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Territory and population of the Russian Empire
At the beginning of the XX century. The Russian Empire was one of the largest countries in the world. In terms of territory - more than 22 million km (almost 17% of inhabited land) - it ranked second, second only to the British Empire.
- Show on the map the territories that were part of the Russian Empire at the beginning of the 20th century.
The Russian Empire was divided into provinces and regions. Autonomy was preserved only by the Grand Duchy of Finland. Depending on Russia were the Khanate of Khiva and the Emirate of Bukhara.
According to the 1897 census, more than 128 million people lived in the country (third place after the British Empire and China).
The Russian Empire was a multinational country. More than 100 peoples and nationalities lived in it.
In the vast expanses of the country, all major religions coexisted. The majority of the population, and above all the Russians, professed Orthodoxy. A considerable part of the Russian population considered itself to be an Old Believer church. In Poland, the Baltic provinces and Finland, the majority of the population professed Catholicism and Protestantism. A large group of peoples - Tatars, Bashkirs, many highlanders of the Caucasus, Azerbaijanis, peoples of Central Asia - were Muslims. Kalmyks and Buryats were followers of Buddhism. Part of the population professed Judaism. Many indigenous peoples of the North and Siberia retained pagan beliefs.
Features of Russian modernization
At the beginning of the XX century. in Russia, the process of modernization continued.
- From the courses on the history of Russia in the 19th century, New and Recent History, remember what modernization is. How are modernization and development of an industrial society related? Test yourself by referring to the "Expanding Vocabulary" section after the paragraph.
Rice. One of the first tram lines in Moscow. Early 20th century
Modernization covered all the leading countries, but Russian modernization had its own characteristics. Let's consider the most important ones. Let's start with the economy.
You know that Russia entered the path of capitalist development relatively late (when?). Catching up with the countries that had gone ahead, it had to move as quickly as possible, to pass to an industrial society in a short time. The modernization of the economy required the exertion of all the forces of society. It took place on the initiative and under the control of the state. At the beginning of the XX century. modernization covered mainly those sectors of the economy on which the military and political power of the country depended. (Guess what.)
Political system. State symbols
Modernization is not limited to the economy. It also consists in the transformation of political and social relations. The political system of the Russian Empire at the beginning of the 20th century. has not undergone significant changes.
The Russian Empire remained an autocratic monarchy. In the hands of the emperor, all the fullness of state power was concentrated - legislative, executive, and partly judicial.
The advisory body under the emperor was the State Council. He had the right to "submit opinions to the emperor on matters of legislation." But the emperor was not at all obliged to listen to these opinions. The monarch led the country through the Committee of Ministers, which was the highest executive body of the empire. The ministers were responsible only to the emperor. The emperor was the head of not only the state, but also the Russian Orthodox Church, officially recognized as "primary and dominant" in the country. The tsar carried out the management of the Orthodox Church through the Synod. The Senate also belonged to the highest state institutions, which monitored the legality of the actions of senior officials and had the right to promulgate laws.
The coat of arms of the Russian Empire was a double-headed eagle with royal regalia - crowns, a scepter and an orb. The national flag was a flag with white, blue and red horizontal stripes. The national anthem began with the words: "God save the Tsar ..."
social structure
Modernization of the economy at the beginning of the 20th century. accompanied by important changes in the social structure of society.
By law, the entire population of Russia was traditionally divided into estates - hereditary and personal nobles, honorary citizens, merchants of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd guilds, philistines, peasants, Cossacks, etc. .
Modernization destroyed estate partitions. The traditional division into estates was supplemented and supplanted by the division into classes.
As in other countries that embarked on an industrial footing, the most powerful class of Russian society from an economic point of view was the bourgeoisie. The size of the big bourgeoisie (that is, those with incomes of over 10,000 rubles a year) was insignificant. At the beginning of the century, it was about 25 thousand people (with family members 125 thousand), in 1910 - about 30 thousand (with family members 200 thousand). The Russian bourgeoisie did not have a firm foothold in society, since there were practically no middle strata of the population, i.e., small proprietors. She was closely associated with the government, had no political rights. Merciless exploitation of hired workers existed in factories and factories.
Many representatives of the Russian bourgeoisie were educated people, they were engaged in charity, patronage and educational activities. Textile manufacturer P. M. Tretyakov donated to Moscow a unique collection of Russian national paintings and a magnificent building in which it was located. With the financial assistance of S. T. Morozov, the Moscow Art Theater was created.
By the beginning of the XX century. in Russia there were approximately 13 million hired workers, of which 2.8 million were hereditary workers, the rest were workers in the first generation, as a rule, people from the countryside. According to the law adopted on June 14, 1897, the working day was 11.5 hours. Earnings barely made it possible to make ends meet. A coal miner in the Donbass in 1902 could earn no more than 24 rubles. per month, and the minimum expenses, not counting housing fees, for a family of 4 were 30 rubles. The families of many workers lived from hand to mouth. The enterprises operated a draconian system of fines - they took away up to 30% of the salary. As a rule, workers huddled in the barracks built at the factories, all the furniture of which was two-story bunks and long dining tables and benches. The workers did not have elementary civil rights, and this especially resented them. They could not create organizations even to protect their economic interests. Participation in strikes was punishable by imprisonment from 2 to 8 months. The lawlessness was exacerbated by police brutality.
Rice. Construction workers. 1904
The highest social group in Russia was the local nobility. The landowners owned vast landed property, but here, too, changes took place. Land ownership ceased to be exclusively noble. In 1905, more than a third of large estates belonged to non-nobles. Only a few noble landowners were able to transfer their farms to the capitalist rails, transform them into exemplary estates with the use of agricultural machines and hired labor. In 1905, there were no more than 3% of such estates. The vast mass of landowners never managed to adapt to the new conditions. Their expenses usually exceeded their income. The lands were mortgaged and remortgaged, sold.
In the peasant environment there was a property stratification. People appeared in the countryside whose main source of wealth was the exploitation of hired labor, trade, and usury. It was they, and not all wealthy owners, who were called kulaks. By the beginning of the XX century. kulaks made up 2-3% of the peasant population. Approximately 15% of wealthy peasants joined them. The main measure of prosperity is the presence of a certain number of livestock - more than four horses, the same number of cows. At the other extreme of the countryside are horseless farms (approximately 25%). The extreme manifestation of poverty was the absence of a cow - there were up to 10% of such farms. The peasantry was suffocated by the acute shortage of land. There was not enough land, many peasants were forced to rent land from landlords.
They paid for the land with money or work in favor of the landowner (working off). The peasants continued to pay money to the state for their liberation from serfdom.
They remained the most disenfranchised category of the population. Class courts and corporal punishment were preserved. Village life was under the control of zemstvo chiefs.
The intelligentsia played an important role in the public life of Russia. By the beginning of the XX century. in Russia, 2.7% of the population was predominantly engaged in mental work: scientists, teachers, doctors, freelancers (lawyers, journalists, writers, artists, etc.). By 1917 their number had doubled and amounted to 1.5 million people.
Lifestyle
Over 80% of the Russian population lived in rural areas. At the same time, the urban population grew rapidly. At the same time, a third of the townspeople concentrated in large cities.
The lifestyle of the urban population of European Russia, Finland, Poland, the Baltic, southwestern provinces was increasingly approaching the level of the industrial era. Multi-storey housing construction has expanded widely. Electricity, an elevator, running water and a telephone became commonplace in the homes of wealthy citizens. Trams quickly ran along the streets next to cabs, cars ceased to be a rarity.
The rural inhabitants of the country adhered to the traditional way of life, age-old rules and norms of behavior, although urban trends also penetrated the village. At the same time, many peoples of the Russian Empire were practically not affected by the influence of civilization. Their life, way of life, culture and beliefs were at the level of tribal relations.
In terms of the level of literacy of the population, Russia occupied one of the last places in Europe. In 1897, literacy was 21.2%: 29.3% - among men, 13.1% - among women. The literate population lived mainly in large cities. One person out of a hundred had a higher education, four people had a secondary education. Only among the nobility and clergy there were practically no illiterates. For the needs of education, the state spent 43 rubles a year per capita, while England and Germany - about 4 rubles, the USA - 7 rubles.
Thus, the Russian Empire at the beginning of the XX century. It was a huge multinational power in terms of territory, embarking on the path of industrial modernization, but retaining traditional political foundations.
Expanding vocabulary
Autonomy- self-government, the right to independently resolve internal issues by any part of the state, a separate institution.
industrial society- a society in which the process of creating a large, technically developed industry that prevails over agriculture has been completed.
patronage- patronage of any business, science, culture.
Modernization- the process of transition from a traditional society to an industrial society.
Questions for self-examination
- What territories were part of the Russian Empire at the beginning of the 20th century?
- What religions did the subjects of the Russian Empire profess? What religion was the state?
- What is modernization? What are the features of Russian economic modernization?
- What changes took place in the social structure of Russian society?
- What new tasks faced Russia at the beginning of the 20th century? How are they related to modernization?
Express your point of view on the question: “What problems that the country faced at the beginning of the 20th century do you consider the most important, acute and why?”
The presentation presents illustrative, statistical material to characterize Russia at the turn of the century. The video material from the encyclopedia "Cyril and Methodius" is used
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State and Russian society in the late XIX - early XX century. To the lesson in 9, 11 grades
Territory. The Russian Empire is one of the largest countries in the world. Territory - more than 22 million km² (almost 17% of inhabited land; II place after the British Empire).
Population. According to the 1897 census - 128.2 million people (III place after the British Empire and China) Multinational country: more than 100 peoples and nationalities. Polyconfessional state: Orthodoxy (Old Believers, Catholicism and Protestantism); Islam; Buddhism; Judaism; Paganism.
Features of Russian Modernization Russia entered the capitalist path of development relatively late; 2 echelon of development of capitalism Modernization was "catching up"; It took place on the initiative and under the control of the state. At the beginning of the 20th century, it covered mainly those sectors of the economy on which the military and political power of the country depended.
Political system. Russia is an autocratic monarchy. All power (both legislative, and executive, and judicial) was concentrated in the hands of the emperor.
local government
Nicholas II (1894-1917)
Emperor with family
Symbolism Coat of arms Flag Anthem "God Save the Tsar".
Social Structure: Bourgeoisie The most powerful class from an economic point of view is the BOURGEOISIE - the social stratum of the Russian Empire, which owned the means of production, that is, plants and factories. The numerical composition is 40 thousand large and 400 thousand medium, which is 0.02 and 0.2% of the population.
Social Structure: Patrons from the Bourgeoisie Pavel Mikhailovich TRETYAKOV Russian merchant-entrepreneur, collector of works of Russian art, founder of a publicly accessible private art gallery. Donated to Moscow the collection and the building in which it was located MOROZOV Savva Timofeevich Russian entrepreneur who provided financial assistance for the creation of the Moscow Art Theater
Social structure: workers
Quantity: 13 million hired workers, of which 2.8 million are hereditary workers, the rest are workers in the first generation, as a rule, people from the countryside. Position: see textbook page 8
Social structure: the local nobility The nobility is the highest social group in Russia, which gradually lost the centuries-old privilege of monopoly ownership of land. In 1905, more than a third of large estates belonged to non-nobles. Only 3% of the estates were exemplary farms with the use of agricultural machinery and hired labor of agricultural workers.
Social Structure: Peasantry There was a property stratification. Appeared: fists (2-3%), whose main source of wealth was the exploitation of hired labor, trade and usury. prosperous peasants (more than 4 horses, the same number of cows) - 15%; Horseless - 25%; The poor (lack of a cow) - up to 10%. Problems: Lack of land; Payment for liberation from serfdom; Lack of rights; Physical punishment; Control of zemstvo chiefs.
Social structure: Intelligentsia. Quantity: about 870 thousand Mental labor: scientists, teachers, doctors, lawyers, journalists, writers, artists, etc. Played an important role in public life.
Lifestyle Over 80% of the population lived in rural areas. Urban growth (urbanization) Two capitals: St. Petersburg (more than 2 million) and Moscow (slightly less) See textbook pp. 11-12
Urban population of Russia
Territory and population Parameters Data (fill in - page 5) Territory Administrative division Population Ethnic composition Religion Savka N.V., teacher of history and social studies, MOU "February secondary school", 2011
Territory and population Parameters Data Territory More than 22 million km (second place in the world after Br. imp.) Administrative division Provinces and regions, autonomous Finland Population More than 128 million people Ethnic composition More than 100 peoples and nationalities Religions Orthodoxy, Old Believers, Catholicism, Protestantism, Islam, Buddhism, Judaism, paganism Savka N.V., teacher of history and social studies, MOU "February secondary school", 2011
Russian modernization 1. Features (in the economy, political, social spheres 3. Tasks of the state related to modernization 2. Problems of modernization (in the economy, political, social structures) Tasks by group: Savka N.V., teacher of history and social studies, MOU " February secondary school", 2011
In the economy Late start of modernization, the need to catch up with developed countries in a short time. State initiative and control. Predominant development of heavy industries. In the political sphere Preservation of autocracy, absence of political parties, civil rights and freedoms of the population. In the social sphere Preservation of the estate system, which does not reflect the economic situation. The emergence of classes in bourgeois society, the erosion of estates and estate partitions. The development of patronage, educational activities of the bourgeoisie. Savka N.V., teacher of history and social studies, MOU "February secondary school", 2011
In the economy, modernization required the exertion of all the forces of the state; light industry did not develop and did not have state support. In the political sphere, the political system did not meet the requirements of the time and the needs of the state: the wealth-producing classes of the state did not have political rights. In the social sphere, the preservation of the estate system did not reflect the real economic situation. strata of the population. The poverty of the workers and peasants, the preservation of the remnants of serfdom was a threat of a social explosion. Savka N.V., teacher of history and social studies, MOU "February secondary school", 2011
In the economy Completion of modernization in a short time, creation of a powerful economy, which is the basis of the power of the state. In the political sphere Liquidation of the autocracy, separation of the branches of power, creation of a representative body (parliament), endowment of citizens with rights and freedoms. In the social sphere Elimination of class division and associated privileges of the nobility. Improvement of the position of workers and peasants. Destruction of the remnants of serfdom. Savka N.V., teacher of history and social studies, MOU "February secondary school", 2011
Consolidation 1. In 1897, the following lived in Russia: A) 128 million people B) 137 million people C) 105 million people 2. Modernization is the transition A) from traditional society to industrial society B) from industrial society to post-industrial C) from industrial society to traditional 3. At the head of the Russian state was: A) the State Council B) the Senate C) the Emperor 4. The national anthem began with the words: A) "Glory to the Fatherland ..." B) "God save the emperor ..." C) "God Save the Tsar…” Savka N.V., teacher of history and social studies, MOU “February secondary school”, 2011
5. The following did not belong to the highest state bodies (elk): A) Zemstvo Council B) Synod C) Senate D) Committee of Ministers Economically powerful social group: A) Merchants B) Bourgeoisie C) Nobility D) Intelligentsia Savka N.V.
8. A group of people in the countryside, whose main source of wealth was the exploitation of hired labor, trade, usury - A) Wealthy peasants B) Poor people C) Kulaks 9. The most disenfranchised category of the population in Russia at the end of the 19th century: A) Intelligentsia B) Peasants C) Workers 10. Autonomy within Russia had (o): A) Poland B) Finland B) Khiva Khanate Savka N.V., teacher of history and social studies of the February School, 2011 Homework § 1, terms, task at the end of the paragraph Additionally: tasks in the workbook Repeat: S.Yu. Witte - biography, views; concepts: monopoly, Trans-Siberian, peasant community Savka N.V., teacher of history and social studies, MOU "February secondary school", 2011
STATE AND RUSSIAN SOCIETY AT THE END OF THE XIX- BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY. To the lesson in 9, 11 grades
Territory. The Russian Empire is one of the largest countries in the world. Territory - more than 22 million km² (almost 17% of inhabited land; II place after the British Empire).
Territory and administrative structure of the Russian Empire. At the beginning of the XX century. Territorial registration of the Russian Empire ended. In addition to Great Russia, it included: the Baltic states, Ukraine, Belarus, part of Poland, Finland, Bessarabia, the North Caucasus and Transcaucasia, Kazakhstan, Central Asia. The Emirate of Bukhara and the Khanate of Khiva were in vassal dependence. In 1914 under the protectorate of Russia
The ratio of urban and rural population in Russia and some of the largest countries (1908-1914) Urban population in % Rural population in % 15.0 85.0 European Russia 14.4 85.6 Privislinsky provinces. 24.7 75.3 Caucasus 14.5 85.5 Siberia 11.9 88.1 Central Asia 14.5 85.5 By population ratio Finland 15.5 84.5 urban and rural England and Wales 78.0 22.0 0 Russia occupied one of the last places Norway 72, 0 28, 0 among the largest states Germany 56, 1 43, 9 USA (USA) 41, 5 58, 5 France 41, 2 58, 8 The rural population of the empire The country significantly prevailed over the urban . Of the total number of inhabitants of 174,099,600 people, 24,648,400 people lived in cities, that is, only 14.2% (data of 1913). beginning of the 20th century. Russia
Population Density The entire population of the empire, i.e. 174,099,600 people (1913), lived on an area of 19,155,588 square meters. versts A significant part of the inhabitants concentrated in cities, if we take only the rural population, then there were 7.8 people per square verst. The most densely populated region of the empire was the Privislinsky region, where one square. a verst accounted for 190.0 inhabitants, and the least densely populated - Siberia, where the density of the population of Russia and other states (without colonies). Country Inhabitants per 1 sq. verst Russia 9, 1 England 157, 9 European Russia 29, 6 Italy 132, 2 Privislinsky Gubernia. 120.0 Germany 127.7 Caucasus 30.3 Austria-Hungary 85.6 Siberia 0.9 France 83.1 Central Asia 3.5 Denmark 20.5 Finland 11.2 Sweden 13.6 Belgium 273.1 USA (USA) 10.9 Holland 177.2 Norway 8.1
Population. Ø Ø Ø According to the 1897 census - 128.2 million people (III place after the British Empire and China) Multinational country: more than 100 peoples and nationalities. Polyconfessional state: Orthodoxy (Old Believers, Catholicism and Protestantism); Islam; Buddhism; Judaism; Paganism.
Ethnic composition of the Russian Empire According to the 1897 census (during which the question was asked not about nationality, but about the native language), q Great Russians made up 43.4% of the population (80.5 million people), q Little Russians - 18.4% of the population (33.4 million people), q Belarusians - 4 million people. All of them were officially considered "Russians", the number of which, therefore, was 117.9 million people. Together, the Slavic peoples (Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, as well as Poles, Bulgarians and others) made up about 75% of the population of the empire. million people % Russian language 55, 667 44.3 Ukrainian language 22, 381 17.8 Polish language 7, 931 6.3 Belarusian language 5, 886 4, 7 Chart Title Russian language Ukrainian language Polish language Belarusian language
There were six main religious beliefs in the Russian Empire: 1. Orthodox, to which Russians, Romanians, and others belong. 2. Muslim - almost the entire mass of Turko-Tatars and mountaineers of the Caucasus; 3. Catholic - Poles and most of the Lithuanians; 4. Protestant - Finns, Germans and some Lithuanians; 5. Jewish - Jews 6. Armenian-Gregorian - Armenians. Religious composition of the population of the Russian Empire in % according to the General Census of 1897 District Orthodox with co-religionists and Old Believers Jews Other Christians Other non-Christians Muslims European Russia 83, 58 3, 30 4, 07 0, 24 0, 341) 74, 32 4, 46 14, 01 0, 00 34, 54 0, 47 0, 61 0, 63 12, 49 0, 32 89, 97 2, 20 0, 60 0, 28 0, 60 0, 01 6, 342) Central Asia 9, 18 90, 29 0, 17 0, 12 0, 16 0, 02 Finland 1, 90 - - 98, 00 - 0, 10 - Total for the empire 69, 90 10, 83 8, 91 4, 85 4.05 0.96 0.50 Catholics Protestants 3.82 4.65 7.16 0.05 Caucasus 50.94 Siberia 1) Including 0.18% Buddhists and Lamaists. 2) Including 4, 30% Buddhists and Lamaists.
Literacy of the population of the Russian Empire (excluding Finland) according to the General Census of 1897. Literate per 1000 people. District Husband. Female Both sexes Literate men per 10 literate women % of literate population, excluding children under 9 years old % of literate men, excluding children under 9 years old European Russia 326 137 229 24 30 43 342 268 305 13 41 46 Caucasus 182 60 124 26 17 26 Siberia 192 51 123 38 16 25 79 22 53 36 6 10 293 131 211 22 27 39 Central Asia Total empire (excluding Finland)
Literacy of the population of the Russian Empire (excluding Finland) according to the General Census of 1897 European Russia Privislinskie provinces. Caucasus Siberia Central Asia Total empire
75 manufacturing industry 12 handicrafts and other trades 10 private service 4. 6 trade 3. 8 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 s u n t P r sko o f ind u r s h o le z e s 0 10 The villages of the population of the Russian Empire were served by agriculture, which employed about ¾ of its inhabitants. Then follows: 1. manufacturing industry, 2. crafts and other crafts, which employed about 10%, 3. private service (4.6%) 4. trade (3.8%). In general, these four types of activities employed over 92.5% of the population, and the share of the rest accounted for no more than 7.5%. Agriculture o Employment Primary Activities Series 1
Estates in the Russian Empire At the beginning of the 20th century. in state documents, all subjects of the Russian Empire were divided into four estates ("states"): 1. nobility, 2. clergy, 3. city dwellers (honorary citizens, guild merchants, petty bourgeois and townspeople, artisans or workshops) 4. rural inhabitants (then there are peasants). The local (non-Christian) population of Kazakhstan, Siberia and a number of other regions was separated into an independent "state" and were called foreigners. This category was governed by a special law. Composition of the population of Russia (without Finland) by class per 1000 people, according to the General Census of 1897 Nobles and officials of the clergy Honorary citizens and merchants Philistines Peasants Cossacks Foreigners Other European Russia 15 5 6 106 841 16 5 6 Caucasus 24 6 4 81 748 104 15 18 Siberia 8 3 3 56 709 45 146 30 Central Asia 4 - 1 20 50 33 889 3 District Total for the empire
Other Foreigners Cossacks Peasants (without Finland) Total for the empire Philistines Honorary citizens and merchants Clergy Nobles and officials 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
In real life, class barriers were being eroded, and the population was more and more clearly divided along class, i.e., economic, lines. At the same time, a feature of Russia was the simultaneous existence of the main classes of both the traditional (feudal) society - the landowners and peasants, and the capitalist - the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. At the same time, processes of stratification and erosion took place within the classes themselves, many people were in an intermediate, borderline state between different classes.
Social Structure: Bourgeoisie The most powerful class from an economic point of view is the BOURGEOISIE - the social stratum of the Russian Empire, which owned the means of production, that is, plants and factories. The numerical composition is 40 thousand large and 400 thousand medium, which is 0.02 and 0.2% of the population.
Social structure: patrons from the bourgeoisie MOROZOV Savva Timofeevich Russian entrepreneur who provided financial assistance for the creation of the Moscow Art Theater TRETYAKOV Pavel Mikhailovich Russian merchant-entrepreneur, collector of works of domestic art, founder of a publicly accessible private art gallery. He donated the collection and the building in which it was housed to Moscow
Quantity: 13 million hired workers, of which 2.8 million are hereditary workers, the rest are workers in the first generation, as a rule, people from the countryside.
Social structure: the local nobility The nobility is the highest social group in Russia, which gradually lost the centuries-old privilege of monopoly ownership of land. In 1905, more than a third of large estates belonged to non-nobles. Only 3% of the estates were exemplary farms with the use of agricultural machinery and hired labor of agricultural workers.
Social structure: peasantry q. There was a property stratification. Appeared: kulaks (2-3%), whose main source of wealth was the exploitation of hired labor, trade and usury. qwealthy peasants (more than 4 horses, the same number of cows) - 15%; q. Horseless - 25%; q. The poor (lack of a cow) - up to 10%. Problems: ØLack of land; Ø Payment for liberation from serfdom; Ø Lack of rights; Ø Corporal punishment; Ø Control of zemstvo chiefs.
Social structure: Intelligentsia. Quantity: about 870 thousand Mental labor: scientists, teachers, doctors, lawyers, journalists, writers, artists, etc. Played an important role in public life.
History test State and Russian society in the late 19th early 20th century for 9th grade students with answers. The test includes 2 options, each option has 8 tasks.
1 option
1. What percentage of inhabited land was occupied by the Russian Empire by the beginning of the 20th century?
1) 3 %
2) 6 %
3) 17 %
4) 25 %
2.
1) most of the population are workers
2) the urban population prevails over the rural
3) the majority of the population professes Orthodoxy
4) the population of Russia is less than 60 million people
3. What was the difference between the process of modernization in Russia at the end of the 19th century? from Western countries?
1) modernization took place on the initiative and under the control of the state
2) modernization in Russia was carried out mainly in the field of agriculture
3) modernization took place autonomously, without taking into account the achievements of other countries
4) in Russia, modernization began earlier than in Western countries
4. Which of the listed authorities existed in Russia at the end of the 19th century?
1) Supreme Privy Council
2) State Council
3) State Duma
4) Council at the Highest Court
5. Which of the following characterized the political system and system of state administration of the Russian Empire at the end of the 19th century?
1) ministerial management system
2) constitutional form of government
3) subordination of the executive power to the body of people's representation
4) limiting the legislative power of the emperor
6. What was the name in the Russian countryside of those wealthy peasants who used hired labor, were engaged in trade and usury?
1) laborers
2) otkhodniks
3) fists
4) sharecroppers
7. Which of the following characterized the state of landowner economy at the end of the 19th century?
1) reduction of landownership
2) the successful transition of the majority of landlord farms to capitalist methods of management
3) the existence of landlord farms due to the receipt of dues from former serfs
4) non-use of hired labor in landlord farms
8.
“At the beginning of the twentieth century. a number of peoples of the Russian Empire fought for __________ - self-government, the right to independently resolve internal issues by any part of the state.
Option 2
1. What area did the Russian Empire occupy by the beginning of the 20th century?
1) 3 million sq. km
2) 5 million sq. km
3) 11 million sq. km
4) 22 million sq. km
2. The first national census of the population of Russia in 1897 showed that
1) most of the population are industrial workers
2) the number of literates is less than 25% of the population
3) the population of Russia is less than 60 million people
4) the urban population prevails over the rural
3. The highest executive authority in the Russian Empire at the end of the 19th century. was
1) Synod
2) State Council
3) Governing Senate
4) Committee of Ministers
4. Which of the following characterized the political system and system of state administration of the Russian Empire at the end of the 19th century?
1) the principle of separation of powers
2) the existence of an organ of popular representation
3) limiting the legislative power of the emperor
4) the concentration of all power in the hands of the autocrat
5. Who was called at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. patrons?
1) representatives of the big bourgeoisie, conducting foreign trade operations
2) large landowners who transferred their farms to the capitalist mode of production
3) people engaged exclusively in mental work and having professions that are not directly related to commerce
4) people who were actively involved in charity and educational activities, using their capital for this
6. What characterized the situation in the Russian countryside at the end of the 19th century?
1) the dominance of the farm type of management
2) more than a quarter of the peasants were horseless
3) departure by peasants of corvee in landowner farms
4) the absence of social inequality in the countryside
7. What territory was part of the Russian Empire by the beginning of the 20th century? had autonomy?
1) Poland
2) Armenia
3) Finland
4) Bessarabia
8. Write down the word (term) in question.
“The process of transition from a traditional society to an industrial society, covering different aspects of social life, is called the __________ process.”
Answers to the history test State and Russian society in the late 19th and early 20th centuries
1 option
1-3
2-3
3-1
4-2
5-1
6-3
7-1
8-autonomy
Option 2
1-4
2-2
3-4
4-4
5-4
6-2
7-3
8-upgrades
