World trade commodity structure at the present stage. Geographical and Commodity Structure of International Trade

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Until the middle of the XVI century, until the great geographical discoveries have expanded the space of the economic and political interests of the European powers, a limited number of countries participated in world trade. The main reasons for this are the lack of reliable information of the peoples of each other, instability, frequent wars and weak development of vehicles. International trade was to transport expensive and rare goods: silk, gold and jewelry, spices. The main international trade routes was the Great Silk Road, bonding Europe and Asia, and the path from the "Varyag in the Greeks" - trade between Northern and Southern Europe. The finite points of transbshare trade, controlled by the Arab merchants, were the richest cities on the coast of modern Morocco - Ceuta and Melilla, from where the gold was transported to Europe.

In the XVI-XVII centuries. Trade of European countries with the East appeared the base of the initial accumulation of capital for the emerging industry, which, developing, demanded new markets for sales and cheap sources of raw materials.

From the beginning of the XVIII century, when the improvement of vehicles and geographical discoveries ensured the economic penetration of Europeans to the new World, the World Trade began to acquire a global nature. Not only its geography has radically changed, but also the commodity structure. Trade became large in weight by cargoes: raw materials, agricultural products.

For the XVIII century. World trade increased 5 times, and for the XIX century. - almost 10 times. By the end of the XIX century. In England, the "workshop of the world" and "Masters of the Seas", which was leading in world trade, "serious competitors appeared - Germany, France, USA. A prominent role in world trade began to play colony - India, Brazil, Argentina, China. By the beginning of the 20th century, according to the World Trade Organization, the volume of global foreign trade turnover amounted to $ 40 billion, of which Europe accounted for 50%, the share of North America - 20%, and 15% on colonial and dependent countries.

For the first half of the XX century. The world turnover has increased by more than 2.5 times. From the 50s. XX century The average annual growth rates of foreign trade were significantly higher than the growth rate of GDP. For the second half of the twentieth century. World commercial exports rose almost 10 times.

Geographical structure of commodity exports. By the beginning of the XXI century. Western Europe was the main world exporter: the region's share accounted for 43% of the cost of commodity exports, including 27 countries of the European Union - 42%. Asia's share in world commodity exports was 31%, including China's share (including Sianggan and O. Taiwan) - the actual leader in world trade - by 2005 it accounted for 12%, Japan - 6%. Latin America and Africa share - 3%.

50 leading countries in world trade accounted for almost 95% of the cost of commodity exports and imports, including 10 leading countries - almost half.

In recent decades of the XX century. The United States has significantly exceeded all the countries of the world in terms of foreign trade turnover (a share in world exports on average 13%, in imports - 11%) and export of capital; The second place was held by Germany, the third - Japan, which for the 1960-90s. Increased its share in world exports almost twice. By the end of the XX century. China entered the top ten leading shopping powers (in 1980 - the 20th on the list of leaders), with a share in the world exports of 3.4%. By the beginning of the XXI century. The rate of economic development and export of China has sharply increased. The average annual growth rates of exports in the XXI century. (about 30%) brought China to the number of world leaders in world trade. China's share, together with Senthan and Macau (Sar of China) and Taiwan by 2006, was almost 12%, overtaking FRG and the United States.

The commodity structure of world exports depends on the peculiarities of the development of the economy of countries (regions) and the specifics of their participation in the international division of labor. In general, the world at the beginning of the XXI century. In the commodity structure of world exports, the products of the manufacturing industry prevailed, the share of which in the cost of world exports over the past 40 years has increased by 2 times.

Commodity structure exports varies in the regions. Thus, in the Middle and Middle East in the structure of exports, oil and petroleum products prevail, in Latin America - agricultural products and manufacturing products, finished products, in Asia - manufacturing products.

In the conditions of interrelated and interdependent world, the geography of foreign trade strongly depends on political orientation. Trade sanctions and the economic blockade of states who violate the norms of international law have become an effective weapon in the modern world (for example, bans on trade with the DPRK, Iraq, Serbia).

The geography of foreign trade in Eastern European countries has changed radically after World War II, which was the result of their entry into the scope of the Geopolitical interests of the USSR. The geopolitical factor was the main thing for the formation of the territorial and sectoral structure of the economy, specialization in the framework of the Council of Economic Communications (integration association of socialist countries). Transition to market relations in the 1990s, political orientation in connection with the countries of Western Europe, and later - entry into the European Union, contributed to changes, both in the structure of production and in the geography of foreign trade.

The change in the geography of foreign trade demanded changes in the transport infrastructure, which was previously focused on tie to the USSR and between the countries of Eastern Europe themselves.

Statistical indicators and data sources for foreign trade analysis. The most important indicators used in the analysis of the external trade geography are as follows:

1) Exports, import, foreign trade turnover (The sum of the cost of export and import).

2) Export, import, foreign trade turnover per capita, 1 km2 of the national territory.

3) Export, import, foreign trade circulation indicescalculated as the ratio of the volume of the previous year to this.

4) The proportion of exports, imports, foreign trade turnover in the respective world indicators.

5) External trade balance (difference between export and import).

6) Import (export) structure - the ratio of the value of commodity groups to the total value of import (export).

7) The share of imports in consumption shows the dependence of the national economy from international trade.

8) Country specialization coefficients:

where k 2 is the coefficient of specialization,

DS - the proportion of this product in the export of the country,

DM - Share of goods in world exports.

Modern condition and development trends of international trade

International Trade is exchange goods and services between different national economies or relations countries about export and import goods and services.

The scope of the participation of individual countries in international trade is related to the development level in them and commodity treatment. Participation in world trade leads to the intensification of reproductive processes in national economies in a number of areas:

· Expansion of export entails an increase in employment;

· Creates conditions for accelerating progressive structural shifts in national economies;

· Allows you to mobilize and more effectively use natural resources and labor;

· Leads to a sharp increase in interdependence, etc.

The state of world trade is characterized by the value and physical volumes of exports and imports, export and import dynamics, commodity structure, etc. Cost world export rated at the price base FOB Free on Board) - free on board the ship, that is, the goods seller must deliver and immerse goods on board, responsible for its safety and condition. Cost import rated at the price base Sif (Cost, Insurance, Fright) - cost, insurance, freight, that is, the price of goods includes the cost of goods, costs for insurance and transportation costs to the port of destination. The physical volume of exports and imports is expressed in natural values.

A characteristic feature of foreign trade is her predominant Growth compared with the general pace of economic development of countries. This is due to several reasons: a significant role in World Trade TNC, the abolition of restrictions in the mutual trade of EU countries, EAT, the rapid development of the NIS, but the extent of production has the greatest impact.

Commodity The structure of world trade depends on the development of productive forces, that is, from structures world production . So in the 1st half of the twentieth century. 2/3 world turnover accounted for trade food , raw materials and mineral fuel, and by the end of the century, products prevail in turnover processing Industries (3/4 world turns), and, 1/3 of the total volume accounted for machines and equipment. Relative reduced Consumption raw It is associated with its more economical spending and replacement in many industries of natural raw materials synthetic. Raising degree self-sufficiency Food industrialized countries due to the introduction of new technologies led to relative reduction Demand on food on the world market. Many countries of Western Europe from importers Food turned into it exporters .

Changes occurred not only in commodity, but also in the geographical structure of world trade. Lead The role in international trade belongs to industrial developed Countries (USA, Germany, France, Japan, England). This is explained not so much trade of these countries with other regions of the worlds, how many of them mutual exchange. According to the OECD, a giant flow of goods goes through the Atlantic Ocean from the USA to the EU countries and in the opposite direction. At the same time, the main exchange article - machines and equipment. The growth of mutual trade between industrialized countries contribute integration Groupings. Moreover, there is both intraregional trade and between economic blocks.

Ratio Forces between the main industrialized countries in the global turnover periodically changes What is associated with the uneven economic development of individual countries.

By the beginning of the XX1 in. occurred increase Swelling developing countries in world trade. It became possible as a result quality shifts in their foreign economic relations under the influence enhance Economic pace heost . At the same time, the role of countries increased markedly Asia . The greatest value is played here NIS1- Generations (South Korea, Hong Kong, about. Taiwan, Singapore). Later it became a community NIS2- Generations (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand). In world export Increases share China . However, these trends not approach to everything developing countries (for example, in Africa only South Africa ). The export of Latin American countries is provided in the main participation of goods 4 countries: Brazil, Mexico, Argentina and Chile. Latin America's export growth is due to participation Mexico In Nafta. About 2/3 of their export revenues these countries are obtained at the expense of commodity.

The least active participants in world trade are countries with transient economy. In terms of world exports and global imports by the end of the twentieth century. They are significantly behind the countries of the first 2 groups.

COURSE WORK

For the subject: World Economy

Change in the commodity and geographical structure of world trade at the turn of the XX - XXI centuries

Introduction

1. Commercial and geographical structure of world trade at the turn of the XX - XXI centuries

Conclusion

Introduction

International trade is a form of communication between commodity producers of different countries arising from the international division of labor, and expresses their mutual economic dependence. The following definition is often given in the literature: International Trade is a process of purchase and sale, carried out between buyers, vendors and intermediaries in different countries.

International Trade includes exports and imports of goods, the ratio between which is called the trade balance. The UN statistical reference books provide data on the volume and dynamics of world trade as the amount of the cost of exporting all countries of the world.

Under the term "foreign trade" means trading of any country with other countries, consisting of a paid importation (import) and paid export (exports) of goods.

International trade is a paid cumulative trade between all countries of the world. However, the concept of "International Trade" is also used in a narrower value: for example, the aggregate trade turnover of industrialized countries, the cumulative trade turnover of developing countries, the cumulative trade turnover of the countries of any continent, the region, for example, Eastern European countries, etc., etc.

National production differences are determined by different vessels by production factors - labor, land, capital, as well as a different internal need for certain goods. The effect that external trade on the dynamics of national income growth, consumption and investment activity is characterized by each country quite definite quantitative dependencies.

Also, world trade is divided into two branches, which can be called geographic and commodity structures. It should be noted that, as in any other organizational directions, this structures are inherent in a constant evolution, the trends of which are most widely visible at the turn of the twentieth century - XXI centuries. This predetermined the relevance of this topic.

Consequently, the purpose of this work is the consideration of the change in the commodity and geographical structure of world trade at the turn of the XX - XXI centuries

To achieve the goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

Consider trends in the commodity and geographical structure of world trade;

Allocate the peculiarities of the dynamics of the commercial structure of international trade;

Analyze the features of changes in the geographic and commodity structure of world trade on the example of the CIS countries.

The theoretical basis of the study is the scientific provisions contained in the works of leading domestic scientists and specialists in the field of global economy and international trade.

The object of study in this paper is the commodity and geographical structure of world trade, and the subject - features of changes in the commodity and geographical structure of world trade at the turn of the XX - XXI centuries

This paper uses relatively analytical and statistical research methods.

The practical significance of the work consistent with the peculiarities of changing the commercial and geographical structure of world trade at the turn of the XX - XXI centuries

This term paper consists of administration, two chapters, conclusion and literature of the used literature.

1. Commercial and Geographical Structure of World Trade on the edge XX - XXI centuries

1.1 Trends in the commodity and geographical structure of world trade

International Trade (MT) is the scope of commodity-money relations, which is a set of foreign trade in all countries of the world.

Foreign trade is the exchange of goods and services between state-decorated national economies. The term "foreign trade" is applicable only to a separate country.

International or foreign trade characterize three important characteristics: total volume (turnover), commodity and geographical structure.

The total volume of international trade (trade) is divided into value and physical volume. Cost volume, which is calculated over a certain period of time at the current prices of the corresponding years using current exchange rates. Distinguish the nominal and real value of international trade. Nominal - is usually expressed in US dollars at current prices and therefore strongly depends on the dynamics of the dollar exchange rate to other currencies. Real - represents a nominal volume converted to permanent prices with a deflator.

The physical volume is calculated at constant prices and allows you to make the necessary comparisons and determine the real dynamics of international trade.

These indicators are calculated by all countries in national currency and translated into US dollars for international comparison.

The commodity structure is the ratio of product groups in world exports (there are more than 20 million species of manufacturing and consumer goods manufactured, a huge number of intermediate products and more than 600 types of services).

Characterized:

1. Reducing the share of raw materials and mineral fuels (end of the 90s. 40%, and in 2000 - 12%. Export of raw materials - industrial countries -60.5%, developing countries - 33.4%, countries with transitional countries Economy - 6.1%. Developed countries are both importers and exporters of raw materials in the world).

2. Diversification of the freight flow is a broad nomenclature of goods manufactured (Germany - 180 positions, USA, UK, Germany - 175 positions, Japan - less than 160 positions).

3. High share of finished products - (80% of trade in the world, 40% - machine-technical products: developed countries: exports - 77%, imports - 70%; developing countries: exports - 22%, import - 28% ).

4. Reducing the specific gravity of food (agricultural sector): large food exporters - developed countries, more than 60%. - increase in the share of trade in textiles and clothing (developing countries (exports): textiles - 48.3%, clothing- 60%; developed countries (exports): Textiles - 49.3%, clothing - 35.4%).

5. The Chinese factor in international trade increases, the trade and economic potential of India is growing rapidly, Latin America (Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, Chile) becomes more significant.

The geographical structure is the distribution of trading flows between individual countries and their groups allocated either by territorial or by organizational basis.

The territorial geographical structure is data on the international trade in countries belonging to one part of the world, or to one group.

Since the second half of the 20th century, the unevenness of the dynamics of foreign trade was noticeably manifested, this was affected by the ratio of the forces between countries in the world market (industrialized countries - 70-75% of international trade, developing - 20%, formerly social, 10%).

Geographical configuration of international trade (less than 70% of exports):

Industrially developed countries are less than 70% of exports, 75% of imports (USA, EU, Japan less than 60% of export and import; "big seven" 50% of world turnover). In the mid-90s. - Leader Western Germany, USA, Japan. In 2000 The United States takes 1 place.

Developing countries (growth trends in international trade) 90s. - 22%, 2000s. - 32%.

High proportion of new industrial countries - Southeast Asia (Y. Korea, Indonesia, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia). The share of China is growing (today it is included in the 10 largest shopping powers of the world).

Ten of leading world exporters: China, USA, Germany, Japan, France, United Kingdom, Italy, Canada, Netherlands, India.

Three quarters of the exports of industrialized countries go to other developed countries. At the same time, 4/5 exports are non-food products.

Since complex technique prevails in the export of industrialized countries, most developing countries represent a relatively smaller interest for them as markets for the sale of such products. Sophisticated equipment is often not needed by developing countries, because it does not fit into the current production cycle. Sometimes she just does not afford it.

Exporters from Asia enhance their position in the world market mainly at the expense of Western Europe. This is happening both on traditional markets for emerging countries (textiles, goods of mass demand) and in the markets of complex products, including the means of production. From 2001 to 2007, the EU share in the global turnover decreased from 44% to 36% at different positions, and the share of the Asia-Pacific region rose from 38% to 42%. In international trade, China's role has notarly increased.

The organizational geographical structure is data on international trade between countries belonging to individual integration and other trade and political groups, or dedicated to a specific group on one or another criteria (for example, OPEC oil exporters).

Subjects of international trade are: countries of the world; TNK; Regional integration groups.

Objects of international trade may be human labor products - goods and services.

Depending on the international trade facility, its two forms are allocated:

1. International trade in goods (MTT) is a form of communication between commodity producers of different countries, arising from the international division of labor and expressing their mutual economic dependence;

2. International trade of services (MTU) is a specific form of world-economic relations for the exchange of services between sellers and buyers of different countries.

International trade in goods is the first and most developed form of international economic relations. The following factors influenced its stable and steady growth:

Development of MRI and internationalization of production;

HTR, promoting the update of fixed capital, the creation of new sectors of the economy, accelerating the reconstruction of the old;

Active activities of TNK on the world market;

Liberalization of international trade through activities carried out by GATT / WTO;

Development of trade and economic integration processes: elimination of regional barriers, formation of common markets, free trade zones.

The preferential growth of foreign trade compared with the general pace of economic development of countries (for example, for 2000-2005 US GDP increased by 31.4%, while exports - by 48.8%, import by 50.5%; In Japan, GDP growth amounted to 13.2%. Exports - 53.1%, imports - 37.1%).

The decisive influence on the development of international trade is factors operating in the field of production: structural shifts and cyclic fluctuations in world economy.

An increase in export quota, indicating the increasing involvement of countries in the world economy, because Export quota shows what the proportion of all manufactured products is implemented in the global market. In some countries, this indicator exceeds global (17%) - for example, Germany, France, United Kingdom. In the context of strengthening the internationalization of economic life, a tendency towards an increase in imported quota is manifested, which indicates a growing impact on the national economies of processes occurring in the global market.

Significant changes in the geographical structure of international trade under the influence of economic and political changes in the world in the 90s. The leading role is still owned by industrialized countries.

The group of developing countries also has pronounced uneven degree of participation in international trade in goods. The proportion of international trade in goods of the Middle East goods is reduced, which is explained by the instability of oil prices and exacerbation of contradictions between OPEC countries. The unstable foreign trade position of many African countries belonging to the group of least developed. South Africa provides 1/3 of African exports. Not sufficiently stable and position of Latin America, because Their raw material export orientation is preserved (2/3 of export revenues they bring commodities). The increase in the specific gravity of Asian countries in international trade was provided with a high growth rate of the economy (an average of 6% per year) and the reorientation of its exports to finished products (2/3 of the export cost). Thus, an increase in the total share of developing countries in international trade in goods is provided by NIS SAV and China.

Expansion of trade within the framework of developing countries, which is currently growing faster than between industrialized countries. Commodity turnover increases between developing countries and industrialized countries, as well as between industrialized countries and countries with economies in transition. The countries of Southeast Asia have become the largest trading partners of the USA, Japan, Western Europe. EU countries increase trade turnover with Eastern European countries. The ratio of groups of countries in world exports:

70 - 72% - industrial countries;

24 - 26% - developing countries (in the late 80s - 22%);

3.7% - countries with economies in transition, incl. CIS countries - 2.3% (in the late 80s, the proportion of socialist countries was 6-8%).

According to the statistics of the IMF to the group of the largest exporters (more than $ 100 billion per year), the United States, Germany, Japan, France, United Kingdom, Italy, Canada, Netherlands, Hong Kong, Belgium / Luxembourg, China, Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, Spain.

The main flow of international trade accounts for industrialized countries - 55%; 27% of international trade is conducted between industrialized countries and developing countries; 7% - between developing countries; 5% - between SPE and all other countries.

1.2 Features of the dynamics of the Commodity Structure of International Trade

According to UN experts, currently in world exports:

75% is the products of the manufacturing industry, and half of this indicator falls on technically complex products and machines;

8% make up food products (including drinks and tobacco);

12% is mineral raw materials and fuel.

In recent years, the global market has noted the trend of the growth of the share in the global exports of textile products and the finished products of the manufacturing industry to 77%.

The main trend of the modern stage of development of international trade in goods is to increase the specific gravity of manufacturing products (3/4 of world exports) and reducing the share of commodity products. In addition, the dynamics of international trade in goods has the following features:

The overall increase in the export of machines and equipment and chemical products increased for the first half of the 90s. 1.6 times, and the total volume of global exports is 1.4 times. As a result, the trend is strengthened to increase in international trade in high-tech goods, technically complex products.

The volume of mineral fuel exports over the past 10 years has decreased by more than 2.5 times, which is largely due to political instability in the region of its main production (Middle East) and significant fluctuations in world prices.

Slightly, but the proportion of food products in world exports is reduced steadily, which indicates the desire of countries to food self-sufficiency.

The structural crises of post-war times in the textile, shoe, clothing industry led to the weakening of these positions in world exports, but from the beginning of the 90s. There is a tendency to stabilize their share.

The main volume of trading finished products accounted for industrialized countries, their share in the export of machinery and transport equipment is almost 77%, in imports - 66%. Leading positions occupy Germany - 14.2%, USA - 13% and Japan - 12.9%. The share of developing countries accounts for 21.8% of world exports of machinery and transport equipment and 30.9% of world imports (including 9% of exports provided NIS South Fourth Waves). The share of countries with economies in transition - 1.4% and 3.1%, respectively. Thus, the most high-tech and high-tech products are drawn between industrialized countries, but at the present stage, developing countries constitute serious competition to industrialized countries.

In the global exports of chemical products, industrialized countries also occupy the leading positions - 80.5%. The share of developing countries accounts for 15.9%, countries with economies in transition - 3.6%. At the same time, industrialized countries are both the main importers of chemical goods - 64.6%. Developing countries import 30.5%.

In the global market of raw materials and mineral fuel, the situation is developing under the influence of two trends:

As progress in the development of productive forces, the role of commodity products in material production is reduced (for example, the cost of the car of 20s. Consisted of 60% of the value of raw materials and energy, the cost of a modern semiconductor microchip is less than 2%).

The proportion of industrialized countries in the export of mineral fuel is 32.1%, developing countries - 5.3%, countries with economies in transition - 11.6%. It is characteristic that from the beginning of the 90s. The share of industrialized countries as fuel exporters increased by turning the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Norway and Canada in the largest oil exporters. In imports of industrialized countries, 61.7% of fuel, developing countries - 25.5%, countries with economies in transition - 12.8% are consumed. Basically, the fuel produced in industrialized countries is delivered to other industrialized countries. But no less high their dependence and supply from developing countries (53%).

Among the most important structural changes in international trade in goods, it should also be noted a decrease in the specific gravity of food, which is associated with the relatively slow growth of agricultural production compared to the industrial and fall of the share of the agricultural sector in GDP in all groups of countries. But absolute growth indicators of turnover in this market are quite high (global exports for the first half of the 90s. In price increased 1.4 times). The characteristic feature of food trade is to strengthen the positions of industrialized countries and the growth of food dependence of developing countries from leading centers of the world economy. Due to the increase in the self-sufficiency of food, the proportion of industrialized countries in its import is reduced (from 78.1% in 1960 to 68.8% in 2005).

Moreover, the greatest reduction is observed in the EU countries. The share of developing countries has to export food - 29.6%, in imports - 24.8%, to the share of countries with economies in transition, respectively, 3.1% and 5.1. In terms of food trade: the exchange between industrialized countries is dominated by 74.1% of exports, from developing countries in industrialized countries, 59.1% comes. Accordingly, 20% of the cost of food, between developing countries - 36.6% is exported from industrialized countries to developing countries. Such regularity is mainly due to the higher purchasing power of the population of industrialized countries.

Extreme unevenly develops international trade in textiles and clothing. This market develops a tendency to approach the positions of industrialized countries and developing countries (the proportion of industrialized countries - 49.3%, developing countries - 48.3%). The peculiarity of the textile market is its regionalization: 69.2% of its exports from industrialized countries was sent to other industrialized countries and also 68.8% of the exports of developing countries accounted for other developing countries. In the global clothing market, leading positions occupy developing countries, carrying out 60% of world exports, on industrialized countries accounting for 35.4%, to countries with economies in transition - 4.6%. In the world imports of clothing, industrialized countries are dominated by 79%, developing countries account for 16.8%, countries with economies in transition - 4.2%. Moreover, the goods on the global clothing market are formed so. That in industrialized countries there are 80.2% of clothing exported from industrialized countries, and 78% - exported from developing countries.

Thus, the global market of goods at the present stage is significantly diversified, and the trade range of foreign trade turnover is extremely wide, which is associated with the deepening of MRI and a huge variety of needs in the goods of industrial and consumer purposes.

Based on the foregoing, we can allocate trends typical of the development of international trade in goods and international trade in services at the present stage. New trends are primarily connected with NTP, changing the object of trade, subjects of commodity circulation and its organizational and economic forms. Among them:

Fast update of the international trade commercial nomenclature, which is reflected in the world's world markets of fundamentally new products, mainly products of new industries, high-tech areas;

Growth of the exchange of nodes, details, components;

Relative drop in the value of trading raw materials and fuel;

The priority presence of TNK, for which the intra-profit transmission of equipment, components, as well as information, technology, finance acts in the form of international sales of goods and services;

Refusal to personal contact of the seller and the buyer in the service sector through the emergence of new forms and means of satellite communications and video equipment;

An increase in the degree of mobility of manufacturers and consumer services by reducing the share of transport costs.

One of the most important characteristics that distinguish the world market from the national is the functioning of a kind of price system on it. The peculiarities of the pricing process on the world market are related to the fact that international trade participants are faced in the market with a large number of competitors than in the internal, so they must constantly work in the mode of comparing their production costs not only with internal market prices, but also the world. At the same time, world prices are based on national and act as their modification.

The global market is characterized by a plurality of prices, which is explained by the action of various commercial and trade and political factors.

The plurality of prices is the presence of a number of prices for the same product or goods of the same quality in the same area of \u200b\u200bappeal at the same transport base (for example, prices for clearing agreements, prices for state-owned programs ...). So, world prices are one of the subspecies from this set.

World prices are the prices for which large export-import operations are held, quite fully characterizing the state of international trade in a specific product.

World prices are different from the domestic on the following features:

Regularity, i.e. Domestic transaction prices are random, episodic, which is not characteristic of world prices;

Separation of a commercial nature, i.e. Turning operations are excluded, the supply of goods within state aid, etc., as these transactions provide for special relationships between partners. Prices under these conditions can be significantly rejected in one direction or another from the price level of separate transactions;

Openness of the trade and political regime, i.e. As world prices cannot serve as part of closed economic groups, because These prices by subsidizing national producers from the state may be higher than the prices of other major suppliers of this product to the world market;

Free convertibility of payment currency.

International trading uses two types of prices:

The estimated prices are individually determined by exporting firms for specific types of industrial goods;

Public prices are prices reported in special and corporate information sources.

These include:

Background prices are the prices of goods in the internal wholesale and foreign trade of industrialized countries. Most widely used in international trade and are so-called basic prices, i.e. The prices of goods of a certain amount and quality in one or another pre-installed geographical paragraph. Base prices are established in accordance with the basic supplies, defining whether shipping costs are included in the price of goods or not. The basic conditions of the supply are set out in the "international rules for the interpretation of trade terms" (Incoterms-2000) developed by the International Chamber of Commerce;

Stock quotes - reflect the real prices of transactions on the stock exchange;

Auction prices;

Trading prices;

Prices of actual transactions;

Prices offer major firms.

Given that in the modern world economy, TNCs are the main subjects and control 2/3 of international trade, the intra-profit trade of TNCs is carried out according to the special category of world prices - transfer prices, which are usually 30% lower than the world. Transfer prices are a commercial secret, have a greater extent, artificial character and are not formed under the action of supply and demand, but on the basis of intra-profit policies.

World prices are changing under the influence of market conjuncture. At the same time, the change in the value proportions of trade provides a significant impact on the development of international trade, its commodity structure and results. A characteristic feature of the structure of world prices is the multidirectional movement of prices for industrial goods, on the one hand, and raw materials, fuel and food products, on the other. At the same time, ways to determine world prices for various products are also different:

Commodity products are defined as the export prices of the main providers of a particular product and import prices in the most important imports of imports of this product (for example, the world's wheat are the export prices of Canada, oil - prices of countries of OPEC members, on the Pushnin - prices of the London and St. Petersburg auctions and T .d.).

Products manufacturing prices are defined as export prices of large manufacturers and exporters of this product.

In general, both and other prices in the world economy tend to grow, but it does not constantly and in different groups of goods prices are growing differently. Sharp price fluctuations are characteristic of the food market. And in the markets of raw materials and finished products there were no serious surpluses from the 70s.

Since 1990, the trend of lowering prices for mineral raw materials, including oil, ore, aluminum, ferrous metals, gold has become noticeable. Food vibrations of prices are different: for food produced by industrialized countries - wheat, corn, wool, - prices rose 1.5 times, and for food produced in developing countries (except coffee), prices fell. In the period 1990-2006 Only wheat prices had a tendency towards significant growth (52.8%). The reason for this is a decrease in the world grain reserves due to the reduction of crops (in Western Europe), a decrease in subsidies and adverse weather conditions (in the USA), a decrease in yields (in Central and Eastern Europe), as well as an increase in grain consumption in East Asian countries.

Prices for industrial products have minor fluctuations in both directions and often grow even during periods of cyclic decays of production. At the same time, the weakening of inflation in industrialized countries in the 90s led to a certain decrease in prices for industrial goods.

The identification of trends in the dynamics of world commodity prices is made by the UN Statistical Bureau, which calculates the indices of world commodity prices. These indexes in the latitude of information, on regularity and efficiency differ from the indices of world prices of manufacturing production. Thus, they publish the world's indices of the manufacturing industry in three main groups of industrial goods - machinery and equipment, chemical goods and other manufacturing products. The indices of the world prices of commodities are more differentiated (energy resources, incl. Oil, coal; mineral raw materials, incl. Iron ore, aluminum; agricultural and non-food products, incl. Wheat, coffee, wool etc.) .

2. Features of changes in the geographic and commodity structure of world trade on the example of the CIS countries

2.1 Evolution of international trade structures in the CIS countries

The experienced period of disintegration of the Community of the former Soviet republics seeks to unite, as evidenced by a number of integration initiatives in the post-Soviet space: Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) (1991), GUAM (1997), Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEC) (2000 g .), Central Asian cooperation (CAC) (2002), a single economic space (SES) (2003). However, from all listed projects, the CIS is notified as a free trade zone (1994) on the list of regional trade agreements (RTS), which is conducted under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade / World Trade Organization (GATT / WTO). It also includes bilateral agreements of the former Soviet republics.

Thanks to multilateral and bilateral agreements, it was possible to eliminate some barriers between trading partners, but there are still significant obstacles and disagreements in integration projects, which, as indicated in the document of the United Nations Economic Commission (UNECE) "Development of partnerships in the trade in the CIS region" , "Spent certain skepticism about the sincerity of the desire of their participants to regional integration, and the debate on its possible forms and directions continues to this day."

By the end of 2008, the world's number of notified RTS reached 367. The rapid growth of regional integration in the global economy began in the 90s. If, in the period from 1948 to 1995, 124 agreements were registered, in the last 10 years - 243. Economic integration has a known potential in increasing the efficiency of the economy and welfare of countries uniting in regional blocks, but not everyone can realize it to fully: Only 214 RTS are recognized as actually acting.

Regional integration is developing under the influence of political and economic factors. The purpose of this article is to investigate the economic features of the Regional Trade of the CIS, to identify changes in the geographical and commodity structure of foreign trade in goods of participating States, as well as trends in the trade integration of the CIS.

Despite the complexity and ambiguity of the relationship between the former Soviet republics, in the world community of the CIS, it is recognized as the association of states in a certain place in the global economy, along with such regional blocks as the European Union (EU), the North American Free Trade Agreement (Nafta) , The overall market of the countries of the South Contest (Merkosur), the Association of Southeast Asian countries (ASEAN), etc. In the CIS, the deep transformational crisis of the 90s was overcome. Since 1999, there has been a steady positive increase in gross domestic product (GDP) (see Figure 1). Currently, the CIS GDP, calculated by the purchasing power parity (PPP) and in comparable prices, exceeded the level of the pre-crisis 1991, and at the current course and at current prices exceeds the GDP of the former USSR, which was $ 928.4 billion in 1980 and $ 776.9 billion in 1990.

Figure 1 - GDP growth rates in the CIS countries

Socio-economic indicators have also improved: the unemployment rate has decreased, the income per capita increased in almost all CIS countries. In 2008, the average per capita income per capita, calculated on PPS in 2005 prices, was $ 9122 and exceeded the 1991 indicator - $ 8871.

However, after the deep economic crisis, which had a systemic nature, until all republics managed to achieve indicators comparable to income in the former USSR, which per capita was $ 3498 in 1980 and $ 2685 in 1990 (at the current exchange rate and at current prices. ). Currently, a negative impact on the Commonwealth economy can have a global financial crisis: according to UN forecasts, the CIS GDP growth rate can be reduced from 8.5% in 2007 to 4.9% in 2009. Especially strong reduction is expected in large economies of the Commonwealth in connection with the fall in world prices for their main export goods (mineral raw materials and metals): in Kazakhstan from 8.9 to 4%, in Russia - from 8.1 to 4.8% in Ukraine - from 7.6 to 2.1% .

In the socio-economic situation of the CIS member states there are differences. According to the World Bank classification, most of them are countries in which gross national income (GNI) per capita is below average (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, Turkmenistan, Ukraine). Three countries: Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, remain in the group of low-income countries. Russia and Kazakhstan have a more favorable socio-economic situation: over the past two or three years, they have significantly improved their positions in the global economy and switched to a group of countries with income above average.

The most noticeable feature of the CIS economy is the presence of a major participant who significantly exceeds its economic scale of the block partners: Russia accounts for 77-78% of the GDP of the regional bloc. This explains its significant impact on the CIS economy, including foreign trade.

Reducing the foreign trade of the former Soviet republics, which took place in the early 1990s, was replaced by the sustainable growth of their exports and imports. As a result of positive dynamics, the share of the CIS in the world exports of goods increased from 1.5 in 1993 to 3.6% in 2006, and in imports - from 1.2 to 2.3%, respectively. For comparison, it should be noted that in 1983, the share of the USSR was 5% of world exports and 4.3% of the global import of goods. It was expected that by 2009, the foreign trade turnover of the CIS, which includes the export and import of goods, will be $ 1.4 trillion, and its share in the global turnover will increase to 4.2%. However, the global crisis causes to revise the forecasts: in 2009, the CIS exports can be reduced by 4.2% against the background of decline in world exports by 4.4%.

The CIS is a regional block that is characterized by a high degree of inhomogeneity and asymmetries in trade, which is due to the presence of a participant with a large-scale economy that exceeds the size of the partner in the block. As a rule, the large size of the economy is accompanied by a relatively smaller participation of the country in regional trade. In the foreign trade turnover of Russia, trade with the CIS countries is 14-15%, while in a number of countries, for example, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, Kyrgyzstan - about 40%.

A similar situation is also characteristic of other RTS, including a large economy, for example, for Nafta: in US foreign trade, regional trading is about 30%, and Canada and Mexico are more than 70%.

In those regional blocks, where there is no pronounced leader, for example, the EU, mutual trade is more uniform.

To measure the uniformity of the trading unit, a comparison of two indicators is used: the aggregated share of mutual regional trade in the aggregate foreign trade turnover of the block, on the one hand, and the average share, calculated as the arithmetic average of the share of the participating States, on the other. The exceeding the second indicator above the first indicates the heterogeneity of the trading unit associated with the presence of a large participant. In 2007, the average share of the CIS regional trade in the CIS foreign trade turnover was 36%, while aggregated - 24%.

The Commonwealth goes along the path of integration into the global economy. As a result of the liberalization of economic relations, the openness of the economy of the States Parties has noticeably increased. The most common indicator of the openness of the economy and its integration into international trade and the global economy is the ratio of foreign trade turnover of the country (region) to GDP, which characterizes trade integration into the global economy. All CIS countries have a significant increase in this indicator. Currently, for the Commonwealth, in general, it is 50%, which corresponds to the average world level and is ahead of some regional blocks.

Figure 2 - The ratio of foreign trade turnover to GDP,%

During the economic recovery, the rapid growth of foreign trade in the CIS member states was accompanied by an increase in their mutual trade. Commodity turnover between partners has increased from $ 60 billion in 1995 to 192 - in 2008. However, against the background of the lifting of absolute indicators, a sustained decrease in the relative indicator of regional trade was its share in the cumulative foreign trade turnover of the CIS. In 1990, 77% of the entire trade accounted for trade exchange between the Soviet republics, by 1994 its share was reduced to 34%, and by 2007 - up to 24%. This is due to changes in the geographical structure of foreign trade of the CIS member states. Expanding its participation in international trade, many of them form trading relations outside the Commonwealth.

2.2 Diversification of commodity and geographical structures of the CIS countries

For most partners, regional imports retains their significance, while exporting the role of partners from far abroad increases. For many CIS member states, the EU has a major trading partner with a large share in Armenia's exports (45%), Azerbaijan (57%), Belarus (46%), Kazakhstan (45%), Moldova (51%), Russia (59 %), Ukraine (32%) (WTO, 2008B).

As a result of the expansion of the circle of export markets, there is diversification of the geographical structure of exports of the CIS member states. This indicates a change in the concentration index of the export market. It is calculated as follows:

where Emcij is the concentration index of the export market;

XIJ - exports of the country I in the country j;

XI - Current export of the country I.

The index may take values \u200b\u200bfrom 0 to 100, a maximum characterizing the presence of one single trading partner. The indicator is subject to the influence of cyclic oscillations and a change in relative prices on world markets, therefore, there is usually averaged values \u200b\u200bfor a certain period for analyzing the dynamics of the indicator.

For most of the CIS participants during market reforms, the concentration of export markets decreased markedly, with the exception of Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Uzbekistan.

The share of regional trade in the aggregate foreign trade turnover is important, but not the only indicator of trade integration at the regional level. Another quantitative meter is the intensity index of regional trade, the basis of which is a comparison of the share of regional trade in the aggregate foreign trade turnover, on the one hand, and the share of the region in world trade on the other hand. The indicator is calculated as follows:

where RTI is the regional trade intensity index;

X AA and M AA - regional exports and imports of the region A;

X and m and - cumulative exports and imports of the region A;

X W and M W - World Export and Import.

The index takes a value equal to 1, if the countries of the regional group traded with each other with the same intensity as with other countries of the world. The excess of the threshold indicates the presence of regional preferences and their influence on the geographical structure of foreign trade.

Table 1

Trade integration of regional blocks in 2008

In 2008, the mutual trade in the CIS countries amounted to about 24% of the total foreign trade turnover, and the share in the global turnover - 3.6%. Despite the relative reduction, the Regional Trade of the CIS retains a high level of intensity comparable to other regional blocks.

Notable changes occur in the commodity structure of foreign trade of the CIS member states. Reduced the number of goods produced in the CIS, withsting international competition in foreign markets. This is manifested in the growth of commercial export concentrations. Based on the Gerfinda Hirschman index, the following indicator is determined:

where EPC is the index of commercial export concentration;

Xij - export of product I country j;

XJ - cumulative export of the country j;

n - the cumulative number of exported products on the three-digit level

The international standard trade classification (MSTK), which is according to the Nomenclature of the MSTK not more than 261. On the calculation for a separate country only those products are included, the export of which exceeds $ 100 thousand or 0.3% of its exports.

The maximum value of the indicator, equal to 100, characterizes the situation of complete monaspectionalization, when the entire export of the country consists of one single product. This indicator, as well as an indicator of the concentration of the export market, is subject to the influence of cyclic oscillations, therefore the averaged values \u200b\u200bare used to analyze.

During market reforms, the concentration of commodity exports of the CIS member states, with the exception of Moldova and Uzbekistan, has increased markedly. Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan have a particularly high level.

Another adverse trend is that the exports of the CIS predominate raw materials and products with low value-added. The main share of commodity exports of the CIS member states is the following products:

1. Armenia: ferroalloys (31%), diamonds (27%), alcoholic beverages (10%), copper (6%), jewelry (4%);

2. Azerbaijan: Oil (82%), Nuts (2%), Fruits (1%), Cotton (1%), Polyethylene (1%);

3. Belarus: fertilizers (19%), tractors (5%), wood (4%), trucks (3%), iron rods (3%);

4. Georgia: iron scrap (15%), oil (11%), wine (8%), non-alcoholic beverages (7%), ferroalloys (6%);

5. Kazakhstan: Oil (56%), copper (6%), ferroalloys (5%), coal (2%), iron ore (2%);

6. Kyrgyzstan: Iron scrap (11%), cotton (9%), glass (7%), electricity (7%), non-ferrous metals (4%);

7. Moldova: Wine (20%), iron rods (13%), iron wire (8%), shoes (4%), alcoholic beverages (3%);

8. Russia: oil (44%), gas (6%), aluminum (3%), coal (3%), steel products (2%);

9. Tajikistan: aluminum (64%), cotton (19%), fruit (3%), men's clothing (2%), cotton fabrics (2%);

10.Turkmenistan: gas (84%), oil (5%), cotton (2%), cotton yarn (2%), polypropylene (1%);

11.Usbekistan: Cotton (20%), Gas (16%), Cars (9%), Copper (9%), Gold (6%);

12.Ukraine: steel blanks (10%), iron rolling (5%), sheet steel (4%), ferroalloys (3%), fertilizers (3%).

The commodity structure of foreign trade in the CIS is unbalanced in nature: the exports are dominated by raw materials, and in imports - products of the manufacturing industry. The structure of exports in which about 56% falls on mineral fuel, is very different from the structure of world trade, where most of the exports (imports), more than 70%, are industrial goods, and the mineral fuel accounts for only 15%. This gives reason to argue that mineral fuel is an area of \u200b\u200bspecialization in international trade, since it is in this area that a regional unit has a detected comparative advantage.

Currently, two groups of countries are allocated as part of the CIS: first, clean exporters (Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Russia, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan), and, second, net oil importers (Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan , Ukraine).

The countries of the first group have a steady positive balance, while most of the states of pure oil importers, on the contrary, is a chronic trade deficit. Nevertheless, in foreign trade in goods, the Commonwealth generally has a sustainable positive balance, in 2008 the amount of $ 141.7 billion (43% of the total import of the CIS). This creates objective prerequisites for deepening regional integration, in particular to form a regional reserve currency zone.

On the eve of the global financial crisis, the cooperation of independent states managed to overcome the economic downturn caused by market transformations, and restore the main macroeconomic indicators (GDP, per capita GDP), as well as positions in international trade. As a result of market reforms, the openness of the economy and the trading integration of the CIS member states into the global economy increased significantly. They expand trade connections outside the Commonwealth, which is manifested in diversifying the geographical structure of their foreign trade and relative decrease in regional trade shares, but does not lead to a reduction in regional turnover.

The high intensity of mutual regional trade is maintained, this gives reason to consider the CIS as a trading block of states involved in the regional and global integration. However, it is necessary to allocate some of its features and contradictions. First of all, it is the heterogeneous nature of the trade bloc and the noticeable influence of Russia (with large-scale economies) on the macroeconomic and trademarks of the Commonwealth. In the conditions of economic lifting, it is favorable, in particular, a steady trade surplus in foreign trade contributes to strengthening the position of the regional block in the global economy. In crisis conditions, a decrease in economic growth rate in Russia may strengthen recession in the CIS member states. Despite the positive results achieved by the former Soviet republics in the restoration of pre-reform positions in the economy, the global crisis indicates the main problem of the trade bloc - commodity specialization in international trade.

Conclusion

The traditional and most developed form of international economic relations is foreign trade. Trade accounts for about 80 percent of the total volume of international economic relations. Another country of the world failed to create an economy, without participation in international trade. In modern conditions, the active participation of the country in world trade is due to significant advantages: it allows you to more effectively use resources available in the country, to join the world achievements of science and technology, to carry out a structural restructuring of its economy, as well as more fully and diverse population.

International trade is a consequence of international division of labor and international specialization. This enshrines serious development prospects behind it. In addition, world trade contributes to the deepening of the internationalization of production, international economic integration and globalization. Based on this, the study of its current position and the examination of its development prospects is necessary for the construction of a foreign economic strategy both on the macro and on the micro level. This means that not only states should have their behavior program on the international market of goods and services, but also the enterprises and organizations that work in this market must have the strategic concepts of functioning and behavior in changing conditions.

The dynamics of the development of international trade is characterized by the rapid growth of commodity turnover in the last decade. This is due to both the growth of the economic and scientific and technical potential of most states. At the same time, it is important to note the tendency according to which the share of trade in finished products in relation to the share of trade in raw materials and materials is grown. Including and the volumes of trading semi-finished products increase. In the growing manifold of international trade forms, the intracorporate trade of TNK is beginning to occupy. This is primarily due to the strengthening of the position at the international level of the TNC themselves, as well as the natural favorable position of related, but those in different countries of the divisions.

Moreover, as can be seen from this work, there is a sufficiently sharp change of the geographical and commodity structure of world trade, which has contributed to many factors.

On the example of the CIS, the evolution of the geographical and commodity structures of world trade was considered.

Thus, all tasks are completed, and the goal is achieved.

List of used literature

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Department of Agriculture VGU VPO Chelyabinsk State Agroenterminarian University

Faculty of absentee education

Department of Economic Theory

Test

Subject: "Commodity and geographical structure of world trade."

Students: Bondarenko Irina Aleksandrovna

Specialty: Economics and APK management

Group number 31.

Teacher: Plektkta

Irina Evgenievna

Chelyabinsk 2010.

1. Introduction.

2. Listing world trade. The concept of world trade.

3. Theoretical foundations of international trade.

4. Foreign and geographical structure of world trade.

5. Speakers of the dynamics of the commodity structure of international trade.

6.Connect

7. Literature asked

1. Introduction

Under the term "foreign trade" means trading of any country with other countries, consisting of a paid importation (import) and paid export (exports) of goods.

Also, world trade is divided into two branches, which can be called geographic and commodity structures. It should be noted that, as any other organizational directions, the constant evolution is inherent in these structures.

2. Listing world trade. The concept of world trade.

International trade is a form of communication between commodity producers of different countries arising from the international division of labor, and expresses their mutual economic dependence.

Structural shifts occurring in the economies of countries under the influence of the Scientific and Technical Revolution, the specialization and cooperation of industrial production efforts the interaction of national farms. It makes it possible to revitalize international trade. International trade, mediating the movement of all intercountry commodity flows, grows faster production. According to research by the World Trade Organization for every 10% of world production growth accounts for 16% of the increase in global trade. Thereby creating more favorable conditions for its development. When the trade occurs in the trade, production slows down and the development of production.

Under the term "foreign trade" is meant Tor-glue of any country with other countries, consisting of a paid import (import) and paid export (exports) of goods.

The diverse foreign trade activities are divided by product specialization to: trade finished products, trading machinery and equipment, trading service and trading services.

International Trade Called paid cumulative trade between all countries of the world. However, the concept of "international trade" is used in a narrower value. It means, for example, the cumulative trade turnover of industrialized countries, the co-check turnover of developing countries, the cumulative trade turnover of the countries of any continent, the region.

3. Theoretical foundations of international trade.

The centuries-old history of world trade is based on the full-tangible benefit, which brings the participating country to us. During this period, explanations of the reasons and the consequences were put into specific theories. The general theory of international trade gives an idea that it is based on this benefit from foreign trade or the directions of foreign trade flows are determined.

Classical international trade theory.

The foundations of the theory of international trade were formulated at the end of the XVIII - early XIX centuries. Outstanding English economists A. Smith and D. Ricardo.

A. Smith in the book "Research on the nature and the causes of the rich-owned nation" (1776) brought theory of absolute advantages. The main conclusion is that the state may not be profitable not only for sale, but also the purchase of goods in the foreign market. Thanks to the international separation, Tru-yes citrus is always more profitable to grow in tropical countries, and not in England. Merit of Smith was that it was through the presence of natural and acquired benefits explained intercountry trading flows.

D. Ricardo in the work "The beginning of political economy and nano-nation" (1817) formulated a more general principle of mutually beneficial trade and international specialization

composing the Smith model as a private event.

Ricardo opened the law of comparative advantages, sosh-vowelno which each country specializes in the production of those products by which its labor costs are comparative - but lower, although absolutely they can sometimes be somewhat more than abroad. As a result, it is concluded that free trade leads to specialization in the production of each country, the development of the production of relatively predominant goods, an increase in production of products around the world, as well as to an increase in consumption in each country.

Hekscher model - Olin.

In the late XIX - early XX centuries. As a result of structural shifts in international trade, the role of natural nature differences as the factors of international division of labor decreased significantly. Swedish economists E. Hekscher and B. Olin (in 20-30 years. XX century) created theory, Explaining for the international trade in manufacturing products. According to the authors, various countries are at a time endowed with labor, capital, land, as well as a different need for certain goods.

Samuelson and Stores Concept.

In the middle of the XX century (1948) American economists P. Samuelson and V. Stalls have improved the theory of Hexcher - Olin, I submit that in the case of homogeneity of the factors of production, identity of technology, perfect competition and complete mobility of goods, international exchange equalizes the price of production factors between countries. The authors are based on their concept on the Ricardo model with the additions of Hexcher and Olin and consider trade not just as a mutual exchange, but also as a means to reduce the rupture in the development level between countries.

Paradox Leontiev.

In the mid-50s of the XX century. American economist of Russian-goes V. Leontiev developed the theory of external trading in work known as "Leontian paradox". Using the Hekscher - Olin theorem, he showed that the American economy in the post-war period specialized in those types of production that demanded about the majority of labor than capital. This contradicted the previously existing ideas about the US economy, which, by virtue of the capital of capital, would have to export advantageously to capital-intensive goods. Including in the analysis of more than two factors of production, including NTP, differences in type types (qualified and unqualified) and their diffe-renovated payment in various countries, Leontyev explained the Nile of the above paradox and thereby contributed to the theory of comparative advantages .

Theory of Vernon and Kindelberg.

In the second half of the 60s of the XX century. semi-chil theory of Product Life Cycledeveloped by R. Vernon, as well as C. Kindelberg and L. Wales. Each new product passes a cycle, including the stages of introduction, expansion, maturity and aging, on the basis of which modern trade relations between countries in the exchange of finished products can be explained. In accordance with the cycle, countries specialize in the production of exports of the same product at different stages of maturity.

The theory of competitive advantages Michael Porter.

The theoretical explanations of the international exchange of goods discussed above show that traditional foreign trade theories are insufficient to explain the co-temporary international exchange of goods. Nevertheless, they are basic in theoretical studies of the Western scientists and explain the emergence and focus of international trade in goods comparative advantages due to product differentiation and differences in the sets of factors of individual countries. The country exports goods, in the production of which it has comparative advantages in costs, and imports goods in the production of which it does not have these advantages.

In the past two decades, the macroeconomic approach to the analysis in international trade theories was supplemented by micro-economic, which is manifested in significant interest in the development of various models of participation in the international trade of individual firms and corporations. The majority of authors at the same time a decisive role assigns the implementation of the techno-logical advantages of individual corporations in the markets that are maximally susceptible to innovations. Objects of international trade in this case is both a technology embodied in high-tech products and clean (in the form of a license).

The most famous of them is theory of competitive advantagesMichael Porter. It consistent is consistent with the idea that companies in the international market compete, and not the country, therefore it is very important to understand how the firm creates and holds competitive advantages, and understand the role of the country in this process. The competitiveness of the country in international exchange is determined by the impact and interconnection of the following four main components called "competitive rhombus": factor conditions (the availability of fundamental factors in the country); the conditions of internal demand causing the scale effect; availability of adjacent and supporting industries (clusters); The strategy of the company, its structures and place in intra-industry competition.

Department of Agriculture VGU VPO Chelyabinsk State Agroenterminarian University

Faculty of absentee education

Department of Economic Theory

Test

Subject: "Commodity and geographical structure of world trade."

Students: Bondarenko Irina Aleksandrovna

Specialty: Economics and APK management

Group number 31.

Teacher: Plektkta

Irina Evgenievna

Chelyabinsk 2010.

1. Introduction.

2. Listing world trade. The concept of world trade.

3. Theoretical foundations of international trade.

4. Foreign and geographical structure of world trade.

5. Speakers of the dynamics of the commodity structure of international trade.

6.Connect

7. Literature asked

1. Introduction

Under the term "foreign trade" means trading of any country with other countries, consisting of a paid importation (import) and paid export (exports) of goods.

2. Listing world trade. The concept of world trade.

International trade is a form of communication between commodity producers of different countries arising from the international division of labor, and expresses their mutual economic dependence.

Under the term "foreign trade" is meant Tor-glue of any country with other countries, consisting of a paid import (import) and paid export (exports) of goods.

The diverse foreign trade activities are divided by product specialization to: trade finished products, trading machinery and equipment, trading service and trading services.

3. Theoretical foundations of international trade.

Classical international trade theory.

The foundations of the theory of international trade were formulated at the end of the XVIII - early XIX centuries. Outstanding English economists A. Smith and D. Ricardo.

D. Ricardo in the work "The beginning of political economy and nano-nation" (1817) formulated a more general principle of mutually beneficial trade and international specialization

composing the Smith model as a private event.

Hekscher model - Olin.

Samuelson and Stores Concept.

Paradox Leontiev.

Theory of Vernon and Kindelberg.

The theory of competitive advantages Michael Porter.

4. Foreign and Geographical Structure of World Trade

International Trade (MT) is the scope of commodity-money relations, which is a set of foreign trade in all countries of the world.

Foreign trade is the exchange of goods and services between state-decorated national economies. The term "foreign trade" is applicable only to a separate country.

International or foreign trade characterize three important characteristics: total volume (turnover), commodity and geographical structure.

The physical volume is calculated at constant prices and allows you to make the necessary comparisons and determine the real dynamics of international trade.

These indicators are calculated by all countries in national currency and translated into US dollars for international comparison.

The commodity structure is the ratio of product groups in world exports (there are more than 20 million types of manufacturing and consumer purposes produced, a huge number of intermediate products and more than 600 types of services)

The geographical structure is the distribution of trading flows between individual countries and their groups allocated either by territorial or by organizational basis.

The territorial geographical structure is data on the international trade in countries belonging to one part of the world, or to one group.

Geographical configuration of international trade (less than 70% of exports):

Industrially developed countries are less than 70% of exports, 75% of imports (USA, EU, Japan less than 60% of export and import; "big seven" 50% of world turnover).

Ten of leading world exporters: China, USA, Germany, Japan, France, United Kingdom, Italy, Canada, Netherlands, India.

Three quarters of the exports of industrialized countries go to other developed countries. At the same time, 4/5 exports are non-food products. Since complex technique prevails in the export of industrialized countries, most developing countries represent a relatively smaller interest for them as markets for the sale of such products. Sophisticated equipment is often not needed by developing countries, because it does not fit into the current production cycle. Sometimes she just does not afford it.

Subjects of international trade are: countries of the world; TNK; Regional integration groups.

Objects of international trade may be human labor products - goods and services.

Depending on the international trade facility, its two forms are allocated:

2. International trade of services (MTU) is a specific form of world-economic relations for the exchange of services between sellers and buyers of different countries.

International trade in goods is the first and most developed form of international economic relations. The following factors influenced its stable and steady growth:

Development of MRI and internationalization of production;

HTR, promoting the update of fixed capital, the creation of new sectors of the economy, accelerating the reconstruction of the old;

Active activities of TNK on the world market;

Liberalization of international trade through activities carried out by GATT / WTO;

Development of trade and economic integration processes: elimination of regional barriers, formation of common markets, free trade zones.

The decisive influence on the development of international trade is factors operating in the field of production: structural shifts and cyclic fluctuations in world economy. An increase in export quota, indicating the increasing involvement of countries in the world economy, because Export quota shows what the proportion of all manufactured products is implemented in the global market. In some countries, this indicator exceeds global (17%) - for example, Germany, France, United Kingdom. In the context of strengthening the internationalization of economic life, a tendency towards an increase in imported quota is manifested, which indicates a growing impact on the national economies of processes occurring in the global market.

5. Speakers of the dynamics of the international trade

In recent years, the global market has noted the trend of the growth of the share in the world exports of textile products and finished manufacturing products to 77%, especially by the scientific goods.

Almost 40% of the cost of world exports accounts for technically complex, differentiated products - machinery and transport equipment. An increase in the export of engineering products is accompanied by simultaneous growth of trade in components, nodes, details, semi-finished products. Due to the increase in global exports of machinery and equipment (leaders here - industrialized countries) sharply increased and sharing with relevant services: scientific and technical, industrial, commercial, financial and credit nature. Active trade by ma-tires and equipment spawned a number of new services, such as: engineering, leasing, consulting, information and computing services.

The role of the chemical industry has increased.

As a result, the trend is strengthened to increase in international trade in high-tech goods, technically complex products. The volume of mineral fuel exports over the past 10 years has decreased by more than 2.5 times, which is largely due to political instability in the region of its main production (Middle East) and significant fluctuations in world prices.

An important trend is very dina-world growth of the world metallurgical market. The relative, but rather noticeable decline in the share of traditional exporters - Japan and EU countries should be attributed to the OSO-bennesses of this market. The positions of the Republic of Korea and Brazil are noticeably strengthened. The place of the largest net importers still retain the United States and China.

The tightening of the requirements for the protection of the surrounding SRE-DB, aimed at limiting the emission to the atmosphere of the GA-COV, and, above all, carbon dioxide, to prevent global climate change, in the future, the obstacle affects the decrease in coal consumption and in what The degree of oil as the most environmentally dirty energy resources. At the same time, the role of renewable energy and at-native gas sources will be located.

Slightly, but the proportion of food products in world exports is reduced steadily, which indicates the desire of countries to food self-sufficiency.

The main volume of trading finished products accounted for industrialized countries, their share in the export of machinery and transport equipment is almost 77%, in imports - 66%. The share of developing countries accounts for 21.8% of world exports of machinery and transport equipment and 30.9% of world imports (including 9% of exports provided NIS South Fourth Waves). The share of countries with economies in transition - 1.4% and 3.1%, respectively. Thus, the most high-tech and high-tech products are drawn between industrialized countries, but at the present stage, developing countries constitute serious competition to industrialized countries.

As a result, there is a reduction in the specific gravity of these positions in international trade. The share of industrialized countries accounts for 60.5% of the cost of world exports of raw materials, developing countries - 33.4%, to countries with economies in transition - 6.1%. In imports of raw materials to industrialized countries accounts for 60.5%, developing countries - 32.1%, to countries with economies in transition - 5.1% of the share of industrialized countries in the export of mineral fuel is 32.1%, developing countries - 5.3%, transition countries - 11.6%. It is characteristic that from the beginning of the 90s. The share of industrialized countries as fuel exporters increased by turning the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Norway and Canada in the largest oil exporters. In imports of industrialized countries, 61.7% of fuel, developing countries - 25.5%, countries with economies in transition - 12.8% are consumed. Basically, the fuel produced in industrialized countries is delivered to other industrialized countries. But no less high their dependence and supply from developing countries (53%) among the most important structural changes in international trade in goods should also be noted to reduce the specific gravity of food, which is associated with the relatively slow growth of agricultural production compared to the industrial and fall of the agricultural sector share in GDP in all groups of countries. The characteristic feature of food trade is to strengthen the positions of industrialized countries and the growth of food dependence of developing countries from leading centers of the world economy. Due to the increase in the self-sufficiency of food, the proportion of industrialized countries in its import is reduced (from 78.1% in 1960 to 68.8% in 2005).

Fast update of the international trade commercial nomenclature, which is reflected in the world's world markets of fundamentally new products, mainly products of new industries, high-tech areas;

Growth of the exchange of nodes, details, components;

Relative drop in the value of trading raw materials and fuel;

Refusal to personal contact of the seller and the buyer in the service sector through the emergence of new forms and means of satellite communications and video equipment;

An increase in the degree of mobility of manufacturers and consumers of services by reducing the share of transport costs by one of the most important characteristics that distinguish the world market from the national is the functioning of a kind of price system on it. The peculiarities of the pricing process on the world market are related to the fact that international trade participants are faced in the market with a large number of competitors than in the internal, so they must constantly work in the mode of comparing their production costs not only with internal market prices, but also the world. At the same time, world prices are based on national and act as their modification.

The global market is characterized by a plurality of prices, which is explained by the action of various commercial and trade and political factors.

World prices are the prices for which large export-import operations are held, quite fully characterizing the state of international trade in a specific product.

World prices are different from the domestic on the following features:

Regularity, i.e. Domestic transaction prices are random, episodic, which is not characteristic of world prices;

Free convertibility of payment currency.

International trading uses two types of prices:

The estimated prices are individually determined by exporting firms for specific types of industrial goods;

Public prices are prices reported in special and corporate information sources.

These include:

Stock quotes - reflect the real prices of transactions on the stock exchange;

Auction prices;

Trading prices;

Prices of actual transactions;

Prices offer major firms

Raw materials prices are defined as the export prices of the main providers of the specific product and import prices in the most important imports of import of this product.

Products manufacturing prices are defined as export prices of large manufacturers and exporters of this product.

In general, both and other prices in the world economy tend to grow, but it does not constantly and in different groups of goods prices are growing differently.

Prices for industrial products have minor fluctuations in both directions and often grow even during periods of cyclic decays of production. The identification of trends in the dynamics of world commodity prices is made by the UN Statistical Bureau, which calculates the indices of world commodity prices.

The indices of the world prices of commodities are more differentiated (energy resources, incl. Oil, coal; mineral raw materials, incl. Iron ore, aluminum; agricultural and non-food products, incl. Wheat, coffee, wool etc.)

Conclusion

Moreover, as can be seen from this work, there is a sufficiently sharp change of the geographical and commodity structure of world trade, which has contributed to many factors.

On the example of the CIS, the evolution of the geographical and commodity structures of world trade was considered.

Thus, all tasks are completed, and the goal is achieved.

List of used literature