Poisonous medicinal plants

Avran is medicinal. Taking higher doses causes uncontrollable vomiting. The plant is very poisonous, which is why it is generally not recommended to take it.

Spring adonis. Poisonous plant. The dosage should be observed.

Common calamus (roots). With increased secretion of the stomach, do not take the roots.

Aloe (agave). The use of aloe preparations causes a rush of blood to the pelvic organs.

Century is contraindicated in diseases of the liver and gallbladder, with uterine bleeding, hemorrhoids, cystitis and pregnancy.

Aralia Manchu. It is necessary to avoid the use of drugs from aralia for hypertension, insomnia, increased nervous excitability.

Mountain arnica. Mountain arnica is a poisonous plant, therefore, when applying it, you must observe the exact dosage.

Marsh rosemary is also poisonous, its internal use requires great care, since an incorrect dosage can cause inflammation of the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract.

Small periwinkle is a poisonous plant. Observe the exact dosage.

Thigh, or anise ordinary - fresh can cause contact dermatitis.

Black henbane is a highly poisonous plant, it is necessary, when applying, to be extremely careful.

Warty birch. Due to the irritating effect on the kidneys, the use of infusion, decoction and tincture of birch buds as a diuretic is permissible only under the supervision of a physician. Do not take for a long time.

Immortelle (sandy cmin) - increases blood pressure. Do not use in case of hypertension.

Ivy budra. Internal use of budra as a poisonous plant requires caution. It is required to accurately observe the dosage.

Valerian, roots. Cannot be consumed for a long time and in large quantities. In such cases, it depressing the digestive organs, causes headache, nausea, agitation and disrupts the activity of the heart.

Cornflower blue. Due to the content of highly active compounds with a cyan component in cornflower blue, you must be careful when using raw materials.

Basil. Take only as directed by a doctor, the plant is poisonous.

Field bindweed (birch). When using large quantities of the plant, such phenomena as vomiting, diarrhea, general malaise may occur from the gastrointestinal tract.

Peppery Mountaineer, Pochechuyny Highlander, Bird Highlander. It has a strong blood-clotting effect. Do not take patients with thrombophlebitis.

Pomegranate (fruit). The juice of the fruit should be drunk, always diluted with water, since the juice contains many different acids that irritate the stomach and eat away at the enamel of the teeth.

It is necessary to apply the pomegranate bark carefully, as an overdose can cause dizziness, weakness, blurred vision, convulsions.

The hernia is smooth. It must be remembered that hernia is a poisonous plant and when used in higher doses than indicated, it can cause severe poisoning.

Elecampane. Infusion and decoction are contraindicated in pregnancy and kidney disease.

Medicinal sweet clover. In case of overdose and prolonged use, it causes dizziness, nausea, vomiting, headaches, drowsiness, and sometimes damage to the liver and even the central nervous system.

Dyeing gorse. In case of overdose, gorse poisoning resembles nicotine poisoning. The dosage should be observed exactly.

Datura ordinary. Poisonous plant. Do not take internally.

The cocklebur is ordinary. Poisonous plant. The dosage must be precisely observed.

Oregano ordinary. During pregnancy, it cannot be taken, as it acts abortively.

Dymyanka medicinal. Poisonous plant. Internal application requires great care.

Ginseng (root) - Apply only in cold weather. The use of ginseng for a long time and in large doses causes negative effects: insomnia, palpitations, headaches, pain in the heart, decreased sexual potency, etc.

Larkspur is a poisonous plant. Internal use requires great care.

Zhoster is a laxative. Individual intolerance to the herb may be observed. The manifestations of intolerance - nausea and vomiting - are associated with the fact that the substance emodin, present in the herb, irritates the mucous membrane of the digestive tract.

St. John's wort. The plant is poisonous. Internal use requires great care. With prolonged use, it causes narrowing of blood vessels and increases blood pressure.

Strawberries (berry). It should be remembered that some people have an increased sensitivity to strawberries, which causes them allergic reactions, accompanied by hives, or other manifestations. In this case, you cannot use strawberries.

Golden rod. Poisonous plant. The dosage must be precisely observed.

Viburnum ordinary. Due to the high purine content, viburnum fruits are contraindicated for gout and kidney disease.

Cassia narrow-leaved. Large doses cause stomach cramps.

Kirkazon ordinary. The plant is poisonous, so it can only be used under medical supervision. May cause miscarriage during pregnancy.

Oxalis ordinary. Poisonous plant, dosage must be strictly observed.

European hoof. Its use as a highly poisonous plant requires great care.

Cat's foot is dioecious (immortelle). Strong blood clotting agent. It should be used with caution in thrombophlebitis. Long-term use with high blood pressure is undesirable.

Nettle. It is not recommended to use nettle without the advice of a doctor. Preparations from this plant are contraindicated for people with increased blood clotting, patients with hypertension and atherosclerosis, and they should not be used for bleeding caused by cysts, polyps and tumors of the uterus and its appendages.

Hot red chilli pepper. Internal use of the tincture can cause acute gastrointestinal disturbances.

The cross is ordinary. In case of an overdose, dry mouth is felt, palpitations occur. All plant varieties contain pyrosolidine alkaloids, which are carcinogenic. Contraindications: glaucoma, organic liver and kidney disease.

Buckthorn fragile (bark). Poisonous plant. The bark should be aged for at least a year in a dry place or heated at 100 ° C for 1 hour. Otherwise, eating the bark is associated with the danger of poisoning (nausea, vomiting occurs).

The egg capsule is white. Poisonous plant. Internal use requires caution.

The capsule is yellow. Poisonous plant. Internal use requires caution.

Corn silk. Strong blood clotting agent. Do not use in case of increased blood clotting.

European bathing suit. Poisonous plant, especially roots. Application requires great care.

Kelp. Should not be taken for kidney disease.

May lily of the valley. Poisonous plant. The use of lily of the valley preparations is contraindicated in case of sharp organic changes in the heart and blood vessels, acute myocardial infarction, endocarditis, pronounced cardiosclerosis.

Leuzea safflower (maral root). The drug is used as directed and under the supervision of a physician; it is contraindicated in people with severely high blood pressure, fundus disease.

Schisandra chinensis. It is used as directed by a doctor and under his supervision, it is contraindicated in case of nervous excitement and overexcitation, insomnia, high blood pressure, severe cardiac disorders.

Onion. Onion tincture is contraindicated for patients with heart and liver diseases, as well as for kidney diseases.

Common toadflax. Poisonous plant. Internal use requires caution and precise dosage.

Flax-seed. Contraindications are cholecytitis and hepatitis. Long-term use of flaxseed is not recommended.

Medicinal lovage. It can cause hyperemia of the pelvic organs, so it should not be used during pregnancy due to the risk of abortion.

Self-seeding poppy (wild). High doses are poisonous.

Madder dyeing (krapp). It has an irritating effect on the mucous membrane of the stomach, increases the acidity of gastric juice. Contraindications: acute and chronic glomerulonephritis, peptic ulcer, hyperacid gastritis (with increased acidity).

Common juniper. Juniper (berries) should not be used for acute inflammation of the kidneys. Internal use of berries requires precise dosage and is contraindicated in pregnancy.

Euphorbia of any variety. The internal use of euphorbia as a highly poisonous plant requires great care.

Sowing carrots, garden carrots. Do not use root vegetables inside, the upper parts of root crops that are above the ground and have a green color. Negatively affects the activity of the heart.

Seaweed (kelp). You should not use seaweed for pulmonary tuberculosis, kidney disease, furunculosis, hemorrhagic diathesis, urticaria, during pregnancy, when the use of iodine preparations is contraindicated.

; Common soapwort. Poisonous plant. Internal use requires caution.

Field and forest mint. When taken orally, it interferes with fertility. This does not apply to garden mint, cultural mint.

Digitalis purple. A highly poisonous plant, although a valuable heart remedy. The use of digitalis requires great care and mandatory medical supervision.

The greek bobcat. Periplocin contained in the common tree is a strong toxic compound, and its use, even in small doses, can cause poisoning, so you need to be careful when using this plant. It can be used for treatment only under the direct supervision of a physician.

Comfrey medicinal. Poisonous plant. Internal use requires caution and strict dosage.

Mistletoe. Poisonous plant. Internal use requires caution.

Walnuts, hazelnuts (hazelnuts). When ingesting the kernels of walnuts and hazelnuts and some other nuts, it is often necessary to observe the dosage, that is, to take in a small amount, since a slightly excessive amount is enough, and the person soon begins to have headaches in the front of the head. This is due to the fact that taking nut kernels causes spasm of the cerebral vessels.

The sedum is caustic. Poisonous plant. It is necessary to observe the exact dosage. Fresh grass juice causes inflammation and blistering on the skin.

Fern is male. Heavily poisonous plant. Fern preparations are contraindicated in case of heart failure, liver disease, kidney disease, gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer, acute gastrointestinal diseases, pregnancy, severe exhaustion, anemia and active tuberculosis.

Bittersweet nightshade (black nightshade). Poisonous plant. Internal use does not require caution.

Shepherd's bag. Preparations from a shepherd's purse are contraindicated in people with increased blood clotting.

The step is white. It should be noted that the step is a poisonous plant. An overdose of it can cause bloody diarrhea and nephritis.

Common tansy. Poisonous plant. Internal use requires caution and precise dosage.

Pikulnik ordinary. When taking large quantities of the plant, signs of intoxication may occur, expressed by severe muscle aches. Symptoms of poisoning can begin with the consumption of meat from animals (most often pigs or birds) that were fed the seeds of this plant. Complaints last from 3 to 10 days, depending on the severity of the intoxication, after which they spontaneously disappear.

Peony evading. Heavily poisonous plant. Internal use requires great care and precise dosage.

Ivy. Growth is poisonous. May cause poisoning, in more sensitive people, dermatitis occurs upon contact with raw materials. Ivy fruits are especially toxic.

Bitter wormwood (silvery). Poisonous plant. Internal use requires caution and precise dosage. Long-term use must be avoided. It can cause seizures, hallucinations and even mental disorders. The use of wormwood during pregnancy is contraindicated. Cannot be used for peptic ulcer disease.

Citrine wormwood. Poisonous plant. Internal use requires caution and medical supervision.

Kidney tea (orthosiphon). It removes large amounts of water from the body. Care should be taken to avoid dehydration.

Meadow lumbago (dream-grass). Poisonous plant. Internal use requires caution and precise dosage.

Rhodiola rosea (golden root). It is necessary to strictly observe the dosage; in case of an overdose, side reactions from the nervous system in the form of insomnia, headaches, palpitations, and increased irritability may occur. It is necessary to be treated under the supervision of a physician. Taking the medication is contraindicated in case of pronounced symptoms of nervous diseases, depletion of cortical cells of the brain, hypertension, atherosclerosis, as well as hypotension caused by vegetative-vascular dystonia.

Rhubarb. When drugs containing rhubarb are taken, urine, milk and sweat turn yellow. In an alkaline environment, the color is red. Should be avoided to appoint patients with gout and patients suffering from nephrolithiasis with oxalate stones. Due to the fact that rhubarb can cause hemorrhage from rectal veins, it is not recommended to use it for hemorrhoids.

Sowing radish. Internal use of radish is contraindicated for cardiac and liver patients, with gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer, inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract.

The rhododendron is golden. Poisonous plant. In case of an overdose, poisoning may occur, the signs of which are: severe salivation, urge to vomit, severe pain along the digestive tract, a state of intoxication, depression of the cardiovascular system and respiration, a decrease in blood pressure. The plant's preparations are irritating to the urinary tract. Contraindicated in kidney disease.

Ruta fragrant. Poisonous plant. The fresh plant is especially poisonous. Requires caution in dosage.

Beetroot. When fresh beet juice is taken, a strong spasm of blood vessels occurs. Therefore, freshly squeezed juice is allowed to settle for 2-3 hours so that harmful fractions evaporate. The juice can then be applied.

Common lilac. Poisonous plant. Internal use requires caution.

Naked licorice. With prolonged intake of licorice, there is an increase in blood pressure, fluid retention up to the appearance of edema, disorders in the genital area - weakening of libido, development of gynecomastia, restriction or disappearance of hair growth, etc.

Ergot (uterine horns). A highly poisonous plant, the use of ergot requires very great care and medical supervision.

Tartar prickly, or ordinary. Should not be used with high blood pressure.

Thermopsis is lanceolate. Poisonous plant. Internal use requires caution. With hemoptysis, oral administration is contraindicated.

Bearberry ordinary. Can't be used for a long time! Some authors do not recommend using the leaves in the form of a decoction, as this irritates the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract.

Yarrow. Poisonous plant. Internal use of all types of yarrow as a poisonous plant requires caution. Long-term use of the plant and overdose cause dizziness and skin rashes. The dosage must be precisely observed.

Violet tricolor, pansies. Long-term use of violet medications and overdose can vomit, diarrhea, and an itchy rash.

Physalis ordinary, bubble cherry, field cherry. It must be remembered that the plant contains substances with pronounced toxicity. The fruit should be used without a bubble cup, as it contains toxic substances.

Horsetail. Poisonous plant, use is contraindicated in acute inflammation of the kidneys, it is dangerous even with slight irritation. Internal use requires precise dosage.

Hop. Poisonous plant. It requires an exact dosage, one should beware of an overdose when ingested.

Horseradish is ordinary. You should beware of ingesting horseradish in large quantities.

Ki Thai tea. Excessive consumption of tea can lead to increased anxiety. Strong tea is contraindicated for heart disease, peptic ulcer disease and neuroses.

Hellebore. Chemeritsa and all preparations made from it are very poisonous. External use of hellebore can also cause severe, even fatal, poisoning.

Bird cherry ordinary. The plant is poisonous. Internal use of bird cherry requires caution (especially bark, fruits, leaves).

Ramson. Patients with gastritis and stomach ulcers should avoid the use of wild garlic.

Blackroot medicinal. Poisonous plant. Internal use requires great care, especially in dosage.

Garlic. Garlic should not be consumed by people with epilepsy, full-blooded people and pregnant women.

Forest scrub. Poisonous plant. Internal use requires caution.

The cleanliness is great. All parts of the plant, especially the roots, are poisonous. Internal use requires very high, careful and precise dosage. Use only under medical supervision. Excessive and prolonged use causes nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, depression of the respiratory center.

Rose hip. After ingestion of rosehip infusion, be sure to rinse your mouth with plain warm or soda water. The acids contained in the infusion corrode the tooth enamel.

Sorrel is sour. Contains purines and oxalic acid. It is not recommended to use sorrel in case of impaired salt metabolism (rheumatism, gout) and related diseases, in case of intestinal inflammation and tuberculosis.

Ephedra two-spike. Poisonous plant. Internal use requires caution in hypertension, atherosclerosis, severe organic heart disease and insomnia.

Common ash. The plant is poisonous. Internal use requires caution.

Fraxinella. Contact with the plant, especially during flowering, can cause severe burn-like skin lesions that are painful and difficult to heal. It has been proven that poisoning can occur upon inhalation of ash vapors.

Fragrant woodruff. Poisonous plant. Internal use requires great care, in case of an overdose, vomiting, headache, dizziness, and even death occur.

Probably, every person once heard about the benefits of medicinal plants and that almost every plant that is found around us has healing properties. Our ancestors knew how to use a particular herb for therapeutic purposes, and much of their knowledge has come down to us and remains relevant to this day. Among all healing plants, there is a certain group of crops that are poisonous. It would seem that the use of plants of this kind can give ?! But it turns out that if used correctly, they are able to work miracles - to heal even very serious diseases. Let's discuss the use of medicinal poisonous plants in folk medicine.

The use of poisonous plants

May lily of the valley

This medicinal plant has long been used in folk medicine. This attractive herb is used for the treatment of various diseases of the heart and blood vessels. It is used to correct acute or chronic heart failure, heart defects and hypertension. It has an excellent vasoconstrictor effect and improves blood circulation.

Also, such a plant has sedative qualities, so it is sometimes used in the treatment of neuroses, epilepsy, headaches and insomnia. Sometimes healers recommend using lily of the valley in the treatment of paralysis, thyroid diseases and disorders of the urinary system.

Celandine large

This plant is one of the most popular medicinal crops. It is used externally to eliminate acne, acne, burn lesions, abscesses, boils and herpes. There is evidence that celandine helps to cope with fungal infections of the skin and nails, eczema, skin tuberculosis, psoriasis, seborrhea, etc.

If we talk about internal consumption, then medicines based on this plant are often advised to be taken for cancers of very different localization. In addition, drugs for internal administration contribute to the treatment of tuberculosis, bronchial asthma, gastritis, whooping cough, cough, ulcerative lesions of the gastrointestinal tract and inflammation of the large intestine. Celandine helps to cope with diseases of the liver and gallbladder, it is advised to use it in the treatment of gallstone disease and hepatitis. Such a plant is also effective for goiter, etc.

Digitalis

This is a fairly common plant that is most often used in the treatment of cardiovascular ailments. Preparations based on it contribute to the treatment of chronic heart failure and severe circulatory disorders. Digitalis effectively eliminates cardiac edema, benefits patients with hypertension and tachycardia. It should be taken when correcting acute infectious lesions, thyrotoxicosis, atrial fibrillation, etc. Healers advise using digitalis for many skin ailments, it has an excellent anesthetic effect.

A few more medicinal and poisonous plants used in folk medicine:

Lumbago or Dream-grass

This beautiful herb is widely used by healers for the treatment of various disorders of the state of health. It helps to achieve an expectorant effect, so it should be used in the treatment of whooping cough, bronchitis and pneumonia. Another such medicinal plant helps to achieve an analgesic effect, eliminates inflammation and soothes. Sleep-grass is used in the gynecological field, it is also treated with joint ailments, epilepsy, neurotic conditions, hysteria, insomnia, sexual overexcitation. In addition, such a plant can be used externally - for the treatment of fungal ailments and as an antimicrobial agent.

Aconite

This is a well-known poisonous plant, which, nevertheless, is widely used by specialists in traditional medicine. There is evidence that such a culture has a pronounced antiseptic effect, helps to eliminate inflammation, promotes the treatment of tumors and neutralizes spasms. Traditional medicine specialists use drugs based on aconite in the treatment of diseases of the musculoskeletal system and neuralgia. Such funds can help patients with various cancers. They are advised to be used in the correction of epilepsy, headaches and hypertension. There is evidence that aconite can contribute to a speedy recovery from pneumonia, pulmonary tuberculosis, ulcerative lesions of the gastrointestinal tract, diphtheria, etc.
This plant is also sometimes used as an antihelminthic and wound healing agent.

Black henbane

It is a highly poisonous plant that nonetheless effectively treats many health problems. Traditional medicine specialists use black henbane to correct seizures, hysteria and nervous tics. Such a plant helps to cope with menstrual irregularities and pathological menopause. Some drugs based on it contribute to the treatment of bronchial asthma, spasms in the intestines and bladder. In addition, henbane extract is a common remedy for the treatment of oncological ailments.
External use of this plant allows you to cope with diseases of the joints, abscesses, tumors and bone tuberculosis.

Marsh wild rosemary

This is another poisonous plant that is popular with healers. Ledum is used as a vasodilator, in addition, it effectively suppresses cough. Accordingly, drugs based on it help to cope with bronchitis, tuberculosis, bronchial asthma, whooping cough and hypertension. In addition, such a plant is recommended for patients with enterocolitis, diseases of the cardiovascular system, etc.
External use of wild rosemary helps to eliminate a variety of diseases of the skin, joint ailments, myositis and neuritis.

There are a lot of poisonous and at the same time medicinal plants in folk medicine that did not get into either this description or many others open to the general public. Poisonous medicinal plants are best used after the approval of your doctor and only adhere to the exact dosage. Self-application according to any schemes is categorically undesirable.

MBOU DO "Station of tourists of the Nadezhdinsky district"

Theme: Medicinal and poisonous plants. What is there when there is nothing?

I've done the work : Mashkin Anatoly Mikhailovich - teacher

additional education, methodologist

MBOU DOD SUUT, Full member of the Russian

Geographical Society since 1989

Work address: 692481 Primorsky Territory, p. V-Nadezhdinskoe,

per. Shopping, 12

with. Volno-Nadezhdinskoe, 2015.

Introduction.

At present, much attention in the circles of institutions of additional education is paid to environmental problems. In particular, the study of medicinal and poisonous plants. It is especially important for tourists to know the medicinal properties of plants and the methods of preparation of the food in the conditions of the autonomous existence of man in nature. Also, the materials can be useful for team leaders in preparing them for the tourist rally, where there is a stage "Ecological site". For this work, scientific, reference and popular science literature was used.

The work is intended for teachers of additional education dealing with children in the field of ecology and tourism.

Medicinal plants

Actinidia kolomikta (kishmysh)- woody liana. The flowers are white. The fruit is sweet and sour. Blossoms in June; bears fruit in September. It grows in all mountain-forest regions of Primorye, Priamurye and in the south of Sakhalin. The fruits contain ascorbic acid, caratin, sugar, organic acids, tannins and pectin substances. Fruits are a valuable delicacy, as well as a preventive and curative property against scurvy.

Aralia high- a small tree with sharp thorns. Blooms in August; fruits are black, berry-like, ripen in September-October. It grows all over Primorye. Occurs in mixed and deciduous forests. In medicine, roots are used. Aralia root tincture is recommended as a tonic for nervous and mental illnesses, for the treatment of low blood pressure.

Badan pacific- Herbaceous plant, rhizome is long, creeping, with numerous scars. Height up to 70 cm. Occurs in the mountain-forest belt of the Primorsky Territory and the south of Khabarovsk. In medicine, rhizomes are used. Badan preparations are used for bleeding, for inflammatory processes of the oral cavity.

Amur barberry- thorny shrub 1-3 m high. Flowers are pale yellow, odorous. Fruits are sour, dryish red berry with large seeds. It grows throughout the Primorsky Territory, without penetrating high into the mountains.

Leaves, rhizomes and roots are used. Tincture of the leaves is used as a hemostatic agent, and berberine sulfate tablets are used as a choleretic.

Amur velvet- the bark is gray, cork, underneath the bast is lemon-yellow (live bark). The flowers are inconspicuous, the fruit is a black berry with an unpleasant odor. Ripen in August-September. It grows almost throughout Primorye and Amur region. It does not rise high in the mountains. To receive the drug

berberine use bast. Can be used as a choleretic agent.

Manchurian birch- The tree, the bark is white, the young shoots are red-brown. Blossoms in April-May; fruits ripen in August. Distributed throughout Primorye, especially in the mid-mountain zone. The kidneys are used. The tincture is used internally for cardiac edema as a diuretic and disinfectant. It is used for diseases of the liver and biliary tract, as an expectorant, as well as for poorly healing abrasions, ulcers and bedsores. Birch sap is used for bronchitis, pulmonary tuberculosis and fortifying. An infusion of leaves is used for cholecystitis

Hawthorn- shrub or tree with thorns on the shoots. Fruit with seeds. Blossoms in May; bears fruit in August. Distributed throughout the Primorsky Territory. In medicine, the fruits and flowers of hawthorn are used. Hawthorn tincture is used for insomnia, high blood pressure, tachycardia, and general sclerosis.

You can use the fruit for brewing tea

Common lingonberry- perennial evergreen shrub. Height up to 25 cm. Berries are bright red. Distributed in Primorye in the northern regions, in the south in the highlands. Leaves are used in medicine. A decoction and infusion (tea) from lingonberry leaves are used in the treatment of kidneys, gallbladder, as a diuretic and disinfectant, used for cystitis. Relieves joint pain, fatigue.

Valerian- herbaceous plant 0.5 - 2.0 m high. The smell of roots is strong, the taste is spicy. The flowers are fragrant, pink. Blossoms in May; fruits ripen in June-September. It grows throughout Primorye, excluding the highlands. Valerian roots and rhizomes contain essential oil, tannins, iridoids. The drugs are used as sedatives for nervous excitement, insomnia, vascular spasms, heart neuroses, spasms of the gastrointestinal tract. It is used in the form of infusion, decoction, tea.

Highlander serpentine (serpentine, cancerous necks) perennial herb up to 1 m high. Blossoms in June, fruits - brown triangular nuts. Distributed in the Primorsky Territory (throughout the Far East). In medicine, rhizomes are used. It is used for acute and chronic diarrhea of ​​non-dysentery origin. Externally used as an astringent for stomatitis (inflammation of the oral mucosa)

Real ginseng- a perennial herb from the Araliaceae family, 30-80 cm high. The stem is single, the leaves consist of 205 elliptical leaflets. Fruits are bright red berry-like. Distribution Primorsky and the south of the Khabarovsk Territories. In medicine, roots weighing at least 10 g are used. They are used as a tonic and stimulant, as well as for some nervous and mental diseases, diseases of cardiovascular diseases.

Zamaniha high- a thorny shrub from the Araliaceae family up to 1 m high. The trunk and leaves are covered with thorns. Distributed in the south of Primorsky Territory in the forest belt 800-1200 m. Rhizomes and roots are used. Listed in the Red Book. It is used as an aphrodisiac for nervous and mental illnesses, for physical and mental fatigue, and for low blood pressure.

Stinging nettle- a perennial herb. Stems are tetrahedral, covered with stinging hairs. Blooms from June to September. Distributed throughout the Primorsky Territory. Collecting leaves is used in medicine as a hemostatic agent, prescribed for atherosclerosis, gastritis, peptic ulcer disease. For colds, hot foot baths.

Bloodworm medicinal- a perennial herb 20-100 cm high, small dark brown flowers, distributed throughout Primorye. In medicine, rhizomes and roots are used. Burnet preparations are used as an astringent and hemostatic agent for diarrhea, hemoptysis, as an anti-inflammatory for stomatitis (rinsing)

May lily of the valley- a perennial herb with two to three broad-lanceolate leaves and one peduncle bearing 5-12 bell-shaped white fragrant flowers. Blooms in May-June. The fruits are red very poisonous berries, ripen in August. It is found throughout the Primorsky Territory no higher than 600-700 m above sea level. In medicine, flowers, leaves are used in the form of an infusion for neuroses of the heart and mainly in combination with valerian and hawthorn

Schisandra chinensis- a vine from the Schisandra family with a woody curly stem up to 15 m long. Flowers - white, fruits - orange-red, collected in a brush of 10-40 pcs. Distributed in Primorye, Amur and southern Sakhalin. In medicine, seeds and fruits are used. It has a stimulating effect, is similar to ginseng, has a tonic effect, and can be used as a general tonic. It is used in the treatment of certain cardiovascular diseases, increases low blood pressure.

Amur linden. The flowers are yellow-white. The fruit is a small nutlet up to 0.5 cm. Blooms in July. Use the inflorescences. In medicine, a decoction and infusion are used as a diaphoretic and antipyretic agent, as well as an antiseptic.

Dandelion medicinal- a perennial herb from the Asteraceae family, with milky sap in all organs, 10-30 cm high. It blooms from April to September. Distributed throughout the Primorsky Territory, except for the highlands and mountainous wooded areas. Dandelion roots are used as a bitterness to stimulate appetite, for constipation, gastritis with low acidity and as a diuretic.

Common tansy- perennial herb from the Asteraceae family, 50-150 cm high. Flowers in the basket are yellow. Blooms in July-September; fruits ripen in August-September. Distributed in Primorye, Amur region. Often found near dwellings, roads, ditches and on coastal gravels. In medicine, tansy inflorescences are used, they contain essential oil, tannins and bitter substances. The infusion is used to treat cholecystitis, hepatitis and other diseases of the liver and gallbladder. Also used as a remedy against worms and for acute intestinal diseases.

Big plantain- a perennial herb from the plantain family. The leaves are wide, the flowers are small, collected in a spike-shaped inflorescence. It blooms throughout the summer, the fruits ripen in July-September. Grows in all valleys and low mountain regions of the Far East. Use the leaves. Fresh leaves are applied to abscesses and wounds to stop bleeding and heal quickly.

The infusion is used as an expectorant for bronchitis, pulmonary tuberculosis, whooping cough. The juice of fresh leaves can be used for gastritis, coalitis, peptic ulcer disease.

chamomile- annual 15-60 cm high. Mass flowering in June. Distributed throughout Primorye. In medicine, blossoming inflorescences (baskets) are used. Chamomile is prescribed for acute and chronic gastritis, gastric ulcer, colitis, liver and biliary tract diseases.

Creeping thyme (creeping thyme, Bogorodskaya grass)- semi-shrub. Blooms in June-August; fruits ripen in August. Found only in southern Primorye. Collect the herb during flowering. The infusion and extract are used internally as an expectorant, less often as an analgesic for radiculitis and neuritis. The extract is part of the drug pertussin.

Yarrow- a perennial herb from the Asteraceae family, 20-80 cm high. It has a peculiar smell and bitter taste. It blooms from June to frost, the seeds ripen in July-September. Distributed throughout the Far East, except for the Magadan region. In medicine, the entire flowering ground part or only the inflorescences is used. Used for various diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, as a hemostatic agent. Topically, yarrow extract is used as an anti-inflammatory agent.

Horsetail- a perennial spore herb from the Horsetail family 10-50 cm high. Distributed throughout the Primorsky Territory. In medicine, the green shoots of the horsetail are used. Infusion, liquid extract and decoction are used as a diuretic for heart and other diseases accompanied by congestive (edematous) phenomena. It is prescribed for heart defects and cardiopulmonary insufficiency. Outwardly, a decoction of horsetail is used as a disinfectant, it is prescribed for washing poorly healing ulcers and purulent wounds.

Chaga (birch mushroom)- the sterile stage of the fungus from the tinder family. The growths of the fungus can reach 2 kg, are dark brown, on the surface they are almost black. Found throughout the Far East. In medicine, a build-up is used. Chaga infusion is used as a symptomatic remedy for stomach ulcers, duodenal ulcers, gastritis, and malignant tumors.

Three-part succession- an annual herb from the Asteraceae family, height 1 10-60 cm. Blooms from June to September. Distributed in the southern and western regions of Primorye, in the Amur region, Sakhalin, Kamchatka, Khabarovsk Territory. The herb is used. In medicine, an infusion and decoction of the herb series is used for scrofula and other metabolic disorders, scabies, lichen, as a diaphoretic for colds.

Common bird cherry- a tall shrub or tree up to 2-10 m from the Rosaceae family. The flowers are white, the fruits are round, black. Blossoms in May; fruits ripen in August. Distributed throughout the Far East. In medicine, fruits are used. Bird cherry berries are used as an astringent for non-infectious diarrhea and other disorders of the stomach and intestines.

Celandine large- a perennial herb from the poppy family, containing in all parts an orange milky juice. Blooms from May to autumn. It grows in all inhabited plains and low-mountain regions of the Far East. In medicine, the dried herb collected during flowering is used. Used for diseases of the liver and gallbladder. Juice - to remove warts.

Daurian rosehip- shrub from the family Rosaceae up to 1.5 m high. It blooms in June-July, the fruits ripen in September. Occurs in low-mountainous regions of Primorye and Amur region. In medicine, rose hips are used. Used for the treatment and prevention of vitamin deficiencies in the form of infusion, syrup. Perfectly used for making medicinal tea in combination with other vitamin charges.

Viburnum... The flowers are white, the fruits are red. Use berries. Distributed in valleys and on gentle slopes throughout the Primorsky Territory. In medicine, it is used as a hemostatic agent and for the regulation of cardiac activity.

Pine. Infusions and decoctions from pine buds are used as a disinfectant, expectorant and diuretic. Used for scurvy.

Oak. Oak bark is used as a good astringent and anti-inflammatory agent.

Rowan... Rowan fruits relieve fatigue, headache, stimulate appetite. Applied fresh and as a decoction.

Common raspberry... Perennial shrub. Berries are used as a diaphoretic for colds.

Wild strawberries. Leaves - as a weak diuretic for gout, stones in the liver and kidneys, avitominosis and colds. Berries - for hypertension, atherosclerosis, stomach ulcers, arthritis and other disorders of salt metabolism in the body.

Alder... Alder cones are used. In medicine, a decoction is used, an infusion as an astringent for gastrointestinal diseases.

Poisonous plants

Of the 300,000 plant species growing on the globe, about 700 can cause severe or fatal poisoning of people and animals.

Classification of plants according to the degree of toxicity.

(according to V.S.Danilenko, P.V. Rodomtsev)

Poisonous

Highly poisonous

Deadly poisonous

White acacia

Common privet

Elderberry smelly

Anemone oakravnaya

Wisteria

Gorse, all types

Zharnovets paniculata

Common honeysuckle and other species

Broadleaf Kalmia

Mountain laurel and other species

May lily of the valley

Clematis, all types

Buttercup, all kinds

Ivy

Aronic spotted

Marsh calla

European spindle tree

Digitalis, all kinds

Olendr ordinary

Bittersweet nightshade and other species

Bean broom

Rhododendron, all types

Yew berry and other types

Aconite, all types

Colchicum, all types

Black henbane

Belladonna

Hemlock spotted

Milestone poisonous

Wolf bast

Datura ordinary

Castor oil plant

Juniper Cossack

Sumakh oriental and other types

Thuja western and other species

The concentration of poisons depends on climatic conditions, soil, period of development. Poisonous substances are contained both in the whole plant and in individual parts. As a rule, plants have a selective effect on the human body. Some cause damage to the central nervous system ( henbane, aconite, poisonous milestone, hemlock), others - hearts ( May lily of the valley, common oleander, raven eye). Third plants - digestive tract, central nervous system, heart, kidneys, liver (juniper, wild rosemary, raven, columbus, step). Some plants cause skin burns (ash, Steven's hogweed , buttercups)

Plants shown in Fig. 1... a) hellebore Lobel, b) celandine, c) cicuta (poisonous milestones); rice. 2... a) red nightshade, b) black henbane, c) common dope, d) common belladonna; fig. 3. a) hemlock, b) common Kirkazen, c) high aconite, d) oak aconite ; rice. 4... a) Steven's hogweed, b) common wolfberry, c) autumn crocus

Rice. Fig. 1 Fig. 2

Rice. Fig. 3 4

First aid when getting inside: immediately rinse the stomach with a weak solution of potassium permanganate, take activated charcoal (2-3 tablets), drink plenty of strong tea, coffee, in case of severe poisoning - emergency medical care.

Poisoning symptoms, poison.

(according to A.A. Ilyichev)

Poisonous plant

Dangerous part of the plant

Symptoms

Akongit(wrestler, blue buttercup). Height 1-1.5 m., Yellow flowers

The whole plant is poisonous, especially the tubers

Aconitine

Causes bitterness in the mouth, tinnitus, dizziness, vomiting, convulsions, death in severe cases

Black henbane.

Henbane white(height 35-90 s.)

All parts of the plant are poisonous, especially the seeds.

Hyosicyamine

Drying of the mucous membrane, clouding of consciousness, possible respiratory arrest

Belladonna(belladonna).

The flowers are brownish purple, the fruits are black berries

The whole plant is poisonous

Atropine, Hyoscyamine, Scopolamine

Pupils dilate, breathing is inhibited and gradually fades away

Death cap

Mushroom (rotting raw potato smell)

Poisoning begins in 8-10 hours. Mortality in 50% of cases.

Hemlock

(height 1.5 m) resemble parsley leaves, when rubbed between the fingers - the smell of cat urine.

Fruits and leaves are poisonous

Vomiting, speech disorder, dizziness, paralysis, death in severe cases

Milestone poisonous(cicuta)

Sweet stem and rhizomes are poisonous

(the smell of dried apples)

Cicutoxin,

Convulsions, respiratory arrest, death

Wolf bast(wolfberry, lavrushka)

The whole plant is poisonous, especially the fruits

Burning mouth, seizures, loss of consciousness, respiratory arrest

False white or satanic mushroom, fly agaric

After 5-6 hours. Cramps in the abdomen, salivation, delirium, convulsions.

Bittersweet nightshade

The whole plant is poisonous, especially the berries and roots. If touched, it can cause rashes and skin inflammation.

Dope

The whole plant is poisonous

Steven's hogweed

The foul-smelling plant contains an essential oil that irritates the skin

Nausea, vomiting, dizziness, swallowing disorder

What is there when there is nothing?

Edible wild plants.

Pine - young shoots, cones, needles as a vitamin drink

Birch - sap, buds, young leaves (23% protein, 12% fat)

Oak - acorns (cut, soak for 2 days, cook: 2 parts of water for 1 part of acorns). Dry, grind, cook porridge or bake cakes.

For trees, sapwood (bast) is used, the most nutritious in birch, willow, pine, spruce, poplar.

Salads, first courses.

Kislitsa- leaves and stems. Clover- fruits, stems, leaves go to the salad. Nettle- young leaves dipped in boiling water for 5 minutes go to the salad, rub into a gruel, season with oil, pepper, salt. Burdock- young peeled stems and dipped in boiling water for 1-2 minutes or leaves collected before flowering. Meadow onion, wild garlic- rhizomes, leaves. Dandelion- almost the whole plant, soaked in salted water for 30 minutes. Plantain- young leaves, lowered for 1 min. into boiling water. The salad is tastier with the addition of sorrel. Daurian rhododendron (wild rosemary)- flowers in a salad. Sorrel- leaves. Horsetail- you can have stems and spikelets-pistils, you can make a casserole from them, mix pistils with mushrooms and fry.

Second courses

Badan thick-leaved- grows on mountain slopes - rhizomes soaked in water are used. Water walnut- fruits are used raw and boiled. Boil in salted water or bake in ash. You can cook flour and bake bread ... Reed- white stems when raw. You can boil young roots and make mashed potatoes. Eggs (water lilies)- seeds and rhizomes are eaten fried or boiled in salt water, because raw they are poisonous. Chop, soak for 6 hours, changing the water, cook for 40-50 minutes. Bracken fern- soak the stems, boil. Rhizomes are also edible when baked over a fire. Rogoz- Boil young shoots and rhizomes in salted water, drain the soda, simmer with the addition of fat. You can cook porridge from flour, cut the crusts, dry, grind and bake bread.

Bread can be baked, made tea, coffee drinks and replaced with sugar, salt

Blooming Sally- they make flour from dried and crushed roots and bake pancakes and flat cakes.

Bracken fern- from rhizomes ground into flour, you can get sourdough for bread.

To bind a test, you can add bird eggs.

You can eat nuts- pine nuts, hazelnut (hazelnuts), Manchurian nuts (throw into the fire). Tea can be prepared from overwintered, blackened berry leaves, hawthorn berries and leaves, lingonberry leaves, blackberries, raspberries, currants, oregano, mint, St. John's wort, grapes. Coffee can be prepared from viburnum seeds, burdock roots, dandelion. You need to collect it in the fall. Wash, dry, fry, crush 1-2 teaspoons in a glass of boiling water. As a substitute, you can use asparagus seeds, cane rhizomes, juniper tubers, cattail roots, pine nuts crushed with water can be made milk or cream.

Drinks, fruit drinks prepared from cranberries, lingonberries, young pine needles (50g. needles are rubbed, insisted in 2 glasses of water, sugar is added), grapes, lemongrass, raisins.

Substitute sugar can be rhizomes of lake reeds (finely chop, pour water 1: 1, boil for an hour). Strain the resulting juice and boil it to the desired acid.

Birch juice evaporate, bring to a sweet syrup. Honey wild bees can be found by tracing the flight from the flower to the hive. Salt you can add, evaporating from sea water (salt water), you can find animal salt licks to look for salt accumulation.

Starch can be obtained from the rhizomes of a large fruit grower of water lilies, bergenia and yellow capsules.

Mushrooms(white, boletus, boletus, chanterelles, russula, boletus, honey mushrooms, etc.) are best collected when young. Avoid mushrooms with leathery sacs at the base of the stem, with white dots and scales on the top of the cap and mushrooms with pure white plates and lamellar mushrooms that secrete milky juice; mushrooms eaten by insects and their larvae. All mushrooms must be opened.

Seaweed... There are no harmful and poisonous algae in the seas washing the shores of our country. Their assimilation by the human body is 65% -80%.

Alaria- brown thallus 60-70 cm long.Eatable raw, but soaked and boiled is much tastier ... Seaweed- cook soups. You can eat it raw or after drying it, crush it and make flour.

Freshwater algae greenish-bluish color, floating on the surface of stagnant water and emitting an unpleasant odor cannot be used. They are poisonous.

Non traditional food

Snakes- to separate the head, remove the skin, cook. Reminds a little fish, chicken.

Frog- dip in boiling water, remove the skin, cook until tender. The broth is slightly bitter - it resembles the taste of chicken or hare.

Toads are not good for food, there are many "wart glands" on the skin

Turtles- coated with clay and put with a skull on the coals.

Any shellfish(bivalve shells) - boil or scald with boiling water, the doors will open, cook the meat.

Birds- any - there is no better scavenger... Eggs of birds and chicks.

Edible gophers, dogs, badgers etc.

Dried up grasshoppers, ground suitable for cereals and bread cakes. 100gr. Grasshoppers -225 cal., 100 g., Fried termites - 560 cal.

Locust fry, tear off the legs, extract the head, at the same time, the green mass from the belly and eat like shrimp.

Chinese people eat dried spiders, Japanese - dragonflies.

Most nutritious ant eggs.

It is best not to eat the insects and larvae found on the dung heaps, living on the back of the leaves / emitting strong smelling liquids / that are brightly colored.

Preparation

Most are eaten raw - you can wrap larvae in leaves, grind until smooth; cooking - it is advisable to gut large larvae, ants and termites can be ground to a pasty state and cook soups and cereals.

Snails and slugs- starve for several days so that they have time to remove the poison, then throw it into a saline solution to cleanse the digestive tract and boil for 10-20 minutes. with the addition of aromatic herbs.

Worms- drag between fingers, clean from waste products, boil or dry, grind into powder, add to food. Have bees and wasps you need to remove the sting, cut off the wings, then fry or boil. They get honey in the hollows by filling the hollow with smoke.

You can eat crabs, lobsters, lobsters, hermit crabs, shrimp cook for 10-20 minutes: mussels, oysters eaten raw, boiled, dried. Edible octopuses, squids, cuttlefish, trepangs. It is better to boil bird eggs hard-boiled in boiling water for 4-5 minutes.

Bibliography.

Balenko S.V. Survival School. - M .; 1994.

Volovich V.G. Survival Academy. - M .; 1996.

Davis B. Encyclopedia of Survival and Rescue. - M .; "Ves", 1997.

Ilyichev A.A. Great encyclopedia of survival. - M .; "EKSMO-PRESS", 1999.

A.A. Kostrub Medical tourist guide. - M .; Profizdat, 1990.

Soviet encyclopedic dictionary. - M .; "Soviet Encyclopedia", 1986.

Tourist encyclopedia. - M .; "Great Russian Encyclopedia", 1993.

It's no secret that the natural world is extremely diverse and multifaceted. We use the gifts of our Earth, plants, every day. However, do not forget that among the representatives of the flora living in different parts of the planet, there are a huge number of potentially dangerous to human life and health. Do not underestimate the possible harm from meeting poisonous herbs, berries, mushrooms.

Belladonna's yellow and black berries are especially poisonous, however, the stems and leaves also contain poison.

The chemical substance atropine was obtained from Belladonna, which has a rather strong effect on the central nervous system, for example, under its action, the pupils dilate.

This property of Belladonna made it the favorite potion of "beauty" among Italians in the old days, hence the name of the plant, which in translation means "beautiful woman". Atropine is now used in traditional medicine. The action of such, even modern drugs, however, can hardly be called absolutely safe.

The first signs of Belladonna poisoning may be:

Hallucinations, disturbances of consciousness are possible.

The first aid in this case will be an emergency gastric lavage with potassium permanganate.

Hogweed

This name of a poisonous plant is familiar to many, because only on the territory of our country more than 40 species of Hogweed grow (not all of them are poisonous).

It is not difficult to recognize it: the hogweed is a large and usually tall plant (it can reach 2.5 meters) with small white flowers gathered in "umbrellas". Very often hogweed grows along country roads.

Its danger is that this plant can leave a serious burn on the skin, especially on a sunny day. This is due to the substances furanocoumarins, under the influence of ultraviolet radiation, they enhance their effect. The very touch of the leaves of the cow parsnip itself is painless, as long as the sunlight does not begin to actively hit the site of the lesion. The consequences can be a second-degree burn. It is extremely dangerous to get the juice of the plant in the eyes. The result can be complete or partial loss of vision.

As a first aid for a burn with a cow parsnip, you need to disinfect the affected skin area with furacilin or potassium permanganate and smear with Bepanten ointment.

It is necessary to get rid of the Hogweed by carefully cutting the buds (strictly in closed clothes and gloves). The use of herbicides will also be helpful.

Crow's eye four-leafed

The raven eye is a poisonous plant, quite attractive in appearance: in the center there is a rosette of 4 leaves, and above them there is one bright purple berry. All parts of the Crow's Eye are dangerous to life and health: a berry for the heart, leaves for the central nervous system, roots for the stomach. Children often become victims of this poisonous plant, they are attracted by unusual berries, somewhat similar to blueberries or blueberries.

Signs of poisoning, depending on the part eaten, will be sharp abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, convulsions, or cardiac arrest.

If you suspect Crow's eye poisoning, you need to do an urgent gastric lavage. It will not be superfluous to also take the Rehydron remedy.

Consider 2 more poisonous plants that are common throughout Russia.

Lily of the valley

Hardly anyone needs a visual description of the poisonous plant of the lily of the valley. Many have heard about the dangerous properties of this beautiful and beloved plant, but, nevertheless, few take this information seriously. But in vain! Lily of the valley has very strong chemical properties, it is often used in minimal doses in pharmacology, and in general, it has proven itself well as an assistant in the fight against heart disease.

However, it is worth remembering that this plant is extremely poisonous and dangerous if used ill-advisedly. Two or three berries eaten by a child while walking in the forest can lead to a quick death!

With pallor of the skin, disturbed heart rhythm, weakness and nausea, it is necessary to urgently induce vomiting, and later take sorbents.

Wolf bast

Poisoning by a poisonous plant Wolf's bast or Wolf's berry, as it is also called, is extremely dangerous. Outwardly, it looks like a shrub with glossy leaves and bunches of bright red fleshy berries that attract the eye. Despite its beauty, this plant is almost never used as decorative landscaping. Wolfberry contains a set of toxic substances. One smell of a flowering plant can get a headache, and if you eat more than 5 berries, it is extremely likely to be fatal.

High salivation, burns, indigestion, burning in the eyes and mouth, bloody gastric discharge - this is an incomplete list of symptoms of poisoning with this most dangerous plant. If the victim can still be saved, he, nevertheless, is guaranteed grave consequences for the rest of his life, associated with poor work of the heart.

Not only harm, but also benefit

Perhaps, reading this article, many will ask the question - why, in fact, do we need poisonous plants?

There are no superfluous links in nature: it is unique and well thought out. The poisonous properties of certain plant species are a disadvantage for humans, while for the plants themselves it is the ability to evolve. Growth, survival, the ability to adapt to changing conditions - all this many plants owe precisely to their toxicity.

In addition, over time, a person has nevertheless learned to use the harmful properties of many herbs, flowers and berries for his own good. An example of this is the huge number of medicines based on poisonous plants.

Introduction ………………………………………………………………………… ... 3

1. Medicinal plants …………………………………… ... …… ..4

1.1 Dandelion medicinal ………………………………………….… 9

1.2 Yarrow ………………………………………………… ...… 13

2. Poisonous plants …………………………………………… .. …… 16

2.1 Hemlock spotted or speckled ……………………………… .16

2.2 Chemeritsa ………………………………………………… .. ……… ..19

Conclusion ………… ... ……………………………………………………… ..25

Literature ……… .. ……………………………………………………… ..… .26

Introduction

For more than one millennium, herbs have served man. From their own experience, primitive people comprehended their healing properties and passed on the accumulated knowledge from generation to generation. Since ancient times, medicine has been a sacrament, so doctors very meticulously chose their disciples. The collection, preparation of medicines and treatment were accompanied by magical techniques and spells.

Already an outstanding ancient Greek physician and thinker Hippocrates (about 460 - about 370 BC) described 236 plants that were used in medicine at that time. Among them henbane, elderberry, mustard, iris, almonds, mint. In Russia, herbal treatment has been known and popular for a long time: even the princes were interested in the cultivation and use of medicinal plants. At the beginning of the 18th century, under Alexei Mikhailovich, the Pharmaceutical Order was created, which supplied the courtyard and the army with medicinal herbs, and Peter I ordered the creation of pharmaceutical schools and pharmaceutical gardens - the first plantations of medicinal plants in Russia. Much has changed since then, but interest in medicinal herbs has not faded away - on the contrary, now it is especially great. So, the share of preparations from plants accounts for more than 40 % all medicines, the remaining 60 % - artificially synthesized substances.

The gold fund of wild-growing medicinal plants, alas, is exhausted. Many medicinal plants are listed in the Red Data Books of Endangered Species. In order to preserve the possibility of obtaining valuable preparations based on medicinal plants, special plantations are being created. All plants with medicinal properties are comprehensively studied by pharmacists - specialists in the creation of medicines: they determine their chemical composition, identify biologically active substances, and test drugs. And only after that the plant receives a "passport" of the medicinal one: it is included in the official list - the State Pharmacopoeia.

Even the Roman physician Claudius Galen, who lived in the 2nd century, emphasized that the effect of medicinal plants can be both curative and harmful.

1. Medicinal plants

In terms of chemical composition, medicinal plants are not similar to each other, and their practical application is very diverse. Some plants are used as vitamin carriers, others as a remedy, and still others as a source of nutrition.

Before describing individual plants, I would like to acquaint the reader a little with the main chemicals that make up plants and determine their beneficial or medicinal effects.

All useful plants are valued primarily for the presence in them of biologically active substances that have a certain therapeutic effect on individual organs or the entire body of a person or animal. As a rule, there are few of these substances in the plant, but they often have a strong effect.

The composition of plants, in addition to a large amount of water, up to 90 percent, includes various organic and mineral substances. Among the organic substances mentioned in plant descriptions, the most important biologically active substances are alkaloids. By their composition, these are complex nitrogen-containing compounds of alkaline origin, they are found mainly in flowering plants. Alkaloid carriers are considered to be about 10 percent of the world's flora, and the number of alkaloids isolated from plants has reached five thousand items. In pure form, alkaloids are a crystalline substance of bitter taste, colorless and odorless. By the way, the toxicity of plants is most often due to the presence of alkaloids. Their content in a plant varies depending on the growing season, time of year, climate, growing zone, soil, etc., usually it is insignificant - from traces to three percent of dry weight. At the same time, the largest amount of alkaloids is observed in the plant at the stage of budding and flowering.

Glycosides depending on the binding principle of the two main parts - a sugar derivative and an aglycone, which has pharmacological activity, they are divided into several groups. Among them is a large group of flavonoids, which got their name for their yellow color. This group of substances is endowed with a bactericidal, choleretic effect, the ability to reduce the permeability and fragility of capillaries, to remove radioactive substances from the body, it is used as a heart, expectorant; there is evidence of its antitumor activity.

Tannins (tannins)- these are complex, nitrogen-free, non-toxic compounds that have a yellowish color and darken when in contact with light, that is, they oxidize in air. Their content in plants is from traces to 35 percent of dry matter. For medicinal purposes, tannins are used as anti-inflammatory, astringent, antiseptic, hemostatic agents due to their ability to coagulate protein and form a protective film on mucous membranes. Tanides precipitate not only proteins, but also alkaloids, glycosides, heavy metals and are used in practice in case of poisoning with these substances.

Essential oils- aromatic, highly volatile, water-insoluble substances that give the plant a specific odor. There are currently more than 2,500 species of aromatic plants known for which essential oils are protective or attractive. Their content in plants is from traces to 20 percent. Plants containing esters or preparations from them are widely used in the perfumery and food industries, some are used for medicinal purposes as sedatives, expectorants, analgesics, antimicrobials and anthelmintics.

Resins and balms are close to essential oils in chemical composition and are often found in the same plants. In appearance, they are usually semi-liquid, sticky, with a specific odor, as a rule, insoluble in water. Balms are resins that do not dry out for a long time. Resins and balms have bactericidal and anti-putrefactive properties, they are used as a diuretic and laxative in medicine, used in cosmetics, as well as for the production of varnishes, plastics, paper, paints, etc.

Organic acids are an indispensable part of all plants, along with proteins and carbohydrates. The most common are malic, citric, acetic, oxalic, formic, benzoic acids. They give taste, and sometimes smell to the plant, are in it in a free state or in the form of salts. All organic acids are widely used in medicine, food, perfumery and other industries.

Vitamins- these are effective medicines necessary to maintain the vital functions of humans and animals. Violation of their balance in the body can lead to severe diseases. In composition, they are very complex and diverse compounds, which are united only by their biological role and physiological effects on the body. Some of them are soluble in water, others in fats. Each vitamin has its own role and purpose in the body.

Enzymes, or biocatalysts, are substances that accelerate biochemical processes in plants and animals.

Carbohydrates. Among this group of organic compounds contained in plants, the simplest are monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, etc.). Connecting with each other, they create more complex connections. - disaccharides (sucrose, maltose, etc.), tri- and tetra-saccharides, polysaccharides, which include starch, inulin, pectin substances, gums, mucus, fiber, etc. All of them are widely used primarily in medicine, as well as in other sectors of the national economy.

Mineral substances play a very important pharmacological role in plants. These include a very large group macronutrients(iron, potassium, phosphorus, silicon, magnesium, etc.) and trace elements(copper, manganese, cobalt, arsenic, nickel, molybdenum, zinc, etc.). And although the content of minerals in plants is negligible, their role in the life of the human and animal organism is undeniable, and the lack of one or another element can lead to serious diseases and disorders of the body's functions.

In addition to a description of each plant and its distinctive features, information about the places of growth and chemical composition, the reader will find here information about how the plant was used or is used now, how, when and what parts of it to collect, how to dry and store it correctly.

Speaking about the use of medicinal plants in scientific and folk medicine, the author does not at all recommend using them as a treatment for a specific disease - this is the business of physicians. General information about the purpose of a particular plant is drawn from the special literature indicated at the end of the book. And this information will be useful to those who are interested in medicinal plants, both for the purpose of collecting them, to help medical institutions in their procurement, and for their own use on the advice of a doctor. The recipes for the preparation of preparations from the most famous medicinal plants, given in some cases, are taken from the same special literature, which has gone through more than one edition. In this regard, we also present methods for preparing the simplest preparations from medicinal plants at home.

Infusion and decoction are extracts from medicinal plants. Infusions are prepared from loose parts of plants - leaves, flowers, stems, as well as from coarse parts - woody stems, bark, roots and rhizomes, if quickly volatilizing substances (essential oils) or easily decomposed under the influence of high temperatures (glycosides) are extracted. Decoctions are prepared from coarse parts of plants that do not contain volatile and decompose active substances with prolonged heating.

Raw materials are pre-crushed: leaves, stems, flowers to a particle size of no more than 5 millimeters, roots, bark -3, fruits and seeds up to 0.5 millimeters. The crushed raw materials are weighed or measured and placed in an enamel or porcelain dish, poured with boiled water at room temperature, covered with a lid and placed in a boiling water bath. The infusion is heated for 15, and the broth for 30 minutes with frequent stirring. After that, the infusions are cooled for at least 45, and the decoctions are 10 minutes at room temperature, filtered, the residue is squeezed out and added to the finished hood to the required volume of water.

Decoctions and infusions are prepared, as a rule, in a ratio of 1:10, that is, 10 parts of infusion or broth are obtained from one part of the raw material, but other ratios are not excluded. Due to the fact that infusions and decoctions quickly deteriorate, they are stored in a cool place for no more than 3-4 days.

Often, infusions and decoctions are prepared at home without boiling, pouring boiling water over the raw materials. In this case, it is necessary to insist for at least 4-8 hours, and use the drug within one day.

With the external use of infusions and decoctions for the treatment of skin diseases, mucous membranes, gargling, for baths, lotions, compresses, etc., you can use a more concentrated preparation-1: 5, which is prepared in the above described way.

Powders are the simplest means of using medicinal raw materials prepared from dried flowers, leaves, stems, roots and seeds of plants. Having separated the coarse stems, the plants are passed through a coffee grinder or thoroughly pounded in a mortar, then sifted through a sieve. Store powders in closed glass jars. Dry seasonings from food plants are also prepared.

Ointments for external use consist of medicinal substances evenly distributed on a base. They are prepared from dried plant powders, extracts, tinctures and fresh juice. Vaseline, unsalted lard and butter are most often used as a base. Ointments made with lard and butter are more effective, but quickly deteriorate.

Often for medicinal purposes, fresh plant sap is used both externally and internally. Finely chopped parts of fresh plants are passed through a meat grinder or juicer. The resulting gruel is squeezed out, a small amount of water is added to the residue and squeezed out again. You can prepare vegetable juice for future use by adding at least 20 percent alcohol.

Teas and teas are mixtures of dried and crushed medicinal plants, sometimes with the addition of mineral medicinal substances. The fees are intended for home preparation of infusions, decoctions, rinses and poultices, as well as medicinal baths. In pharmacies, on the packaging of fees, it is always indicated in what proportions they should be prepared.

1.1 Dandelion officinalis

It is a perennial herb with golden-yellow ligulate flowers collected in baskets. It blooms in April-June. The fruits ripen in May - June. Propagated by seeds, dandelion roots are used. Collect them by digging up during the wilting of the leaves (from August). The roots are washed in cold water, dried in the air until the milky juice is no longer released from the incised root, dried in the shade under a canopy, in ovens or dryers at a temperature of 40-50 °.

Shelf life is 5 years. Preparations (decoctions, extract and pills) are used to stimulate appetite and improve the activity of the digestive tract. Medicinal dandelion grows almost throughout Russia, except for the Arctic, Eastern Siberia and the desert regions of the Far East. It usually grows in meadows, on roadsides, in parks, orchards and vegetable gardens, on forest edges and clearings.

Dandelion is a perennial herb of the Compositae family. In our country alone, there are about 200 of its species. It is so widespread and ubiquitous that everyone, young and old, in the city and in the countryside knows it. In millions of little suns, it crumbles (following the flowers of the mother-and-stepmother) on green meadows, roadsides, in gardens, orchards - in a word, wherever there is a lot of sun and no dampness. The dandelion lives and blooms according to its own law: when the sun rises, the yellow discs of flowers open, when it sets, they close for the night, as if following their giant brother. It is interesting to observe the meadow with dandelions - during the day it seems to be covered with a yellow blanket, and in the evening someone invisible folds this blanket. In hot weather, the flowers close during the day. In our conditions, this is a rare phenomenon among wild plants.

The dandelion begins to bloom early and blooms until late autumn, changing generations. A flower in the form of a yellow basket, standing on a hollow leafless tube of a peduncle, rises above leaves with pinnately cut edges, which form a basal rosette. The length of the leaves can reach 15, even 25 centimeters in length and 5 in width. The root of the dandelion is tap-rooted, thick, sometimes penetrating to a depth of 60 centimeters.

Dandelion leaves contain ascorbic acid, vitamins A and B, manganese, boron, strontium, copper and other trace elements are found in the pollen of the plant. The root is extremely rich (dried contains up to 40 percent) inulin. Inulin is a starch substitute that turns into fruit sugar when the roots are fried. The dried root contains up to 20 percent of sugars, up to 15 percent of proteins, a large amount of macro- and microelements and many other substances that are foamy for the body.

In a dandelion, like in no other plant, everything - from the flower bud to the roots is suitable for writing. Early leaves are used to prepare salads, all kinds of seasonings for meat and fish dishes, cabbage soup and soups. The flower buds are pickled and then added as seasonings to vinaigrette, hodgepodge and game dishes. From the flowers themselves, they make an amber jam of color. Roasted rosettes are a delicacy dish. Fruit sugar is obtained from the roots (it is twice as sweet as usual), and if the dried roots are fried and ground on a coffee grinder or crushed in field conditions, then you get a good coffee. The ground root can be added to flour. This is a large food reserve for expeditions, tourists and people who are often in nature.

Unfortunately, all parts of a dandelion contain a bitter milky juice and need to be pre-processed before being eaten. To eliminate the bitterness from the leaves and flower buds, they are soaked in salted (3-5-1%) cold water for 30 minutes. The root rosettes are boiled in 5% saline solution for 5-10 minutes before frying. Rosettes are usually harvested in early spring, when the leaves are just beginning to break through, they are cut from the root 2-3 centimeters below the leaves. The bitterness in the roots is destroyed by frying.

For medicinal purposes, the root, sometimes dandelion leaves are most often used as a bitterness to stimulate appetite, as a choleretic and diuretic, as a mild laxative.

To prepare the broth, 3 tablespoons of chopped roots are poured with 2 cups of boiling water, boiled for 15 minutes, filtered and drunk in a glass twice a day half an hour before meals.

The healing properties of dandelion were known in ancient times. Theophrastus and Avicenna, for example, recommended dandelion juice to eliminate freckles and icteric spots on the skin, to treat dropsy and remove eyesore.

In Russian folk medicine, dandelion is called the elixir of life. They use it in the treatment of skin diseases - rashes, acne, eczema and others. The juice of fresh roots is included in the composition of ointments, they are lubricated with warts, calluses. Powders made from dried dandelion roots have a beneficial effect on atherosclerosis - they promote the elimination of cholesterol from the body. Dandelion is used as an expectorant, sedative, wound healing agent.

By the way, it will probably be said here (and not only in relation to the dandelion) that even the most famous and tested folk remedy for the same ailment for some people may be effective, for others - less or completely ineffective, and for still others contraindicated. Therefore, to be carried away by any plant and to consider it the only salvation from any disease is a deep delusion.

Dandelion roots for medicinal purposes are harvested in September - October, during the wilting of the leaves. They dig up the plant, cut off the small roots and the aerial part, wash it with cold water, wither for several days in the air under a canopy and then dry it in a dry, well-ventilated room or dryer at a temperature of 60-70 degrees.

When using dandelion in writing, you must remember that in urban conditions it is able to assimilate and accumulate lead and other harmful substances from exhaust gases. It is best to collect the plant in meadows, forest glades, near rivers, where it is extremely abundant, and in these conditions it is more impressive in weight.

In many foreign countries, dandelion is cultivated in vegetable gardens, which is very convenient from an economic point of view - it can be harvested at any time without much difficulty.

In our area, dandelions grow everywhere, but they are rarely used for writing or for medicinal purposes. Although there is evidence, in some places sweet lovers make jam from dandelion flowers.

1.2 Yarrow (cut grass, bloodstone, tree, mother plant, whitehead )

This plant from the Compositae family, unpretentious to the conditions of existence, is found everywhere on dry forest edges, borders, along roads, paths, at fences, in yards and gardens. In the spring, rather large lanceolate leaves on high petioles grow from a perennial creeping rhizome with thin adventitious roots. They, like openwork lace, consist of many small, multiply pinnately cut narrow lobes. Also, a straight stem appears from the rhizome, up to half a meter high, with small sessile leaves. At the top of the stem, several branches grow, which are covered with small flowers of white or pale pink color. The flowers are very small, collected in small baskets, forming many scutes. Yarrow blooms from June to October, when it proudly rises above the long-wilted dry grass.

The leaves and flowers of yarrow contain essential oil - thanks to it, the plant emits a specific tart, but pleasant smell, resin, bitterness, a fairly large amount of vitamin K, vitamin C, tannins, glycosides, flavonoids, organic acids and other substances.

In folk medicine, yarrow has been known since the time of Dioscorides as a means of stopping bleeding, healing wounds. In addition, infusion and decoctions of yarrow herb are drunk for diseases of the kidneys and bladder, kidney stones, dysentery, pain and cramps in the stomach, internal bleeding, especially uterine and hemorrhoidal, with headaches and even with a lack of milk in nursing mothers. Infusions and decoctions are used as an expectorant for colds, as a gargle for toothache and halitosis. In kits with other herbs, yarrow treats tuberculosis. Fresh plant juice with honey is very effective in the treatment of liver, gallstone disease and metabolic diseases. Compresses from the infusion of flowers and taking it inside help get rid of acne, boils and rashes on the skin of the face.

It successfully uses the beneficial properties of yarrow and scientific medicine. Due to the presence in the leaves and flowers of the alkaloid Achillein and vitamin. Yarrow is used as a hemostatic agent for local bleeding - nose, dental, from small wounds, with pulmonary, uterine and hemorrhoidal bleeding. Proazulene, which is part of the essential oil of yarrow, has a beneficial effect in the treatment of inflammatory and allergic diseases. Yarrow preparations are used to treat diseases of the gastrointestinal tract - chronic colitis, gastritis, stomach and duodenal ulcers. Especially effective treatment with infusions of gastritis with low acidity. The infusion and decoction are taken as bitterness to whet the appetite. They are astringent, diuretic, antimicrobial, insecticidal, sedative and anticonvulsant. Yarrow herb is a part of gastric, mouth-watering and other teas.

Yarrow infusion is prepared as follows. A tablespoon of chopped herbs is poured with a glass of water at room temperature, boiled for 15 minutes, insisted for at least 45 minutes, filtered. The infusion can be stored in a cool place for no more than 3-4 days. Take a tablespoon 3-4 times a day after meals.

Collecting for unstable stools with diarrhea: yarrow 30 grams, rose hips 50, St. John's wort 30 grams, oak bark 30 grams, sugar syrup to taste, water 1 liter.

Yarrow essential oil has found use in the perfumery industry in the manufacture of certain lotions and creams to nourish the skin, and flower tops are used in the distillery and dairy industry.

In veterinary medicine, the infusion of yarrow is treated with gastrointestinal diseases in young animals, in plant growing it is used as an insecticide to combat some pests of cultivated plants.

For the future, at the yarrow, the apical part with leaves and flowers is harvested, plucking or cutting off with a sickle, scissors. Dry in bunches outdoors, protected from direct sunlight. The healing properties of the dried herb are preserved for at least two years. When brewed and infused, it is crushed.

In our region, despite its wide distribution, yarrow is harvested in small quantities only by pharmacies. The reason for this neglect of the plant is most likely a lack of knowledge of its value.

Contraindications Pregnancy. Long-term use and taking large doses causes dizziness and skin rashes.

2. Poisonous plants

2.1 Hemlock spotted or speckled - Conium maculatum (L.)

Umbrella - UMBELLIFERAE. A biennial naked herb (from 90 to 200 cm high) forming a rosette of basal leaves in the first year, and a strongly branched grooved stem up to 2 m in height in the second. The stem is naked, with a bluish bloom and dark red spots in the lower part, which is why the plant got its name. The leaves are glabrous, triple pinnate, with ovoid-oval pinnately dissected leaves on long petioles (carrot-like), reminiscent of parsley leaves, when rubbed, a pungent smell is felt, reminiscent of the smell of cat urine. Stem in thin grooves, with a bluish tint, hollow inside, in the lower part with clearly visible dark red spots, not quite faceted, with a mealy bloom. Flowers are small white flowers arranged in complex umbrellas with 10-15 main rays; the fruit is a two-seed. The fruit is a two-seed, the fruits are small, grayish-green, ovoid-spherical, flattened from the sides. Blooms from late June to July. The seeds ripen in August-September.

The plant is very thermophilic, weedy, it finds optimal conditions in thickets of burdocks, on littered forest edges. It is one of the most poisonous plants, especially fruits and leaves.

Used to prepare pain relieving drugs. It is only taken as directed by a doctor.

The whole plant is poisonous. Contains toxic alkaloids coniine, conhydrin, pseudoconhydrin. Coniine has a nicotine-like effect, in small doses it causes muscle contraction, in toxic paralysis. In ancient times it was used as a deadly poison.

Poisoning occurs when stalks enter the mouth, mistaken by children for angelica, from which whistles are made, when eating seeds similar to dill, when ridges with vegetable crops are clogged. Causes contact damage to the skin and mucous membranes, proceeding in the form of severe allergic reactions. Cases of poisoning of starving cattle are known. Poisoning occurs when horses eat 2-3 kg of fresh grass, cattle - 4-5 kg, ducks - 50-70 g. Not the most successful plant for prevention, official medicine does not recommend it, folk medicine uses it.

The plant is official in many countries of the world, but the use of Hemlock spotted for medical purposes in Russia is prohibited.

Chemical composition. The plant is very poisonous, and all its parts and especially unripe seeds are toxic. The active substances are alkaloids, the most poisonous of which is konyin, which, like nicotine and curare, paralyzes the endings of the motor nerves.

The most poisonous rhizome of the plant, especially in late autumn and early spring. Contains cycotoxin. Neurotoxic (anticholinergic, convulsive) action. A lethal dose of about 50 mg of a plant per 1 kg of body weight.

The juice also contains tannins, the fruits contain essential and fatty oils, and the leaves contain flavonoids (quercetin and kaempferol), vitamin C and carotene.

They are poisoned with hemlock when mistakenly using its herbs and roots instead of parsley and carrots.

Hemlock spotted, or speckled (Conium maculatum) looks very similar to wild carrots (Daucus carota): both plants belong to the umbrella family and have a fleshy taproot. All parts of the hemlock contain an alkaloid that paralyzes the respiratory muscles.

It was the sap of this plant, and not hemlock (i.e., a milestone), as is usually believed, that Socrates was poisoned.

Signs of poisoning.

With a mild form of poisoning, vomiting, diarrhea, and nausea appear.

Signs of poisoning: in the mouth, behind the breastbone, in the epigastric region, itching occurs, partial numbness of the skin, dizziness, headache, visual and hearing impairment occurs. Dilation of the pupils. Pallor of the face, drooling, vomiting. Shortness of breath with difficult exhalation, rapid heartbeat, abnormal pulse. Twitching of certain muscle groups.

The poison is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. The initial symptoms of poisoning appear after 1.5 - 2 hours, sometimes after 20 - 30 minutes. Salivation, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dilated pupils, tachycardia, clonic-tonic convulsions, respiratory depression. Loss of consciousness, collapse. Most often, poisoning develops in children, who usually eat rhizomes, mistaking them for carrots.

In severe cases, muscle weakness increases, turning into muscle paralysis (starting with the legs). Loss of consciousness. Death can result from respiratory arrest due to paralysis of the chest muscles (paralysis of the respiratory center). Unripe green seeds contain the largest amount of the main principle - horse meat (up to 0.4%). (pronounced nicotine-like effect). Koniin, gamma-Conisein - a lethal dose of 0.15 g.

Nicotine is the alkaloid of tobacco. A lethal dose of 0.05 g. Symptoms: itching in the mouth, behind the breastbone, numbness of skin areas, dizziness, headache, visual and hearing impairment, dilated pupils, salivation, repeated vomiting, shortness of breath, rapid heartbeat, irregular pulse, convulsions (during which increases blood pressure). Death occurs from respiratory arrest (paralysis of the respiratory center and respiratory muscles).

In case of hemlock poisoning, rinse the stomach with a 0.1% solution of potassium permanganate. Drink an aqueous suspension of activated charcoal, a salty laxative, and liquid paraffin through a tube. The main attention is the fight against breathing disorders: inhalation of oxygen, apaleptics in usual doses. When breathing stops - artificial, for accelerated excretion of poison - osmotic diuretics, furosemide.

Apply antidote treatment. Symptomatic therapy includes:
intramuscularly 25% magnesium sulfate solution - 10 ml; for convulsions - diazepam 5-10 mg intravenously; artificial respiration; in case of heart rhythm disorder - 10 ml of 10% solution of novocainamide intravenously.

Tardieu gave an excellent description of human poisoning with hemlock, which we reproduce here - “About an hour after taking hemlock inside, there is some confusion of thinking, dizziness, darkening of consciousness and very acute headaches. The poisoned subject staggers as if drunk, his legs give way. Sometimes, but by no means always, they feel an agonizing tightness in the stomach and severe stomach pains. The throat dries up, there is a burning thirst, and meanwhile, it becomes impossible to swallow. Sometimes there is mild vomiting, but without consequences. The face is very pale, its features are greatly distorted, but consciousness remains full. The patients retain their hearing, although they are deprived of the ability to speak; their gaze is motionless, their pupils are dilated, their vision is unclear and sometimes they see nothing. Convulsive movements, titanic twitching in the limbs alternate with fainting, with a loss of strength, which are repeated at certain intervals; then a kind of numbness seizes the patient, and only a wheezing breath reveals the presence of life. The body gets cold, the head swells and the swelling sometimes spreads to other parts of the body; the eyes protrude forward, and the skin becomes purple-bluish in color. In some cases, violent delirium and epileptic seizures are found. Death always comes very quickly; no more than three, four or six hours later hemlock poisoning ends in a fatal way. No specific antidote is known for it. "

Hemlock herb in small doses is used in folk medicine as an analgesic, anticonvulsant and anti-inflammatory agent in the treatment of rheumatism and gout, as well as tumors. The essence of the fresh grass hemlock spotted is used in the form of simple dilutions and is part of many complex preparations, including injections.

Tincture of flowers is used in small doses in folk medicine as "anti-cancer". In ancient Russian folk medicine and in England, hemlock was considered an anti-cancer agent. Due to its toxicity, this plant can be used as an insecticide.

It is necessary to exercise extreme caution when meeting with a hemlock: do not use it for self-medication, wash your hands thoroughly after handling it.

2.2 Chemeritsa VERATRUM

Liliaceae family. The genus includes 25 species, common in Europe, Asia and North America. Rhizome perennials with tall, straight, leafy stems, often bulbous thickened at the base. The leaves are broadly oval, stalk-embracing, the lower ones are broadly elliptic, the upper ones are linear-lanceolate.
The flowers are whitish, reddish or greenish, collected in paniculate, less often racemose inflorescences. The fruit is a three-celled capsule. Seeds are numerous, flat, winged. All parts of the plant are poisonous and do not lose their properties even when dried and ensiled.

Chemeritsa Lobel (ordinary) - Veratrum lobelianum Bernh.

Liliaceae family Liliaceae. Powerful plant up to 1.5 m tall with a shortened vertical rhizome and numerous adventitious filamentous roots. The leaf arrangement is next. Leaves are oval and lanceolate, pointed, folded, with long sheaths. The inflorescence is paniculate. Flowers on short stalks. Perianth yellowish green, 2.5 cm in diameter, with elliptical rounded leaves. Fruits are 3-separate capsules up to the middle. Blooms in mid-summer. The inflorescence in the bud is already formed in the fall. Mass flowering is repeated after 2-3 years. First flowering at 10-30 years old. Life expectancy is usually at least 50 years. Propagated by seeds and vegetatively. It is found in the forest belt, forest-steppe and steppe zones of the European part (except for the Baltic States), Siberia, Amur region, as well as in the Caucasus and Tien Shan in the upper forest and subalpine belts. It can dominate in meadow communities on sufficiently rich and well-moistened soils. It grows on pastures, as it is not eaten by livestock.

Rhizomes with roots, contain alkaloids (the alkaloid veratrin, its lethal dose: about 0.02 g) in the roots - up to 2.4%, in the rhizomes - up to 1.3%, as well as the glycoalkaloid pseudoervin, glycosides, resins, tannins ...

Powder from rhizomes or a decoction is used as an insecticide, emetic and for wound healing. In folk medicine, it is used for skin diseases. Poisonous. Poisoning of farm animals is possible (however, in the Altai highlands, horses, marals and sika deer eat hellebore), is poisonous to bees.

Similar species can be used as insecticides: hellebore white, growing in the Carpathians, hellebore, dahurian and calyx - from Eastern Siberia and the Far East. They differ somewhat from Lobel's hellebore by leaf pubescence, the shape of the inflorescence and the perianth lobes. Only in the black hellebore, which is almost as widespread as Lobel's hellebore, and in the Maak hellebore growing in the Far East, the perianth is dark purple. Infusion of black hellebore rhizomes heals abrasions and wounds well.

Chemeritsa black - Veratrum nigrum L

Grows wild in the European part of Russia, Siberia, the Far East, Central Europe, China, Japan. Perennial plant up to 130 cm tall. Stems are dense, thick, leafy. The leaves are large, corrugated, oval-lanceolate, glabrous, up to 40 cm long, 7-8 in number. The flowers are numerous, blackish-red, up to 1.5 cm in diameter, collected in a paniculate inflorescence. Blooms in July. Bears fruit. The most decorative look.

Chemeritsa white - Veratrum album L

Grows wildly in the European part of Russia, in the Caucasus. Perennial plant with densely pubescent stem up to 150 cm tall. The flowers are greenish outside and whitish inside, up to 1.5 cm in diameter. Blooms in June. Bears fruit in August. In culture, since 1529.

Californian hellebore - Veratrum califomicum Durand

Homeland - North America. Perennial plant with straight stems up to 120 cm tall. The flowers are white with greenish veins. Blooms in June-July. Bears fruit.

Green cheremitsa

Highly active alkaloids are contained in green hellebore (Veratrum viride). A closely related species, the Californian hellebore (Veratrum californicum), growing on mountain pastures, causes embryonic malformations in sheep that ate this herb on the 14th day of pregnancy. The period of sensitivity of the embryo to the poison of this plant is only about 6 hours. In action, it resembles the infamous medicine. thalidomide, which - before it was forbidden - managed to give birth to many babies with congenital malformations.

Signs of poisoning.

Chemeritsa is a plant that is toxic to the heart. Their berries, flowers, stems and leaves are poisonous. Poisoning with them is manifested by nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, severe headache and pain in the epigastric region. In severe cases, the rhythm and heart rate are disrupted, and the pulse tends to become rare. Sometimes the nervous system is also affected. This is evidenced by agitation, visual disturbances, convulsions, loss of consciousness.

Symptoms

Often the only sign of poisoning is dyspeptic disorders (nausea, vomiting, loose stools) and a sharp slowdown in the pulse with a drop in blood pressure. (excitement of the vagus nerve).

Hellebore alkaloids (protoveratrin, nervin, etc.) first excite and then paralyze the central nervous system: there is a strong general agitation, vomiting, diarrhea, and fatal outcomes are possible.

Specific treatment - 0.1% atropine solution up to 2 ml subcutaneously, cardiovascular agents.

Application.

Dosage forms in the form of tinctures, ointments, hellebore water (Aqua Veratri) are used for rheumatism; in veterinary medicine - against scabies, skin gadfly, lice, lice.

Ointments and alcohol tincture of rhizomes are popularly used externally for rubbing into the skin as an irritant for neuralgia, myositis, to reduce pain of rheumatic origin, for dandruff and for hair growth. The extracts are used as an anti-scab, anti-lice remedy.

Usage. As an ornamental-deciduous plant for planting in groups and singly, near reservoirs and shrubs.

According to the newspaper "Komsomolskaya Pravda in Ukraine" dated September 9, 2003. 12 lyceum students from the city of Ostrog (Volyn) were admitted to a local hospital with symptoms of food poisoning. As the KP correspondent found out, nine-graders tried the seeds of hellebore growing in the surrounding meadows for the "effect" (9 species of hellebore grow in Ukraine). Three of them, who not only chewed the seeds, but also swallowed them, ended up in intensive care, it's good that there is no threat during and now their lives. The rest got off relatively easily and were able to describe the symptoms to the correspondent: dry mouth, very thirsty, nausea, vomiting, then white spots and loss of consciousness flashed in their eyes.
It should be remembered that not only the seeds, but all parts of the plant are poisonous.
Animals do not eat this plant at all.

Conclusion

The world of plants is far from being studied. Nature still has a lot of mysteries and secrets, and she reveals them reluctantly. For example, many carnivores, when bitten by poisonous snakes or other serious ailments, eat leaves of cereal plants and recover. This means that in these plants nature has laid something that only some animals "know" about and about what else a person has to learn in order, perhaps, to use it for his own benefit.

And how to explain the fact that among cereal plants there is not a single poisonous one? It remains a mystery why, for example, from two plants growing side by side in the same place, one takes only useful substances from the soil, and the other accumulates so much poison in itself that even touching it threatens trouble, but if you happen to eat several fruits of this plant, death is inevitable. Such poisonous plants in our forests include the wolf's bast and raven's eye, there are others, no less poisonous. Why did they need such super-powerful protection? To preserve your appearance? Or maybe this is another secret of nature?

Beneficial wild plants are sometimes difficult to categorize as edible or medicinal. Often they are both. Depending on the plant itself and on the purpose, different parts of it are used: roots, leaves, stems, flowers, fruits, seeds and pollen. Some plants have a noticeable therapeutic effect and, even in large doses, are completely harmless to the body. But there are also such plants that, with inept and excessive use, can cause the most severe changes in the body. Therefore, any use of little-known plants for treatment is permissible only after consulting a doctor.

Literature

1. Folk recipes for health. V.V. Chekmareva. - Rostov n / a. ZAO Kniga 1997. -480 p.

2. Zamyatina N. Medicinal plants. - M .: Novy disk, 2006 .-- 496 p.
3. Chumakov F.I. Forest basket. - Arkhangelsk: North-West. book publishing house, 1992 .-- 238 p.

4. Yakovlev G.P., Blinova K.F. Encyclopedic Dictionary of Medicinal Plants and Living Products, St. Petersburg, "Special Literature", 1999. -407 p.