killed by the Drevlyans while collecting tribute. After him, his wife Olga ruled, who cruelly avenged her husband's death.

Then the throne of Kiev was occupied by Svyatoslav, who devoted his whole life to campaigns.

Prince Yaropolk was conquered by Vladimir (Saint).

He converted to Christianity and baptized Russia in 988.

During the reign of Yaroslav the Wise (1019-1054), the period of the highest flowering of Kievan Rus begins. Prince Yaroslav the Wise expelled Yaropolk the Accursed, fought with his brother Mstislav, established family ties with many European countries. But already in the second half of the 11th century, the so-called princely one began between the princes, which led to the weakening of Kievan Rus.

In the second half of the 12th century, Russia breaks up into independent principalities.

2.
Socio-economic structure of Kievan Rus

Kievan Rus took shape as an early feudal monarchy. Feudal society is characterized by the division of the population into estates. The estate is a closed social group having the rights and obligations defined by law.

In Kievan Rus, the process of formation of estates had just begun.

At the top of state power stood the Grand Duke. The authorities also included the boyar council (council under the prince), the veche.

After Yaroslav, the right of all the sons of the prince to inherit in the Russian land was established, but for two centuries there was a struggle between two approaches to inheritance: in the order of all brothers (from the eldest to the youngest), and then in the order of the sons of the elder brother, or only along the line of the elder sons.

The prince headed the administration and the court. He had to "rule and judge." He had the right to pass new laws, change old ones.

The prince collected taxes from the population, court fees and criminal fines. Prince of Kiev had influence on church affairs.

The Boyar Council, and at first - the council of the prince's squad, was an integral part of the mechanism of power.

It was the moral duty of the prince to consult with the squad, and later with the boyars.

Veche. Veche was a body of power that has been preserved since the time of the tribal system. With the growth of the power of the prince, the veche loses its significance, and only when the power of the Kievan princes declines does it increase again. Veche had the right to elect the prince or refuse him to reign. The prince elected by the population had to conclude an agreement with the veche - a “row”.

Veche in Kievan Rus did not have a certain competence, the order of convocation.

Sometimes the veche was convened by the prince, more often it was assembled without his will.

Governing bodies. There were no clearly defined governing bodies in Kievan Rus.

For a long time there was a tithe system (thousand, sot, foremen), which was preserved from military democracy and performed administrative, financial and other functions.

Over time, it is supplanted by the palace and patrimonial system of government, i.e. such a system of government, in which the prince's servants eventually turned into public officials who carried out various functions of government.

The division of principalities into administrative units was not clear.

The chronicles mention the parish, churchyard. The princes exercised local government in cities and volosts through posadniks and volosts, who were representatives of the prince. From the middle of the XII century, instead of posadniks, the position of governors was introduced.

Officials of the local administration did not receive a salary from the Grand Duke, but were kept at the expense of extortions from the population.

Such a system is called a feeding system.

The body of local peasant self-government was a verv - a rural territorial community.

The power of the prince and his administration extended to cities and the population of lands that were not the property of the boyars.

Boyar estates gradually acquire immunity and are exempted from princely jurisdiction. The population of these estates becomes completely subject to the boyars-proprietors.

The entire population of Kievan Rus can be conditionally divided into three categories: free, semi-dependent and dependent people.

The top of the free people were the prince and his squad (princes men). Of these, the prince chose the governor and other officials. At first, the legal status of "princely husbands" differed from the zemstvo elite - well-born, noble, of local origin.

But in the XI century, these two groups are combined into one - the boyars.

The boyars took part in the work of the boyar councils, veche, administration, where they occupied the highest positions. The boyars were not homogeneous and were divided into different groups, belonging to which gave the right to be a privileged part of society, and all crimes against the boyars were punished more severely. So, according to Russkaya Pravda, the life of the boyars was guarded by a double vira (vira is the highest criminal fine).

The boyars were also exempted from paying taxes.

The boyars were not a closed caste. For certain merits, a smerd could get into the boyar, and even a foreigner - a Varangian, a Polovtsian, etc. In the Kiev land, the boyars were not separated from the merchants, from the urban elite. Over time, a patriciate was created in the cities, which was more connected with the city than with the personality of the prince.

Russian cities, especially Kiev, experienced an acute process of struggle of the urban population, both with the princely power and with the urban patriciate.

So, the usury of Svyatopolk and the extortion of the city patriciate led in 1113 to an uprising in Kiev.

The Old Russian state arose in Eastern Europe. It is worth noting that this state was quite powerful and influential. During its existence, the ancient Russian state conquered a large number of lands. Those who are interested in history know that there are two main theories of the formation of the represented state: Norman, and also anti-Norman.

To be more precise, the ancient Russian state arose on a rather popular and important path “from the Varangians to the Greeks”.

The territory of this state occupied the lands of the following tribes:

Ilmenians;
krivichi;
Vyatichi;
glades;
Dregovichi;
Drevlyans and many others.

Features of the economic structure of the Old Russian state in the 9th-12th centuries

Kievan Rus is the first early Russian feudal state, which was formed in the 9th century.

Speaking of level economic development of this state, then it corresponded to its time. It is worth noting that the ancient Russian state in the 9th-12th century was in a rather difficult situation, as Russia was fragmented.

So, let's get back to the economic mechanism of that time, which was represented by subsistence and semi-subsistence farms.

The domestic market in this period of time was developed rather poorly. Among the main economic functions of the ancient Russian state in this period of time, one can single out the collection of tribute for princes of almost all levels.

Special attention should be paid to the tribute, the name of which is "Polyudye".

Surprising is the fact that this type of tribute was collected by the princes themselves, who were guarded by the squad.

The Grand Duke at that time owned all the power in the state. The residence of such a prince was, of course, in Kiev. It is worth noting that the following attributes of power belong to the 9th-12th centuries: the Grand Duke, the veche, as well as the military squad.

The bulk of the population were free peasants, who were protected by military squads. For this, the peasants, of course, paid tribute. This is what distinguishes the ancient Russian state in the 9th-12th centuries. from another time.

If we talk about communities, then they paid tribute to the state, mainly in cash.

Christianity, which was adopted in Russia in 988, significantly strengthened state power. To be more precise, Christianity became the ideological basis of the ancient Russian state.

Early feudal monarchy

It is no secret that due to the rather rapid development of the ancient Russian state, the so-called system of the Early feudal monarchy was formed. Such features of the formation of the Old Russian state are unique.

More precisely, the early feudal monarchy was a kind of federation of principalities, the head of which was the prince. More precisely, the princes could easily manage various territories with the help of the boyar duma. It should be noted that this Duma included warriors, clergy, local nobility, as well as various representatives of cities.

In general, the boyar duma was a symbol of the autonomy of the vassals, as well as a symbol of law.

The territorial, as well as the neighboring communities, were a body of local peasant self-government. Veche was the most important state structure Russia, where the following issues were discussed: the expulsion of princes, peace, war, crop failure, etc.

What happened in Russia in the 9th-12th centuries

At such meetings, they could easily adopt, as well as repeal the law. Kievan Rus of the 9th-12th centuries was an early feudal state.

Tags: war, ancient Russian, education, economic.

Key dates and events.

862 - the calling of Rurik,

862-879 - the years of Rurik's reign,

879-912 - the years of Oleg's reign,

907, 911 - Oleg's campaigns against Byzantium,

912-945 - the years of the reign of Igor,

941, 944 - Igor's campaigns against Byzantium,

945 - the murder of Igor by the Drevlyans,

945-972 - the years of the reign of Svyatoslav,

945-964 - years of Olga's regency,

965 - the conquest of the Khazar Khaganate,

968 - victory over the Volga Bulgaria,

972 - 980 - the years of the reign of Yaropolk,

980-1015 - the years of the reign of Vladimir,

988 - adoption of Christianity,

1015 - 1019 - the years of the reign of Svyatopolk I the Accursed,

1019-1054 - the years of the reign of Yaroslav the Wise,

1054 - division of a single christian church into Orthodox and Catholic

1054 - ... - 1078 - the years of the reign of Izyaslav I,

1078-1093 - the years of the reign of Vsevolod I,

1093-1113 - the years of the reign of Svyatopolk II,

1097 - congress in Lyubech,

1113 - 1125 - the years of the reign of Vladimir Monomakh

Formation of the ancient Russian state.

There are several theories of the emergence of the state among the Eastern Slavs.

1. Slavic (anti-Norman). The role of the Varangians in the formation of the ancient Russian state and calling them to reign is denied (M.V. Lomonosov).

2. Norman. The Old Russian state was created by the Normans (Varangians) with the voluntary consent of the Slavs (G.

Bayer, A. Schlozer, G. Miller).

3. Centrist (modern). The Old Russian state arose as a result of the internal social development of the Slavs, but also with the participation of the Varangians (most modern historians).

Old Russian princes and their activities.

Rurik. Ancestor of the Rurik dynasty.

It is believed that in 862 d. several Slavic tribes invited the Scandinavian king (ruler) Rurik and his legendary brothers (Sineus and Truvor) to reign in their territory.

In accordance with "Taletemporaryyears» Rurik died in 879 and became his successor Oleg.

Oleg. Oleg during his reign conquered Kiev (882), Smolensk and a number of other cities.

He strengthened the foreign policy position of Russia. V 907 g. He made a successful military campaign against Constantinople (Byzantium), which resulted in two peace treaties beneficial for Russia (907 and 911).

Igor. He organized military campaigns against Byzantium (941 - ended in failure, 944

conclusion of a mutually beneficial agreement). Expanded the boundaries of the ancient Russian state.

Ancient Russia in the 9th-12th centuries

Thus, the tribes of Radimichi, Vyatichi, Ulich, Krivichi, etc. were under the control of Igor. Relations between the prince and the tribes subordinate to him were based on a system of paying tribute (polyudye). Polyudye is an annual detour by the princes, together with the boyars and the retinue, of the territories subject to them in order to collect taxes from the local population.

V 945 The Drevlyans rebelled against the too high amount of the required tribute. As a result of unrest, Igor was killed.

Olga. After the death of Igor, his wife Olga, in order to stabilize the situation, instead of polyudya, introduced a normalized amount of tribute ( lessons) and established tribute collection sites ( churchyards). V 957 d. The first of the Russian princes to accept Christianity under the name Elena.

Svyatoslav.(son of Igor and Olga) Initiator and leader of many military campaigns (the defeat of the Khazar Khaganate, Volga Bulgaria, the war with Byzantium, clashes with the Pechenegs).

VladimirI Saint.980 G.

The pagan reform of Prince Vladimir. The creation of a pantheon of pagan Slavic gods led by Perun (an unsuccessful attempt to adapt paganism to the goal of uniting Russia), 988 g. - the adoption of Christianity. Further expansion and strengthening of the state. Successful military campaigns against the Poles, Pechenegs.

Yaroslav the Wise. He contributed to the rise of the international prestige of Russia (established broad dynastic ties with Europe and Byzantium).

Military campaigns in the Baltic states, in the Polish-Lithuanian lands, in Byzantium, finally defeated the Pechenegs. Founder written Russian legislation (“Russkaya Pravda” → “Pravda Yaroslav”).

VladimirII Monomakh.

(grandson of Yaroslav the Wise) Organizer of successful campaigns against the Polovtsians (1103, 1109, 1111). Member of the congress of ancient Russian princes in Lyubech (1097), which discussed the harm of civil strife, the principles of ownership and inheritance of princely lands.

He stopped the collapse of the Old Russian state. He continued the policy of strengthening dynastic ties with Europe (he was married to the daughter of the English king Harold II).

The social structure of Kievan Rus.

The highest categories of the population of Russia included princes, priests (since the 10th century), boyars (descendants of tribal nobility, governors). The basis of the power of the prince was vigilantes. These were the people closest to the prince. Of these, the prince appointed senior officials. A special category, designated in the law books of that time, were "people" and "mortals". It is believed that the "people" were completely free, and the "smerds" had to pay a certain tribute to the prince.

Further up the social ladder "serfs", who were completely powerless. Pro-intermediate position occupied "purchases" and "rankers", who were in a dependent position until they paid their debt to creditors. The lowest category of the population were "outcasts", who became insolvent debtors, people who for some reason left the community, which was the main form of social organization.

The lecture was added on 05/13/2012 at 23:04:28

"Point at the stone gate" - located on the anterior midline 2 cun below the navel. Massage in the supine position, relaxing.

Literature:

Started by V.G. Traditional Chinese medicine. Clinical pharmacology. - St. Petersburg: SPbGMU im. Acad. I.P. Pavlova, 2000. - 288s

2. Stoyanovskiy D.N. Pain in the back and neck. - Kiev: Health, 2002. - 389s.

3. Fokin V.N. Chinese acupressure. — M.: FAIR-PRESS, 2001. — 512p.

4. Yakupov R.A. Microneedling // Alternative Medicine. - 2004. - No. 1. - P.3-5.

Yakupov R.A. Craniopuncture // Alternative Medicine. - 2004. - No. 2. - P.5-8.

question. Formation of the Old Russian state. Ancient Russia under the first princes in the 9th-10th century.

The prerequisites for the formation of the Old Russian state were the disintegration of tribal ties and the development of a new mode of production. Among the Slavs, a dominant layer was gradually formed, the basis of which was the military nobility of the Kiev princes - the squad.

Already in the 9th century, strengthening the position of their princes, the combatants firmly occupied leading positions in society.

Slavs, Krivichi and Finnish-speaking tribes united in the area of Lake Ilmen (the center is in the city of Novgorod). In the middle of the 9th c. Rurik, a native of Scandinavia, began to rule this association. Therefore, the year 862 is considered the year of formation of the ancient Russian state.

3 theories of the emergence of the state of the Eastern Slavs:

Norman theory - the creation of a state by the Normans (Varangians) with the voluntary consent of the Slavs, who could not do this on their own;
Slavic theory - denies the role of the Vikings in the creation of the state;
The centrist theory is the internal development of the Slavs but with the participation of the Varangians.

The first mention of Russia is attested in the "Bavarian Chronograph" and refers to the period 811-821.

In it, the Russians are mentioned as a people within the Khazars, inhabiting Eastern Europe. In the 9th century Russia was perceived as an ethno-political formation on the territory of the glades and northerners.

Rurik, who took over control of Novgorod, sent his squad to rule Kiev.

Rurik's successor, Varangian prince Oleg, subjugated all the Krivichi to his power. Having captured Kiev, he managed to unite the two most important centers of the Eastern Slavs - Kiev and Novgorod by the power of his power. Oleg subjugated the Drevlyans, Northerners and Radimichi. In 907

Kievan Rus in the 9th-12th centuries

Oleg, having gathered a huge army of Slavs and Finns, undertook a campaign against Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire. The Russian squad forced the Greeks to ask Oleg for peace and pay a huge tribute. The result of this campaign was very beneficial for Russia peace treaties with Byzantium. Oleg died, and became his successor Igor, son of Rurik. Igor's army made a campaign against Constantinople, violating previous agreements, plundered the shores of Asia Minor, but was defeated in a naval battle.

Then in 945 he undertook a new campaign against Constantinople and forced the Greeks to conclude a peace treaty again. In 945, while trying to collect a second tribute from the Drevlyans, Igor was killed.

Princess Igor's widow Olga rules for the infancy of his son Svyatoslav.

She brutally avenged the murder of her husband by devastating the lands of the Drevlyans. Olga streamlined the size and places of tribute collection. In 955 she visited Constantinople and was baptized into Orthodoxy.

Svyatoslav- the most courageous and influential of the princes, who subjugated the Vyatichi to his power. Svyatoslav defeated the North Caucasian tribes, as well as the Volga Bulgarians, and plundered their capital Bulgar. The Byzantine government sought an alliance with him to fight external enemies.

The center of education of the ancient Russian state was Kyiv and Novgorod, Eastern Slavic tribes, northern and southern, united around them.

In the 9th century, both of these groups united into a single ancient Russian state, which went down in history as Russia.

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The anti-Norman theory is based on the idea of the emergence of the state as a stage in the internal development of society. Mikhail Lomonosov was considered the founder of this theory in Russian historiography. In addition, there are different points of view on the origin of the Varangians themselves. Scientists classified as Normanists considered them Scandinavians (usually Swedes), some anti-Normanists, starting with Lomonosov, suggest their origin from West Slavic lands. There are also intermediate versions of localization - in Finland, Prussia, and another part of the Baltic states. The problem of the ethnicity of the Varangians is independent of the question of the emergence of statehood.

1. The emergence of the Old Russian state

Kievan Rus of the 9th-12th centuries is a huge feudal state stretching from the Baltic to the Black Sea and from the Western Bug to the Volga.

Kievan Rus - one of the largest states of medieval Europe - developed in the 9th century. as a result of a long internal development of the East Slavic tribes. Its historical core was the Middle Dnieper region, where new social phenomena characteristic of a class society arose very early.

In the northeast, the Slavs delved into the lands of the Finno-Ugric peoples and settled along the banks of the Oka and the upper Volga; in the west they reached the Elbe River in Northern Germany. And yet, most of them stretched to the south, to the Balkans - with their warm climate, fertile lands, rich cities.

Since 862, Rurik, according to the "Tale of Bygone Years", established himself in Novgorod.

During that period, the Slavs were subjected to constant raids by nomads. Prince Oleg conquered Kiev, having killed Rurik, expanded the Russian borders, conquering the Drevlyans, Northerners, Radimichi.

Prince Igor conquered Kiev and became famous for his campaigns in Byzantium. Killed by the Drevlyans while collecting tribute. After him, his wife Olga ruled, who cruelly avenged her husband's death.

Then the throne of Kiev was occupied by Svyatoslav, who devoted his whole life to campaigns.

Prince Yaropolk was conquered by Vladimir (Saint). He converted to Christianity and baptized Russia in 988.

In the second half of the 12th century, Russia breaks up into independent principalities.

2. Socio-economic structure of Kievan Rus

Kievan Rus took shape as an early feudal monarchy. Feudal society is characterized by the division of the population into estates. An estate is a closed social group that has rights and obligations defined by law. In Kievan Rus, the process of formation of estates had just begun.

At the top of state power stood the Grand Duke. The authorities also included the boyar council (council under the prince), the veche.

Prince. It could only be a member of the family of Vladimir the Great. Kievan Rus did not have a clearly defined right of succession to the throne. At first, the Grand Duke ruled with the help of his sons, who were completely subordinate to him. After Yaroslav, the right of all the sons of the prince to inherit in the Russian land was established, but for two centuries there was a struggle between two approaches to inheritance: in the order of all brothers (from the eldest to the youngest), and then in the order of the sons of the elder brother, or only along the line of the elder sons.

The competence and power of the prince were unlimited and depended on his authority and the real power on which he relied. First of all, the prince was a military leader, he owned the initiative of military campaigns and their organization. The prince headed the administration and the court. He had to "rule and judge." He had the right to pass new laws, change old ones.

The prince collected taxes from the population, court fees and criminal fines. Prince of Kiev had influence on church affairs.

The Boyar Council, and at first - the council of the prince's squad, was an integral part of the mechanism of power. It was the moral duty of the prince to consult with the squad, and later with the boyars.

Veche in Kievan Rus did not have a certain competence, the order of convocation. Sometimes the veche was convened by the prince, more often it was assembled without his will.

Governing bodies. There were no clearly defined governing bodies in Kievan Rus. For a long time there was a tithe system (thousand, sot, foremen), which was preserved from military democracy and performed administrative, financial and other functions. Over time, it is supplanted by the palace and patrimonial system of government, i.e. such a system of government, in which the prince's servants eventually turned into public officials who carried out various functions of government.

The division of principalities into administrative units was not clear. The chronicles mention the parish, churchyard. The princes exercised local government in cities and volosts through posadniks and volosts, who were representatives of the prince. From the middle of the XII century, instead of posadniks, the position of governors was introduced.

Officials of the local administration did not receive a salary from the Grand Duke, but were kept at the expense of extortions from the population. Such a system is called a feeding system.

The body of local peasant self-government was a verv - a rural territorial community.

The power of the prince and his administration extended to cities and the population of lands that were not the property of the boyars. Boyar estates gradually acquire immunity and are exempted from princely jurisdiction. The population of these estates becomes completely subject to the boyars-proprietors.

The entire population of Kievan Rus can be conditionally divided into three categories: free, semi-dependent and dependent people. The top of the free people were the prince and his squad (princes men). Of these, the prince chose the governor and other officials. At first, the legal status of "princely husbands" differed from the zemstvo elite - well-born, noble, of local origin. But in the XI century, these two groups are combined into one - the boyars.

Russian cities, especially Kiev, experienced an acute process of struggle of the urban population, both with the princely power and with the urban patriciate. So, the usury of Svyatopolk and the extortion of the city patriciate led in 1113 to an uprising in Kiev.

Introduction 2

1. The emergence of the Old Russian state 3

2. Socio-economic structure of Kievan Rus 5

4. Characteristic features and features of the culture of Kievan Rus 11

5. Foreign policy of the Kiev princes 13

Conclusion 15

References 16

Introduction

1. The emergence of the Old Russian state

Kievan Rus of the 9th-12th centuries is a huge feudal state stretching from the Baltic to the Black Sea and from the Western Bug to the Volga.

Since 862, Rurik, according to the "Tale of Bygone Years", established himself in Novgorod.

Prince Igor conquered Kiev and became famous for his campaigns in Byzantium. Killed by the Drevlyans while collecting tribute. After him, his wife Olga ruled, who cruelly avenged her husband's death.

Then the throne of Kiev was occupied by Svyatoslav, who devoted his whole life to campaigns.

Prince Yaropolk was conquered by Vladimir (Saint). He converted to Christianity and baptized Russia in 988.

In the second half of the 12th century, Russia breaks up into independent principalities.

2. Socio-economic structure of Kievan Rus

At the top of state power stood the Grand Duke. The authorities also included the boyar council (council under the prince), the veche.

The prince collected taxes from the population, court fees and criminal fines. Prince of Kiev had influence on church affairs.

Veche in Kievan Rus did not have a certain competence, the order of convocation. Sometimes the veche was convened by the prince, more often it was assembled without his will.

Officials of the local administration did not receive a salary from the Grand Duke, but were kept at the expense of extortions from the population. Such a system is called a feeding system.

The body of local peasant self-government was a verv - a rural territorial community.

The free population also included the clergy, which was a separate group of the population and was divided into black and white. At that time, the leading role in the state was played by the black clergy - monastics. The best scientists (Nestor, Hilarion, Nikon), doctors (Agapit), artists (Alimpiy) lived and worked in the monasteries, who kept chronicles, rewrote books, organized various schools. The first place among the monasteries of Kievan Rus belonged to the Kiev-Pechersk. He became an example for other monasteries and had a huge moral influence on the princes and the whole society.

Churchmen belonged to the white clergy: priests, deacons, clerks, palamari, clerks. The number of white clergy was very large. According to some sources, there were more than 400 churches in Kiev at the beginning of the 11th century.

The cities provided the middle group of free people. The inhabitants of the cities were legally free, even equal to the boyars, but in fact they depended on the feudal elite.

The lowest group of the free population was represented by peasants - smerds. They owned land and livestock. Smerdy made up the vast majority of the population of Kievan Rus, paid the established taxes and served military service with personal weapons and horses. Smerd could inherit his property to his sons. Russkaya Pravda protected the personality and economy of the smerd as free, but the punishment for the crime against the smerd was less than for the crime against the boyars.

In the XII-XIII centuries, boyar land ownership increased throughout Russia, and in connection with this, the number of independent smerds decreased. The number of smerds who work on boyar land is growing, while remaining free.

Kievan Rus 9-12 centuries.

Plan:

Origin of Russia

The first Russian princes

Baptism of Russia

First civil strife

The heyday of Russia under Yaroslav the Wise (1020-1054)

Origin of Russia. The question of the origin of the state among the Eastern Slavs has always been a political issue. The basis of the discussion about the origin of the state was laid in the middle of the 18th century in the writings of the German historians Bayer, Miller and Schlozer. These scientists were invited by the Empress Elizabeth to work in the Russian archives. By that time, the archives had not been dismantled, and German scientists actually opened them for public use.

The Norman theory was based on the story of the chronicler Nestor, who wrote that in 862, in order to end the strife among the Slavs, the Varangian prince Rurik was invited with the brothers Sineus and Truvor.

By the time the Tale of Bygone Years was created, more than 300 years had passed from the calling of Rurik, and, as a result, gross errors got into Nestor's story.

The Norman theory was accepted by the entire scientific community. Later, on the basis of this theory, conclusions were drawn about the insufficient level of development of the Slavs, allegedly incapable of creating a state on their own. Lomonosov immediately came out with a refutation of the Norman theory, arguing that Rurik never existed in Russia, and the statehood of the Slavs appeared much earlier than the Varangians in Russia.

The modern approach to the creation of our state considers Rurik a historical character, and the very fact of calling a foreign ruler is quite common. In the same way, Great Britain was created after the campaigns of William the Conqueror.

Foreigners acted as the third saga, standing above local disputes, but the influence of the Varangians must be reconsidered.

According to archaeological data, there were very few Varangians in Russia, their number hardly exceeded several hundred people. Their activities were specific: they were naval mercenaries, and almost all maritime terms are rooted in Scandinavian words (boat, sail, anchor, etc.).

They had a slight influence on the life and character of the Slavs. Only three names, and then heavily distorted, came into use in Russia - Oleg, Olga (Helga) and Igor (Ingvar). As for The Tale of Bygone Years, studies have shown the fallacy of many of Nestor's statements: the story about Rurik and his brothers, after a detailed analysis, looks a little different: the Scandinavian words "blue" and "hus" mean "squad" and "home", and the word " truve" - "treasury". Thus, Rurik did not have any brothers, but he came to Russia with his squad, house and treasury, that is, forever.

The only thing that reminds us of the calling of the Varangians now is the outdated name of our state: Rus. Probably, this was the name of the genus Rurik. But even here we are not original: the modern name of France goes back to the name of the Franco-Germanic tribe. In the 5th - 6th centuries in Germany, the tribes pushed the Slavs to the east and forced most of them to leave for Eastern Europe. Here, at the turn of the 7th century, a single Slavic people is divided into three branches: one part of the Slavs crossed along the Baltic coast to Lake Ilmen, where a “new city” was formed - Novgorod; the second part settled in the middle Dnieper region, where the legendary prince Kiy with the brothers Shchek, Khoriv and sister Lybid founded the city of Kiev; a third of the Slavs went to the Balkans. Then, in the 8th-9th centuries, settlement began between the Oka and Volga rivers, as well as the extreme southern point of Kievan Rus - the Tmutarakan principality.

First princes. Rule of Rurik. According to the chronicle, in 862 Rurik arrived in Novgorod at the invitation of the Novgorodians, and most likely headed the naval service. Nothing more is known about Rurik, but he managed to retain the title of prince, becoming the ancestor of the grand-ducal, and then the royal dynasty, which will rule our country from 862 to 1598, and will be interrupted by the last Rurikovich - the son of Ivan the Terrible Fyodor Ioannovich.

Dying, in 880, Rurik leaves his son and heir - the young prince Igor, due to his infancy, power passes to Oleg, nicknamed "Prophetic".

Oleg's board(880 - 920). In 882, Prince Oleg gathers a squad and leads it south to Kiev, where two Varangians rule - Askold and Dir. Oleg ordered to kill them and proclaimed Igor a Russian prince. Thus, having united southern and northern Russia, Oleg creates the first state of the Eastern Slavs - Kievan Rus, which formally will exist from 882 to 1097, until the descendants of Yaroslav the Wise at the congress in Lyubich make a decision: "Everyone keeps his fatherland." This will become the legal formalization of feudal fragmentation.

Prince Oleg the Prophet pursued a policy typical of the Varangian prince, i.e. engaged in the organization and conduct of military campaigns against close neighbors.

The largest and richest state was the Byzantine Empire, which became the target of the military campaigns of the Russian princes. Twice in 907 and 911 Oleg went to Byzantium. Unable to take the heavily fortified Constantinople, the prince, however, twice received a rich ransom. He died in 920 during a campaign against the Khazars.

Igor's reign. After the death of Oleg, Igor becomes the Grand Duke. Very little is known about him, but for sure: he was not interested in domestic politics. He was engaged in the same thing as his predecessors - the war. Most likely, Igor did not have the talents of a conqueror: two campaigns organized by him in 941 and 914 ended in complete failure, especially the last one, in which he lost the fleet and most of the squad. Faced with the need to pay the mercenaries, Igor discovered the lack of money and went personally to collect tribute. In the Drevlyane land, he was killed, according to legend, after demanding too much tribute.

Igor's widow, Olga, cruelly took revenge on the murderers of her husband, and in view of the infancy of her son and heir Svyatoslav, she herself began to rule the state. She is carrying out the first reform in the history of Russia: she introduces a pogost-lesson system, where lessons are a predetermined amount of tribute, which can neither be raised nor lowered, and a graveyard is a place for collecting tribute at a clearly agreed time (November - March). The introduction of this system significantly strengthened the power of Kiev over the surrounding peoples, while Olga herself was the first of the Russian princes to accept Christianity (955, the city of Constantinople). Her godfather was the Byzantine Emperor Constantine IX Porphyrogenitus. Olga was canonized and for her role in the spread of Christianity, she was glorified as Equal-to-the-Apostles.

The reign of Svyatoslav. After 962, Olga retires from active affairs, and all power passes to her son Svyatoslav Igorevich. Svyatoslav also does not want to deal with internal affairs, preferring war.

In the period from 962 to 972, Svyatoslav made very daring military campaigns. His first campaign was directed against the Khazar Kaganate. Svyatoslav recaptured the Belaya Vezha fortress from the Khazars, turning it into his stronghold. This was important, because The Khazars attacked Russia almost every year, and it was difficult to contain them.

In 966, Svyatoslav left Kiev in the direction of the land of the Vyatichi, subjugating whom he forced to pay tribute. Then the prince defeated the Volga Bulgars, and, going down the Volga, unexpectedly attacked the Khazar Kaganate. In the battle near the city of Itil, the great kagan died, the Khazar Kaganate ceased to exist.

But Svyatoslav's main goal was the Balkans. He dreamed of moving his capital there, uniting all the Slavs under his own rule. In this aspiration, he was opposed by the Byzantine Empire, and it was the Byzantine campaign that became the last for Svyatoslav.

In the spring of 969, Svyatoslav crosses the Danube. The Bulgarian tsar promises support, but betrays him, leaving the Russian squad alone with the soldiers of the Byzantine emperor John Tzimisces. In an open battle, a small Russian squad was defeated, but managed to hide behind the walls of the city of Dorostol. For a whole year, Svyatoslav sat outside its walls, until in the fall of 971 he concluded a truce, received a ransom and took his squad to Russia. In the region of the Dnepropetrovsk rapids, in March 972, his small detachment fell into a Pecheneg ambush, in which Svyatoslav died.

First civil strife(972 - 980). Going on a Balkan campaign, Svyatoslav seated his children in principalities: the eldest son Yaropolk remained in Kiev, the middle one, Oleg, went to the Drevlyans, and the younger Vladimir went to Novgorod.

After the death of Svyatoslav, the younger brothers refused to obey Yaropolk, announcing their claims to the throne.

Oleg attacked first, but died in battle. The younger Vladimir managed to drive Yaropolk out of Kiev, he fled to his father-in-law, the Czech king, where he soon died under unclear circumstances. So Vladimir I the Red Sun became the sole ruler of Russia.

He adopts the newly born son of Yaropolk - Svyatopolk. The reign of Vladimir I begins (980-1015). This one will go down in Russian history as a saint equal to the apostles and with the popular nickname "Red Sun".

The most famous event during the reign of this prince was his baptism, moreover, Vladimir baptized Russia. The traditional date of the Baptism of Russia is considered to be 988. Vladimir was baptized in Chersonese, which at that moment was a Byzantine colony. After baptism, Vladimir I married the sister of the Byzantine emperor Anna.

Second strife. Officially, Prince Vladimir I was married three times (the chronicle indicates that he had 600 wives), officially he had nine children, whom he seated to reign in different cities. Vladimir himself planned to transfer the principality to his beloved son Boris, who at the time of his father's death was on a military campaign and commanded his squad. Thus, Svyatopolk ended up in Kiev, who declared himself the Grand Duke.

Svyatopolk was not loved, but feared. He ordered his younger brothers Boris and Gleb to come to Kiev. The squad dissuaded them, but they nevertheless obeyed and arrived. Boris was killed first, followed by Gleb.

The murder of two young and innocent princes outraged Russian society, they were canonized, and Svyatopolk was nicknamed "Cursed". Soon Yaroslav, the youngest of the brothers, will expel Svyatopolk from Kiev, he flees to Poland, where he will die under unclear circumstances.

The reign of Yaroslav the Wise. 1020 - 1054 became the heyday of Kievan Rus. Under Yaroslav the Wise, the first collection of laws "Russian Truth" appears.

Having defeated the Pechenegs, Yaroslav built the main Russian Cathedral of St. Sophia on this site.

He died in 1054 at the zenith of his fame and European prominence. The restoration of his sarcophagus made it possible to discover the official title of the ruler of Kievan Rus - the king.