How Peter the Great suppressed the Streletsky revolt. The terrible truth from "torture" Russia - native Shabalin region

When Peter was four years old, Alexei Mikhailovich died. His brother Theodore became the king.

Since 1676 - Tsar Fedor Alekseevich - son from the first wife of Tsar Miloslavskaya - "frail and sickly."

Due to the nominal value of his power - at court - the confrontation between two parties: the Miloslavskys (the mother of Fyodor Alekseevich and her numerous relatives) and the Naryshkins (relatives and friends of N.K. Naryshkina).

There is a fierce power struggle between them.

The son of Miloslavskaya is on the throne, and the state is governed by Naryshkina's educator, boyar Artamon Sergeevich Matveev.

The main support of the Miloslavskys' party was Princess Sofya Alekseevna - the fourth oldest of the six daughters of Aleksei Mikhailovich from his first marriage with Miloslavskaya Maria Ilyinichna.

Immediately after the death of Fyodor Alekseevich in 1682, Peter was proclaimed tsar and blessed by the patriarch, but then he was not yet 10 years old. Consequently, his mother N.K. Naryshkina. And this elevated the Naryshkins' grouping.

Struggle for the throne after the death of Fyodor - 1682

Peter and Sophia are opposition.

Peter I is the son of N.K. Naryshkina - the 2nd wife of Alexei Mikhailovich (marriage for love) on January 22, 1671, Alexei Mikhailovich married Naryshkina, and on May 30, 1672, they had a son, who was named Peter.

Sophia - the daughter of Maria Ilinichna Miloslavskaya - the first wife of Alexei Mikhailovich.

Sophia skillfully took advantage of the discontent of the archers, which began from the time of the death of Alexei Mikhailovich. Under him, they received a large salary for their service, were exempted from taxes and had the right to engage in any trade.

Streltsy - the army approved by Ivan the Terrible and used by him not only for military affairs, but also for the execution of his orders - has always been distinguished by a love of freedom and adherence to old customs. Sophia announced that if not Peter, but his brother Ivan reigns, then the whole new order introduced by Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich will be destroyed; all changes made by Patriarch Nikon in church books will be canceled. Because most of Streltsov are Old Believers, it suited them.

The discontent of the archers:

1. The new Tsar Fyodor did not distinguish them in any way from the rest of the service people, did not give awards;

2. Colonels of archers began to deduct their salaries in their favor;

3. They also forced to buy expensive uniforms at their own expense;

4. Punished with batogs;

5. Transferred from city to city, etc.

The main thing is that the complaints of the archers did not reach the king.

When Peter ascended the throne, the archers felt that they represented a force to be reckoned with. They, taking advantage of the position, sent a petition to their superiors, threatening with their own reprisals if the matter was not settled. The government immediately dismissed the colonels and appointed new ones, the new ones demanded reprisals against the old ones. The government gave in: the old ones were punished, the new colonels refused to obey and spent their time drinking and fighting.

The mutiny on May 15, 1682 was provoked by Sophia. The Moscow Troubles of 1682 went down in the history of the state under the name "Khovanshchina" after the name of the leader of the archers Ivan Andreevich Khovansky.

Sophia was not slow to take advantage of the situation: her adherents rotated among the archers and persuaded them to rise up against the Naryshkins. Sophia's most active supporters: two Tolstoy, Boyarin Ivan Mikhailovich Miloslavsky and Prince Ivan Khovansky rumors spread that the Naryshkins demanded trial and punishment of the archers for their reprisals against the colonels. A new rumor that the brother of Tsarina Natalya - Ivan Naryshkin tried on the crown in the Kremlin and strangled Tsarevich Ivan Alekseevich - drove them into a frenzy. They rushed to the Kremlin. Some boyars rushed to the carriages - they wanted to leave, but the archers cut off the horses' legs. In front of 10-year-old Peter's eyes, the boyar Matveyev, his mother's brothers, was hacked to death: Afanasy and Ivan Naryshkin. This reprisal affected the psyche of the young Peter.

Sophia, in order to calm the rebels, gave each of them ten rubles and paid the lost salary. By this, she even more endeared them to herself.

Prince Khovansky, on behalf of the archers, drew up a petition in which he demanded that both tsarevichs rule together, and the Boyar Duma and the Consecrated Cathedral named Ivan the first tsar, and Peter the second. In a new petition, the archers insisted that "the government, for the sake of the young years of both sovereigns, give them to their sister."

As a result: 2 brothers were proclaimed rulers, but Sophia was appointed regent.

The Streltsy decided that they could also solve religious issues and took part in the struggle of the Old Believers-schismatics with the "Nikon Church". Khovansky himself openly sided with the schismatics. The schismatics began to convince the archers to demand the restoration of the "old faith." The defender of the Old Believers was Nikita Pustosvyat.

Sophia was present at the "debate on faith" and was outraged by the behavior of the schismatics. The debate ended with a seemingly complete defeat for the schismatics, but they shouted "victory!" carried away a lot of people;

Sophia, on the other hand, decided to stop the rebellion in the bud and gave the order: to seize and execute Nikita Pustosvyat and his accomplices.

She changed her attitude towards the archers themselves. Sophia left for the Trinity Church and there began to gather noble militias in the cities to fight the rebels. Khovansky was summoned there and executed. Upon learning of his execution, the archers raised a riot. They prepared for the siege of Moscow: together with the youngest son of Khovansky, they began to prepare for the fight against the boyars, they occupied the Kremlin, but soon lost heart, because understood that they were rebelling against the god-given power.

About 3000 of them went to the monastery to confess. As a sign of duty, they carried axes and blocks for their execution. Sophia executed 30 people, the rest obeyed her in everything.

Forgiveness was given to them on condition of unquestioning obedience and non-interference in state affairs.

This is how the Moscow Troubles of 1682 ended.

The Streltsy revolt was another attempt by adherents of the old faith to restore what was lost; they fiercely resisted Western influences on Russian life. Honoring the covenants of antiquity: According to Protopop Avvakum: "Torment for Christ thoroughly, do not look back."

History knows many examples when, as a result of coups staged by the military, countries sharply changed their foreign and domestic policy course. Putsches and attempts to seize power, relying on the army, happened in Russia. One of them was the rifle revolt of 1698. This article is devoted to its reasons, participants and their further fate.

Prehistory of the Streltsy Riot of 1698

In 1682 Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich died childless. The most likely contenders for the throne were his younger brothers - 16-year-old Ivan, in poor health, and 10-year-old Peter. Both princes had powerful support in the person of their relatives, the Miloslavsky and Naryshkins. In addition, Ivan was supported by his own sister, Princess Sophia, who had influence on the boyars, and Patriarch Joachim wanted to see Peter on the throne. The latter declared the boy tsar, which Miloslavsky did not like. Then they, together with Sophia, provoked a streltsy riot, later called Khovanshchina.

The victims of the uprising were the brother of Queen Natalya and other relatives, and her father (grandfather of Peter the Great) was forcibly tonsured a monk. It was possible to calm down the archers only by paying them all the salary arrears and agreeing that Peter ruled together with his brother Ivan, and until they came of age, Sophia performed the functions of the regent.

The position of the archers by the end of the 17th century

To understand the reasons for the Streltsy revolt in 1698, one should familiarize oneself with the situation of this category of service people.

In the middle of the 16th century, the first regular army... It consisted of infantry infantry units. The Moscow archers were especially privileged, on whom the court political parties often relied.

The capital archers settled in the Zamoskvoretsky settlements and were considered a well-to-do category of the population. They not only received a good salary, but also had the right to engage in trade and crafts, without burdening themselves with the so-called posad obligations.

Azov campaigns

The origins of the Streltsy revolt of 1698 can be found in the events that took place thousands of miles from Moscow a few years earlier. As you know, in last years her regency waged war against Ottoman Empire attacking predominantly Crimean Tatars... After her imprisonment in a monastery, Peter the Great decided to continue the struggle for access to the Black Sea. To this end, he sent troops to Azov, including 12 rifle regiments. They came under the command of Patrick Gordon and that caused discontent among the Muscovites. The archers believed that foreign officers were deliberately sending them to the most dangerous sectors of the front line. To some extent, their complaints were justified, since Peter's comrades-in-arms really guarded the Semenovsky and Preobrazhensky regiments, which were the favorite brainchilds of the tsar.

Shooting riot of 1698: prerequisites

After the capture of Azov, the "Muscovites" were not allowed to return to the capital, instructing them to carry out garrison service in the fortress. The rest of the archers were given the responsibility of restoring the damaged and building new bastions, as well as repelling the invasions of the Turks. This situation persisted until 1697, when the regiments under the command of F. Kolzakov, I. Cherny, A. Chubarov and T. Gundertmark were ordered to go to Velikiye Luki to guard the Polish-Lithuanian border. The discontent of the archers was also fueled by the fact that they had not been paid a salary for a long time, and disciplinary requirements became stricter day by day. Many were worried about the isolation from their families, especially since disappointing news came from the capital. In particular, in letters from home, it was reported that wives, children and parents are in poverty, since they are not able to engage in trades without the participation of men, and the money sent is not even enough for food.

The beginning of the uprising

In 1697, Peter the Great departed for Europe with the Grand Embassy. The young sovereign appointed Prince Caesar Fyodor Romodanovsky to govern the country during his absence. In the spring of 1698, 175 archers arrived in Moscow, deserting from units stationed on the Lithuanian border. They said that they had come to ask for a salary, since their comrades were suffering from "lack of fodder." This request was granted, as was reported to the tsar in a letter written by Romodanovsky.

Nevertheless, the archers were in no hurry to leave, citing the fact that they were waiting for the roads to dry out. They tried to expel and even arrest them. However, Muscovites didn’t give “their own” in offense. Then the archers took refuge in the Zamoskvoretskaya Sloboda and sent messengers to Princess Sophia, who was imprisoned in the Novodevichy Convent.

In early April, with the assistance of the townspeople, he was able to put the rebels to flight and force them to leave the capital.

The attack on Moscow

The participants in the 1698 rifle revolt, who reached their regiments, began to campaign and incite their comrades to go to the capital. They read them letters, allegedly written by Sophia, and spread rumors that Peter abandoned Orthodoxy and even died in a foreign land.

At the end of May, 4 rifle regiments were transferred from Velikiye Luki to Toropets. There they were met by voivode Mikhail Romodanovsky, who demanded to hand over the instigators of the turmoil. The archers refused and decided to go to Moscow.

At the beginning of the summer, Peter was informed of the uprising, and he ordered to immediately deal with the rebels. The memory of the young tsar had fresh childhood memories of how the archers tore apart his mother's relatives in front of his eyes, so he was not going to spare anyone.

The mutinous regiments in the number of about 2,200 people reached the walls of Voskresenskoye located on the banks of the Istra River, 40 km from Moscow. There, government troops were already waiting for them.

Battle

The tsarist governors, despite their superiority in weapons and manpower, made several attempts to end the matter peacefully.

In particular, a few hours before the start of the fight, Patrick Gordon went to the rebels, trying to persuade them not to go to the capital. However, they insisted that they must at least briefly see the families from which they had been separated for several years.

After Gordon realized that the matter could not be resolved peacefully, he fired a volley of 25 guns. The whole battle lasted about an hour, since after the third volley from the cannons, the rebels surrendered. This is how the Streltsy revolt of 1698 ended.

Executions

In the suppression of the revolt, in addition to Gordon, Peter's commanders Alexei Shein, Ivan Koltsov-Mosalsky and Anikita Repnin took part.

After the arrest of the rebels, the investigation was led by Fyodor Romodanovsky. Shein helped him. After a while they were joined by Peter the Great, who had returned from Europe.

All the ringleaders were executed. Some were cut off by the king himself.

Now you know who participated in the suppression of the Streltsy revolt in 1698 and what caused the discontent of the Moscow warriors.

The rifle revolt of 1682 (known in history as Khovanshchina) is a revolt of the Moscow riflemen at the beginning of the reign.

1682, April 27 - Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich died at the age of 20. Either Ivan or Peter could become his successor. The 10-year-old Peter, born of the second wife of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, Natalia Kirillovna Naryshkina, ascended the throne by the common consent of all the ranks of the Moscow state. 14-year-old Ivan, the son of the tsar from his first wife, from the Miloslavsky family.

With the accession of Peter to the court, the strengthening of the Naryshkins began. This could not suit another court party - the Miloslavskys, headed by Princess Sophia and her favorite Ivan Mikhailovich Miloslavsky. There was also a force that could help them - archers.

The position of the rifle troops

On the rifle regiments lay the maintenance of order, and the execution of punitive service. Two regiments were on a special regime and enjoyed special privileges - they accompanied the sovereign on trips to monasteries, took part in all kinds of ceremonies. The Streltsy were accommodated by families in the Streltsy settlements of Moscow. The service was lifelong, and the salary that they received from the treasury was meager. Therefore, the archers, burdened with families, were forced to seek additional income. Those who were less well-off traded in crafts, the wealthy made trade deals.

The Streltsy decided to take advantage of the accession to the throne of the new tsar and on April 30, 1682, they turned to the government with a complaint against Colonel Semyon Griboyedov, who repaired them "taxes and offenses and all sorts of tightness."

The throne was occupied by 10 summer child, behind whose back there was a mother - a woman, according to BI Kurakin's opinion, absolutely not experienced in politics: “This princess, kind in temperament, virtuous, only was neither diligent nor skillful in business, and an easy mind”. Natalya Kirillovna, who did not have experienced advisers and was at a loss, satisfied all the requirements of the archers. Griboyedov was not only removed from the post of colonel, but also punished with batogs; he was ordered to collect, according to the list submitted by the archers, the money appropriated to them and pay the archers for all the work they performed; his estates fell under confiscation.

Prerequisites for the riot

One concession led to others. On the same day, the government was forced to satisfy the demands of the riflemen of the remaining 19 regiments.

Sagittarius realized that they were the masters of the situation. We do not know who in the Miloslavskys' camp had the idea to rely on the archers in the fight against the Naryshkins: either the experienced intriguer Ivan Mikhailovich, or the insidious and ambitious Sofya Alekseevna, who dreamed of hoisting the tsar's crown on her head. Whatever it was, but Miloslavsky and Sophia were able to direct the anger of the archers in the right direction for themselves. However, the implementation of their plans was objectively helped by Natalya Kirillovna herself, who made a number of significant blunders in the first days of her reign.

According to the custom of that time, the queen's relatives received awards in ranks and estates. On April 27, 5 brothers of Natalya Kirillovna (Ivan, Afanasy, Lev, Martemyan, Fedor) were given to sleeping bags. Only 5 days passed, as a new award was said, which caused the greatest gossip: the 22-year-old sleeping bag, Ivan Kirillovich, was declared a boyar, bypassing the ranks of the Duma nobleman and okolnichego. The conspirators, however, were able to skillfully use the mistakes of the government, in every possible way arousing the anger of the archers. “Do you see how the Naryshkins climb the mountain? They don't care about anything now. "

So, Natalya Kirillovna was subjected to an onslaught from two sides: the archers and the Miloslavsky who claimed the royal throne. She could not hope for the wisdom of the newly-made sleeping bags and the boyar Ivan Kirillovich: both the brothers and father Kirill Polievktovich were not distinguished either by intelligence, or insight, or political experience. The only hope of the Naryshkins is Artamon Sergeevich Matveev, Natalya Kirillovna's educator, who arranged for her to marry Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich.

Matveyev showed ability in matters not only matrimonial, but also state: in the last years of the reign of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, he was the first minister and actually led the government. But after the death of the tsar, he was sent to prison by the Miloslavskys in Pustozersk. The boyars were returned to Artamon Matveyev and they sent an official, steward Almazov, to invite him immediately to Moscow.

Preparing a riot

In Moscow, Matveev appeared only on the evening of May 12. Upon arrival, he was shown another favor - they returned all the confiscated estates. If Natalya Kirillovna was impatiently awaiting the arrival of Matveyev and was practically inactive, then the Miloslavskys and Sophia developed a vigorous activity and, in the figurative expression of the CM. Solovyov, “the conspiracy was simmering”, representatives of the rifle regiments came to the Miloslavskys' house at night, and emissaries from Sophia's chambers were driving around the settlements, who spared neither wine nor money to bribe the archers.

Boyarin Ivan Mikhailovich Miloslavsky found helpers - a relative of Alexander Ivanovich Miloslavsky, a man of "villainous and most rude", two nephews, Ivan and Pyotr Andreyevich Tolstykh, "in the mind of extremely sharp and great sneakiness and dark evil executed", as young Matveyev described them, who left notes about the events of those times. From the streltsy chiefs, they attracted Lieutenant Colonel Ivan Tsykler, a "fodder foreigner", and Ivan Ozerov, from the lower nobility of Novgorod. Among the rank-and-file archers, 10 attorneys were chosen. The mediator was the Cossack Fyodora Semyonova, who carried news from the princess to Ivan Miloslavsky, from that - to the streltsy settlements, from the settlements - to Sophia.

The beginning of the riot

Tsarina Natalya Kirillovna shows the archers that Tsarevich Ivan is unharmed

Arrival to the capital of Matveyev could not at all strengthen the positions of Naryshkin's "party". Perhaps Matveyev did not appreciate the degree of danger hanging over the Naryshkins. It is not known what retaliatory measures Matveev was planning. At least until noon on May 15, nothing was done about the archers. And at noon it was already late - at the call of the alarm, armed rifle regiments were moving towards the Kremlin with banners unfurled. While Matveyev was reporting this to the queen and pondering whether to close the Kremlin gates and take measures for safety royal family, archers burst into the Kremlin with a drumbeat.

The reason for the unexpected appearance of the archers in the Kremlin was rumors that the Naryshkins had "worn out" Tsarevich Ivan. They were disbanded by active supporters of Sophia and the Miloslavskys. The eldest of the Tolstoy drove around the streltsy settlements and angered the streltsy with rumors. He threatened with new injustices and predicted changes for the worse. The Sagittarius were taught that they would be executed, and therefore the time had come to show strength.

Having learned the reason for the unrest of the archers, Tsarina Natalya, together with the patriarch and the boyars, went out onto the Red Porch with Tsarevich Ivan and Peter. An angry army was raging below.

After the deception was discovered, there was a momentary numbness among the archers, replaced by a new outburst of their indignation. Several archers climbed the stairs to the porch and began to ask Ivan if he was a real prince. It would seem that, having made sure of the good health of the prince, the archers should have dispersed to their homes. But the fact of the matter is that the question of the tsarevich was only a pretext for the appearance of the archers in the Kremlin. The persons who led the archers and directed their discontent against the Naryshkins threw them a list of "traitor boyars" who were to be destroyed.

The leaders of the Streletsky Prikaz were helped by the leaders of the Streletsky Prikaz, father and son Dolgorukiy - boyars Yuri Alekseevich and Mikhail Yurievich. At the very moment when in the crowd of archers there were screams about the betrayal of the "traitor-boyars", Mikhail Dolgoruky turned to them with the rudeness of the winner: "Go home, you have nothing to do here, it is full of brawl. The whole thing will be sorted out without you! "

The Sagittarius were furious. Some of them climbed onto the porch, grabbed Mikhail Dolgoruky and threw their comrades below them onto their spears. The bodies of other boyars and "traitors" who were on the list fell on the spears. Among them are the boyars A.S. Matveev and I.M. Yazykov, the steward Fyodor Petrovich Saltykov, who was killed by mistake instead of the brother of the queen, Ivan Kirillovich, her other brother, Afanasy Kirillovich, the clerk of the Duma Larion Ivanov and others. on the ground, shouting: "Here is the boyar Artamon Sergeevich, here is Dolgoruky, here the Duma is going, give way!"

The archers did not calm down the next day either. On May 16, they demanded that Ivan Kirillovich Naryshkin be punished. Princess Sophia said to her stepmother: “Your brother will not leave the archers; we all do not die because of him. " The queen was forced to sacrifice her brother. He was first taken to the dungeon of the Konstantinovskaya Tower, where he was tortured, seeking a confession of treason. Despite the fact that Ivan Kirillovich withstood the torture, the archers took the victim to Red Square and hacked him to pieces. Following Ivan Kirillovich, the German tsarist doctor Daniel von Gaden, accused of poisoning Tsar Fyodor, was executed. They also tortured him to confess to the crime and could not get the desired results.

The leaders of the conspiracy wanted the Naryshkin family to be completely exterminated, and they prompted the archers to present new demands to Tsarina Natalya Kirillovna. On May 18, in a petition addressed to Peter, they wished his grandfather, Kirill Polievktovich, to be tonsured a monk, and two days later a new "request", which sounded like an ultimatum, to expel the surviving Naryshkins from Moscow. The "requests" of the archers were immediately satisfied: all the relatives were sent to distant lands - to Terek and Yaik, to Pustozersk Martemyan and Lev Kirillovich were on their way.

As a result of the May events, the Naryshkins were either killed or exiled. Miloslavskys and Sophia now sought to consolidate the victory legally. The archers reappear on the scene. On May 23, in another petition, they began to demand that both brothers rule the country, and on May 26 - that the eldest of them, Ivan Alekseevich, should be considered the first king. The Patriarch performed a solemn prayer for the two named kings in the Assumption Cathedral. The boyars and clerks who supported Peter's side, reluctantly swore allegiance to the second tsar, fearing a renewal of the terrible phenomena on May 15.

The archers are dragging Ivan Naryshkin out of the palace. While Peter I consoles his mother, Princess Sophia watches.

A week later, the archers announced through their boss, Prince Khovansky, that Princess Sophia Alekseevna would take over the government because of the brothers' minority. She agreed, and at once letters of communication flew to all the cities with an example from Roman history, where, after the death of Emperor Theodosius, in the early childhood of his sons, Arcadius and Honorius, their sister Pulcheria ruled the empire.

It seemed that Sophia was able to achieve the desired goal. Meanwhile, the archers came out of the influence of Sophia and the Miloslavsky. The masters of the situation in Moscow were the archers, led by the new leader of the Streletsky order, Ivan Andreevich Khovansky. He so skillfully maneuvered, indulging the archers and encouraging Sophia that in the summer of 1682 he personified power in the capital.

1682, August 20 - Sophia left Moscow, taking both princes with her, and went, accompanied by her retinue, to Kolomenskoye. Such a decisive measure threw the court infantry into confusion, and a deputation was sent to Kolomenskoye, the purpose of which was to convince Sophia and her entourage of the falsity of the rumors, "as if they, the court infantry, had an evil intent on both the boyars and the people around them."

Sophia, not yet confident in her abilities, decided not to exacerbate relations with the archers and gave them an evasive answer. The decree, handed over to the representatives of the court infantry, said: "... they, the great sovereigns, about their intent, as well as about secret transfers from the regiment to the regiment, is unknown", the campaign to Kolomenskoye was undertaken "according to the state's will", similar campaigns had happened before. Sophia had to gain time to mobilize forces capable of resisting the rebellious archers. Such a force was the noble militia. On behalf of the tsars, she turned to the nobles with an appeal to urgently gather at the walls of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery.

Sophia herself got to Trinity in a roundabout way, through Zvenigorod, where she arrived on September 6. A solemn meeting was organized for her in the Savvo-Storozhevsky monastery. From Zvenigorod, the royal cortege turned towards Trinity, with a long stop in the village of Vozdvizhenskoye, from where Sophia decided to inflict a crushing blow on the archers. She was able to successfully carry out an insidious plan.

Under the pretext of a solemn meeting of the son of the Ukrainian hetman Ivan Samoilovich, Sophia, on behalf of the tsars, invited the boyar ranks, as well as the stewards, solicitors and nobles of Moscow, to arrive in Vozdvizhenskoe by September 18th. "And those boyars and devious and duma people are on vacation, and they should be from their villages to them, the great sovereigns, on a campaign to the same number." Ivan Andreevich Khovanskoye also received a decree on the appearance in Vozdvizhenskoye, while the real purpose of summoning the prince was masked by the duty imposed on him to ensure the attendance of boyars and other service people, so that they "were not small."

The end of the riot

These letters were sent on September 14, and three days later boyar Mikhail Ivanovich Lykov was ordered to lead a detachment of archers, solicitors, tenants and others, so that “Prince Ivan Khovansky and his son, Prince Andrei, could be taken on the road. and bring it to the Vozdvizhenskoye village. " Boyarin Lykov exactly fulfilled the decree of the tsars: I.A. Khovansky was caught near the village of Pushkin, and his son was caught in his own village.

With the invitation of the ruling elite to Vozdvizhenskoe, Sophia beheaded the rifle movement, depriving it of Khovanskiy.

As soon as the Khovanskys were taken to Vozdvizhenskoye, a trial was immediately held. The cash members of the Boyar Duma acted as judges. They without investigation sentenced father and son to death penalty... The verdict was immediately carried out "in the village of Vozdvizhenskoye on the square near the great Moscow road."

The execution of the Khovanskys did not ease tensions in Moscow. Sophia and both tsars were still in danger due to one miscalculation of the princess - she left the youngest son of Prince Ivan Andreevich, who also bore the name Ivan, and the nephew of Prince Ivan Ivanovich managed to escape to Moscow, where at night he tried to rouse the archers to a new performance assurances, "as if his father, Prince Ivan, and his brother, Prince Andrew, were executed in vain and without a search."

The archers were concerned not so much with the execution of the father and son of the Khovansky as with the rumor about the boyars who were going to Moscow to beat them, the archers. Therefore, the agitation of the son and nephew of the executed I.A. Khovansky was successful at first.

On September 18, an exhorting decree was sent to the regiments of the court infantry so that the archers would not believe the “charming and crafty words” of the relatives of the executed and show prudence. The decree assured the archers that there was no tsarist anger against them and that they could "without any hesitation or fear" rely on the tsar's mercy.

After making sure of the safety of her stay in Moscow, Sophia decided to return to the capital. On November 2, boyar Golovin, who ruled Moscow, received a decree on preparations for the solemn meeting of the tsars and Sophia.

The participants in the riot received relatively mild punishments: only a few of them were executed, a significant part of them were at large. Sophia and Miloslavskys were not interested in blowing up the case - this would bring them continuous trouble, because it would only confirm their obvious involvement in the riot. Sophia and Miloslavskys wisely decided to remain in the shadows. After the suppression of the streltsy revolt, the seven-year reign of Sophia began.

Shooting riot of 1698

An attempt by the Moscow authorities to arrest their petitioners against the regimental command in Moscow failed. The archers took refuge in the settlements and established contact with Princess Sophia Alekseevna, who was imprisoned in the Novodevichy Convent; On April 4, the soldiers of the Semyonovsky regiment were sent against the archers, who, with the assistance of the townspeople, "drove" the rebellious archers from the capital. The archers returned to their shelves, where fermentation began.

Riot course

Many historians write about the mass tortures and executions of archers, including those with the personal participation of Tsar Peter I. ...

Russian historian Nikolai Kostomarov describes the executions of archers and their family members as follows:

Then again there was torture, tortured, among other things, various streltsy wives, and from October 11 to 21 in Moscow there were daily executions; four in Red Square had their arms and legs broken with wheels, others had their heads chopped off; most were hung up. So 772 people died, of which on October 17, 109 people were beheaded in the Preobrazhensky village. By order of the tsar, boyars and duma people were engaged in this, and the tsar himself, sitting on a horse, watched this spectacle. On different days, 195 people were hanged near the Novodevichy Convent right in front of the cells of Princess Sophia, and three of them, hanging under the very windows, were given paper in the form of petitions. The last executions over the archers were carried out in February 1699.

According to the Russian historian Solovyov, the executions took place as follows:

On September 30, the first execution took place: the archers, 201 in number, were taken from Preobrazhensky in carts to the Pokrovsky Gate; in each cart sat two men and held a lighted candle in their hand; wives, mothers, children ran after the carts with terrible cries. At the Pokrovsky Gates, in the presence of the Tsar himself, a fairy tale was read: “In response and from torture, everyone said that it was necessary to come to Moscow, and in Moscow, by instigating a riot, the boyars would beat the German settlement and destroy the German settlement, and beat the Germans, and revolt the rabble, all four the regiments were in charge and plotted. And for that, the great sovereign ordered your theft to be executed by death. " After reading the tales, the convicts were taken to the designated places; but five, it is said in the case, had their heads cut off at Preobrazhensky; reliable witnesses explain this oddity to us: Peter himself chopped off the heads of these five archers with his own hands.

Austrian diplomat Johann Korb, who was present at the executions, gives the following description:

This execution differs sharply from the previous ones; it is very in different ways and almost incredible: 330 people at a time, brought out together under the fatal blow of an ax, poured the entire valley, albeit Russian, but criminal blood; this enormous execution could be carried out only because all the boyars, senators of the kingdom, the Duma and clerks, who were members of the council that had gathered on the occasion of the rifle mutiny, were called to Preobrazhenskoye by the tsar's order, where they had to take up the work of the executioners. Each of them struck the wrong blow, because the hand trembled while performing an unusual task; of all the boyars, extremely awkward executioners, one boyar distinguished himself with an especially unsuccessful blow: not hitting the convict's neck, the boyar hit him on the back; The archer, cut in this way almost into two parts, would have endured unbearable torment if Aleksashka, deftly acting with an ax, had not hastened to chop off the unfortunate head ...

Executions of archers in the visual arts

These events were depicted in the famous painting by Vasily Surikov "The Morning of the Strelets' Execution", which was painted in 1881. There is a lot of red in the picture, which symbolizes the color of spilled blood.

see also

Notes (edit)

Literature

• Alexander Moutchnik (2006): Der "Strelitzen-Aufstand" von 1698, in: Volksaufstände in Russland. Von der Zeit der Wirren bis zur "Grünen Revolution" gegen die Sowjetherrschaft, ed. by Heinz-Dietrich Löwe (= Forschungen zur osteuropäischen Geschichte, Bd. 65), Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden, 163-196.

Links

• On October 10, 1698, the execution of the rebellious archers by Peter I began
• Boris Bashilov. History of Russian Freemasonry. // The beginning of the defeat of national Russia
• Kostomarov N. History of Russia in the biographies of its main figures. // Chapter 13. Princess Sophia

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See what the "Streletsky riot of 1698" is in other dictionaries:

This term has other meanings, see Strelets' riot. The shooters' revolt of 1682 (Moscow Troubles, Khovanshchina) revolt of the Moscow shooters, as a result of which power was transferred to Princess Sophia. Contents 1 Preconditions of the riot ... Wikipedia - Streletsky revolt of 1682 (Moscow Troubles, Khovanshchina) revolt of Moscow shooters as a result of which power was transferred to Princess Sophia. Contents 1 Background of the riot 2 The beginning of the riot 3 Khovanshchina ... Wikipedia

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From there he went to his Preobrazhenskoye. The next day, at a gala reception for the boyars in Preobrazhenskoye, he began to cut the boyar's beards and round up long caftans. Shaving and wearing a German dress were declared mandatory. Those who did not want to shave their beards soon began to pay an annual fee for them, but there were no indulgences for the nobility and the city class regarding the wearing of a German dress, only the peasantry and clergy remained in the old outfit. Old Russian views did not approve of shaving and changing clothes, they saw in a beard an external sign of inner piety, a beardless person was considered impious and depraved. Moscow patriarchs, even the last one - Adrian - forbade barber shaving; Moscow tsar Peter made it obligatory, not being embarrassed by the authority of the church authorities. The sharp contradiction of the tsar's measure with the old habits of the people and the preaching of the Russian hierarchy gave this measure the character of an important and abrupt upheaval and aroused popular displeasure and dull opposition among the masses. But the harsher actions of the young monarch did not hesitate to appear in the eyes of the people. Not hesitating to return from abroad, Peter resumed the investigation about the riot of the archers, which forced him to interrupt the trip.

This revolt arose in this way. Shooting regiments on the capture of Azov were sent there for garrison service. Unaccustomed to long absences from Moscow, leaving their families and trades there, the archers were burdened by long and long service and waited for their return to Moscow. But from Azov they were transferred to the Polish border, and to Azov, in place of those who had left, they moved from Moscow all those riflemen who still remained there. There was not a single rifle regiment left in Moscow, and a rumor spread among the riflemen on the Polish border that they had been taken out of the capital forever and that the rifle army was in danger of destruction. This rumor worries archers; they consider the boyars and foreigners who have taken possession of the affairs to be the culprits of this misfortune. They decide to forcefully return to Moscow against the law, and on the road (near the Resurrection Monastery) encounter regular troops sent against them. It came to a battle, which the archers could not stand and surrendered. Boyarin Shein made a search for the riot, hanged many, threw the rest in prison.

Shooting riot of 1698, search and execution. Instructional video

Peter was dissatisfied with Shein's search and began a new investigation. In Preobrazhensky, the horrific torture of the archers began. They obtained new testimonies from the archers about the goals of the riot: some admitted that Princess Sophia was involved in their case, that it was in her favor that the archers wanted to make a coup. It is difficult to say how fair this accusation of Sophia was, and not tortured, but Peter believed him and terribly took revenge on his sister and punished the rioters. Sophia, according to the testimony of a contemporary, was put on trial by the people's representatives. We do not know the verdict of the court, but we know the further fate of the princess. She was tonsured into a nun and imprisoned in the same Novodevichy Convent, where she lived from 1689. In front of her windows, Peter hung the archers. In total, well over a thousand people were executed in Moscow and Preobrazhensky. Peter himself cut off the heads of the archers and forced his entourage and courtiers to do the same. The horrors that Moscow experienced then are difficult to tell: S. M. Soloviev characterizes the autumn days of 1698 as a time of "terror".

Morning of the streltsy execution. Painting by V. Surikov, 1881

Along with the executions of the streltsy and the destruction of the streltsy army, Peter also experienced a family drama. While still abroad, Peter tried to persuade his wife to have her hair cut voluntarily. She disagreed. Now Peter sent her to Suzdal, where, a few months later, she was tonsured as a nun under the name of Elena (June 1699). Tsarevich Alexei remained in the arms of his aunt Natalya Alekseevna.

A series of stunning events in 1698 had a terrible effect on both Moscow society and Peter himself. There was a murmur in society about cruelty, about Peter's innovations, about foreigners who had led Peter astray. Peter responded to the voice of public displeasure with repressions: he did not yield a single step on the new path, without mercy, he broke all ties with the past, he lived himself and forced others to live in a new way. And this struggle with public opinion left deep traces in him: from torture and serious labor, passing to a feast and rest, Peter felt uneasy, irritated, lost his composure. If he spoke more easily and showed more clearly his inner world, he would tell, of course, what mental anguish cost him the second half of 1698, when he first settled with the old order and began to carry out his cultural innovations.

And political events and inner life states went their own way. Turning to government, Peter in January 1699 carried out a fairly large-scale social reform: he gave the right to self-government to taxing communities through the elected Burmister chambers. These chambers (and after them all the burdensome people) were removed from the jurisdiction of the voivods and subordinated to the Moscow Burmister Chamber, also elected. At the end of the same 1699, Peter changed the way of reckoning. Our ancestors counted the years from the creation of the world, and the beginning of the year - from September 1 (according to the old account, September 1, 1699 was September 1, 7208). Peter ordered January 1 of this year 7208 to be celebrated as New Year and this January is considered the first month of 1700 from Birth. Christ. In changing the calendar, Peter relied on the example of the Orthodox Slavs and Greeks, feeling that many would not like the abolition of the old custom.

Thus, in the form of individual measures, Peter began his reforms. At the same time, he outlined a new direction for his foreign policy: The preparatory period for activity is over. Peter was formed and took on the heavy burden of independent management, independent politics. Was born great era our historical life.