Stages of restructuring 1985 1991. Changes in the economy and internal life

In March 1985, the Secretary General of the Central Committee of the CPSU was elected M. S. Gorbachev. In April 1985, the new leadership proclaimed a course on accelerating socio-economic development. In society, the words "we are waiting for changes ..." sounded louder. The need for change noted the new Secretary General. No one since the time of Khrushchev communicated so with the people: Gorbachev traveled around the country, easily went to the people, communicated with them in an informal setting.

With the arrival of a new manager, inspired by the plans, the jerk in the economy and restructuring of the whole life of society, people have reborn hopes and enthusiasm.

In the course of the course of the accelerated socio-economic development of the "Verkhi", they concluded that all sectors of the economy should be transferred to new management methods. Gradually, in 1986-1989, laws on the state enterprise came into force, about the individual labor activity and cooperatives, as well as the law on labor conflicts, which provided for the right workers on strike. In the course of economic transformation, germination of products was introduced, hosted and self-financing, election of directors of enterprises.

However, all these measures not only did not contribute to the improvement of the economic situation in the country, but, on the contrast, worsened it through halfness and ill-impact reforms, significant budget expenditures, an increase in the money in the hands of the population. The production relations between enterprises about public supplies of products were disturbed.

Intected a shortage of consumer goods. At the turn of the 80-90s, more and more allowed shelves of stores. On the ground the government began to enter coupons for some products. The country needed deep reforms and before changing the economic model.

Glaznost's policy. Liberalization of public and cultural life

If the "Perestroika" economy began with the formulation of the tasks of "acceleration" of socio-economic development, then in spiritual and political life Its leitmotif was "publicity." Gorbachev discoveredly stated that "no publicity and there can be no democratism." Under this it was meant that no events of the past and the present should hide from the people. In the speeches of party ideologues and in journalism, the idea of \u200b\u200bthe transition from "barracks of socialism" to socialism "with a human face" was promoted.

The attitude of power to dissidents has changed. Returned to Moscow from Gorky (so called Nizhny Novgorod) Academician A. D. Sakharov, who was there in reference about the performances against the war in Afghanistan. Other dissidents were liberated from the locations of the detention and links, the camps were closed for political prisoners. During the rehabilitation process of the victims of Stalin's repression, I was restored, N. I. Bukharin, A. I. Rykov, N. Y. Zinoviev, L. B. Kamenev and other political figures "returned" in our history.

Special scope and sound politics acquires since 1987. There are many literary works of A. Rybakov, V. Dudintseva, D. Gorran, Yu. Trifonov, the legacy of writers of the 30-50s. Returned for the domestic reader of the works of Russian philosophers - N. Berdyaeva, V. Solovyova, V. Rosanov and others. The repertoire of theaters and cinematographers has expanded. The processes of publicity were brightly manifested in newspaper and magazine publications, television programs. The Moscow News Weekly (editor E. V. Yakovlev) and the magazine "Light" (V. A. Korotich) were greatly popularity.

Socialization of society, liberation from party care, critical assessments of the Soviet state buildingwho expressed in the conditions of publicity, set the issue of political transformations on the agenda. An important events of domestic political life became the approval by the participants of the XIX all-union party conference (June 1988) of the main provisions of the reform of the state system, the adoption of the Verkhovna Rada amendments to the Constitution, as well as the Election Law of People's Deputies. These decisions opened the way to the deputies' election system on an alternative basis.

The senior authority of the legislative power was the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR, from its environment, he put forward members of the Supreme Council. The election of the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR took place in the spring of 1989, at the end of May he began his work. A legal opposition was formed as part of the congress: the Interregional Deputy Group was created. It was headed by the world-famous scientist, the leader of the Human Rights Movement Academician A. D. Sakharov, the former first secretary of the Moscow City Hospital and the Candidate of Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU B. N. Yeltsin, Economist School X. Popov. Publicity, pluralism of opinions caused the ubiquitous creation of various groups and associations, including national.

Changes in foreign policy

"Perestroika" was closely related to the fundamental change in the course of the Soviet foreign policy: a refusal to confrontation with the West, the termination of interference in local conflicts and the revision of relations with socialist countries.

In the new course, a "class approach" dominated, but universal values. Gorbachev believed that international relations should be based on the basis of the balance of national interests, freedom of choice of ways to develop countries, overall responsibility of states for solving global problems of modernity. He performed with the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating a pan-European house. M.S. Gorbachev regularly met with US presidents: R. Reagan (in 1985-1988) and J. Bush (since 1989). Soviet-American relations are "frosthed" at these meetings, disarmament issues were discussed.

In 1987, an agreement was signed on the elimination of medium-range missiles and winged missiles, then the contract for pro. In 1990, an agreement was signed on reducing strategic arms. M. S. Gorbachev managed to establish trust relationships with leaders of leading European countries: Great Britain (M. Tatcher), Germany (Kol), France (F. Mitteraran).

In 1990, the participants in the Safety Meeting in Europe signed an agreement on the reduction of conventional weapons in Europe. The USSR began to withdraw his troops from Eastern Europe, Afghanistan, Mongolia.

In 1990-1991, the military and political structures of the Warsaw Agreement were dissolved. This military unit ceased to exist. The result of the policy of "new thinking" was the fundamental change in the international situation - cold War ended.

Strengthening national movements and exacerbation of political struggle in the USSR

In the USSR, as in any other multinational state, no national contradictions could not exist, which are always most pronounced in the conditions of economic and political crises and radical changes. Soviet power during the construction of socialism did not take into account the historical features of peoples. The government, announcing the formation of the new community "Soviet people", transferred to the actual destruction of the traditional farm and the life of many nations of the country. There was an offensive in Islam, Buddhism, shamanism, etc.

Among the peoples of the Baltic States, Western Ukraine, Moldova, who entered the USSR on the eve of the Great Patriotic War And they suffered "cleaning" from hostile elements, quite strong manifestations of nationalism, the anti-Soviet and anti-socialist moods are common. Chechens, Ingush, Karachai, Balkarians, Kalmyki, Germans, Crimean Tatars, Meskhetians, and DR and more, and outdated historical conflicts between Armenia and Azerbaijan, Armenia and Geornelia and Azerbaijan, Armenia and Geornelia, and Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia, and Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia, Georgia and Abkhazia and others. Publicity and "Perestroika" contributed to the creation of mass national and nationalist public movements. The most significant of them were "Folk Fronts" of Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Armenian Committee "Karabakh", "Ruh" in Ukraine, russian Society "Memory". In the opposition movement "below" were involved wide masses of the population.

Awakened and the population of Russia. In the 1990 election campaign, when the people's deputies were chosen at all levels, the opposition of the party apparatus and opposition forces was clearly determined. The latter received the organizational center in the person of the Electoral Block "Democratic Russia" (in the future it turned into social movement). February 1990 became a month of mass rallies, whose participants demanded the elimination of the CPSU monopoly on power.

Elections of People's Deputies of the RSFSR, Ukraine and Belarus became the first truly democratic elections. About a third of the places in the Supreme Legislative Authority of Russia received deputies of democratic orientation. Elections demonstrated the crisis of the power of the party top. Under the pressure of public opinion, Article 6 of the USSR Constitution was canceled, which proclaimed the leading role of the CPSU in the Soviet society, the formation of a multi-party system began in the country. Supporters of Reforms B. N. Yeltsin and G. X. Popov took high posts: the first one was elected chairman of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR, the second is the mayor of Moscow.

The most important factor in the "top crisis" was the strengthening of national movements, led the struggle against the Allied (in the terminology of representatives of the imperial) center and the power of the CPSU. Back in 1988, the tragic events unfolded in Nagorno-Karabakh and, as they said, around him. The first from the time of civil war manifestations under nationalist slogans, pogroms (Armenians in the Azerbaijani Sumgait of February 1988 were held (Armenians in Azerbaijani in the Uzbek Fergana - June 1989) and armed clashes (Nagorno-Karabakh, Abkhazia) on national soil. The Supreme Council of Estonia proclaimed the supremacy of republican laws over the Union (November 1988). In Azerbaijan and Armenia, by the end of 1989, the conflicts on national soil were aggravated. The Verkhovna Rada Azerbaijan declared the sovereignty of his republic, and Armenian social movement was created in Armenia, he made independence and separation from the USSR. At the end of 1989, the Communist Party of Lithuania declared its independence on the CPSU.

In 1990, national movements developed on ascending. In January, troops were introduced in January in connection with Armenian pogroms in Baku. Military operation, which was accompanied by massive victims, only for a while he took off the issue of independence of Azerbaijan from the agenda. At the same time, the Lithuanian parliament voted for the independence of the republic, and troops entered Vilnius. Following Lithuania, similar solutions were issued by the Parliaments of Estonia and Latvia, the Supreme Council of Russia (June 12) and the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine (July 12) adopted the summer of the Sovereignty Declaration (June 12), after which the "parade of sovereignty" covered the other republics. In February-March 1991, independence referendums were held in Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Georgia.

In the autumn of 1990, M. S. Gorbachev, elected president The USSR at the congress of people's deputies was forced to reorganize the state authorities. The executive bodies now submitted directly to the president. The new advisory body was established - the Federation Council, whose members were the heads of the Union republics. The development and coordination of the project of the new Union Treaty between the Republics of the USSR began, was transferred.

In March 1991, the first referendum was held in the history of the country - citizens of the Soviet Union, it was necessary to express their opinion on the preservation of the Soviet Union as an updated Federation of equal and sovereign republics. It is significant that 6 (Armenia, Georgia, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Moldova) from the 15 Union republics did not participate in the referendum. 76% of those who participated in the voting were in favor of maintaining the Union. In parallel, the All-Russian referendum was conducted - most of his participants voted for the introduction of the post of President of the Republic.

On June 12, 1991, exactly a year later, as declarations on the State Sovereignty of the RSFSR were adopted, the National Election of the First In the history of Russia was held. B.N. Heltsin became them, in support of his candidacy, more than 57% of voters spoke. After these elections, Moscow has become the capital of two presidents: the Union and Russian and Russian. The positions of the two leaders agreed to agree difficult, and personal relationships did not differ in mutual attachment.

August 1991

By the summer of 1991, a political explosion was called in the country. In such a situation, the leaders of the Nine republics after acute discussions agreed to sign on August 20, a new Union Agreement, which, in fact, meant the transition to a truly federal state, to eliminate a number of state structures formed in the USSR, and replace them with new ones.

Representatives of party-state leaders who believed that only decisive actions would help preserve the political positions of the CPSU and stop the collapse of the Soviet Union, resorted to power methods. They took advantage of the president of the USSR president, which was on vacation in the Crimea, and on the night of August 18 to 19 State Committee. for emergency position (GKCP). It includes 8 people, including Vice-President I. Yanaev, Prime Minister V. S. Pavlov, power ministers. GKCP announced a state of emergency in certain areas of the country; declared disbanded power structures operating contrary to the Constitution 1977; suspended the activities of opposition parties and movements; banned rallies, meetings and demonstrations; established hard control over the media; Entered the troops to Moscow. In fact, the conspirators were supported by the chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR A.I. Lukyanov, who, however, did not enter the GKCP.

The resistance of the GCCP was headed by B. N. Yeltsin and the leadership of Russia. In circulation "To citizens of Russia", they called on the population not to obey the illegal decisions of the GCCP, qualifying the actions of its members as an anti-constitutional coup. B.N. Heltsina and Russia's leadership supported more than 70% of Muscovites, individual regions of the country and military units. Tens of thousands of residents of the capital and a significant number of visitors citizens occupied the defense around the White House, expressing support for Yeltsin and the willingness to protect the residence of Russian state power with weapons in their hands.

The GCCP after a three-day confrontation, frightened the unleashing of the civil war, began the conclusion of troops from Moscow. August 21 members of the GCCP were arrested.

The leadership of Russia took advantage of the August couch for the defeat of the CPSU, was the core of the totalitarian system. Yeltsin issued a decree on the suspension of the activities of the CPSU in Russia. The property of the party was nationalized, an arrest was imposed on the CPSU. Liberals who came to power in the center were intercepted from the leadership of the CPSU levers of the army, KGB, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the media. President M. Gorbachev, in fact, began to fulfill a decorative role. Most republics after attempting the coup abandoned the signing of an allied contract. The agenda arose about the further existence of the USSR.

Collapse of the USSR

The last months of 1991 became the time of the final collapse of the USSR. The Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR was dissolved, the Supreme Council of the USSR was radically reformed, the majority of the Allied ministries were eliminated, instead of the Cabinet of Ministers, a non-restrained inter-republican economic committee was created. The highest body, which led the internal and foreign policy of the state, was the USSR State Council, which included the President of the USSR and the head of the Union republics. The first decision of the State Council was the recognition of the independence of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia.

On December 1, a referendum was held in Ukraine, and the majority, took part in it (more than 80%), expressed the independence of the republic. Under these conditions, the leadership of Ukraine decided not to sign a new Union Agreement.

On December 7-8, 1991, the presidents of Russia and Ukraine B. N. Yeltsin and L. M. Kravchuk, as well as the Chairman of the Supreme Council of Belarus S. S. Shushkevich, having met in Belovezhskaya Pushcha, not far from the border Brest, announced the termination of the existence of the USSR and education as part of the three republics of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). In the future, all former Soviet Union republics entered the CIS, with the exception of Baltic.

Perestroika (1985-1991) in the USSR was a large-scale phenomenon in the political, economic and social life of the state. Some people believe that her holding was an attempt to prevent the collapse of the country, others, on the contrary, think that she pushed the union to the collapse. Let's find out what was the restructuring in the USSR (1985-1991). We will briefly try to characterize its causes and consequences.

Prehistory

So what started restructuring in the USSR (1985-1991)? Causes, stages and consequences We will be learned somewhat later. Now we will focus on those processes that preceded this period in domestic history.

Like almost all the phenomena in our lives, Perestroika 1985-1991 in the USSR has its own background. Indicators of the well-being of the population in the 70s of the last century reached in the country unprecedented until the level. At the same time, it should be noted that it is precisely a significant reduction in economic growth rate, for which in the future, the whole period with a light hand M. S. Gorbachev received the name "Epoch of Stagnation".

Another negative phenomenon was a fairly frequent deficit of goods, the cause of which researchers call the disadvantages of the planned economy.

To largely level the slowdown in industrial development helped exports of oil and gas. Just at that time, the USSR became one of the world's largest exporters of these natural resources, which contributed to the development of new deposits. At the same time, an increase in the share of oil and gas in the country's GDP raised the economic indicators of the USSR into a significant dependence on world prices for these resources.

But the very high cost of oil (due to the embargo of the Arab states for the supply of "black gold" to the countries of the West) helped smooth the majority of negative phenomena in the USSR economy. The welfare of the country's population was constantly improved, and most ordinary citizens could not even think that it could soon change everything. Yes, so cool ...

At the same time, the leadership of the country, led by Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev, could not or did not want to change something fundamentally in the economy management. High rates just covered with an ulcer economic problemsI have accumulated in the USSR, which threatened to break through at any time, it is only worth changed by external or internal conditions.

It was the change in these conditions that led to the process, which is now known as restructuring in the USSR 1985-1991.

Operation in Afghanistan and sanctions against the USSR

In 1979, the USSR began military operation in Afghanistan, which was officially presented as international assistance to the fraternal people. The introduction of Soviet troops to Afghanistan was not approved by the UN Security Council, which served as a pretext to apply a number of economic measures against the Union, which was sanctivated, and to incline to maintain some of them the countries of Western Europe.

True, despite all the efforts, the United States government did not succeed in the European states of the construction of a large-scale gas pipeline Urengoy - Uzhgorod. But those sanctions that were introduced were able to cause significant damage to the USSR economy. Yes, and the war itself in Afghanistan also demanded considerable material costsAnd also contributed to the increase in the level of discontent of the population.

It was these events that became the first harbingers of the economic collapse of the USSR, but only war and sanctions were clearly not enough to see all the fragility of the economic base of the country of the Councils.

Fall in oil prices

While the cost of oil was held within $ 100 per barrel, the Soviet Union could not greatly pay attention to the sanctions of Western states. Since the 1980s, there has been a significant decline in the global economy, which contributed to the fall in the cost of oil due to a decrease in demand. In addition, in 1983, they refused fixed rates for this resource, and Saudi Arabia Significantly increased the volume of raw materials. This contributed to only further continuation of the collapse of prices for "black gold". If in 1979, the barrel of oil asked $ 104, in 1986, in 1986, these numbers fell to $ 30, that is, the cost decreased by almost 3.5 times.

It could not have a positive effect on the USSR economy, which in Brezhnev times had a significant dependence on oil exports. In the complex with US sanctions and other western countries, as well as with flaws of an ineffective control system, a sharp drop in the cost of "black gold" could lead to the collapse of the entire economy of the country.

The new leadership of the USSR, headed by M. S. Gorbachev, who became the leader of the state in 1985, understood that it was necessary to significantly change the structure of economic management, as well as to conduct reforms in all spheres of the country's life. It is an attempt to introduce these reforms that led to the emergence of such a phenomenon as a restructuring (1985-1991) in the USSR.

Causes of restructuring

What exactly was the reasons for restructuring in the USSR (1985-1991)? Briefly focus on them below.

The main reason why the country's leadership should think about the need for significant changes - both in the economy and in the socio-political structure as a whole - an understanding of the fact that in the existing conditions the country threatens the economic collapse or, at best, a significant decline in all indicators. On the reality of the collapse of the USSR in 1985, naturally, no one among the leaders did not even think.

The main factors that served as the impetus to understanding the entire depth of the muscles of economic, managerial and social problems were:

1. Military Operation in Afghanistan.
2. Introduction of sanctions measures against the USSR.
3. Falling oil prices.
4. Imperfection of the control system.

These were the main reasons for restructuring in the USSR 1985-1991.

Start perestroika

How did the restructuring start 1985-1991 in the USSR?

As mentioned above, it was originally few people thought that those negative factors that existed in the economy and public life of the USSR can actually lead to the collapse of the country, so initially restructuring was planned as a correction of individual deficiencies of the system.

The beginning of the restructuring can be considered March 1985, when the Gensen CPSU Party Guide elected a relatively young and promising member of Politburo Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev. At that time, he was 54 years old, which will not be so small for many, but compared with the previous leaders of the country he was really young. So, L. I. Brezhnev became the Gensen in 59 years old and was in this post to his very death, overtaking it in 75 years. After him, the most important state post in the country, Yu. Andropov and K. Chernenko became the Secretary General of 68 and 73, respectively, but were able to live only after a few more than a year after joining power.

This state of affairs spoke of a significant stack of personnel in the highest echelons of the party. The appointment by the Secretary-General of such a relatively young and new in the party leadership of a person, as Mikhail Gorbachev, should have to somehow affect the solution of this problem.

Gorbachev immediately made it clear that it was going to carry out a number of changes in various fields of activity in the country. True, then it was not yet clear how far everyone will go.

In April 1985, the Secretary General announced the need to accelerate the economic development of the USSR. It is the term "acceleration" most often called the first stage of restructuring, which lasted until 1987 and did not assume fundamental change in the system. Its tasks included only the introduction of some administrative reforms. Also, the acceleration assumed an increase in the pace of development of mechanical engineering and heavy industries. But as a result, the government's actions did not give the desired result.

In May 1985, Gorbachev stated that he had time to rebuild everyone. It is from this statement that the term "perestroika" occurred, but his introduction to wide use refers to a later period.

I Stage Perestroika

The first step of restructuring, which was also called "acceleration," can be considered time from 1985 to 1987. As mentioned above, all innovations were mainly administrative in nature. At the same time, in 1985, an anti-alcohol campaign was launched, the purpose of which was raised to reduce the level of alcoholism in the country that has reached the critical mark. But during this campaign, a number of unpopular in the people of events were taken, which can be considered "beggars". In particular, a huge number of grape plantings were destroyed, the actual ban was introduced for alcoholic beverages On family and other celebrations that held members of the party. In addition, the anti-alcohol campaign led to a deficiency of alcoholic beverages in stores and a significant increase in their value.

At the first stage, the fight against corruption and non-medical income of citizens was also declared. To the positive moments of this period, it is necessary to attribute a significant infusion into the party leadership of new personnel who wanted to exercise truly significant reforms. Among these people, B. Yeltsin can be distinguished

The Chernobyl tragedy, which occurred in 1986, demonstrated the inability of the existing system not only to prevent a disaster, but also effectively deal with its consequences. Emergency situation Chernobyl nuclear power plant For several days was hidden by the authorities, which suffered the dangers of millions of people living near the disaster zone. This said that the leadership of the country acts as old methods, which, naturally, did not like the population.

In addition, the reforms were carried out until the reforms showed their inefficiency, since the economic indicators continued to fall, and in society there were increasingly dissatisfied with the policies of the leadership. This fact contributed to the awareness of the Gorbachev and some other representatives of the party top of the fact that it is not necessary for semi-dimensions, but you need to carry out cardinal reforms to save the situation.

Goals Perestroika

The state of affairs described above contributed to the fact that the leadership of the country could not immediately determine the specific goals of restructuring in the USSR (1985-1991). The table below briefly characterizes them.

The main goal that stood before the USSR during the rearrangement of 1985-1991 was the creation of an effectively working mechanism of government management through systemic reforms.

Stage II

It was the above tasks that were basic to lead the USSR in the period of restructuring 1985-1991. At the second stage of this process, the beginning of which can be considered 1987.

It was at that time that the censored was substantially mitigated, which was expressed in the so-called publicity policy. It provided for the admissibility of discussion in society those that were previously either silent, or were prohibited. was a significant step towards the democratization of the system, but at the same time had a number negative consequences. The flow of open information to which the society, which was held decades for the "iron curtain" was simply not ready, contributed to the indigenous revision of the ideals of communism, ideological and moral decomposition, the emergence of nationalist and separatist sentiment in the country. In particular, in 1988, an inter-ethnic armed conflict began in Nagorno-Karabakh.

Also allowed maintenance of certain types of individual business activities, in particular, in the form of cooperatives.

In foreign policy, the USSR went on significant concessions of the United States in the hope of removing sanctions. Pretty frequent meetings of Gorbachev with American President Reagan, during which agreement was reached on disarmament. In 1989, Soviet troops were finally bred from Afghanistan.

But it should be noted that at the second stage of restructuring, the tasks of building democratic socialism were not achieved.

Perestroika on the III stage

The third stage of restructuring, which began from the second half of 1989, was marked by the fact that the processes occurring in the country began to go out from under the control of the central government. Now she was forced to be for them only to adapt.

The country's authorities were held around the country proclaimed the priority of local laws and decrees to all-union, if they conflicted among themselves. And in March 1990, Lithuania announced the exit from the composition of the Soviet Union.

In 1990, the presidential position was introduced to which Mikhail Gorbachev was elected. In the future, it was planned to hold the election of the president by a nationwide direct vote.

At the same time, it became clear that the former format of the relationship between the Republics of the USSR could no longer be supported. It was planned to reorganize him into a "soft federation" called the year, the supporters of which desired the conservation of the old system, put the cross on this idea.

Postpressure

After the suppression of the couch, most of the USSR republics declared the exit of its composition and proclaimed independence. And what is the result? What was the restructuring? Passed in unsuccessful efforts to stabilize the situation in the country. In the fall of 1991, an attempt was made to transform the former superpower to a confederation of SSG ended in failure.

The main task that stood at the fourth stage of restructuring, which is also called the post-prestab, was the liquidation of the USSR and the design of the relationship between the republics of the former union. This goal was actually achieved in Belovezhskaya Pushcha at a meeting of the leaders of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus. Later, most other republics joined Belovezhov.

By the end of 1991, the USSR had even formally ceased to exist.

RESULTS

We studied the processes that took place in the USSR during the period of restructuring (1985-1991), briefly stopped for the reasons and stages of this phenomenon. Now the time has come to talk about the results.

First of all, you need to say about the collapse that has suffered a restructuring in the USSR (1985-1991). The results for both leading circles and for the country as a whole were disappointing. The country broke up into a number of independent states, armed conflicts began in some of them, a catastrophic decline in economic indicators occurred, a communist idea was completely discredited, and the CPSU was eliminated.

The main goals that perestroika raised were not achieved. On the contrary, the situation was further aggravated. The only positive moments can be seen only in the democratization of society and in the emergence of market relations. The USSR during the period of restructuring 1985-1991 was a state that is not able to withstand external and internal challenges.

Perestroika - The general name of the aggregate of political and economic changes carried out in the USSR in 1986-1991. During the restructuring (from the second half of 1989, after the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR), the political confrontation of forces speaking for the socialist path of development, and parties, movements that connect the future of the country with the organization of life on the principles of capitalism, as well as on the future appearance of the Soviet Union, relations of the Union and Republican bodies of state and management.

By the beginning of the 1990s, restructuring ended with the exacerbation of the crisis in all spheres of society, the elimination of the power of the CPSU and the collapse of the USSR.

Term

On April 8, 1986, Visit M. S. Gorbachev in Tolyatti, where he visited the Volga Auto Plant. In his speech in Togliatti Gorbachev for the first time uses the word "restructuring" to designate the socio-political process. The term was picked up the media and became the slogan of the new era in the USSR. The Speech Gorbachev subsequently was called "faster rebuilding, acting in a new way":

1985-1989

Prehistory

In March 1985, the Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU became M. S. Gorbachev.

At the April Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Central Committee of the CPSU, the Secretaries of the CPSU E. K. Ligachev and N. I. Ryzhkov, Chairman of the KGB of the USSR V. M. Chebrikov; Candidate of Member Politburo - Marshal of the Soviet Union Defense Minister S. L. Sokolov. The Politburo consists of "Gorbachev Most".

The opponents of Gorbachev were gradually derived from the Politburo: G. V. Romanov (July 1985), N. A. Tikhonov (October 1985), V. V. Grishin (December 1985), D. A. Kunayev (January 1987), G. A. Aliyev (October 1987), V. I. Dolgikh (September 1988), P. N. Demichev (September 1988), M. S. Solomen residents (September 1988).

For replacing, they came to the new Secretary-General: A. N. Yakovlev, who was one of the most convinced supporters of reforms, V. A. Medvedev, A. I. Lukyanov, B. N. Yeltsin (subsequently, Yeltsin was excluded from the Politburo on February 18 1988). During 1985-1986, Gorbachev was updated for two thirds of the Politburo, 60% of the secretaries of regional committees and 40% of the members of the CPSU Central Committee were replaced.

Domestic politics

At the plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSUs on April 23, 1985. Gorbachev reported plans to broad reforms aimed at a comprehensive updating of society, whose cornerstone was called "accelerating the socio-economic development of the country."

At the meeting of the Politburo in April 1986, Gorbachev for the first time declared the need for a plenum on personnel issues. Only on it could be made a cardinal decision to change the personnel policy. In June 1986, at a meeting with secretaries and heads of the Central Committee of the Central Committee of the CPSU, Gorbachev said: "Without a" small revolution ", nothing will come in the party, because the real power is in the party bodies. The people will not pull the apparatus on their neck, which does not do anything to restructure. "

At the XXVII Congress Congress (February-March 1986) Gorbachev said: "The question of expanding publicity is fundamental for us. This is a political question. No publicity and there can be no democracy, political creativity of the masses, their participation in management. " The media began to receive more freedom in the description. existing problems. The main editors were changed in a number of newspapers and magazines, subsequently speaking the most opposition ("New World", "Moscow News", "Arguments and Facts"). Since the end of 1986, the literary works forbidden to be published before, to appear on the shelves of films (the first of them became the film of the tendhis Abladze "repentance").

In May 1986, V Congress of the Union of Cinematographers of the USSR opened, at which the entire Board of the Union unexpectedly was re-elected. According to this scenario, change and other creative unions occurred.

On September 4, 1986, the chord of the USSR issued an order No. 29c, in which the censors were given an indication to focus on issues related to the protection of state and military secrets in the press, and inform the party bodies only on significant violations in the ideological sphere.

By the decision of the Central Committee of the CPSU of September 25, 1986, it was decided to stop the movement of the transmissions of some foreign radio stations ("Voice of America", BBC) and strengthen the joining of others ("freedom", "German wave"). On May 23, 1987, in the Soviet Union, they finally stopped jamming radio programs "Voice of America" \u200b\u200band some other Western radio stations. Fully joining foreign radio stations in the USSR was discontinued from November 30, 1988.

In 1987, an interdepartmental commission led by Chief Department of the USSR, which began revising publications to transfer them from special storage departments to "open" funds.

The policy, the beginning of which put the XXVII Congress, was first named "Perestroika" in June 1986. Now she included not only the originally proclaimed acceleration of the country's economic development, but also deeper economic, political and social reforms. New terminology reflected the deep and comprehensive nature of the above change.

Despite the individual steps mentioned, serious changes in the life of the country in 1985-86. did not have. The point of reference is really fundamental reforms should be considered a plenum on personnel issues, which took place in January 1987. His preparation began in the fall of 1986. After long disputes and approvals in the final text of Gorbachev's report at the plenum, a statement was included on the need for elections throughout the party vertical from several candidates (ordinary practice was the approval of candidates offered from above). In addition, it was stated that party functionaries are obliged to systematically report on the work they have done before those who chose them.

On January 27, 1987, a long-standing plenum was opened. Gorbachev made a report on the restructuring and personnel policy of the party. " The following directions were identified in it:

• the beginning of the transformation of the CPSU from the state structure into a real political party ("it is necessary to resolutely refuse to the unknown party authorities of management functions");

• nomination for senior posts of non-party;

• expansion of "in-party democracy";

• changing the functions and roles of the Councils, they had to become "genuine authorities in their territory";

• elections to advice on an alternative basis (elections from 1918 were a vote for a single candidate for every place).

Alternative elections in local councils have passed in the summer of 1987 in many constituencies, for the first time in the history of the USSR.

In the speech of Gorbachev on the January plenum, there was a lot of space for publicity. At the same time, he stated that "it's time to proceed to the development of legal acts guaranteeing publicity." He stated: "We should not have zones closed to criticism. The people need the whole truth ... We owe more than ever more light so that the party and people know everything so that we have no dark corners, where again the mold is started. "

On January 23, 1988, the V. Ovcharenko "Cobra Over Gold" article was published in the Pravda newspaper, in which the materials of the investigative group were presented, since 1983 the investigating the so-called cotton case in Uzbekistan. And we were not talking about simple cotton, but about the highest elite of the party and state leadership of the republic. The article in the truth has become a signal for other Soviet newspapers. There was practically no newspaper, both in the center and in the field, in which the corruption of the local party leadership would not be exposed.

In December 1986, A. D. Sakharov and his wife E. G. Bonnare were liberated from the link to Gorky. In February 1987, 140 dissidents were released from imprisonment. They immediately joined public life. Scattered, small dissident movement, which ended with its active existence in 1983, was again revived under the slogans of the democratic movement. Several dozen informal, gradually politicized, weakly organized organizations (the most well-known of which became the Democratic Union formed in May 1988, which in August-September 1988 held two anti-communist rally in Moscow), the first independent newspapers and magazines.

In 1987-1988, such previously not printed and prohibited works as "children of Arbat" A. N. Rybakova, "Life and fate" V. S. Grossman, "Requiem" A. A. Akhmatova, "Sophia Petrovna" L. K. Chukovskaya, "Dr. Zhivago" B. L. Pasternak.

In 1987, the first non-state television bonds were created, such as Nika TV (independent television information channel) and ATV (Author's Television Association). In contrast to the dry official program "Time" there were night issues TSN. The leaders in this regard were the Youth Programs "12th floor" and "View", the programs of Leningrad television.

In 1987, in the film Sergey Solovyov "Assa", the song of the Rock Group "Cinema" appears "We are waiting for change" for the words of Viktor Tsoi, which has become a kind of informal anthem of the restructuring times.

The most important event of 1988 was the XIX All-Union Party Conference of the CPSU, held in June-July. For the first time since the 1920s, delegates really expressed independent opinions, allowing themselves other times to criticize the actions of the party leadership, and this was broadcast on television. The conference on the initiative of Gorbachev decided to reform the political system. A fundamental decision was made about alternative elections of deputies of the councils of all levels. It was necessary to advance by candidates.

But at the same time, measures are intended to preserve the role of the CPSU in the country. Before the supreme body of the legislative power was the Supreme Council of the USSR, which wasted the population in the territorial and national-territorial districts. Now the Supreme Council was supposed to be elected by the congress of people's deputies ,? which in turn should have been elected by the population. The remaining 750 people had to get out " public organizations", wherein the greatest number Deputies chose the CPSU. This reform was issued in the late 1988 year.

Part conference also decided to combine the posts of the Party Committee chapter and the Chairman of the Council Council. Since this supervisor elected the population, such an innovation was to lead to governing party posts of people of energetic and practical, capable of solving local problems, and not just engage in ideology.

Nationalism and separatism

Conflict in Alma-Ata

In December 1986, after removing Kazakh D. Kunayev, from the post of first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan and the appointment of the Russian Communist Party in Alma-Ata, a riot occurred. Demonstrations of Kazakh youth, who opposed the column (since he had no relation to Kazakhstan), were suppressed by the authorities.

Azerbaijan and Armenia

In August 1987, Armenians who lived in the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region of the Azerbaijan SSR and those in this autonomous region, the majority of the population were sent to Moscow a petition for the transfer of the autonomous region to the Armenian SSR to Moscow. In October 1987, protests against incidents with the Armenian population of the village of Chardachlu are held in Yerevan, north Nagorno-KarabakhWhere the first secretary of the Shamhorsky District Committee of the CPSU M. Asadov entered the conflict with the residents of the village in connection with their protests against the replacement of the director of the state farm-Armenian Azerbaijan. In defense of the idea of \u200b\u200brearness of the Karabakh Armenia, an adviser to Mikhail Gorbacheva Abel Aganbegian.

On February 13, 1988, the first rally passes in Stepanakert, which puts the requirements for the accession of NKAO to Armenia. The Board of Directors created in the NKAO, which included the heads of large enterprises of the region and individual activists, decides to hold the session of urban and district councils, and then convene a session of the regional council of people's deputies. On February 20, the extraordinary session of NKAO Deputies appeals to the Supreme Sovieties of the Armenian SSR, the Azerbaijan SSR and the USSR with a request to consider and positively resolve the issue of the transfer of NCAO from Azerbaijan to Armenia. On February 21, the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU receives a decree, according to which the requirement to include Nagorno-Karabakh to the Armenian SSR is presented as a result of "extremists" and "nationalists" and the contrary to the interests of the Azerbaijan SSR and the Armenian SSR. The decision is limited to general calls to the normalization of the situation, developing and implementing measures to further socio-economic and cultural development of the autonomous region.

February 22 in Armenian social Point Askeran is a collision using firearms between the groups of Azerbaijanis from the city of Agdam, heading to Stepanakert "for the guidance of order" and the local population. 2 Azerbaijani died, at least one of them - from the hand of the Militiaman-Azerbaijanis. More massive bloodshed on that day it was possible to avoid. Meanwhile, the demonstration passes in Yerevan. The number of demonstrators by the end of the day reaches 45-50 thousand. On the ether of the "Time" program, the topic of the decision of the regional council of the NKAO is addressed, where it is called inspired "Extremist and nationalist persons". Such a central press reaction only enhances the indignation of the Armenian public. On February 26, a rally is held in Yerevan, in which almost 1 million people participate. On the same day, the first rallies begin in Sumgait. On February 27, the Deputy Prosecutor General of the USSR A. F. Katouusev, who announced the death of two Azerbaijanis in the skirmis near Askeren, which occurred on February 22, appears on television.

February 27-29 there is an Armenian pogrom in the city of Sumgait - the first mass explosion of ethnic violence in the newest soviet history. According to the official data of the Prosecutor General's Office of the USSR, 26 Armenians and 6 Azerbaijanis (Izvestia, 03.03.1988) died during these events. Armenian sources indicate that these data are understated. Hundreds of people were injured, a huge amount was subjected to violence, torture and bullying, many thousands became refugees. The timely investigation of the causes and circumstances of the pogroms, the establishment and punishment of provocateurs and direct participants in crimes was not conducted, which undoubtedly led to the escalation of conflict.

Resolutions of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Central Committee of the CPSU, adopted in March 1988 on the interethnic conflict in NCAO, did not lead to the stabilization of the situation, since the most radical representatives of both conflicting parties rejected any compromise proposals. Most members of the regional council of People's Deputies and Commandments of the Party supported the requirements for the transfer of NKAO from Azerbaijan to Armenia, which were decorated in the relevant decisions of the sessions of the regional council and the Plenum of the Commander of the Party, headed by the city of Pogosyan. In NKAO (especially in Stepanakert), massive ideological processing of the population has developed - daily crowded processions, rallies, strikes of enterprises, organizations, organizations, educational institutions Areas with the requirements of the Department from Azerbaijan.

An informal organization is created - the Krok Committee, which was headed by the director of the Stepanakert Plant of Building Materials Arkady Manuchars. His declared goals is to study the history of the region, his connections with Armenia, the restoration of monuments of the antiquity. In fact, the Committee takes on the functions of the organizer of mass protests. By decree of the Supreme Council of the Azerbaijan SSR, the Committee was dissolved, but he continued its activities. In Armenia, the movement of support for the Armenian population of the NKAO will grow. The Karabakh Committee was created in Yerevan, whose leaders call for increased pressure on government agencies in order to transfer NKAO Armenia. At the same time, calls for "decisive guidance of order" in NKAO continue in Azerbaijan. Public stress and national enmity between the Azerbaijani and Armenian population increase with each day. In the summer and autumn, cases of violence in NKAO, the mutual flow of refugees increases.

Representatives of the Central Soviet and state bodies of the USSR are sent to the NCAO. Some of the problems identified, accumulated in the national sphere, become publicity. The Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR urgently take a decree "On measures to accelerate the socio-economic development of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region of the Azerbaijan SSR in 1988-1995".

In May 1988, at the initiative of the Shushinsky district committee of the CPSU, the deportation of the Armenian population of Shushi began. On June 14, 1988, the Supreme Council of Armenia gives consent to the inclusion of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region in the Armenian SSR. On June 17, 1988, the Supreme Council of Azerbaijan decides that Nagorno-Karabakh should remain as part of the Republic: "In response to the appeal of the Supreme Council of the Armenian SSR, the Supreme Council of the Azerbaijan SSR, based on the interests of the preservation of the established national-territorial structure of the country enshrined by the USSR Constitution , guided by the principles of internationalism, the interests of the Azerbaijani and Armenian peoples, other nations and the nationalities of the republic, the transmission of NKAO from the Azerbaijan SSR is impossible to the Armenian SSR. "

In July 1988, Armenia hosts multi-day strikes of enterprises, organizations, educational institutions, mass rallies. As a result of the collision between the rally and military personnel of the Soviet Army in Yerevan Airport "Zvartnots" one of the protesters died. Catholicos Vasgen I appeals to republican television with a call to wisdom, calm, sense of responsibility of the Armenian people, to stop the strike. The call remains unreasonable. In Stepanakert, enterprises and organizations have been working for several months, every day processions are held through the streets of the city and mass rallies, the situation is increasing more and more. According to Izvestii correspondents, there are powerful support from Armenia - hundreds of people leave daily to Yerevan and, on the contrary, come to Stepanakert (for this, an air bridge between these cities is organized, the flight is sometimes coming to 4 to 8 a day).

As of mid-July, about 20 thousand people (more than 4 thousand families) were left to Azerbaijan from Armenia. In the meantime, the CPAZ Central Committee is trying to normalize the situation in the community residence of Azerbaijanis in Armenia. Refugees from Azerbaijan continue to arrive in the Armenian SSR. According to local authorities, 7,265 people arrived in Armenia to Armenia (1598 families) from Baku, Sumgait, Mink Prison, Kazakh, Shamkor and other cities of Azerbaijan.

On July 18, 1988, a meeting of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR was held, at which the decisions of the Supreme Sovieties of the Armenian SSR and the Azerbaijan SSR on Nagorno-Karabakh were considered and decided on this issue. The decision noted that having considered the request of the Supreme Council of the Armenian SSR of June 15, 1988 on the transition of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region in the Armenian SSR (in connection with the petition of the NKAO Council of People's Deputies) and the decision of the Supreme Council of the Azerbaijan SSR on June 17, 1988 . On the unacceptability of the NKAO transfer to the Armenian SSR, the Presidium of the Supreme Council considers it impossible to change the borders and established on the constitutional basis of the national-territorial division of the Azerbaijan SSR and the Armenian SSR.

In September 1988, the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region and the Agdam district of the Azerbaijan SSR introduced a state of emergency and the curfew. In Armenia, the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Armenian SSR made a decision on the dissolution of the Karabakh Committee. However, the attempts of party and state bodies to calm the population do not have the effect. In Yerevan and some other cities of Armenia, calls for the organization of strikes, rallies, hunger strikes continue. On September 22, the work of a number of enterprises and urban transport Yerevan, Leninakan, Abovyan, Charentsavan, as well as the Echmiadzinsky district was discontinued. In Yerevan, troop units are involved in Yerevan to ensure order on the streets along with the police authorities.

In November - December 1988, mass pogroms occur in Azerbaijan and Armenia, accompanied by violence and murders of the civilian population. According to various sources, in Armenia, pogroms lead to death from 20 to 30 Azerbaijanis. According to the Armenian side, in Armenia, as a result of offenses in national soil for three years (from 1988 to 1990), 26 Azerbaijanis died, including from November 27 to December 3, 1988 - 23, in 1989 - one, in 1990 - two . At the same time, 17 Armenians died in collisions with Azerbaijanis in Armenia. In Azerbaijan, the largest Armenian pogroms occur in Baku, Kirovabada (Ganja), Shemkha, Shamhore, Mingchara, Nakhichevan ASSR. A state of emergency is introduced in a number of cities in Azerbaijan and Armenia. At this time accounts for the most massive flow of refugees - hundreds of thousands of people on both sides.

In the winter of 1988-1989, the population of the Armenian villages of rural areas of AZSSR is being departing - including the northern part of Nagorno-Karabakh (not included in the NKAO) - the mountain and foothill parts of the Khanlah, Dashkesan, Shamhorsky and Kedabek districts, as well as Kirovabad (Ganja) . Upon completion of these events, the Armenian population of the Azerbaijan SSR turns out to be concentrated in the NKAO, Shaumyanovsky district, the four villages of the Khanlar district (Gethashen, Martunas, Azad and Kamo) and in Baku (where it has decreased from about 215 thousand to 50 thousand people during the year) .

Baltic

In the Estonian SSR on August 23, 1987, about two thousand supporters of the independence of Estonia gathered in the Tallinnskaya Park Hirwe to commemorate the next anniversary of the signing of the Molotov-Ribbentroppa.

September 26, 1987 in the newspaper of the Tartu City Committee of the Communist Party Estonia "EDASI" ( "Forward") A proposal was published on the economic autonomy of Estonia as part of the USSR, which gained significant support in society. A relevant program called Economically independent Estonia (EST. Isemajandav Eesti.abbreviated IME (MIRACLE)).

On April 13, 1988, during the television talk show Edgar Savisar offered to create a folk front (EST. Rahvarinne.) - the socio-political movement that should have contributed to the goals of the Gorbachev Perestroika. Such a folk front was created.

On June 3, 1988, the Lithuanian movement for restructuring was created in the Lithuanian SSR, which became known as Saudis.

On June 10-14, 1988, over one hundred thousand people visited Tallinn's singing field. The events of June-September 1988 entered the story as a "singing revolution."

On June 17, 1988, the Delegation of the Communist Party of Estonia at the XIX part-conferencing of the CPSU made a proposal to transfer additional powers in all spheres of public, political and economic life by the Republican authorities.

On September 11, 1988, the Music and political event "Song of Estonia" was held at the Pei Field in Tallinn, which gathered about 300,000 Estonians, that is, about a third of the number of Estonian people. During the event, the appeal to Estonia's independence was publicly announced.

Economy

By the mid-1980s, all the problems of the planned economy existing in the USSR aggravated. Artificially caused by the shortage of consumer goods, including food, intensified. A sharp decrease in oil exports led to a lack of foreign currency for imports, including consumer goods. Additions to the budget from oil exports decreased in 1985-1986 by 30%. According to a number of authors, the backlog of the USSR in the development of high-tech sectors of the economy increased. So, A. S. Narignani wrote in 1985: "The situation in the Soviet computing technique seems to be disastrous. ... The gap separating us from the world level is growing faster ... We are close to the fact that now we will not only be able to copy Western prototypes, but in general we will not be able to even follow the world level of development. "

In April 1985, the Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee was first discovered about the economic and social problems. According to M. S. Gorbachev, the country was in a pre-crisis state. A particularly heavy situation has developed in agriculture, where products losses were about 30%. With the billet and transportation of livestock, 100 thousand tons of production were lost annually, fish - 1 million tons, potatoes - 1 million tons, coarse beds - 1.5 million tons. At the April Plenum, focus on technical re-equipment and modernization of production, accelerated development primarily Mechanical engineering as the basis of re-equipment of everything national economy (the so-called "acceleration").

Adopted in 1986 the Intensification-90 program provided for the advanced development of the consumer goods sector 1.7 times compared to other industries and to a certain extent was the continuation of the previous reforms. At the same time, the imbalances of investment policies led to the undermining of non-delegate industries.

In addition to this, in the initial period of restructuring, several insufficiently thoughtful decisions were taken. In May 1985, a decree of the CPSU Central Committee was published "On measures to overcome drunkenness and alcoholism". This decision was aimed at solving both social and economic tasks, primarily the discipline of labor, and should have contributed to the growth of labor productivity, its quality. It was envisaged to reduce the production of vodka and other liquor-vodka products by 10% per year. By 1988, fruit-berry wines were discontinued. These measures led to a decrease in mortality in the country, their economic effect was negative and expressed in more than 20 billion losses of budget revenues, but several million lives were saved.

In early 1986, the XXVII Congress of the CPSU took place, on which a number of economic and social programsproviding for a new investment and structural policy. In addition to the "Intensification-90", such long-term programs as "housing-2000" and others were provided.

On November 19, 1986, the USSR Law was adopted on February 5, 1987. The Council of Ministers of the USSR issued a resolution "On the creation of cooperatives for the production of consumer goods." On May 26, 1988, the USSR law was adopted "On cooperation in the USSR", which resolved cooperatives to engage in anyone not prohibited by the laws of activities, including trade.

On January 13, 1987, the Council of Ministers of the USSR adopted Resolution No. 48, which was allowed to create joint ventures with the participation of Soviet organizations and firms of capitalist and developing countries.

On June 11, 1987, a resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 665 "On the transfer of enterprises and organizations of the sectors of the National Economy to Full Hosary and self-financing" was adopted. On June 30, 1987, the USSR law was adopted "On the State Enterprise (Association)", revaluable powers between ministries and enterprises in favor of the latter. Products made after the implementation of the State order could be implemented by the manufacturer at fair prices. The number of ministries and departments has been reduced, the economically introduced into all sectors of the national economy. However, the provision of labor collectives of state-owned enterprises to choose directors and provision to authority to regulate wages led to the dependence of directors of enterprises from solutions labor teams and raising the salary not provided by the presence in the consumer market of the relevant volume of goods.

One of the positive results of economic transformation was the cessation of a decrease in the rate of growth of national production and labor productivity in the mid-80s. To a large extent, it was determined by the growth of investments, which, however, was accompanied by an increase in the budget deficit, which in 1985 amounted to 17-18 billion rubles, and in 1986 almost three times increased. The deficit of partly was caused by a reduction in foreign exchange earnings on the Afghan war, the Chernobyl tragedy and losses from the anti-alcohol campaign, but the main reason for the reduction of budget revenues was the gradual decline in the share of the profit of enterprises and organizations (the corresponding figure decreased from 56% in 1985 to 36% In 1989-1990).

Even more radical reforms were envisaged in the period after the XIX party conference in 1988

Volumes of production of consumer goods were much lower than a huge amount of money, since they proceeded from sufficiently conditional settlement terms and consumption volumes. Buyers instantly raised the goods on store shelves. There was a situation of "empty shelves and full refrigerators and clogged apartments." Any more or less high-quality goods that fell on store shelves was sold in a matter of hours. A significant mass of non-food products actually ceased to fall into official trade and was implemented by employees of trading on acquaintances or through "FANDANTERS". This problem was aggravated with the permission of private trade, which were actually engaged in cooperatives. Began confusion with allied supplies, some of the republics, in particular Ukraine, stopped shipment of meat, Milk by Moscow, Leningrad, Military Office. In the very capital itself, the picture was generally depressing. Hundreds of thousands of inhabitants, almost from all over the central Russia, arrived daily by trains to Moscow and straightened food stores. All that was on the shelves loaded with shopping bags, with heavy backpacks behind his back stretched at the stations.

Foreign policy

Having come to power, M. S. Gorbachev took the course to improve relations with the United States. One of the reasons for this was the desire to reduce exorbitant military spending (25% of the USSR state budget).

However, his first meeting with US President Ronald Reagan in Geneva in the fall of 1985 ended little to what binding a solemn declaration on the inadmissibility of the nuclear war. On January 15, 1986, the "statement of the Soviet government" was published, which contained the Nuclear Disarmament Program by the 2000 USSR called upon the leading countries of the world to join the rescued Soviet Union since the summer of 1985 a moratorium on nuclear testing and stages to reduce various types of nuclear weapons.

Some adjustments were subjected to soviet policy In Afghanistan, where the USSR produced in May 1986 by replacing the country's leadership. The new Secretary General of the NDPA M. Nadzhibulla proclaimed the course for national reconciliation, adopted a new constitution, according to which he was elected in 1987 by the President of Afghanistan. The Soviet Union sought to strengthen the position of the new leadership in order to subsequently begin the conclusion of the Soviet troops from the country.

In October 1986, a meeting of the Soviet and American leaders in Reykjavik, which launched the beginning of the new foreign policy of the USSR. M. S. Gorbachev suggested R. Reagan to eliminate all medium-range missiles, while the Soviet Union went on bo? Lees and concessions than the United States. Although the initiative of the Soviet leadership was not supported by the American Party, this statement had a large international resonance.

In 1987, the countries of the Warsaw Treaty have developed a new, purely defensive military doctrine, which provides for a reduction in unilaterally arms to the limits of "reasonable sufficiency". Resistance to the new course in the foreign policy of individual representatives of military leadership was prevented by cleaning the army after the unhindered landing on 28 May 1987 on the Red Square of the aircraft Citizen of Germany Matias Rusta. The new Minister of Defense on May 30, 1987 was the general of the Army D. T. Yazov, who replaced S. L. Sokolov in this post.

The main ideas of the new foreign policy were formulated by Gorbachev in his book "Perestroika and new thinking for our country and for the whole world", published in 1987 according to Gorbachev, all ideological and economic disagreements between world systems of socialism and capitalism should retreat before the need to protect universal values. In this process, the leader countries should sacrifice their interests in favor of small countries, the common goals of the world and discharge due to the fact that for survival in the nuclear age need a mutual kind of will.

In addition to M. S. Gorbacheva, the USSR Minister of Foreign Affairs E. A. Shevardnadze, A. N. Yakovlev played a large role in the development and implementation of the concept of "new thinking", since September 1988. He held the position of Chairman of the Commission of the Central Committee of the CPSU on international issues politicians.

Since 1987, the intensification of the United States and the USSR began to decline sharply, and in the next 2-3 years, confrontation is completely coming. However, the weakening of the confrontation was achieved largely at the expense of the custody of the Soviet leadership. M. S. Gorbachev and his environment went on significant concessions at the conclusion of a small-medium-range missile defense agreement (signed on December 8, 1987 at the meeting held in Washington R. Reagan and M. S. Gorbachev); with his passivity contributed to the overthrow of communist regimes in the central and Eastern Europe in the second half of 1989; In particular, they did not prevent the unification of Germany.

1989-1990 years

Domestic politics

In March 1989, elections to the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR took place, the first elections of the Higher Authority of the USSR in which voters were given a choice between several candidates. Discussion of election programs (including televised) has become a genuine breakthrough to freedom of speech and real political struggle.

The Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR opened on May 25, 1989. On the very first day of the Congress, he elected Gorbacheva Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. The congress meetings were broadcast on television, and many USSR citizens carefully followed them.

On the last day of the congress in a relative minority, radical deputies have formed an interregional group of people's deputies (Group Co-Chairs: A. D. Sakharov, B. N. Yeltsin, Yu. N. Afanasyev, G. Kh. Popov, Anatoly Sobchak, V. Palm ). They advocated the acceleration of political and economic transformations in the USSR, for the radical reform of the Soviet society, and in relation to their opponents - the deputies voted in accordance with the CPSU Central Committee used the sustainable phrase "aggressively obedient majority".

December 12 - 24, 1989, the II Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR took place. On it, a radical minority, which, after death, was headed by Yeltsin after death, demanded the abolition of Article 6 of the USSR Constitution, which indicated that "CPSU is a guidance and guiding force" in the state. In turn, the conservative majority indicated destabilizing disintegration processes in the USSR and, consequently, on the need to strengthen the powers of the Center (Soyuz Group).

In 1989, the first significant strike of mines in the USSR began in Mezhdurechensk.

In February 1990, mass rallies were held in Moscow demanding the abolition of Article 6 of the USSR Constitution. Under these conditions, Gorbachev in the break between the II and III congresses of People's Deputies of the USSR agrees to repeal Article 6 of the Constitution, while at the same time initiating the issue of the need for additional powers of the executive. III Congress March 15, 1990 canceled Article 6, adopted amendments to the Constitution, allowing multipartyness, introduced the Institute of the Presidency in the USSR and chose the USSR President M. S. Gorbachev (in order of exception, the first President of the USSR was elected by the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR, and not nationwide) .

In March 1990, the elections of the People's Deputies of the Federal Republics were held (elections to the Supreme Councils of the Baltic States were held earlier, in February 1990) and local councils of people's deputies.

With the adoption of the "Law of the USSR of 09.10.1990 No. 1708-1 public associations"It became possible to officially register other than the CPSU of political parties, the first of which were DPR, SDPR and RPRF registered by the Ministry of RSFSR on March 14, 1991.

In the RSFSR, unlike the rest of the republics, a two-stage system of legislative bodies was created, similar to the Union existed at the level - folk deputies at the congress elected from their number of permanent Supreme Council. At the elections of the People's Deputies of the RSFSR, supporters of radical reforms, united in the Democratic Russia block, were made. The number of deputies, which at the congresses of People's Deputies of the RSFSR in 1990-91, voted at least 2/3 of cases in support of radical reforms, amounted to 44% (in some important voting - more than half), and the share of conservatives-Communists was 39- 40%.

On May 14, 1990, I opened the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR. On 29 May, after a three-time vote, he elects the chairman of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR B.N. Yeltsin (B. N. Yeltsin received 535 votes, A. V. Vlasov - 467 votes).

On June 12, 1990, 907 votes "For" at a total of 13 votes "Against", the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR adopted "Declaration on the State Sovereignty of the RSFSR". It was proclaimed that "to ensure political, economic and legal guarantees of the sovereignty of the RSFSR, it is established: the fullness of the RSFSR authorities in solving all issues of state and public life, with the exception of those who are voluntarily transferred to the SSR Union; The rule of the Constitution of the RSFSR and the Laws of the RSFSR throughout the RSFSR; The action of acts of the SSR Union, conflicting with the sovereign rights of the RSFSR, is suspended by the republic on its territory. " It marked the beginning of the "war of laws" between the RSFSR and the center.

On June 12, 1990, the USSR law was adopted "On the press and other media." He forbade censorship and guaranteed freedom for the media.

The process of "sovereignty of Russia" leads to November 1, 1990, to the adoption of the decision on the economic sovereignty of Russia.

In the period under review, the formation of various parties. Most parties acted on the territory of the Union Republic, which contributed to the strengthening of the separatism of the Union republics, including the RSFSR. In its majority, newly formed parties were in opposition to the CPSU.

The CPSU was experiencing a serious crisis during this period. XXVIII Party Congress (July 1990) led to the exit of her most radical members led by Yeltsin. The number of the party in 1990 decreased from 20 to 15 million people, independently proclaimed the Combaltic Community Communist Parties.

The IV Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR approved constitutional changes that endowed Gorbachev additional powers. There was actual rearrangement to the President of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, renamed now in the Cabinet of Ministers of the USSR. A post of vice-president was introduced, who was chosen by G. I. Yanayev. Instead of V. V. Bakatina, the Minister of Internal Affairs becomes B. K. Pugo, E. A. Shevardnadze as the Minister of Foreign Affairs was replaced by A. A. Immortal.

Economy

In 1989, the New Government of the USSR was formed headed by N. I. Ryzhkov. Its composition had 8 academics and corresponding members of the USSR Academy of Sciences, about 20 doctors and candidates of science. The new government was initially focused on the implementation of economic reforms and fundamentally other management methods. In this regard, the structure of the government has significantly changed and the number of sectoral ministries has significantly decreased: from 52 to 32, that is, by almost 40%.

In May 1990, N. I. Ryzhkov spoke at a meeting of the USSR Supreme Soviet with a report on the economic program. Ryzhkov revealed the concept of transition to an adjustable market economy developed by the "Abalkin Commission". She provided for the reform of prices. This performance led to emergency In Moscow Trade: While Ryzhkov performed in the Kremlin, in the city it was all sold out: a monthly stock of vegetable and butter, three-month stock of pancake flour, sold cereals 7-8 times more than usual, instead of 100 tons of salt - 200.

A wave of rallies rolled around the country with a requirement not to raise prices. Mikhail Gorbachev, who has repeatedly promised that prices in the USSR will remain at the same level, distanced from the government program. The Supreme Council of the USSR postponed the implementation of the reform by proposing to the government to finalize its concept.

In June 1990, the Supreme Council of the USSR adopted a resolution "On the concept of a transition to a market economy", and in October 1990, "the main directions for the stabilization of the national economy and the transition to a market economy". Documents provided for gradual demonopolization, decentralization and privatization of property, institution joint stock companies and banks, the development of private entrepreneurship.

In December 1990, the Government N. I. Ryzhkov was resigned. The Council of Ministers of the USSR was transformed into the Cabinet of Ministers of the USSR headed by Prime Minister V. S. Pavlov. But the activities of the Cabinet of Ministers in 1991 drove up to a two-time price increase of the price from April 2, 1991 (they, however, remained regulated), as well as to the exchange of 50- and 100-ruble banknotes on the bills of the new sample (Pavlov's monetary reform). The exchange was carried out throughout 3 days January 23-25, 1991 and with serious restrictions. It was explained by the fact that the shadow delints allegedly accumulated huge amounts in large banknotes.

The USSR economy in 1991 was experiencing a deep crisis, which was expressed in 11% of the decline in production, in 20-30% of the budget deficit, in huge external debt of $ 103.9 billion.

Nationalism and separatism

Armenia and Azerbaijan

On May 27, 1990, an armed clash of the collisions of the Armenian "Self-Defense Councils" was happening with internal troops, as a result of which two soldiers and 14 militants were killed.

middle Asia

Pogroms of the Meskhetians Turks in 1989 in Uzbekistan are more famous as Fergana events. In early May 1990, at the Uzbek city of Andijan, Armenians and Jews occurred.

Chronology of events

1985

• On May 7, 1985, the decision of the USSR Council "On measures to overcome drunkenness and alcoholism, the eradication of moonshine".

1986.

• On May 23, 1986, the Resolution of the USSR Council "On measures to strengthen the struggle with emerdic income".
• On November 19, 1986, the USSR Armed Forces adopted the USSR Law "On Individual Labor Activities".

1987

• On May 6, 1987, the first unauthorized demonstration of a non-governmental and non-communist organization - Memory Society in Moscow.
• On June 25, 1987, the Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU considered the question "On the tasks of the party for the fundamental restructuring of economic management".
• On June 30, 1987, the USSR Law was adopted "On the State Enterprise (Association)".
• July 30, 1987 adopted "Act on the procedure for appealing to court illegal action officials "who infiltrate the rights of a citizen
• august 1987. For the first time unlimited subscription to newspapers and magazines.

1988

• March 13, 1988 Article N. Andreva in "Soviet Russia" - "I can not register with the principles"
• On May 26, 1988, the law "On cooperation in the USSR" was adopted.
• June 28 - July 1, 1988 XIX All-Union Conference of the CPSU, adopted resolutions "On some urgent measures to practically implement the reform of the country's political system", "On the progress of decisions of the XXVII Congress Congress and tasks for the deepening of restructuring", "On democratization of the Soviet Society and The reform of the political system, "" On the fight against bureaucracy "," On interethnic relations "," On publicity "," On legal reform ".
• On July 28, 1988, the Decrees of the Presidium of the USSR Armed Forces "On the procedure for organizing and holding meetings, rallies, street processions and demonstrations in the USSR" and "On the duties and rights of the internal troops of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs in the protection of public order."
• On September 5, 1988, the trial began over Yu. M. Churbanov, etc. (September 5 - December 30).
• On September 30, 1988 - the largest "cleaning" politburo, the Politburo, is held at the Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU.

1989

• january 1989 Began the first free nomination of candidates for Nar. dep. THE USSR.

1990

• Spring 1990 adopted "The Law on Ownership in the USSR"

Events after perestroika

International Changes

• Conclusion of rockets of medium and low range from Europe
• Reducing nuclear arms
• Collapse of the USSR
• Disintegration of the Socialist Camp and the Warsaw Treaty (according to the Protocol on the complete termination of the Agreement on July 1, 1991)
• Combining Germany with the subsequent conclusion of Soviet troops
• Completion of the Afghan War with the conclusion of Soviet troops (February 15, 1989)
• Restoration of diplomatic relations with Albania (July 30, 1990) and Israel (January 3, 1991)

Introduction of democratic freedoms

• Freedom of speech.
• Publicity, cancellation of censorship.
• Pluralism opinions.
• Freedom of movement of citizens abroad.
• The introduction of pluralism of power and the abolition of a one-party system.
• Resolution of private entrepreneurship and private property.
• Termination of persecution of Russian Orthodox church and other religious organizations.

National Conflicts, Wars and Incidents

• Yoloshan
• Karabakh War
• Sumgait pogrom
• Khojaly massacre
• Georgian-Abkhaz conflict
• South Ossetian conflict
• Civil War in Georgia
• Civil War in Tajikistan
• Chechen conflict
• Transnistrian conflict
• Ossetian-Ingush conflict
• in Uzbekistan (conflict with Meskhetian Turks)
• in Kyrgyzstan (conflict in Fergana)

Changes in the economy and internal life

• Anti-alcohol campaign in the USSR 1985-1987.
• Dissemination of cooperatives, and subsequently - the introduction of free entrepreneurship
• Startiers strikes USSR in 1989
• Monetary reform of 1991 (Pavlovskaya reform)
• Washing out goods from shops, and subsequently - hyperinflation
• Reducing the gold reserve of the country ten times
• Falling the pace of economic growth with + 2.3% in 1985 to recession (decline) in -11% in 1991
• Devaluation of the national currency from 0.64 rubles per US dollar to 90 rubles per US dollar
• An increase in external debt at least three times

Changes in the CPSU

• Conclusion of "Aksakalov" from the Politburo (09/30/1988)
• Conclusion of "Aksakalov" from the Central Committee of the CPSU (04/24/1989)

Catastrophe

Since the beginning of the restructuring in the USSR, natural and man-made catastrophes received a large public resonance, although sometimes with serious delays due to attempts by party structures to hide information:

• On July 10, 1985 - Tu-154 Aeroflot Airlines (Tashkent-Karsha-Orenburg-Leningrad flight), enjoyed to Cotskor, crashed near the city of Uzkuduk (Uzbekistan). 200 people died. This is the largest aircraft crash in the number of victims that occurred in the territory of the USSR.
• April 26, 1986 - Chernobyl accident - several dozen dead from irradiation, 200 thousand people were resettled
• August 31, 1986 - shipwreck of the steamer Admiral Nakhimov 423 dead
• December 7, 1988 - Separate earthquake 25,000 dead
• June 3, 1989 - Railway catastrophe near Ufa 575 dead
• April 7, 1989 - the death of the APL "Komsomolets" 45 dead

Terrorist attacks

On March 8, 1988, Ovechkin's family captures Tu-154 plane, which flees Irkutsk-Kurgan-Leningrad.

Criticism

There are several versions of why the restructuring still happened. Some researchers argue that the restructuring was mainly soil for the seizure of the ownership of the Soviet elite, or the nomenclature, which was more interested in the "privatization" of the vast state of the state in 1991 than in its preservation. Obviously, actions were carried out with both one and on the other hand. Let us dwell on the second catalyst for the destruction of the Soviet state.

As one of the possible versions, even the fact that the Soviet elite actually had Mizere compared to what had the elite of the Banana republics, and compared with what the elite of developed states owns. Based on this, it is argued that in the Khrushchevsky times, part of the party elite took a course to change the Soviet system, with the aim of becoming from managers in state ownership owners. Within this theory, no free market economy No one planned to create.

Some researchers (for example, V. S. Svínin, S. G. Kara-Murza) see in the victory of restructuring primarily the product of the activities of Western special services, with the help of its extensive network of "agents of influence" and external pressure deftly used deficiencies and miscalculations in economic and the state construction of the USSR to destroy the Soviet Union and the entire socialist camp. "Influence agents" acted according to the scenario described by V. M. Molotov, in the early 1930s: " it was sought to plan separate industries with such a calculation to achieve the greatest imbalances between them: reduced the planned assumptions and exaggerated difficulties, invested excessively large funds in some enterprises and detained the growth of others. Making the ineffective costs and kneading capital, ... hoped to bring the Soviet state to the financial crisis and disrupting socialist constructionbut".

Soviet life has developed under the influence of specific natural and historical circumstances. Based on these circumstances, the generation created by the Soviet system determined the main criterion of choice - the reduction of suffering. On this path, the Soviet system achieved success recognized by the whole world, the main sources of mass suffering and fears were eliminated in the USSR - poverty, unemployment, homelessness, hunger, criminal, political and interethnic violence, as well as mass death in a war with a stronger opponent. For this, great victims were incurred, but since the 60s there was a stable and growing well-being. An alternative criterion was the criterion to increase the pleasures. Soviet life has created generations that have undergone heavy tests: accelerated industrialization, war and recovery. Their experience and determined the choice. During the restructuring, its ideologues convinced the politically active part of society to change the choice - to go along the way to increase pleasures and neglect the danger of mass suffering. We are talking about a fundamental change that does not boil down to the change of political, state and social device (although inevitably expressed in them)

Although the specified selection was not formulated (more precisely, attempts to formulate it were taken by the leadership of the CPSU, which determined access to the podium) associated with it approval were very transparent. Thus, the requirement to produce a massive flow of funds from the heavy industry into a light acquired nature of not an economic decision, but a principled political choice. The lead ideologue of A. N. Yakovlev said: " Need a truly tectonic shift towards the production of consumption items. The solution to this problem can only be paradoxical: to carry out a large-scale reorientation of the economy in favor of the consumer ... We can do it, our economy, culture, education, all society have long been released on the required source level».

The reservation seems to "the economy has long been on the necessary level", no one has checked and did not discuss, it was immediately discarded - it was only about the tectonic shift. Immediately, even through the planning mechanism, a sharp decline in investment in heavy industry and energy was conducted (the energy program that concluded the USSR to the level of reliable energy was discontinued). An even more eloquent was an ideological campaign, aimed at rolling the defense industry created in the USSR precisely on the basis of the principle of reduction of suffering.

This change in the criterion of life confinement contradicted the historical memory of the Russian people and the irresistible restrictions that were superimposed by geographical and geopolitical reality, the availability of resources and the level of development of the country. Agree to such a change meant to reject the voice of common sense. (S. G. Kara-Murza, "Consciousness Manipulation")

The following statistics are provided in confirmation of the aforementioned theory:

The ideologists of the restructuring that have already been retired, has repeatedly stated that there was no clear ideological basis for the restructuring. However, some events that began to be implemented at least since 1987 are questioned by this point of view. While at the initial stage, the official expression of "more socialism" remained the official slogan, the following statement of the legislative base in the economy began, threatened to undermine the functioning of the previous planned system: the actual cancellation of state monopoly on foreign economic activity (for example, the decision of the USSR of December 22, 1988 No. 1526 "On approval of the Regulation on agricultural foreign trade organizations ..."), revising the approach to the relationship of state bodies and production enterprises (USSR Law on the State Enterprise (Association) "of June 30, 1987).

Methodological approaches to perestroika analysis

The Marxist theory of social and economic formations, as interpreted in the USSR, proceeded from the presence of a universal scheme for the development of all countries and peoples, which meant a consistent change of each other with a friend of primitive-communal, slave-owned, feudal, capitalist, socialist, and communist formations. In this case, each subsequent formation was declared more advanced than the previous one. This scheme admitted that certain peoples could afford or not to know this or other public formation, but they all moved somehow on a given path. But the transition from socialism to capitalism does not fit into this scheme.

The events that occurred in the USSR after 1985 led to the fact that many of those who adhered to the formation approach abandoned him and turned to searching for other theoretical approaches to the historical process. Those who remained faithful to this orthodox and nationalist approach (representatives of the Communist and Nationalist Camp) rated the historical changes as "unnatural" and resort to explanations designed to prove the "artificial" character of the collapse of socialism in the USSR. They see the cause of the USA, and the "agents of influence" of the United States in the USSR itself. This theory can be attributed to conspiracy theories due to its inability to recognize the real and depth causes of events.

According to many representatives of Western Marxist thought, the method of changing the capitalist formation of the socialist, which was realized in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century, does not correspond to the teachings of Marx and is in the blatant contradiction with it. The bright sample of this interpretation can be the works of the American Socialist Michael Harrington. He wrote that Marx, considered the transition from capitalist formation to the socialist as possible only when aging all the material and spiritual prerequisites for this. But the October Revolution of 1917 in Russia rudely violated this fundamental postulate of Marxism and the total was sad: "Poverty socialization could only approve new form poverty. "Instead of overcoming the alienation of workers from the property, political power, the spiritual values \u200b\u200bof the regime attributable in Russia have planned new forms of alienation and therefore Harrington determined it as "antisocialistic socialism". Of these estimates, it is concluded that the collapse of socialism in the USSR is the consequence of attempts to jump over the historical stages of the Capitalism change of socialism and post-Soviet countries should pass those stages of "ripening" to socialism that the Bolsheviks tried to unleash. Moreover, such a prominent Marxist theorist as Karl Kautsky in 1918, in connection with the revolution in Russia, wrote: "Strictly speaking, the ultimate goal for us is not socialism, but the destruction of any kind of exploitation and oppression is still a class of a floor or races ... in this struggle we put a socialist way to produce our goal because with modern technical and economic conditions it is best tool Achieve our goal. If we were proved that we were mistaken and that the liberation of the proletariat and humanity is achieved in general and even more expediently on the basis of private ownership of the means of production, as Prydon thought already, then we would drop socialism, by no means discarding our ultimate goal. Moreover, we would have to do it in the interests of it. Democracy and socialism differ not to the fact that the first is a means, and the second is the goal; Both are the means for the same purpose. "

Supporters of the theory of modernization draw attention to the fact that the Soviet leaders involuntarily recognized western civilization The most advanced at least technological and economic relations and therefore the USSR tried to copy Western technological and organizational samples. During the same restructuring, it turned out that the ability to reform and provide progressive development on a socialist basis for the USSR was exhausted, and as a result, it was necessary to borrow capitalist mechanisms, as well as a democratic device of the state.

In works of art

• The famous Russian philosopher-emigrant Alexander Zinoviev wrote the book "Crane" in the 1990s, which described the process of the collapse of the centuries-old Russian state with the name of the USSR. The term "catastow" after the release of the book began to be used in the Russian media to designate the restructuring itself.

Perestroika in the USSR: Causes, Characteristics and Results.
Perestroika is a name that is used to designate a huge amount of reform in the Soviet Union, primarily in the political, economic and social spheres. Perestroika began during the reign of Gorbachev in the second half of the eighties and lasted before the collapse of the USSR in 1991. The date of the start of the restructuring is considered to be 1987, when this reform program was declared a new state ideology.

Causes of restructuring.
Before the start of restructuring, the Soviet Union has already experienced the deepest economic crisis, which also joined the political, and social crises. The situation in a huge state has developed very difficult - the people demanded changes. The state demanded fundamental changes in all areas of life, which only were.

Unrest began in the country, after people learned about life abroad. They were frank shock when they saw that the state in other countries controls all the lives of the life of the population: all the liberal to wear anything, listen to any music, is not for certain portions, but how much they allow the means and the like.

In addition, the people were greatly angry due to the fact that problems began with essential goods, with various techniques. The state was driven by the budget in minus and could no longer produce the right amount Products on time.

In addition, you can add problems with the industry and the agricultural sector: all enterprises have long been outdated, as well as technique. The produced goods have already become so low quality that no one wanted to buy them. The USSR gradually began to turn into a commodity state. But in the middle of the century, the Union was one of the most developed countries Mira, with a powerful economy.
In 1985, Gorbachev comes to power, which assumes the need for global reforms that can at least try to save the country from the collapse, the brewing has already been long enough.

All of the above did not have to remain as such for too long, the country demanded changes, and they began. Although it was already too late to change something, the decay was still inevitable.

Characteristics.
Gorbachev envisaged measures of complete technological "re-equipment" at all outdated enterprises, especially in the heavy industry. He also planned to seriously strengthen the effectiveness of the human factor, making specially trained specialists from workers. So that enterprises give even more profits, they were to start controlling the state.
What really managed to reform Gorbachev, this is the scope of foreign policy state. We are talking about relationships, first of all, from the US with which the USSR has continued the deep economic, political, cultural and ideological confrontation for several decades - the so-called "Cold War" continued.

In order to effectively lead such struggle on all fronts, the USSR spent huge funds, only 25% of the entire state budget was required for the content of the army, and these huge money were very necessary for other needs. Having lost the USSR from such an enemy as the United States, Gorbachev was able to transfer funds to the reorganization of other states of life.

As a result of the "World Politics" with the West relationship between the two states, they began to improve and two people stopped watching each other, as an enemy.

Returning to the deep economic crisis, it should be noted that the Soviet leadership did not fully realize how much he is in-depth - the situation was really catastrophic. Unemployment began to grow in the country and besides that, among the male population, drunkenness global Scale. The state was trying in every possible way to fight with a drunkenness of unemployment, but there was no special success.

The Communist Party with each new day lost its influence and authority among the people. The liberal views began to be actively emerged, which were eager to completely mix power and rebuild the state for a new type, because such communism was simply not implement.

To calm the population a little, it was allowed to speak every citizen about his political views, although before it was catastrophically forbidden - for such a Stalin could not just put in the Gulag, but to shoot. Previously, inaccessible literature, now has become publicly available - the books of foreign authors previously prohibited by the party began to enter the country.

In the first stages, the change in the economy was held with a little success, the country really began to produce more high-quality product, but by 1988 this policy has exhausted itself. Then it became clear - it is impossible to change anything, the collapse of communism is inevitable and the USSR will soon cease to exist.

Results of restructuring.
Despite the fact that the restructuring was not able to change the situation in the Union, so that he continued to exist, a number of important changes had happened and should be noted.
The victims of Stalinism were completely rehabilitated;
Freedom of speech and political views appeared in the country, tough censorship was removed, including on literature;
A single-party system was thrown off;
There was an opportunity to free exit / entry from the country / to the country;
Students no longer serve in the army, while they are on learning;
Women stopped imprisoned, for changing their husbands;
The state gave permission to rock in the country;
Cold war stopped.

These were the positive results of the perestroika, but the negative results were much more. Among the most important should be noted economic.
The USSR gold walled stock decreased by about 10 times, which led to such a phenomenon as hyperinflation;
The international debt of the USSR grew up and at least three times;
The economic development pace fell almost to zero marks - the country just froze.

After death in 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev came to power. By that time the USSR was already on the verge of a deep crisis, both in the economy and in social sphere. The efficiency of social production has been steadily declining, a heavy burden on the economy of the country lay the arms race. In fact, all spheres of society have needed in the update. The complex position of the USSR was the cause of restructuring, as well as changes in the country's foreign policy. Modern historians allocate the following steps of restructuring:

• 1985 - 1986
• 1987 - 1988
• 1989 - 1991.

During the start of the restructuring from 1985 to 1986. There were no significant changes in the organization's management organization. In the regions, power, at least formally, belonged to the Council, and at the highest level - the Supreme Council of the USSR. But, during this period, statements about publicity and the fight against bureaucracy were already heard. Gradually began the process of rethinking international relations. Significantly reduced tensions in the relations of the USSR - USA.

Large-scale changes began slightly later - from the end of 1987. This period is characterized by unprecedented freedom of creativity, the development of art. Author's journalistic programs are published on television, magazines printed materials that promote the ideas of reforms. At the same time, political struggle is clearly exacerbated. Serious transformations begin in the field of state power. So, in December 1988, the Law "On changes and additions to the Constitution" is adopted at the 11 extraordinary session of the Supreme Council. The law made changes to the electoral system by introducing the principle of alternativeness.

However, the third period of restructuring in the USSR turned out to be the most turbulent. In 1989, Soviet troops are fully removed from Afghanistan. In fact, the USSR ceases to support socialist regimes in other states. The camp of socialist countries collapses. The most important, iconic, the event of that period is the fall of the Berlin Wall and the union of Germany.

The party gradually loses the real power and its unity. Begins a fierce struggle of factions. Criticism is exposed not only to the situation in the USSR, but also the foundations of the ideology of Marxism, as well as october Revolution In 1917, many opposition parties and movements are formed.

Against the background of tough political struggle During this period, the rearrangement of Gorbachev begins split and in the sphere of intelligentsia, among artists. If part of them was critically configured in relation to the processes occurring in the country, the other part provides comprehensive support of Gorbachev. Against the background of this time of political and social freedom, the volume of financing, both art and science, education, many industries is significantly reduced significantly. Talented scientists in such conditions are leaving to work abroad, or turn into businessmen. The set of funds and KB cease their existence. The development of high-tech industries slows down, and later it all stops. Perhaps the brightest example of this can be the project "Energy - Buran", within which a unique space shuttle was created by the reusable utilization "Buran", which made the only flight.

The financial situation of most citizens is gradually deteriorating. Also, there is an aggravation of interethnic relationships. Many cultural I. political figures Start saying that the restructuring was outlived.

The consequences of restructuring are extremely ambiguous and multifaceted. Of course, the acquisition by the society of social and political freedoms, publicity and reform of the planning and distribution economy are positive moments. However, the processes occurring in the period of restructuring in the USSR 1985-1991, led to the disintegration of the USSR and the exacerbation of the threshing long time interethnic conflict. Weakened the authorities, both in the center and in the field, a sharp decrease in the standard of living of the population, undermine the scientific base and to work. Undoubtedly, the results of the restructuring and its meaning will not be rethought with future generations.