Physicist and astronomer Stefan Feeney of University College London, one of the...
Lesson summary on the history of Russia in grade 6 on the topic:
"Social system and church organization in Russia".
Antonenkova A.V.,
Teacher MOU Budinskoy OOSh
Belsky district of the Tver region
Targets and goals: experience life changes Eastern Slavs who contributed to the formation of the Old Russian nationality; with the system of government, the main sections of the population; evaluate the spiritual values inherent in the era Ancient Russia;
Planned results:
subject:
apply the conceptual apparatus of historical knowledge and methods of historical analysis to reveal the essence and significance of events and phenomena of the past;
to acquire holistic ideas about the historical path of our ancestors based on the study of chronicle information and archaeological data
correlate historical time and historical space, actions and deeds of individuals;
metasubject: (communicative)
organize educational cooperation between teacher and student,
to perceive the text taking into account the set educational task,
find in the text the information necessary to solve it
( regulatory )
formulate new tasks of educational activity,
determine the sequence of intermediate goals, taking into account the final result,
draw up a plan of action, evaluate the correctness of decisions.
Evaluate the correctness of the solution of the educational problem;
( cognitive )
work with various sources information,
establish causal relationships,
build logical reasoning
analyze textbook material and additional literature
personal:
to form and develop a cognitive interest in the study of the history of Russia,
develop Creative skills through active forms of activity
to form a Russian civic identity;
expand the experience of valuation activities;
comprehend the historical conditioning and motivation of people of previous eras
Equipment: textbook, projector, presentation, laptop, multimedia screen, additional information
Main questions of the lesson:
1) The formation of the Old Russian people
2) The main strata of the population of Ancient Russia.
3) Land relations
4) Church organization. Temples and worship.
5) Monasteries.
6) Spiritual values. Old Russian ascetics and saints.
Lesson type: combined
Lesson resources: textbook, diagrams
Basic concepts and terms: votchina, boyars, purchases, ryadovichi, smerdy, ancient Russian nationality, values, piety, morality, bishop, metropolitan, monastery, hegumen, missionaries.
Personalities People: Alypiy Pechersky, Anthony and Theodosius Pechersky, Abraham Smolensky, Efrosinya Pototskaya, Hilarion
During the classes.
1. Org. the beginning of the lesson.
2. Checking homework:
Workbook- tasks 1,2, 5
Let's check:
Exercise 1: 1. Russia, 2. princely strife, 3. Viceroy, 4. dynastic
5. "Russian Truth"
Task 2 . Namesprincesandtheirnicknames
Svyatopolk the Accursed, Vladimir the Red Sun, Oleg the Prophetic, Vladimir II Monomakh, Mstislav the Great, Yaroslav the Wise
Task 4.
Task 5.
3. Motivational - target stage.
So far we have been talking about political history Old Russian state, about the strengthening of princely power, about the relations of our country with its neighbors. It is these issues that are given primary attention to the annals. However, history is not only wars and campaigns. It is impossible to objectively judge the development of society without knowing about the customs and traditions operating in it. The topic of our lesson is "Social system and church organization in Russia."
What do you think we will talk about?
What questions do we have to answer?
Distressed questions :
What were the features of the structure of society in Ancient Russia?
What role did the Orthodox Church play in the life of the country?
Today we will talk about the social system and church organization of Ancient Russia. What changes took place in public life during the study period? What layers did Russian society? What role did the Church play in people's lives? What were the spiritual values of the Russian people? We will discuss these and other questions with you in our lesson.
4. Orientation stage.
1. Formation of the Old Russian people.
Task number 1. Working in groups, study the first paragraph of § 9 of the textbook "Formation of the Old Russian people" and guess what factors contributed to the process of formation of the Old Russian people.
Let's check what you got
The formation of the Old Russian nationality was facilitated by:
submission to the power of the Kiev prince;
participation of tribes in national affairs;
joint military campaigns;
smoothing out linguistic differences, the formation of a single Old Russian language;
adoption of Christianity, faith in one God;
identification with the Russian people.
2. The main strata of the population of Ancient Russia.
Let's remember what layers the population of countries consisted of Western Europe in the Middle Ages?
In total, there were three social strata in the Middle Ages:
1) Knights (those who fight” their main duty was to serve their lord and protect him (the lord of noble knights was the king).
2) Peasants - (those who work) - the working class. Their existence was reduced to growing crops, feeding the family, selling goods and paying taxes to the treasury of the seigneur.
3)
Clergy
(those who pray) - they occupied a special place in society, since it was believed that they were close to God.
Having ceased to be divided along tribal lines, all people in the ancient Russian state began to form a single society. As in other countries, it was divided into certain layers, depending on what people were doing.
The ruling elite of society were the princes. Greatprinces collected tribute from all state lands, although the population was not personally dependent on them. Some scholars define such a system as "state feudalism". younger offspring princely family(specific princes) received small towns as reigning and turned into feudal lords.
The prince relied onsquad . She shared onsenior- boyars and junior .
With the adoption of Christianity, a special stratum of the population appears -clergy .
The bulk of the population werefree farmers - people who united in communities. As cities grow, artisans and merchants appear.
But there were also people in society who were not free.
Procurement - these are people who have taken a kupa (borrowed) and work off the debt itself and interest on it.
Ryadovichi - these are persons who served the landowners under a number (contract) and, as a rule, became dependent on him for a monetary debt, help with seeds or tools.
servants called captive slaves, who eventually became the object of sale.
Smerdy - this is a dependent population in a princely or boyar estate.
serf - slave.
Take a look at our diagram. The main part of the population consisted of free farmers who paid tribute and carried duties in favor of the state.
3. "Land relations".
Let's remember what a tribal and neighboring community is?
Is there anything in common and how are they different?
tribal community neighboring community
The main occupation of the population was Agriculture. The land was considered joint property of the community. And how were the rest of the lands used? Arable land? Meadows? In this way, the state gradually asserted its ownership of the land.
Most historians believe that by the middle of the XI century. the land belonged to free communal peasants. Scientists believe that the ancient Russian communities independently owned the land, and their dependence on the princes was limited to the payment of tribute. The princes and combatants received income from the collection of tribute and almost did not need private ownership of land. Historians believe that in the tenth century. and in the first half of the eleventh century. among the many peasant communal lands, there were only occasionally individual princely villages. So, in the main legislative document of that time - "Russian Pravda" - there is not a word about the princely arable land. Some scholars suggest that the princely economy was originally cattle-breeding or horse-breeding. Horses were required by the princes for military purposes.
Personal land holdings also began to appear. The princes declared free lands their property, "put" prisoners on them and turned them into their workers. ON the lands they built mansions, outbuildings, gardens and vegetable gardens, stables, hunting grounds.
The princes began to grant land to their combatants, as well as the church. The firstestates (fathers) - hereditary lands passed from father to son
Look at the picture on page 71. Guess what is happening in the prince's court.
4. Church organization. Temples and worship.
Read on your own and complete the diagram:
5. Monasteries.
Monasteries played a special role in the religious and cultural life of Ancient Russia.
What role did monasteries play in the life of Western European countries in the Middle Ages?
(spread Christian ideas, medical care and protection, were engaged in charity, provided alms to the needy)
How do you understand what a monastery is ((this is a religious community of monks, as well as special place where they live)
The rules for the residence of monks may be different, but they all unite under the guidance of a mentor -abbot .
Read the material on page 74 (from the words "One of the first ...) to page 75 and complete the table
Who are missionaries? (educators of the population unfamiliar with Christianity)
6. Spiritual values. Ancient Companions.
Let's get acquainted with these values and make a table.
5. Primary fastening.
Workbook.
Exercise 1 .
Exercise 2.
1) "Russian Truth" - a set of laws in Russia
2) For the murder of a person from different strata, a different amount was required: for a ryadovich - 5 hryvnia, and for a princely one - 80.
3) Concepts from the text.
Vira - court fee, fine.
The hryvnia is a monetary unit in Ancient Russia.
Ryadovich - a person who has concluded a contract for the performance of work.
Purchase - a person who received a loan from the master.
Kholop is a slave.
Lyudina is a simple free resident of Russia.
4) A person could become a slave if he did not repay the loan. That is, a purchase could become a slave.
Exercise 3.
Definition of concepts
Votchina - a large landed property that belonged to a noble person in Russia on the basis of inheritance rights.
The boyars are the highest stratum of society in Russia, the owners of large estates.
Exercise 4.
Exercise 5.
The role of monasteries in the life of the countries of Western Europe in the Middle Ages and in the life of Ancient Russia.
comparison linesMonasteries in Western Europe
Monasteries in Russia
Role in religious life
Spread of Christianity, creed.
Role in the development of culture
They wrote books, often taught laity to read and write, collected information on medicine, created libraries, and engaged in science.
They painted icons, created and copied books, kept chronicles.
Exercise 6.
Metropolitan, bishop, archbishop - the highest church hierarchy.
Monks, abbots, cells - what is in the monasteries.
Anthony and Theodosius of the Caves, princes Boris and Gleb, Euphrosyne of Polotsk are monks.
Exercise 8
1. Residence - the location of the Metropolitan in Kiev.
2. Abbot - Who was at the head of the monastery?
3. Archbishop - A spiritual rank between a bishop and a metropolitan.
4. Metropolitan - Who was at the head of the Russian Orthodox Church?
5.Gospel - a part of the Bible containing a description of the earthly life of Jesus Christ.
6. Instruction - instruction, edification, good advice.
7. Tithes - the first stone church of the Old Russian state in Kiev.
8. Monastery - a place where monks live.
9. Christianity is a religion that worships Jesus Christ as the Son of God and the Savior of the world.
10. Orthodoxy is one of the directions of Christianity.
11. Missionaries - people who spread Christianity in other countries and lands.
6. Reflection.
7. Homework:
Paragraph 9, questions, terms,
2. Socio-political role of the Church
2.1 Ecclesiastical jurisdiction
2.2 Clash and delimitation of ecclesiastical and secular jurisdiction
3. Political position and activities of the Church
3.1 International status of the Old Russian Church
3.2 Church pulpits in political conflicts
3.3 Land ownership of the church as a subject of conflicts
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
The problem of the relationship between the state and the church in specific Russia is of undoubted scientific interest for studying the past of our country. For the history of Russia, as well as the Old Russian state that preceded it and feudal principalities, characterized by a close connection between the secular political organization of power and administration and the church.
The church appeared at the initiative of the princely power relatively late and had to adapt to the level of development of society and to the system of the economy that it found here at the indicated time.
If we try to determine the spheres of activity of the medieval church in the country, we can identify at least six such major areas. Firstly, this is an activity directly related to the cult - liturgical (cult) activity: service in the church, confessional practice, the performance of sacraments and rites. Missionary activity can be attributed to the same sphere: conversion to Christianity, in particular the Christianization of the state of Russia itself and the surrounding peoples, who were or were not part of it. Perhaps, monastic activity in the narrow sense of the word also belongs here.
Another area of activity of the church can be considered cultural and ideological.
To the third sphere of church activity, we include its role in the socio-economic life of the country as a land owner, a participant in the production relations of a feudal society that used the labor of church peasants and other groups of workers.
The fourth, public law, sphere is connected with the wide jurisdiction of the church as an integral part of the state organization.
A special, fifth sphere of activity of the church was the internal management of the church organization itself - from the metropolitan, bishops and abbots of monasteries to priests, deacons and privates, monks.
Finally, the last area includes political activity churches both domestically and internationally.
Church leaders took an active part in the life of their city and principality, carrying out political assignments given to them by the secular authorities; their duty was the meeting of the princes and the enthronement (enthronement) at their reign, participation in the cross-kissing at the conclusion of treaties as a state act, etc.
Of these large areas, in this work, to one degree or another, only those related to the relationship between church organizations and princely power and city administration are considered: the formation and development of the church structure, the system of the metropolis, bishops, the socio-economic sphere: sources of material support for the church , church jurisdiction, the performance by church organizations of some city control functions, internal and external political position and activities of the church.
1. Formation and development of the church-administrative structure and management
1.1 The formation of the original church organization in Russia
Random and fragmentary information about the church organization in Russian sources with great difficulty allows us to restore its history in the first half century after the adoption of Christianity by Vladimir. This lack of information led some researchers to the opinion that the church organization itself arose only 50 years after Russia officially became Christian.
An important evidence of the emergence of the metropolis in Russia in the first years after the adoption of Christianity is the mention of the Russian metropolitan see in the Byzantine list of sees (Notitia episcopatuum).
In several editions of the list of metropolitanates, which dates back to the end of the 11th century, the department "Rosia" occupies a permanent place with number 60 after the metropolis of Serra and Pompeioupolis and before the metropolis of Alanya.
To substantiate the existence of the metropolis from the time shortly after the adoption of Christianity, a general assessment of the nature of the relationship between Russia and Byzantium before 1037-1039 is also essential. and after them.
The reign of Yaroslav was marked by a significant increase in the political authority of the country, which is reflected in the establishment of trade relations and marriage alliances with many countries, in the rise of national self-consciousness, which was perfectly manifested in Metropolitan Hilarion's "Sermon on Law and Grace". This is also evident in a certain freedom, both political and ecclesiastical relations with Byzantium itself, and is also noticeable in Russian-Byzantine war 1043, and according to the princely appointment of Hilarion to the Kiev Metropolis in 1051. The obligations of the prince, who had just established in his country an ecclesiastical diocese subordinate to Constantinople, towards the emperor and the patriarch would not allow him to do so. The Byzantine lists of metropolitan sees contain indirect indications that the Kiev Metropolis was founded no earlier than 970. and no later than 997/98. The adoption of Christianity in Russia in 988-990. narrows this period of time to 990-997/98. It is possible to make it even narrower. This is an indication of the Tale of Bygone Years for the consecration of the princely Church of the Tithes in Kiev, which, according to the Tale of Bygone Years, took place in 6504 (996/97), and in memory and praise to Prince Vladimir - in the ninth year after his baptism and 19 years before death, i.e. in the same year 996.
Since in this act of creating the church and in the appointment of Anastas Korsunyanin and the Kherson and Tsaritsa priests, the participation of the metropolitan is not noted in any way, but the role of Vladimir is emphasized in every possible way, we can assume that at that time this highest church institution in Russia did not yet exist. And the very organization of the princely Church of the Tithes presupposes a different status of a church organization without that single administrative center, which is within the competence of the patriarchate, which the Sofia cathedra has become. Thus, the establishment of the Church of the Tithes preceded the establishment of the metropolis, but, as the data of the list of metropolitanates show, not by much.
Closely connected with the court of Constantinople through Princess Anna, the emperor's sister, Vladimir in search of optimal solution the question of the administrative structure of the local church organization, a few years after the change of the state religion, took in principle the form of church management that existed in the empire and the countries belonging to its cultural circle. In connection with the formation of an early church organization in Kiev soon after the adoption of Christianity, the question arises of the role of the Church of the Tithes of the Mother of God, both before the emergence of the metropolis and after it. By its nature, it was a princely church, through which the initiative of the prince was carried out in the Christianization of the population and the implementation of the political and economic program that was associated with it. The church was officially dedicated to the Mother of God and was probably the first in Russia Christian temple dedicated to this widespread and deeply pagan cult.
1.2 Development of the church-administrative structure
The system of episcopal sees in Russia is closely connected with the emergence of the metropolitan see in Kiev. The very title of the cathedra - the metropolis - in Byzantium assumed the subordination to the metropolitan of other hierarchs, bishops, of which he was the head. The metropolis, which did not have episcopal chairs subordinate to it, was only titular, i.e. differing from the episcopacy in title, and not in the volume and content of power. Accordingly, the metropolitan diocese included all the dioceses of episcopal sees.
The establishment of a metropolitanate in Russia thus presupposed the simultaneous creation of episcopal departments. Chronicles of the XVI-XVII centuries. indicate that four or six (in different chronicles in different ways) bishops came to Russia together with the metropolitan.
The question of the number and place of the organization of episcopal departments should be decided taking into account the fact that by the time the first stage of the formation of the church structure was completed, by the end of Yaroslav's reign, their conduct practically or only theoretically, ideally, should have covered the entire territory of the state. Outside the created dioceses, at least their distant peripheries, there should have been no ancient Russian lands left. In development state structure and the expansion of the Christianization of the territory of some large episcopal dioceses were divided and new sees were created, to which these dioceses were subordinate. According to the rules adopted in the Eastern Church, the creation of new bishoprics subordinate to the metropolitan was the responsibility of the latter, and not of the patriarch with the synod. In practice, it depended on the desire and material support of local princes. At the same time, the very organization of the system of bishops with their dioceses could not be a one-time act, for example, one year. It was formed over several decades and continued to develop later.
The process of including the main territory of the state and the emerging ancient Russian nationality into the orbit of church power and the court associated with it in the middle and in the second half of the 11th century. was supplemented by another, also very important in the conditions of the state-ethnic development of the country. It was important to form dioceses headed by bishops in the territories that were being developed Kiev princes and where missionary activity was very relevant.
By the middle of the XIII century. in Russia there were 16 dioceses, in large part corresponding to large Russian principalities, equal in territory to the Western European states.
SOCIAL ORGANIZATION AND CHURCH ORGANIZATION IN RUSSIA
Task 1. Make a plan for answering the question. What changes in the life of the Eastern Slavs contributed to the formation of the Old Russian people?
The formation of the Old Russian nationality was facilitated by:
- submission to the power of the Kiev prince;
- participation of tribes in national affairs;
- joint military campaigns;
- smoothing out linguistic differences, the formation of a single Old Russian language;
- adoption of Christianity, faith in one God;
- identification with the Russian people.
Task 2. Using the text of the textbook, fill in the table.
| The main strata of the population of Ancient Russia | Their characteristic |
| princes | The Grand Dukes collected tribute from all state lands, although the population was not personally dependent on them. The younger offspring of the princely family received small towns as reigning and turned into feudal lords. |
| Druzhina | Boyars - the senior squad. The younger team is the administration. The princely warriors carried out an administrative and military function. For faithful service, they could receive land for management. They collected tribute in them on behalf of the prince. |
| tribal nobility | wealthy community members. Some of them, lending in the years of famine, could turn their fellow citizens into dependence. |
| Clergy | Cultists in religions that profess faith in one God. |
| Free community members, merchants, artisans | The main part of the population of Russia consisted of free farmers who paid tribute and carried duties in favor of the state. |
| Dependent population | Smerdy, purchases, ryadovichi and serfs. Purchases are people who have taken a kupa (borrowed) and work off the debt itself and interest on it. Ryadovichi are persons who served the landowners under a number (contract) and, as a rule, became dependent on him for a monetary debt, help with seeds or tools. The servants were called captive slaves, who eventually became the object of sale and purchase. Smerdy is a dependent population in a princely or boyar estate. |
Write what layers the population of Western Europe consisted of in the Middle Ages.
In each European country, the inhabitants were divided into three estates: the clergy, chivalry (the feudal aristocracy and noble knights), the third estate (townspeople and peasants).
Task 3. Match the old Russian term and its explanation.
Answers:
|
1 |
2 | 3 | 4 |
|
G |
V | B |
A |
Task 4. Using additional sources, independently draw up a diagram "Church organization in Russia."
Task 5. Conduct your own historical research on the topic "Monasteries in Ancient Russia". Make a plan according to which you can create an abstract on this topic.
- Monasteries played an important role in the religious and cultural life of Ancient Russia.
- The monasteries of Ancient Russia from the very beginning of their foundation were something more than just religious institutions.
- Monasteries were centers of education and writing, temples of art and architectural monuments.
- The missionary role of the monks of the monasteries. Educate and educate the people.
- The military-strategic significance of monasteries.
Task 6. Solve the crossword puzzle
Horizontally:
2. The first head of the church from Russians. ( Hilarion)
4. Chapter christian church in Ancient Russia. ( Metropolitan)
5. Head of church authority in large cities. ( Bishop
)
Vertically:
1. Rector of a monastery in Russia (find it in a reference book or on the Internet). ( hegumen
)
3. Monk, one of the founders of the Kiev Caves Monastery. ( Anthony
)
Task 7. Compare the organization of the Orthodox and Catholic churches. Record your findings.
There are many big and small differences between Orthodoxy and Catholicism both in form and in content. The main of the main differences, which at one time led to the division of the Christian Church into Eastern (Orthodox) and Western (Catholic) is the difference in organization. At the head of the Catholic Church is the Pope - the vicar of the Son of God on earth, who, according to Catholics, is infallible in his church decisions. Orthodoxy denies the dogma of Catholics about the primacy of the Pope and his infallibility.
The Orthodox Church does not have a common center and includes several independent churches. In addition to the Russian Orthodox Church, there are Georgian, Serbian, Greek, Romanian, etc. These churches are governed by patriarchs, archbishops and metropolitans. Orthodox believe that Jesus Christ is the head of the Church. Unlike Orthodox Church Catholicism is one Universal Church. All parts of it different countries world are in communion with each other, follow the same doctrine and recognize the Pope as their head.
Task 8. Write a short essay on the topic “Spiritual values of our ancestors”, note in it how Christian values differed from pagan ones.
With the adoption and strengthening of the positions of Christianity in Russia, the spiritual values of our ancestors have changed significantly. Love for God and neighbor, piety and sacrifice, as the main values of Christianity, have acquired a dominant role in the life of the Russians.
If during the pagan religion we saw the prosperity of the cult of strength - whoever is stronger is right, then Christianity brought love to one's neighbor. At the everyday level, this manifested itself in the fact that people began to look for compromises, trying to maintain relations.
It cannot be said that the Slavs during pagan times did not have traditions of respect for parents and elders, but Christianity gave a new understanding of the family and clan, based on the inviolability of relationships. In life, this manifested itself in the strengthening of family traditions. In addition, the concept of personal piety became significant, although in paganism an individual outside the collective did not have any meaning, and piety was determined by the traditions of the community.
Also, I cannot say that our ancestors, with the adoption of Christianity, became more sacrificial for a common goal, sacrificing their own principles for the common good. However, this value has changed its meaning. Loyalty to the family began to be replaced by loyalty and sacrifice in the name of God - more general concept, which ensured the unity of people not only within their kind, but within the whole state.
Question for point 1. What changes in the life of the Eastern Slavs contributed to the formation of the Old Russian people?
Changes:
All tribes entered into a single state;
The militia of all tribes made campaigns;
Warriors from all tribes fell into the prince's squad;
In a single state there were uniform laws (Russkaya Pravda);
The tribes were also united by a single Orthodox faith;
The tribes were connected by trade both with each other and with foreign merchants.
Question for point II. What strata did the population of Western Europe consist of in the Middle Ages?
In Western Europe, monarchs, the highest nobility (dukes, marquises, counts, barons, etc.), chivalry and common people stood out. The common people were divided into townspeople and peasants. In addition, there was a clergy, which was also divided into ranks.
Question to point IV. Why did the Church play a big role in people's lives in the Middle Ages? What was the organization of the Catholic Church?
At that time people had religious outlook, they saw the world and their lives through the prism of religion, and the church explained the norms of religion.
The Catholic Church was led by the Pope. Large ecclesiastical areas were under the control of the archbishops, these areas were divided into the territories of the bishops. Priests preached to believers in church parishes. In the monasteries, the monks lived under the direction of the abbots.
Question to point V. What role did monasteries play in the life of Western European countries in the Middle Ages?
People pinned their main hopes on the monasteries in the salvation of their souls. The monks were needed then to pray to the Lord for all people.
In addition, monasteries played an important role in the economy: they owned big lands. These holdings were constantly growing. For example, many rich and noble people bequeathed part of their estates to monks so that they would pray for their souls. Thanks to their acquaintance with books, it was often the monasteries that introduced advanced technologies: they built water mills, drained swamps, etc.
The monasteries were also cultural centers, at one time the main ones, although then they began to cede this role to universities. Books were copied here, new ones were often written. By order of the monasteries, many architects, sculptors, jewelers and other craftsmen worked, who created true masterpieces of the Middle Ages.
Large monasteries sometimes influenced politics. Rather, it was influenced by the abbots with the support of their monasteries. And this refers to politics, both secular and ecclesiastical. For example, the monasteries of the Cluniac movement several times sought to have their own person become the pope. We must not forget that monasteries often united into orders and in this case acted together.
Finally, it must be remembered that the Inquisition was also in the hands of the monks (Dominicans), and the Inquisition decided the fate of people, sending many to the stake.
Question for paragraph 1. What system of government existed in Russia in the 11th century?
The Old Russian state had a monarchy: it was ruled by Grand Duke. However, at the same time, the prince was forced to consult with his squad, especially the eldest (boyars) and could not do anything against her will. Thus, the power of the Grand Duke was limited.
Question for paragraph 2. Using a computer, draw up and fill out a table in the notebook "Categories of the population of Russia and their characteristics."
Question for paragraph 3. How did princely and boyar ownership of land form in Russia? When answering, use the terms "transition of land into private hands", "princely possessions", "patrimony".
Initially, all land belonged to the communities. But the prince was its supreme owner. Initially, the prince built his yards and planted serfs only on empty lands, which became princely possessions. But gradually he began to reward his boyars with land, which they passed on to their descendants. This is how estates (that is, the possessions of the fathers) appeared - the land began to pass into private hands. Sometimes the prince, as the supreme owner of all the land, transferred the boyars and the possessions of the communities. However, this did not cause outrage. At that time, there was a lot of free land in the Old Russian state, the peasants could always move to a new plot. The main wealth was the workers.
Question for paragraph 4. Explain why in Western Europe Russia was sometimes called the "country of cities".
On the trade route "from the Varangians to the Greeks", as well as on the way to the Volga (from where the merchants went to the Caspian Sea), many cities arose. In addition, the Russian lands were called the country of cities (Gardariki) in the Scandinavian sagas, and Scandinavia was not at all the most developed region of Europe, there were really few cities there.
Question for paragraph 5. Draw in your notebook the scheme "Church organization in Russia".
Question for paragraph 6. What role did the monasteries play in the life of Russia?
Monasteries were cultural centers. It was here that books were copied, they were translated from other languages, and new ones were created. For example, it was there that chronicles and the lives of saints were written - this main part literature of that time. The churches of the monasteries and their decorations also played an important role in the development of culture.
The monasteries made a great contribution to economic life. They owned vast lands, and the princes and boyars constantly donated new ones.
Monasteries also helped in the defense of the state: the walls around them were built to protect not only from worldly fuss, but also in case of war. From the monks buried in the caves of the Kiev-Pechora Lavra, it is clear that some were killed in battles.
Finally, large monasteries in large cities also influenced politics. Their abbots gave urgent advice to the princes, and they were forced to listen to this either out of fear of punishment from the Lord, or out of fear of an uprising, because the people at that time also believed the clergy.
We think, compare, reflect: question number 1. Using the text of the textbook and the Internet, compose an abstract for the message “Life in a Monastery” (choose one of the monasteries mentioned in the paragraph).
Life in the Kiev-Pechora Lavra:
General plan of the monastery;
The dwellings of the monks are their cells;
Food of the monks, restrictions in this area;
Prayers of monks, stories about saints from among them;
The work of the monks;
The book work of the monks, the creation of the Tale of Bygone Years, etc.;
Sermons, the influence of the monastery among the people.
We think, compare, reflect: question number 2. Suggest an article title for a scientific journal on one of the topics in this paragraph. Be sure to use the word "problem" in the title.
The problem of the influence of monasteries on princely politics
We think, compare, reflect: question number 3. Prove that landowners (princes, boyars) and ordinary farmers had both common and different interests.
All residents of the Old Russian state faced troubles that united them. The attacking enemies killed and robbed both the rich and the poor. Crop failures promised trouble for everyone. True, for the poor it was often starvation, noble people died less often for this reason.
But at the same time, farmers and landowners had different interests. The princes and boyars wanted to get people to work in their fields, preferably dependent, that is, those who could not leave own will and start working on a new area. Ordinary farmers, on the contrary, sought to preserve their freedom and work only for themselves.
The place and role of Russia in Europe
(Material for independent work and project activities)
Question for point 1. What states existed in Western Europe in the 9th-11th centuries? What were the rulers of these states called?
In those centuries, such states as Norway, Denmark, France, England, Scotland, Great Moravia, Poland, the Czech Republic, the Papal States, the Holy Roman Empire and others already existed in Europe. Most of the rulers of these states were called kings, some - dukes. There were also states of archbishops. There was one emperor (of the Holy Roman Empire) and one pope (who also headed his own state) for the entire Catholic world.
Question for paragraph 1. What types of transport were used in the IX-XII centuries. to transport goods?
First of all, they traded along rivers and lakes on boats. Land roads at that time remained too bad.
Question for paragraph 2. With which of the European countries did Russia trade?
They traded across the Baltic Sea with Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Poland, Slavs and Germans on the Baltic coast of modern Germany.
Question for paragraph 3. What steppe peoples were the opponents of Russia?
At first, the Russian squads fought the Pechenegs, later the Polovtsy took the place of the Pechenegs. Also at one time Kiev was threatened by the Khazars and the Volga Bulgars; although these peoples cannot be considered completely steppe: their states included large trading cities on navigable rivers.
Question for paragraph 4. Choose from the text of the paragraph quotes that speak of the equal nature of Russia's relations with other states.
"The special relationship between Russia and Byzantium found expression in dynastic marriages ... Many daughters of Russian princes married representatives of the Byzantine imperial house." At the same time, the textbook lists the wives of Russian princes from Byzantium.
"Permanent relations existed in Russia with Germany, Norway, Sweden, with distant England and France."
We think, compare, reflect: question number 1. Prove that in the IX-XII centuries. Russia was part of a single European political and economic space.
Proof:
Dynastic marriages of the Russian princely house;
Participation of Europeans (Poles) in wars between Russian princes;
Trade relations with European countries;
Adoption of a single Christian faith with Europe (at that time there was no division into Catholicism and Orthodoxy).
We think, compare, reflect: question number 2. Find out what influence Byzantium had on the development of Russia.
It was from the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantium) to Old Russian state after baptism came a culture that replaced the former pagan. Therefore, Constantinople became for Kiev and other Russian cities a model of architecture, painting, books and other achievements of civilization. All Orthodox culture The Kiev state originates in the Greek land, most often the Greeks were also masters who brought it to the Russian lands and only here taught local students. Therefore, the influence of Byzantium can be called decisive.
We think, compare, reflect: question number 3. Write in your notebook a short essay on the topic “The role of Russia in international trade IX-XII centuries.
Suggested essay outline:
The level of development of world trade in IX-XII centuries, the Great Silk and other trade routes;
Trade route "from the Varangians to the Greeks", its meaning;
Trade of ancient Russian merchants in the Baltic Sea;
Trade of merchants of other countries with Novgorod;
Trade route along the Volga and the Caspian Sea, other states along this route, such as Volga Bulgaria;
The most active trade with the Arabs (most of all, in the layers of that time, archaeologists find precisely Arab coins);
The attitude of the Slavs of that time to trading operations and money (in particular, we need to remember about cuts: Arab coins were cut and paid with them just like pieces of silver, by weight, thus showing a complete lack of understanding of the essence of the coin as a product).
Task 1. Fill in the diagram. Confirm the formation of the Old Russian people with the facts from paragraph 1 of § 9.
Task 2. Read a fragment from Russian Truth and complete the tasks.
1) Define the concept of "Russian Truth".
"Russian Truth" - a set of laws in Russia.
2) Confirm the existence with excerpts from the document social inequality in Ancient Russia.
For the murder of a person from different strata, a different amount was required: for a Ryadovich - 5 hryvnia, and for a princely husband - 80!
3) Write out the concepts highlighted in the text. Give them definitions.
Vira - court fee, fine. The hryvnia is the monetary unit of ancient Russia. Ryadovich - a person who has concluded a contract for the performance of work. A purchase is a person who has received a loan from a master. Kholop is a slave. Lyudina is a simple, free citizen of Russia.
Underline the terms denoting the categories of population dependency.
4) State how a person could become a slave.
A purchase that did not return the loan to the master.
Task 3. Define the following concepts.
An votchina is a large landed property that belonged to a noble person in Russia on the basis of inheritance rights.
The boyars are the highest stratum of society in Russia, the owners of large estates.
Draw a plan - a diagram of the estate.
Place next to conventions used on the plan.
Task 4. Fill in the diagram.
Task 5. Fill in the table. Compare the role of monasteries in the life of the countries of Western Europe in the Middle Ages and in the life of Ancient Russia. Emphasize the common.
Task 6. On what basis are the rows formed?
Metropolitan, bishop, archbishop - the highest church hierarchy.
Monks, abbots, cells - a monastery.
Anthony and Theodosius of the Caves, princes Boris and Gleb, Euphrosyne of Polotsk - holy monks and nuns.
Task 7. Read a fragment from the Life of St. Euphrosyne of Polotsk and answer the questions.
Read paragraph 6 of § 9. Compare the content of paragraph paragraph with the document.
1) What spiritual ideals were embodied in the life and deeds of Euphrosyne of Polotsk?
Efficiency, disinterestedness, helping the poor and needy.
2) Explain what moments in the behavior and deeds of people (Boris and Gleb, Anthony and Theodosius of the Caves, Euphrosyne of Polotsk) believers can attribute to the manifestation of holiness.
Sacrificial love in Christ and renunciation of worldly pleasures for the sake of spiritual life.
3) In what way, in your opinion, did Euphrosyne make the difficult journey to Jerusalem in her declining years?
Euphrosyne, in her old age, decided to look at the land where God and the Savior of the world once walked.
Task 8. Solve the crossword puzzle "on the contrary", that is, make questions to it horizontally (11) and vertically (1). Use paragraphs 4 and 5 of § 9, as well as illustrations for the paragraph.
