An example of a geographical description of a territory. a) Features of orientation in the forest

The buildings 21.09.2019

The buildings

from the village of Kirovo (kv. 59 44) to the village of Lavrovo (kv. 58 46)

("Kirovo". Training card U-38-56-A-b, M 1:25 000)

The shortest route is along the improved asphalt concrete road (carriageway width 8 m, subgrade width 12 m) connecting Kirovo settlement and Lavrovo settlement. From Kirovo (1200 inhabitants, a church, a horticultural farm, forest protection plantations, an electrical substation) the road passes through hilly terrain with a forest protection belt in a southeasterly direction. Approaching the village of Lavrovo (450 inhabitants, separately located palaces, a cemetery, a horticultural farm), the road passes through meadows with grassy vegetation. Further from the village, the road passes over a bridge over the Kunta River (the width of the river is 2 m, the speed of the current is 0.2 m/s). The bridge (reinforced concrete, 20 m long, 4 m wide and with a carrying capacity of 30 tons) is located on an embankment 2 m high, the area along the bridge is marshy (passable swamps).

Task 5

Designate on the map the watershed lines and thalwegs (drainage lines) located within the same squares (see task 4). Show watershed lines in brown or red, thalwegs in green or blue. For one of the logs, draw the watershed lines and thalwegs completely, i.e. both within and outside the given squares.

An example of a problem solution. From a given section of the drain (point R ) draw a curved line, normal to the contour lines, along the watershed to the points WITH , A (Fig. 11). This line intersects the horizontal lines of greatest curvature. The thalweg line (drainage line) will run through the hollow. Area of a figure bounded by points A , V , WITH , R called catchment area.

Rice. 11. Construction of watershed lines and thalwegs

Task 6

Calculate the area of a figure bounded by points A , V , WITH , – S abc .

There are three ways to measure areas on plans and maps: graphic, mechanical (electronic-mechanical) and analytical.

TO graphic way one can attribute the method of dividing the measured area into simple geometric shapes, and the method based on the use of a palette.

In the first case, the area to be measured is divided into the simplest geometric shapes (Fig. 12, a), the area of each of which is calculated by simple geometric formulas, and the total area is determined as the sum of the areas of private geometric shapes:

In the second case, the area of the measured figure is covered with a palette consisting of squares (Fig. 12, b), each of which is a unit of area. The palette is applied to the contour of the site, the number is counted n full squares enclosed within the contour of the site, and the number n" squares dissected by the boundary of the site. Total number squares covering the entire contour of the site, N total is calculated by the formula

N common =n + 0,5n".

To determine the area of \u200b\u200bthe plot P in m 2, ha, km 2, the price of dividing the palette is calculated With, i.e., determine the area of the square of the palette on the ground:

c = (a M) 2 ,

where a- the side of the square of the palette in a linear measure (mm, cm);

M- the denominator of the scale of the map (plan).

Then the plot area

P = N common With.

mechanical way consists in determining areas on plans and maps using mechanical or electronic planimeters.

Analytical method(Fig. 13) consists in calculating areas based on the results of measurements of angles and lines on the ground. According to the results of measurements on the ground, the coordinates of the vertices are calculated X, Y. Square S polygon 1–2–3–4 can be calculated through the areas of trapezoids

For a polygon with a number of vertices P finally we get:

Calculations by formulas are performed on a microcalculator or on a computer.

The accuracy of determining areas in an analytical way is determined by the accuracy of the measured values.

rice. 13. Analytical method for measuring areas

Task 7

By geodetic coordinates, determine the nomenclature of the map of the specified scale for the point V .

The solution of the problem is to sequentially determine the nomenclature of map sheets at scales 1:1,000,000, 1:500,000, 1:100,000, 1:50,000, 1:25,000, 1:10,000, on which the point is located V . It is recommended to solve the problem by drawing up diagrams for the layout of sheets of maps of the listed scales. On the diagram, you need to indicate the longitude and latitude of the boundaries of the map sheet on which the point falls V , and next to it is the nomenclature of this sheet.

The nomenclature of map sheets at a scale of 1:1,000,000 is made up of row and column designations. The rows are limited by parallels through 4 ° in latitude and are indicated by letters of the Latin alphabet from the equator to the poles - from A to V (Fig. 14).

Rice. 14. Scheme of layout and nomenclature of map sheets M 1: 1000 000

The columns are limited by meridians at 6° longitude, they are designated by Arabic numerals from 1 to 60, the beginning of the count of the columns is from the meridian with a longitude of 180°, from west to east.

A map sheet at a scale of 1:1,000,000 contains an integer number of map sheets at other scales, a multiple of four: (four map sheets at a scale of 1:500,000, 36 map sheets at a scale of 1:200,000, 144 map sheets at a scale of 1:100,000 (Fig. 15 ) etc.).

The nomenclature of a map sheet at a scale of 1:1,000,000 is made up of the designations of the row (letters) and columns (numbers) at the intersection of which the sheet is located, for example, N-44. The dimensions and arrangement of the columns of the sheets of the map at a scale of 1: 1,000,000 in longitude coincide with the six-degree zones of the Gaussian projection, in which topographic maps are compiled. The only difference is that the zones are counted from the zero (Greenwich) meridian, and the columns of the sheets of the millionth map are counted from the meridian with a longitude of 180 °. Therefore, the zone number differs from the column number by 30°.

The nomenclature of sheets of maps in scales 1:100,000 - 1:500,000 is composed of the nomenclature of the corresponding sheet of a millionth map, with the addition of a number (numbers) or a letter indicating the location of this sheet on it.

Rice. 15. Layout and nomenclature of topographic maps

A whole world can fit on one sheet of the map, with all the oceans, continents, mountains and plains, countries, cities, minerals, animals and birds. You just need to be able to read the map correctly. In this lesson, we will learn what maps were in antiquity, and what types of maps are now, what are the advantages of a map over a globe, what is a scale, a map legend. We will learn how to use the scale of depths and heights, determine the coordinates of terrestrial objects.

Subject: The planet we live on

People started drawing maps even before they thought about whether the Earth is round or flat. Scientists have discovered in Kamchatka a drawing on a bone depicting a path to a place rich in prey. This is probably one of the oldest maps. The cards were drawn on pieces of bark, cut into wooden planks which was convenient to take on the road. Some peoples scratched cards with a sharp object on damp clay tiles, which, after drying, became strong, with a clear image.

This world map, in the center of which the city of Babylon is located, more than 3 thousand years.

Rice. 1. World map of Ancient Babylon ()

Rock paintings of the area were also found in caves where people lived thousands of years ago.

Rice. 2. Rock drawing of the area ()

With the invention of paper, cards began to be drawn on it. All the information received by scientists and travelers during their wanderings in different lands was applied to the maps.

Rice. 3. ancient map peace on paper ()

Making a map was a long process, because all the details were drawn by hand, so the cards were very expensive.

For a long period of time only four were present on the maps: Eurasia, Africa, North America, South America. Many years passed before navigators discovered Australia and Antarctica.

When you look for any country on the globe, you see only one hemisphere. And to see something else, the globe must be rotated.

It is impossible to designate a large number of geographical objects on a globe without increasing its size. A large globe is inconvenient for travel use.

Scale- this is the ratio of the length of the lines on the map or drawing to the actual length. The scale of the physical map of Russia tells us that each centimeter of the map corresponds to 200 km on the ground.

Rice. 7. Physical map of Russia ()

On the map you can show two halves of the Earth at once. If we divide Earth along the equator, it will map of the northern and southern hemispheres,

Rice. 5. Northern and Southern Hemispheres

and if along the line of the zero meridian - Western and Eastern Hemispheres.

Rice. 6. Western and Eastern Hemispheres

On the mineral map special icons mark the places of mineral deposits.

Rice. 9. Map of minerals ()

On the animal habitat maps habitats indicated. various kinds birds and animals.

Rice. 10. Bird and animal habitat map ()

On the contour maps there are no color designations and depicted, but not signed, all kinds of geographical objects. They are convenient for laying routes.

Rice. 11. Contour map

On the political map of the world depict countries and their borders.

Rice. 12. political map Eurasia ()

On the synoptic maps conditional icons show observations of the weather.

Rice. 13. Synoptic map ()

Various cards are combined into atlases.

Rice. 14. Geographic atlas ()

The maps depict different territories. There are maps of districts, cities, regions, states, continents, oceans, maps of the hemispheres and world maps.

Conventions on the map are the same as on the globe. They're called legend and are usually placed at the bottom of the map.

Let's find on physical map Russia's West Siberian Plain.

Rice. 16. West Siberian Plain ()

Small horizontal lines covering a large part of its territory mean swamps.

Here are one of the largest swamps in the world - Vasyugan. The lines represent rivers, borders and roads, the circles represent cities.

Rice. 17. Vasyugan swamps

The seas and mountains have real outlines and are colored different colors. Blue and blue - reservoirs, yellow - hills, green - lowlands, brown- the mountains.

At the bottom of the map, a scale of depths and heights is placed, with which you can see what height or depth means this or that shade of color on the map.

The deeper the ocean, the darker the color. On the map of the Arctic Ocean, the darkest shade of blue is in the Greenland Sea, where the depth reaches 5,527 meters; the lightest shade of pale blue, where the depth of the sea is 200 meters.

Rice. 18. Physical map of the Arctic Ocean

The higher the mountains, the darker the color they are marked with. So, Ural mountains, which are considered relatively low (the highest peaks from 1000 to 2000 m above sea level), are colored light brown on the map.

Rice. 19. Ural Mountains

Himalayas - the highest mountains in the world (10 peaks with a height of more than 8 km) are indicated in dark brown.

Rice. 20. Himalayan mountains

In the Himalayas is located Chomolungma (Everest) - the highest peak in the world (8848 m).

Using the height scale, it is easy to determine the height of the Caucasus Mountains.

Rice. 23. Caucasus Mountains

Their brown color indicates that the height of the mountains is more than 5 thousand meters. The most famous peaks - Mount Elbrus (5642 m) and Mount Kazbek (5033 m) are covered with eternal snow and glaciers.

Using the map, you can determine the exact location of any object. To do this, you need to know coordinates: latitude and longitude, which are determined by the degree grid formed by parallels and meridians.

Rice. 26. Degree grid

The equator serves as a reference point - on it the latitude is 0⁰. Latitude is measured from 0⁰ to 90⁰ on either side of the equator and is called north or south. For example, the coordinate 60⁰ North means that this point lies in the Northern Hemisphere and is at an angle of 60⁰ to the equator.

Rice. 27. Latitude

Longitude is measured from 0⁰ to 180⁰ on both sides of the Greenwich meridian and is called western or eastern.

Rice. 28. Longitude

St. Petersburg coordinates - 60⁰ N, 30⁰ E

Moscow coordinates - 55⁰ N, 37⁰E

Rice. 29. Political map of Russia ()

Vakhrushev A.A., Danilov D.D. The world around 3. M .: Ballas.
Dmitrieva N.Ya., Kazakov A.N. The world around 3. M .: Publishing house "Fedorov".
Pleshakov A.A. Surrounding world 3. M .: Enlightenment.

Academician ().
survival().

Locate on the physical map of the world Pacific Ocean. Determine its deepest place, indicate its name and depth. Describe how you identified this place.
Make a short test (4 questions with three answers) on the topic "Geographic maps".
Prepare a memo with the rules for working with cards.

Since 1944, the Mglinsky district has been part of the Bryansk region. Being almost in the center of the Russian Plain, the Bryansk Territory has long been distinguished advantageous position and played an important role in the defense of Russian lands and the Russian state.

The position of the region on the watershed of two large river systems - the Dnieper and the Volga - had big influence for its settlement and economic development.

The Dnieper, where the Desna carries its waters, has long been the main artery of the western part of the Russian Plain. connected the Bryansk Territory with the Volga, Don, Western Dvina, and through them - with the Caspian, Azov, Black and the Baltic Seas. The waterway "from the Varangians to the Greeks" drew the region into a wide range of trade relations.

Administratively, the Bryansk region is relatively young. It was formed on July 5, 1944 from the western regions of Orlovshina.

The Bryansk region lies in the western part of the Russian Plain, occupying the middle part of the Desna basin and the wooded watershed between it and the Oka.

Being at the junction of three republics and two natural zones, the region has a rich and diverse nature. Here you can find all types of forests: coniferous, mixed, broad-leaved, as well as forest-steppe and cultivated steppe. On the left bank of the Desna, the pine forests of the Bryansk forest range amaze with their purity and harmony. To the south, pines are found interspersed with hardwoods, and soon you will find yourself in a varied and light mixed forest. And in the south-east of the region, the steppe invades the green strip of oak forests in islands. Two types of vegetation are intricately intertwined here: forest and steppe.
The Bryansk region is located in temperate latitudes.

The northernmost point lies at approximately 54°N. latitude, southern - at 52 ° 10 "N. From here more than six thousand kilometers to hot equatorial countries and more than one and a half thousand - to the snowy deserts of the Arctic Ocean. Air masses cooled over the ice space sometimes break through to the territory of the region, bringing dry, low temperatures The climate of the area is sensitively affected by wet breath Atlantic Ocean. The air masses that form over its expanses moderate the climate, soften the heat in summer and the cold in winter, and bring precipitation.
The extreme western point of the region lies at 31°10"E (in the Krasnogorsk region), and the extreme east (in the Karachevsky region) - at 35°20"E. d.

The region borders on two republics and four regions of the Russian Federation: in the west - with the Republic of Belarus (Gomel and Mogilev regions), in the north - with Kaluga and Smolensk regions, in the east and southeast - with Orel and Kursk regions, and in the south with Ukraine (Chernihiv and Sumy regions).

The area is stretched from west to east. Its length in this direction is 270 kilometers, and from north to south - 190. In terms of territory (34.9 thousand square kilometers), it surpasses such states as Belgium (30.5 thousand square kilometers), the Netherlands (33 .5 thousand sq. km), 13 times - Luxembourg. It is also larger than the neighboring Oryol (24.7 thousand sq. km) and Kaluga (29.9 thousand sq. km) regions.

The area through which the river flows. Voronus with tributaries, as well as the adjacent Sredinny Poiputye, was nicknamed Mglinskaya Land in ancient times. This must be due to the fact that early on this land an East Slavic fortified settlement arose, surrounded by a deep moat and an earthen rampart, later named the city of Mglin.

Photos can be posted here photo r. Voronus with your first and last name

There was another similar earthen city on this territory - Ormino, about which the chronicle says that when dividing his possessions, the Kievan prince Vsevolod Olgovich gave his cousins Brest, Drogichin, the village of Vshchizh and the city of Ormino (now Vormino). “And it was no later than 1146, since it is known that Vsevolod Olgovich reigned in Kiev from 1139 until the day of his death in 1146.” (Soloviev S. M. History of Russia since ancient times. - St. Petersburg, ed. III, book 1, vol. 3, p. 385).

However, Ormino did not give his name to the surrounding area, got lost in the wilderness of the forest and remained an inconspicuous fortified settlement on the Mglinskaya land, on which the life of many generations passed, each of them left traces of their life here, a memory of themselves.

The past formidable natural phenomena also left a memory of themselves, when during the Dnieper glaciation, which occurred about 300 thousand years ago, our region was covered with glacial heaps, which, retreating, then left behind boulders, gravel, sand, clay, and other sediments and played their role. role in the formation of the modern relief of our area.

Traces of the activity of retreating glaciers can be easily noticed by anyone who takes a look at the relief. native land. You will see hills covered with forests or occupied by arable land, swampy depressions that have turned into rich hayfields, plains cut by ravines, along which numerous streams and rivers flowed, once rich and stormy, now subdued or completely dried up.

And there are still large stones-boulders left from the ice age in some places on the surface of the Mglinskaya land, and on its northern outskirts - powerful deposits of boulder glacial sediments. ( encyclopedic Dictionary Brockhaus, vol. XVIII. - St. Petersburg, 1896, p. 845). Not so long ago, on the territory of the Lugovets village council, there was a large boulder stone 1.5 kilometers east of the village of Kadeck, deeply “ingrown” into the ground. Its flat visible surface reached about 3 meters in diameter. In 1929, the stone was crushed into pieces with explosives and taken to the installation of supports for the railway bridge of the Unecha-Mglin-Roslavl railway under construction at that time. Another smaller stone-boulder lay to the east of the large one on the left bank of the river. Kobylenko and was destroyed in the old way. In 1930, a large fire was lit on it, then it was flooded with water, the heated stone fell apart into pieces, which were taken to Golyakovka to install stoves in the baths.

Near the northern outskirts of Kosary, on the right bank of the Voronusa, there is a hill, called by the locals "Kurgan", overgrown with forest and dotted with small smoothed stones mixed with sand. These are the remains of glacial sediments, with which the entire northern side of our region was so generously dotted. Only now there are not many stones there. At the end of XIX - beginning of XX centuries. they were taken by local peasants to Mglin to build roads in the city. As the Mglinsky old-timers remembered, the carters were paid 2-3 kopecks. from a pood, and the weight of the stones was determined by eye. Smolenskaya (now Lenina), Pogarskaya (Pervomaiskaya), Starodubskaya (Oktyabrskaya) streets were then paved with these stones, which only recently disappeared under the asphalt pavement.

A photo of the village of Kosary "Kurgan" with your name and surname can be placed here

The Dnieper glacier consisted of several stages. Its Moscow stage ended 120-170 thousand years ago, and 70-90 thousand years ago the Valdai glaciation began, which ended about 10 thousand years ago. It is noteworthy that the life of people and animals in the Bryansk region did not stop during the Valdai glaciation. People hunted bears, wolves, arctic foxes, but mammoths were the main object of hunting. (Our native Bryansk region. - Tula: Prioksky book edition, 1983, p. 5).

With the end of the Valdai glaciation, although sharp cold snaps occurred at times, a climate close to modern was gradually established. The territory of the region was covered with forests, which were inhabited by elk, deer, roe deer, wild boars, bears, beavers, but there were no mammoths. “These cold-loving animals could not adapt to life in new, warmer climatic conditions and either died out, bogged down in post-glacial swamps, or were exterminated by people. But 11-12 millennia ago they still lived on the territory of our country.” (Newspaper "Izvestia" for September 29, 1976 "The Mystery of the Northern Land").

Their remains are now found in different places, including Mglinskaya Land.

In the 60s of the current time, on the southeastern outskirts of Velikaya Dubrova, in the tract "Long Ditch", the skeleton of an old mammoth was discovered. The largest parts of it were taken by the local Veliko Dubrovskaya school, and the skull and several vertebrae were taken by the Bryansk Regional Museum of Local Lore.

At the same time, the tooth of a young mammoth, after a spring flood, was found in the village of Voitovka at the bottom of a stream and is now stored in the Mglinsky Regional Museum of Local Lore.

Photos of the Great Dubrovskaya tract "Dolgiy ditch" and the village of Voytovka with your name and surname can be placed here

There are others interesting finds on Mglinskaya land, including the tools of labor of people of the Stone Age, but this should already be attributed to the monuments of archeology.

Let's finish this short review Geography of the Mglinsky Territory with a small quote from the book

Although most often the exam asks you to describe a diagram, diagram, table, or process, there is a risk that you will come across a map description. You have to be ready for anything, so in this article I will give you some useful tips on how to handle this task.

So, before you two schematic maps. Usually the first shows a certain place before the changes, the second - after. A place can be anything: any territory, a city, a part of a city, a garden, a yard, an industrial area, an island, and so on. In addition, it can be a separate building or room.

Before you start writing, you need to immediately figure out what grammar you will use in your review. Of course, tune in to (since you will describe processes and their results, and performers are not important to you) and turnover (since you will describe the location of objects). Then decide on the times that you will need to use.

The easiest type of description is to describe one card at the moment. To do this, in your review, use .

If both cards belong to the past and the time period is over, use .

The garden was expended as a result of land acquisition, which took place in 2000. The garden was expanded as a result of a land acquisition that took place in 2000.

If the first picture refers to the past, and the second shows the state of things on this moment- then, when describing the first card, use or to describe the second card and to describe the changes that have taken place so far.

For instance:

In 1990 there was a park in the center of the city, which has been modernized and expanded over the given period. Now there the territory of the park is twice larger than it used to be. — In 1990, there was a park in the center of the city, which was modernized and expanded over the period presented. Now the territory of the park is twice as large as it was before.

It may also be that you are offered two maps: one in the present, the second in the future, and describe a plan for any changes: development or renovation. In this case, you will need to use the future tense forms: or:

A new port is going to be built in a five years" time in the place of old docks, which are located in the south of the city. - In five years, they are going to build a new port on the site of the old docks, which are located in the southern part of the city .

We have decided on the grammar, go to structure. It is not particularly different from other types of essays.

First paragraph should contain an answer to the question: What do the map data illustrate? You will rephrase the tasks using synonyms, but in no case, without rewriting the finished sentence.

In second paragraph indicate a few general changes, that is, without going into details (without describing where and what was built, completed or demolished), say what kind of changes are shown on the map. Choose one or two key, most noticeable changes and write about them.

To do this, you will need the following vocabulary:

Over the period
From 1990 to 2000,
Over the time period
Over the past 10 years
Between 1990 and 2000,

a number of changes took place in the area

the area saw considerable developments/ spectacular changes/dramatic changes

the area was totally/considerably/significantly/completely transformed/redeveloped/reconstructed/modernised

the area changed considerably

And after, in third and fourth paragraph, you will describe the details of the changes: what, where and how was changed.

To maintain structure in your work, divide your map into parts and describe each of them sequentially. Try not to "jump" from one side of the map to the other.

As a rule, parts of the world are indicated on the map at the top. To indicate exactly where the objects you describe are located, use prepositions of place and designations of parts of the world:

by/beside/next to/ near/close to
to the north/south/east/west from
through/around/cross
in the north/south/east/west of the city/map/area
on the northern/southern/eastern/western border

In addition, the description of changes on the map suggests the use of special vocabulary for this task. I offer you useful verbs for describing and comparing various objects.

The buildings:

Demolished/ knocked-down/ flattened - demolished
replaced/ relocated - relocated
updated - updated
built / constructed - built, built
reconstructed - reconstructed, updated, rebuilt
developed - created
extended / expanded - expanded

added - added

Plantations (forests, parks, plantations):

Cleared /cut-down /chopped-down
removed - destroyed
planted - planted

Infrastructure facilities (hotels, clubs, centers):

Opened - open
set up - founded
developed - created
converted (into) - converted into, transformed into
modernized - improved
constructed - built, built
reconstructed - redone, reconstructed

Acquisition:

Bought - purchased
acquired /purchased
added - added

Depending on what is shown on your card, choose the most appropriate words to describe.

A common mistake is to list all changes separated by commas:

In the city center the shopping mall was renovated, the café was expanded and converted into a restaurant, a playground was built and a new park was planted.

Everything is grammatically correct, vocabulary is used, but still something is missing. In addition, very often the authors of such essays do not know what to write about next in order to achieve required amount words. Therefore, I recommend that you do not combine all the changes in one sentence, but break it into four or five sentences. Just like in other tasks of the writing part, do not forget to connect your thoughts with special expressions so that it is easy for your reader to read your essay:

Over the given period the city center has witnessed dramatic changes and improvements. First, the shopping mall was significantly renovated. The cafe was converted into a restaurant after expansion. Furthermore, a new playground for children was constructed next to the cafe. In addition, a new large park was planted in the eastern part of the city centre.

In the last paragraph, you should present your conclusion and summarize everything that you described in your essay. One more typical mistake- repeat all of the above, or parts of it, that is, return to the details again. In conclusion, you can rephrase what you indicated about key changes, or compare parts of the map and answer questions:

Have there been changes throughout the area shown on the map? Has the entire territory been / will be changed or part of it remains / will remain the same?
- Which part had the most changes? In the central part, in the north, in the south?
- What was the nature of these changes? For example, somewhere new buildings appeared, but somewhere they just cut down forests, in some part they developed infrastructure, and somewhere they built residential buildings)

For many students (and from my point of view) describing the map is one of the easiest tasks for IELTS. Because on maps, as a rule, everything is clear and familiar to everyone (unlike processes, for example) and there is no need to highlight special patterns, categories and relationships (as in the description of graphs, tables and diagrams).

A few examples of maps:

Remember that only practice will help you achieve a high level in any written assignment. If you have mastered the basic requirements for writing this type of work, then try describing a few of the cards suggested above.

Don't forget to pay attention to grammar and spelling, they also affect your result.

Good luck with your preparation and the exam! Follow our updates and join us

Ponds, reservoirs, canals, wells and springs. When describing rivers, it is necessary to indicate the location of this object on a map sheet (in which part of the map the river is located), the direction of the flow, navigability (and other economic use of this hydrographic object). It is also necessary to indicate the type of river nutrition, freshness, whether the river is permanent or drying up. When describing other hydrographic objects, it is enough to simply indicate their location on a map sheet, freshness or salinity, and average area. At the end of the analysis of hydrography, it is necessary to indicate the availability of this terrain freshwater resources.

Next, we move on to the description of the relief. They determine the highest points, list them and characterize the general relief (plateaus, low mountains, plains, etc.). Determine the direction of the slope terrain and maximum height difference. If there are large ravines or quarries, then they give information about their location on. Then they proceed to the description of smaller forms of relief - pits, accumulations of stones. Also, when describing, it is necessary to report the ruggedness of the terrain by hiking trails.

The next point in the analysis of any map (plan) terrain goes vegetation. Indicate the type of vegetation, the approximate area covered by plantations and the formula of the forest stand (it is indicated next to symbol). Large natural (forests and reserves) and cultural (gardens and plantations) plantings are indicated.

When describing any card, you need to pay Special attention to the road network. It is also necessary to indicate the direction of automobile and railways regional, regional or federal significance. Then the most extended routes and local values are described. If necessary, carry out an analysis of pedestrian dirt roads. At the end, they sum up and indicate the density of roads for various purposes and draw a conclusion about the patency of this.

Next, we proceed to the description of urban data. They list the largest settlements, the approximate number, socio-economic buildings (factories, mining sites, etc.). They also indicate the most important social structures (theaters, museums, monuments of regional or regional significance).

note

Before beginning the description of any locality, it is necessary to indicate the alphanumeric code of the map, the territory it displays, its nature and the purposes for which it is used.

Sources:

Topographic training of the commander

A description of the area is necessary when compiling tourist and local lore reference books, orientation tasks, and creating historical sites. It is also interesting to tell about your region to guests from another city who came to you on vacation. Even in an unremarkable area there is always something interesting.

You will need

- local map;
- data on history and economy;
- a sheet of paper and a pen;
- a computer with a text editor;
- GPS-navigator;
- camera.

Instruction

Think about what you are writing the description for. It depends on his character. Your story about your region can be strictly scientific or artistic. This does not mean at all that the first option must necessarily be dry and uninteresting, and the second must not contain any reliable data. It's just that in a scientific description it is necessary to rely on figures and facts, and in the second - on your impressions.

Make a list of the data you need. You, of course, know the name of your locality. But it’s very good if you can indicate not only the commonly used modern, but also others - pre-revolutionary, Soviet period, how your region is called by the indigenous people, etc. Establish an etymology.

Do not forget to tell how you can to your locality. List all routes if possible. Write from what big city or a major railway station and by what means of transport. If the railway is called not like himself locality, mention it. You can rewrite the schedules or link to them.

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Popova V.N. primary school teacher MBOU "Kishertskaya secondary school" Rebus is ...

Decipher the rebus shown in the figure

To learn how to compose and understand puzzles, you should figure out what they are from ...