Bell pepper is a wonderful tasty and healthy vegetable that you can ...
Classification of types of environmental pollution1
Classification of types of environmental pollution
Mechanical Clogging of the environment by agents that exert only mechanical action without
chemical-physical consequences (e.g. rubbish)
Chemical
Changes in the chemical properties of the environment that have a negative effect on
ecosystems and technological devices
Physical
Changes in the physical parameters of the environment: temperature and energy (thermal
or thermal), wave (light, noise, electromagnetic), radiation
(radiation or radioactive), etc.
Thermal
Increase in ambient temperature, mainly due to industrial
(thermal) emissions of heated air, waste gases and water; can occur and how
secondary result of a change in the chemical composition of the medium
Light
Violation of natural illumination of the area as a result of the action
artificial light sources; leads to plant and animal anomalies
Noise
An increase in noise intensity above the natural level; leads to an increase
fatigue, decreased mental activity and at 90-100 dB to hearing loss
Electromag- Change in the electromagnetic properties of the environment (from power lines, radio and
nitnoe
television, industrial installations, etc.) leads to global and local
geographic anomalies and changes in fine biological structures
Radiation Excess of the natural level of radioactive substances in the environment
Biological Penetration into ecosystems and technological devices of animal species and
plants alien to these communities and devices
... Biotic Spread of unwanted nutrients where they have not previously been observed
Microbiological
a) The appearance of a large number of microorganisms associated with their reproduction
in anthropogenic environments, changed in the course of human economic activity;
b) The acquisition of a previously harmless form of microorganisms of pathogenic properties.
Sources of air pollution
2Sources of air pollution
- industrial enterprises, first of all,
chemical,
petrochemical
and
metallurgical plants;
- heat generating installations (thermal
power plants,
heating
and
industrial boiler houses);
- transport, primarily automobile.
Emissions from energy facilities account for
about 60%, transport 20-25%, industry
15-20%.
Effects of air pollution
3Effects of air pollution
Sanitary and hygienic consequences. Since air is a medium, in
which a person is throughout his life and on which his health depends,
the presence of even small concentrations of harmful substances in the air can
adversely affect a person, lead to irreversible consequences and
even to death.
Environmental implications. Air is the most important element of the environment
environment in continuous contact with all other elements of living and
dead nature. Deterioration of air quality due to the presence in it
various pollutants leads to the death of forests, agricultural crops
crops, grass, animals, pollution of water bodies, as well as
damage to cultural monuments, building structures, various kinds
structures, etc.
Economic implications. Dust and gas content of the air in
industrial premises leads to a decrease in labor productivity. In
in many industries, the presence of dust in the air deteriorates the quality
products, accelerates equipment wear. In the process of production, mining,
transportation of many types of materials, raw materials, finished products, some of these
of substances goes into a dusty state and is lost, polluting at the same time
environment.
Characteristics of dust and gas air pollutants
4Characteristics of dust and gas air pollutants
Dust and other aerosols.
Cyanides.
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)
Nitrogen oxides are a mixture of nitrogen compounds in different ratios. Very
common harmful substances emitted during the production of nitric acid, when
production of fertilizers, during explosive
Aromatic hydrocarbons.
Lead (Pb).
Mercury (Hg).
Manganese (Mn)
Zinc (Zn).
Chromium (Cr).
Nickel (Ni)
Carcinogenic substances.
radioactive substances.
microorganisms
Dust and other aerosols.
5Dust and other aerosols.
Air quality, its effect on the body, as well as equipment and technological processes in many ways
due to the content of suspended particles in it, mainly dust.
Dust of technological origin is characterized by a wide variety in chemical composition,
the size of the particles, their shape, density, the nature of the edges of the particles, etc. Accordingly, the effect is varied
dust on the human body and the environment.
Dust causes harm to the body as a result of mechanical stress (damage to the respiratory system
sharp edges of dust), chemical (poisoning with poisonous dust), bacteriological (together with dust in
the body is invaded by pathogens).
According to hygienists, dust particles with a size of 5 microns and less are able to penetrate deeply into the lungs.
down to the alveoli. Dust grains 5-10 microns in size are mainly retained in the upper respiratory tract,
almost without penetrating the lungs. Dust has a harmful effect on the respiratory system, vision, skin, and when
penetration into the human body - also into the digestive tract.
The most serious effects are caused by systematic inhalation of dust containing free dioxide
silicon SiO2. The result is silicosis. It is a form of lung disease associated with inhalation.
dusty air - pneumoconiosis. Exposure to dust on the organ of vision causes conjunctivitis, on the skin -
dermatitis.
Dust in production areas adversely affects equipment, causing
for example, its intensive wear. The deposition of dust on the heating and cooling surface worsens the conditions
heat exchange, etc. Dust deposition on electrical equipment may cause malfunction,
to accidents.
Organic dust, such as flour dust, can be a breeding ground for the development of microorganisms.
Dust particles can be the nucleus of condensation for liquid vapors. Together with dust into the room,
penetrate substances that cause intense corrosion of metals, etc. With air, many dusts form
explosive mixtures.
Carbon monoxide (carbon monoxide CO)
6Carbon monoxide (carbon monoxide CO)
- colorless gas, odorless. Highly toxic substance. Density in relation to
air 0.967. Formed as a result of incomplete combustion of carbon (combustion of carbon
in conditions of lack of oxygen). CO emissions occur in foundries,
thermal, forging shops, in boiler rooms, especially those working on coal
fuel, CO is contained in the exhaust gases of cars, tractors, etc. Through the lungs
CO
penetrates
v
blood.
Entering
v
compound
With
hemoglobin,
forms
carboxyhemoglobin. This disrupts the supply of oxygen to the body. V
in severe cases, suffocation occurs.
Cyanide
7Cyanide
Cyanides include: cyanic (hydrocyanic) acid 1 (HCN), its salts (KCN, NaCN,
CH3CN), etc. HCN is a colorless liquid with a bitter almond odor. Cyanide
sodium and potassium are colorless crystals, smell weakly of hydrocyanic acid.
Hydrocyanic acid is used in the production of nitrile rubber, a synthetic
fibers and organic glass, when extracting precious metals from ores, etc.
Sodium and potassium cyanides are used in electroplating workshops for metal coating
copper, brass, gold, in the pharmaceutical industry.
Hydrocyanic acid can enter the body through the mucous membranes
respiratory tract and digestive tract, in small quantities through
skin. Hydrocyanic acid salts enter the body in the form of dust through the oral
cavity. Hydrocyanic acid and its compounds are highly toxic. Cyanides received
into the body, disrupt blood circulation and oxygen supply to the body.
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)
8Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)
- a colorless gas with the smell of rotten eggs. Boiling point 60.9 ° С, density by
in relation to air 1.19. Burns with a blue flame with the formation of water and dioxide
sulfur.
Occurs in the processing, production or use of barium sulphide,
sodium sulfide, antimony, in the leather industry, in sugar beet
production, at factories of artificial silk, during the extraction of oil and its processing
and other industries. Enters the body through the lungs in small amounts
through the skin. Possesses high toxicity. Odor threshold 0.012 ... 0.03 mg
/ m3, a concentration of about 11 mg / m3 is difficult to tolerate even for those who are accustomed to it.
It affects the central nervous system, disrupts the blood supply to the body. At
low concentrations has an irritating effect on the mucous membrane
membranes of the eyes and upper respiratory tract.
Sulfur dioxide (sulfur dioxide SO2)
9Sulfur dioxide (sulfur dioxide SO2)
- a colorless gas with a pungent odor. Density in relation to air 2.213.
Occurs when burning fuel containing sulfur in boiler houses, forges,
foundry, sulfuric acid production, copper smelting
factories, in leather production and a number of others. A very common harmful
substance
organism
arrives
across
respiratory
paths.
Renders
strong
irritating effect on the mucous membranes of the eyes, upper respiratory tract. At
high concentrations can have more severe consequences up to loss
consciousness, pulmonary edema.
Nitrogen oxides
10Nitrogen oxides
are a mixture of nitrogen compounds at different ratios. Very
common harmful substances emitted during the production of nitric acid,
during the production of fertilizers, during blasting operations, etc. Enter the body through
Airways. At low concentrations and low content in the mixture
nitrogen dioxide irritation of the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory
ways. With a high content of nitrogen dioxide in the mixture and a high concentration
mixture in the air, suffocation occurs.
Aromatic hydrocarbons.
11Aromatic hydrocarbons.
Benzene, toluene, xylene are widely used in production. They are obtained by distillation
coal at coke plants and oil distillation.
V
under normal conditions, they are in a liquid state. Boiling temperature
benzene (C6H6) 80.1 ° C; toluene (C6H5CH3) 110.8 ° C; xylene ((CH3) 2C6H4) 144 ° C.
They enter the body through the respiratory tract and skin. The most dangerous is
benzene. Aromatic hydrocarbons act on the hematopoietic organs and on
the central nervous system.
Metals
12Metals
Lead (Pb). Lead and its compounds are released into the air at plants for
smelting of lead, for the production of batteries, lead paint, for the production of
fractions, etc. Lead enters the body mostly through the respiratory tract, and
also through the digestive tract.
Lead disrupts the functioning of the circulatory system and the central nervous system,
digestive systems, metabolic processes in the body. Can accumulate in
various organs (bones, brain, liver, muscles), Lead excretion from the body
occurs over a long time (months, years).
Metals
13Metals
Mercury (Hg). Mercury is used in the production of measuring instruments (ter-
meters, barometers), explosive mercury, mercury rectifiers, obtaining gold from
ores, etc. Under the conditions of production, mercury vapor enters the body through the organs
breathing. When mercury enters the body, it is mainly the nervous
system and gastrointestinal tract, kidneys. Mercury can accumulate in
the body, mainly in the liver and kidneys. Finely dispersed mercury can
get into the pores of materials (plaster, wood, etc.) and release
mercury vapor.
Metals
14Metals
Manganese (Mn) is a silvery metal with a red tint. Melting temperature
1210 ... 1260 ° C, boiling point 1900 ° C. Manganese compounds are common:
manganese oxide, manganese dioxide, manganese chloride.
WITH
manganese
have to
collide
v
metallurgical
industry
(production of high-quality steels), glass and chemical industries, with
welding, mining and processing of manganese ores, etc.
Manganese and its compounds enter the body through the gastrointestinal tract in
the form of dust. They act on the central nervous system.
Metals
15Metals
Zinc (Zn). The harmful substance is zinc oxide - a white loose powder. Oxide
zinc can be obtained by oxidizing zinc when it is heated above
melting point (939 ° C).
When zinc is heated above its melting point (939 ° C), zinc vapor is formed,
which combine with oxygen to form zinc oxide (ZnO).
Contact with zinc oxide can occur during the manufacture of zinc oxide, casting
brass, its cutting, etc. Zinc oxide in the form of dust enters the body through
Airways. The effects of zinc oxide on the body - phenomena
fever. Zinc is mainly deposited in the liver and pancreas.
Metals
16Metals
catalyst,
at
production, etc.
nickel plating
metal
products
v
galvanic
Metals
17Metals
Chromium (Cr). Chromium is a hard shiny metal. Melting point 1615 ° С,
boiling point 2200 ° C. Chromium compounds are used: chromium oxide, dioxide
chromium, potassium and sodium chromium alum, etc. Chromium and its compounds
used in metallurgy, chemical, leather, textile, paint and varnish,
match and other industries. They enter through the respiratory tract into
in the form of dust, fog vapors, through the gastrointestinal tract, absorbed through the skin into
the form of solutions. They can be deposited in the liver, kidneys, endocrine system, lungs,
hair, etc. Chromium and its compounds affect the mucous membrane of the respiratory system,
gastrointestinal tract, cause ulcers on the skin. As allergens, they
cause a disease such as bronchial asthma.
Metals
18Metals
Nickel (Ni) is a silvery white metal with a brown tint. Temperature
melting point 1425 ° C, boiling point 2900 ° C. Finds application in production
nickel and chromium-nickel steel, alloys with copper, iron, as
catalyst,
at
nickel plating
metal
products
v
galvanic
production, etc.
V
the body, nickel and its compounds enter through the respiratory tract in the form
dust. Nickel and its compounds cause damage to the respiratory system, skin
cover.
Carcinogenic substances.
19Carcinogenic substances.
A number of substances used in industry are capable of causing malignant
tumors in various parts of the body. Such substances are chromium, arsenic, nickel,
asbestos, beryllium, soot, tar, pitch, mineral oils and a number of others. These
neoplasms can also appear after a significant period (several years) after
stopping work with the corresponding substances.
Very
specific
harmfulness
present
by myself
unpleasant
smells,
sources of which are gases and aerosol particles, usually in small
quantities in the air. Odors adversely affect
the human body, causing increased fatigue, nervous excitement or,
on the contrary, depression. Unpleasant odors have to be met in areas
locations of chemical plants, as well as enterprises where
processing
agricultural
meat processing plants, tobacco factories, etc.
organic
raw materials,
For example,
near 20
V
in recent decades, a new type of air pollution has appeared -
radioactive substances. Development of nuclear energy and mining industries
and reprocessing of carriers of atomic energy is associated with the entry into the surrounding
environment of radionuclides. These substances are very diverse in relation to
the intensity of the impact on the human body and animals, on the environment,
as well as the time of its existence - from fractions of a second to millennia.
V
the air also contains microorganisms - bacteria and viruses.
The nutrient medium for their reproduction and development are biological
processes occurring both in industry and in agriculture.
Basic properties of aerosols
21Basic properties of aerosols
Dispersion
Sedimentation particle diameter
Density
Specific surface area
Dust adhesion
Dust flow
Dynamic angle of repose
Dust hygroscopicity
Dust wettability
Electrical properties of dust
Specific electrical resistance (resistivity)
Electric charge of dust
Flammability and explosiveness of dust
Harmful gases and vapors
22Harmful gases and vapors
Classification of waters and properties of aqueous dispersed systems
23Classification of waters and properties of aqueous dispersed systems
Industrial waste classification
243031Hydromechanical
cleaning processes
gas emissions 32
Processes
mass transfer 33
Catalytic processes
protection of atmospheric
air 34
Physicochemical
protection processes
atmospheric air 35
Thermal processes
protection of atmospheric
air
Environmental pollution
Performed by the teacher of geography: Akhmadieva Tatyana Vasilievna
Purpose: To prove the urgency of the problem. Objectives: To find out the main sources of environmental pollution, Ways to solve the problem of environmental pollution.
Introduction:
The natural environment serves as a condition and means of human life, the territory in which he lives, the spatial limit of the exercised state power, a place for the location of industrial, agricultural and other objects of cultural and domestic purposes. A person influences his natural environment not only by consuming its resources, but also by changing the natural environment, adapting it to solve his practical, economic problems. Because of this, human activity has a significant impact on the environment, subjecting it to changes, which then affect the person himself.
Forms of human interaction with the environment:
Economic is the consumption of nature by man, the use of nature to satisfy man's material and spiritual needs. Ecological is the protection of the natural environment with the aim of preserving man as a biological and social organism and his natural habitat. Rational use of natural resources. The concept of "rational" includes not only economic, but also environmental content. In other words, rational is an economical, careful use of sources of natural raw materials, natural resources, taking into account the requirements of environmental protection.
Negative human activity in relation to the natural environment manifests itself objectively in three interrelated forms:
Environmental pollution. Depletion of natural resources. Destruction of the natural environment.
Pollution.
Environmental pollution is subdivided into several types: Dust pollution. Gas. Chemical (including soil contamination with chemicals). Aromatic. thermal (temperature change). And many others. The source of environmental pollution is human economic activity (industry, agriculture, transport).
Of all types of pollution, the main ones can be distinguished:
MAIN TYPES OF POLLUTION MAIN TYPES OF POLLUTION MAIN TYPES OF POLLUTION MAIN TYPES OF POLLUTION
Physical (thermal, noise, electromagnetic, light, radioactive) Chemical (heavy metals, pesticides, plastics and other chemicals) Biological (biogenic, microbiological, genetic) Information (information noise, false information, disturbance factors
Environmental pollution. Environmental pollution. Environmental pollution.
The main sources of pollution. The main harmful substances.
Atmosphere Industry Transport Thermal power plants Oxides of carbon, sulfur, nitrogenOrganic compoundsIndustrial dust.
Hydrosphere Wastewater Oil Leaks Road Transport Heavy Metals Oil Oil Products
Lithosphere Waste from industry and agriculture Overuse of fertilizers Plastics Rubber Heavy metals
The atmosphere (air), hydrosphere (aquatic environment) and lithosphere (solid surface) of the Earth are subject to pollution.
Depletion of natural resources:
Extraction of minerals to the extent of unprofitability of further development. Exceeding the rate and volume of production over the ability of natural renewable resources renewable. These are over-cutting of forests, overfishing, overgrazing and failure of pastures, non-observance of agrotechnical measures during soil cultivation and depletion of their fertility, pollution of watercourses and reservoirs with industrial waste so that they cannot be practically used, air pollution in large cities, etc. etc. sometimes natural. For example, the rapid reproduction of the muskrat has led in some areas to the extermination of its food and the death of the animal; reproduction of mink - to the extinction of some species of fish - its food, etc. With the development and progress of society, the use of natural resources increases, so the problem of preventing this process arises.
Protection of Nature
This form is a reaction to destructive human activity in the environment. Unlike consumption, this is a deliberate form of social and state activity aimed at the preservation and reproduction of natural resources. As a secondary form of interaction between society and nature, nature conservation emerges and improves as consumption and use of the natural environment grows. Protection appears and improves where there is a threat of destruction of the natural environment, where the consumption of nature arises and develops.
Rational use of natural resources
The concept of "rational" includes not only economic, but also environmental content. In other words, rational is an economical, careful use of sources of natural raw materials, natural resources, taking into account the requirements of environmental protection. Therefore, such a careful, economical, efficient use of natural resources, which leaves a deep negative mark on the state of the environment, cannot be considered rational. In the middle of the XX century. (50-60-s) the problem of rational use of natural resources as a form of nature protection develops into protection, improvement of the environment. Unlike previous forms, where natural objects and their resources were the direct object of protection, here the protection of the natural environment puts forward as a direct object of protection - a person, his life, his health, his genetic future.
Rational use of natural resources:
In the middle of the XX century. (50-60-s) the problem of rational use of natural resources as a form of nature protection develops into protection, improvement of the environment. Unlike previous forms, where natural objects and their resources were the direct object of protection, here the protection of the natural environment puts forward as a direct object of protection - a person, his life, his health, his genetic future.
Necessary:
Purification of harmful emissions (for example, using filters). Use of treatment facilities. Elimination of the very causes of pollution, which requires the development of low-waste and, in the long term, non-waste production technologies that would make it possible to comprehensively use the feedstock and utilize a maximum of substances harmful to the biosphere. An introduction to educational institutions of environmental education that fosters respect for nature.
Conclusion:
As a result, we can say that the problem of environmental protection in all its three forms - conservative, rational use of natural resources and improvement of the human environment - is gradually turning from a regional into a national and then an international problem, the solution of which depends on the joint efforts of the entire international community. For a global solution to the problem, it is necessary to ensure the interaction of international environmental protection associated with the implementation of international obligations and treaties, and national and regional nature protection. Pollution of the natural environment with wastes harmful to humans, depletion of natural resources and the threat of destruction of ecological ties in nature are steadily leading to a global crisis.
Bibliography:
Yakoviev V.N. Environmental law. K., 1998. Sheshuchenko Yu.S. Legal problems of ecology. Kiev, 1989. V.V. Petrov Environmental law of Russia, M., 1997. http://www.bestreferat.ru/referat-62209.html
Description of the presentation for individual slides:
1 slide
Slide Description:
Sources of environmental pollution Tikhonova Tatyana Alekseevna teacher of technology MBOU "School No. 3", Cheboksary
2 slide
Slide Description:
Physical (energy) pollution: noise, vibration, electromagnetic fields, ionizing radiation of radioactive substances, thermal radiation resulting from anthropogenic activities. Chemical pollution: pollution of the environment with all kinds of chemical substances (xenobiotics) that enter it with gaseous, liquid and solid emissions and waste.
3 slide
Slide Description:
Route of entry Physical form of the pollutant Scale of pollution Emissions into the atmosphere Gases, aerosols, solid particles Local, regional Discharge of water bodies, direct contamination of soil and vegetation Liquid soluble and insoluble compounds Local, regional Waste disposal Solid and liquid waste Local
4 slide
Slide Description:
Air pollution Atmospheric air is one of the most important components of the environment. The main sources of air pollution: thermal power plants and heating plants that burn fossil fuels; vehicles; ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy; mechanical engineering; chemical production; extraction and processing of mineral raw materials; open sources (agricultural production, construction).
5 slide
Slide Description:
Study the following table and conclude which sources of pollution have the greatest negative impact on the environment.
6 slide
Slide Description:
Sources of pollutant emissions into the atmosphere Impurities Main sources Average concentration in the air mg / m3 Natural Angropogenic Dust Volcanic eruptions, dust storms, forest fires Fuel combustion in industrial and domestic conditions in cities 0.04 - 0.4 Sulfur dioxide Volcanic eruptions, sulfur oxidation and sulfates dispersed in the sea Combustion of fuel in industrial and domestic installations in cities up to 1.0 Nitrogen oxides Forest fires Industry, motor transport, thermal power plants In regions with developed industry up to 0.2 Carbon oxides Forest fires, natural methane Motor transport, evaporation of oil products In regions with developed industry up to 0.3 Volatile hydrocarbons Forest fires, natural methane Motor transport, evaporation of oil products In areas with developed industry up to 0.3 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons - Motor transport, chemical and oil refineries In areas with developed industry up to 0.01
7 slide
Slide Description:
Many energy and industrial sectors not only generate the maximum amount of harmful emissions, but also create environmentally unfavorable living conditions for residents of both large and medium-sized cities. Emissions of toxic substances lead, as a rule, to an increase in the current concentration of substances above the maximum permissible concentration (MPC).
8 slide
Slide Description:
MPCs of harmful substances in the atmospheric air of populated areas are the maximum concentrations referred to a certain averaging period (30 minutes, 24 hours, 1 month, 1 year) and which, with a regulated probability of their occurrence, do not have either direct or indirect harmful effects on the human body, including long-term consequences for the present and subsequent generations, which do not reduce a person's working capacity and do not worsen his well-being.
9 slide
Slide Description:
Pollution of the Hydrosphere Water, like air, is a vital source for all known organisms. The main sources of pollution of the hydrosphere are discharged wastewater generated during the operation of energy, industrial, chemical, medical, defense, housing and communal and other enterprises and facilities; burial of radioactive waste in containers and containers, which after a certain period of time lose their tightness; accidents and disasters occurring on land and in water areas; atmospheric air polluted by various substances and others.
10 slide
Slide Description:
Water pollution causes the suppression of the functions of ecosystems, slows down the natural processes of biological purification of fresh water, and also contributes to a change in the chemical composition of food and the human body.
11 slide
Slide Description:
Normative documents regulating hygienic and technical requirements for water sources GOST 2761-84 “Sources of centralized drinking water supply. Hygienic, technical requirements and selection rules ”; SanPiN 2.1.4.544-96 “Requirements for water quality in decentralized water supply. Sanitary protection of sources ”; GN 2.1.5.689-98 “Maximum permissible concentration (MPC) of chemicals in water of water bodies of drinking and cultural water supply”, etc.
12 slide
Slide Description:
When determining the quality of drinking water, the following parameters are taken into account: the content of impurities and suspended particles, taste, color, turbidity and water temperature, pH, composition and concentration of mineral impurities and oxygen dissolved in water, maximum permissible concentration of chemicals and pathogenic bacteria. MPCv is the maximum permissible pollution of water in reservoirs, which maintains safety for human health and normal conditions for water use. For example, for benzene, the maximum permissible concentration is 0.5 mg / l.
13 slide
Slide Description:
Soil pollution Soil is the habitat of numerous lower animals and microorganisms, including bacteria, molds, viruses, etc. The most important role of soils is in the accumulation of organic matter, various chemical elements, and energy. The soil cover acts as a biological absorber, destroyer and neutralizer of various contaminants. If this link of the biosphere is destroyed, then the existing functioning of the biosphere will be irreversibly disrupted.
14 slide
"Pollution environment" - Physical (thermal, noise, electromagnetic, light, radioactive) Chemical (heavy metals, pesticides, plastics and other chemicals) Biological (biogenic, microbiological, genetic) Information (information noise, false information, disturbance factors ). Presentation on biology on the topic "Environmental pollution" of pupil 8 "B" class Vdovenko Vitaly.
"Waste incineration" - Solid waste incineration chamber. Installation structure. The rapid cooling of the smoke prevents re-synthesis of dioxins. Combustion products cleaning chamber. Water tank. Due to the high toxicity of solid waste incineration products, a number of problems arise. The installation uses afterburning smoke. Large wood and non-combustible components are extracted from the loaded solid waste.
"Radioactive contamination" - Zoning. Leningrad NPP. Explanatory note. Balakovo NPP. Radioactive emissions. Kursk NPP. Rostov nuclear power plant. Novovoronezh NPP. Kalinin nuclear power plant. Cross-border impact.
"Reducing energy intensity" - 7. Development of the regional section of the State program. Rub. Documents defining the need for the development of the State program and regional programs. Number of subjects, pcs. The rate of decrease in the energy intensity of the GRP of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Building an energy efficient economy in the Russian Federation is based on two key documents.
"Global problems of the world" - Classification of global problems. Map "Nuclear Powers of the World". Major global problems. Symbols: - deforestation zone of tropical forests. Yasser Arafat is the leader of the Palestinian Authority. The concept of global problems. Nuclear winter. Mortality. Legend: ----------- - arc of instability; - hotbeds of conflicts.
"Global environmental problems" - Tin smelting. The environmental problem of the ozone layer is no less scientifically difficult. In the atmosphere, aerosol pollution is perceived as smoke, fog, haze or haze. Human impact on the environment has become rampant. Waste from the production of synthetic fibers. The problem of the greenhouse effect.
There are 12 presentations in total
Environmental pollution
WATER POLLUTION Settlements. The most well-known source of water pollution, which has traditionally been the main focus, is domestic wastewater. Dissolved in wastewater, soap, synthetic detergents, disinfectants, bleaches and other household chemicals are present. Residential buildings receive paper waste, including toilet paper and baby diapers, plant and animal waste. Rain and melt water flows from streets to sewers, often with sand or salt used to accelerate the melting of snow and ice on the roadway and sidewalks.
Industry. In industrialized countries, industry is the main consumer of water and the largest source of effluent. Industrial effluents into rivers in terms of volume are 3 times higher than municipal waste. Due to the growing volume of industrial waste, the ecological balance of many lakes and rivers is disturbed, although most of the effluents are non-toxic and not fatal to humans.
Agriculture. The second main consumer of water is agriculture, which uses it to irrigate fields. The water flowing from them is saturated with salt solutions and soil particles, as well as residues of chemicals that help to increase yields. These include insecticides; fungicides that are sprayed over orchards and crops; herbicides, a famous weed control agent; and other pesticides, as well as organic and inorganic fertilizers containing nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other chemical elements.
Soil contamination Residential buildings and public utilities. The composition of pollutants in this category of sources is dominated by household waste, food waste, construction waste, etc. All this is collected and disposed of in landfills. The incineration of garbage in city dumps is accompanied by the release of toxic substances that settle on the soil surface and are difficult to wash off by rains.
Agriculture Soil pollution in agriculture occurs due to the introduction of huge amounts of mineral fertilizers and pesticides. It is known that some pesticides contain mercury. The human desire to take more and more from the soil leads to the irrational use of land, and often - to the complete disappearance of their fertility. Excessive application of mineral fertilizers and chemical plant protection agents from weeds and pests to the soil leads to its pollution. Heavy metals (for example, mercury), radioactive substances emitted by some industrial enterprises accumulate in the soil. From the soil, these toxic substances enter living organisms, which can cause their irreversible changes.
Air pollution The main cause of air pollution is the ingress of uncharacteristic physical, chemical and biological substances into it, as well as changes in their natural concentration. This happens as a result of both natural processes and human activities. Moreover, it is a person who plays an increasing role in atmospheric pollution. Most of the chemical and physical pollution is caused by the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels during the production of electrical energy and during the operation of vehicle engines.
One of the most toxic gases released into the atmosphere as a result of human activity is ozone. Lead contained in car exhaust gases is also poisonous. Other hazardous pollutants include carbon monoxide, nitrogen and sulfur oxides, and fine dust. Every year, as a result of human industrial activity (power generation, cement production, iron smelting, etc.), 170 million tons of dust are released into the atmosphere.
The presentation was carried out by a student of the 11th grade Viktoria Gyushchina Checked by the teacher of technology Kalmykova T.S.
