Physical phenomena observed in nature. Physical phenomena that happen to physical bodies

A phenomenon is any manifestation of something, as well as any change in the world around us. The meaning of this word is determined by the context, namely the adjective next to the term "phenomenon". It is difficult to understand what a phenomenon is without examples, so we will give them.

• A change in the state of aggregation of a substance can be considered a physical phenomenon.
• In this area, there are such unusual natural phenomena as petrified waves.
• He was frightened by something that could be called a paranormal phenomenon.

Let us consider in more detail the term "Phenomenon" depending on the context.

What is a physical phenomenon

First of all, note that a physical phenomenon is a process, not the result of something. This is the process of ongoing changes in the state or position of physical systems. Remember that a physical phenomenon is one in which there is no transformation of one substance into another. Its composition will remain the same, but the state or position will change.

Physical phenomena are classified as follows:

• electrical phenomena. They involve electric charges. For example, lightning electricity.
• mechanical phenomena. The movement will be relative to each other. For example, the movement of cars on the road.
• Thermal phenomena. They are associated with changes in body temperature. For example, melting snow.
• Optical phenomena. They are connected with the metamorphoses of the rays of light. For example, a rainbow.
• magnetic phenomena. Occur when magnetic properties appear in an object. For example, a compass with an arrow pointing north.
• Atomic Phenomena. Occur during metamorphoses in the internal structure of matter. For example, the glow of the stars.

What are natural phenomena

Natural phenomena are considered climatic and meteorological manifestations of nature that occur naturally. Rain, snow, storm, earthquake are all examples of natural phenomena.

It is important to understand what a natural phenomenon is and how it is interconnected with physical phenomena. So, in one natural phenomenon, several physical phenomena can be counted. That is, the concept a natural phenomenon"more extensive. For example, such a natural phenomenon as a thunderstorm includes the following physical phenomena: the movement of clouds and rain (mechanical phenomena), lightning (electrical phenomenon), burning a tree from a lightning strike (thermal phenomenon).

What is paranormal activity

When they talk about a paranormal phenomenon, they mean any changes in the surrounding reality that are not the norm, an ordinary phenomenon. They have no scientific explanation, no evidence. Their existence goes beyond understanding the usual picture of the world. Examples of paranormal phenomena are: crying icons, the biofield of living beings.

Subject: General concepts about dangerous and emergency situations natural character.

Lesson topic: Natural phenomena and their classification.

The purpose of the lesson: To acquaint students with natural phenomena and their diversity.

Lesson objectives:

I. Educational tasks:

• Recall and consolidate knowledge about the shells of the Earth.
• To form students' knowledge that the formation of any natural phenomenon is associated with the processes occurring in the Earth's shells.
• To give a general idea to students about the types of natural phenomena at the place of their occurrence.

II. development tasks.

• To develop in students the ability and ability to foresee the natural phenomena of their area, which can lead to serious consequences, as well as ways to protect against them.

III. educational tasks.

• To instill in students the belief that any natural phenomenon of destructive power brings enormous damage to the state different kind, primarily material and loss of life. Therefore, the state needs to allocate funds scientific institutions so that they deal with this problem and be able to predict them in the future.

During the classes

Teacher: Today, children, we will talk about natural phenomena and their diversity. Of course, you know some, some you learned from the course of natural history and geography, and if someone is interested in means mass media then from there. If you turn on the TV, radio or use the Internet, then we can say with confidence that natural phenomena of destructive power are occurring more and more often, and their strength is becoming greater. Therefore, we need to know what natural phenomena occur, where they occur most often and how to protect ourselves from them.

Teacher: And so let's remember from the course of geography what shells of the Earth exist.

In total, 4 shells of the Earth are distinguished:

1. The lithosphere is made up of the earth's crust and top part mantle.
2. The hydrosphere is a water shell, it includes all water in different states.
3. The atmosphere is a gas shell, the lightest and most mobile.
4. The biosphere is the sphere of life, it is the area of ​​existence of all living organisms.

Teacher: In all these shells, certain processes take place, as a result of which natural phenomena arise. Therefore, various natural phenomena can be divided according to the place of their occurrence:

Teacher: From this diagram, we see how many natural phenomena exist. Now let's look at each of them and find out what they are. (Children should take an active part in this part.)

Geological.

1. An earthquake is a natural phenomenon associated with geological processes occurring in the Earth's lithosphere, it manifests itself in the form of tremors and vibrations of the earth's surface resulting from sudden displacements and ruptures in the earth's crust or in the upper part of the mantle.

Picture 1.

2. A volcano is a conical mountain, from which an incandescent substance, magma, erupts from time to time.

A volcanic eruption is the release of molten matter from the planet's surface. earth's crust and the Earth's mantle, which is called magma.

Figure 2.

3. A landslide is a downward displacement of soil masses under the action of gravity, which occurs on slopes when the stability of the soil or rocks is disturbed.

Landslide formation depends on various factors, such as:

• what rocks make up this slope;
• slope steepness;
• ground water and etc.

Landslides can occur both naturally (eg earthquake, heavy rainfall) and man-made (eg human activities: deforestation, excavation).

Figure 3

4. A collapse is a detachment and fall of large masses of rocks, their overturning, crushing and rolling on steep and steep slopes.

Causes of landslides in the mountains can be:

• the rocks that make up the mountains are layered or broken by cracks;
• water activity;
• geological processes(earthquake), etc.

Causes of collapses on the coast of seas and rivers are the washing and dissolution of the underlying rocks.

Figure 4

5. An avalanche is a collapse of a mass of snow on mountain slopes, the slope angle must be at least 15 °.

The causes of an avalanche are:

• earthquake;
• intensive snow melting;
• prolonged snowfall;
• human activity.

Figure 5

Meteorological.

1. A hurricane is a wind whose speed exceeds 30 m/s, resulting in huge destruction.

Figure 6

2. A storm is a wind, but with a lower speed than in a hurricane and is no more than 20 m/s.

Figure 7

3. A tornado is an atmospheric vortex that forms in a thundercloud and descends, has a funnel or sleeve head start.

A tornado consists of a core and a wall. Around the core there is an upward movement of air, the speed of which can reach 200 m / s.

Figure 8

Hydrological.

1. Flooding is a significant flooding of the area as a result of a rise in the water level in a lake, river, etc.

Reasons for the flood:

• intensive snowmelt in spring;
• heavy rainfall;
• blockage of the riverbed rocks during an earthquake, collapse, etc., as well as ice during traffic jams;
• wind activity (water surge from the sea, bay at the mouth of the river).

Types of floods:

Figure 9

2. Mudflow is a stormy stream in the mountains of a temporary nature, consisting of water and a large number fragments of rocks.

The formation of mudflows is associated with abundant precipitation in the form of rain or intense snowmelt. As a result, loose rocks are washed away and move along the river bed with high speed, which picks up everything in its path: boulders, trees, etc.

Figure 10.

3. Tsunami is a kind sea ​​waves resulting from the vertical shift of significant areas of the seabed.

A tsunami occurs as a result of:

• earthquakes;
• underwater volcano eruptions;
• landslides, etc.

Figure 11.

Biological.

1. A forest fire is an uncontrolled burning of vegetation, spontaneously spreading through a forest area.

Forest fire can be: grassroots and riding.

An underground fire is the burning of peat in marshy and swampy soils.

Figure 12.

2. An epidemic is a spread infectious disease among a large number of the population and significantly exceeding the incidence rate usually recorded in the area.

Figure 13.

3. An epizootic is a widespread infectious disease among animals (for example: foot-and-mouth disease, swine fever, bovine brucellosis).

Figure 14.

4. Epiphytotics are mass distribution infectious disease among plants (for example: late blight, wheat rust).

Figure 15.

Teacher: As you can see, in the world there is great amount phenomena that surround us. So let's remember them and be extremely careful at the time of their occurrence.

Some of you may say: “Why do we need to know all of them if they are not typical for our region?”. From one point of view you are right, but from the other you are wrong. Each of you tomorrow, the day after tomorrow or in the future will surely go on a trip to other parts of the Motherland and the country. And there, as you know, there can be completely different phenomena that are not typical for our area. And then your knowledge will help you survive in a critical situation and avoid negative consequences. As the saying goes: "God saves the safe."

Literature.

1. Smirnov A.T. Fundamentals of life safety. 7th grade.
2. Shemanaev V.A. Teaching practice in the system of modern teacher training.
3. Smirnov A.T. The program of educational institutions of the basics of life safety grades 5-11.

Everything that surrounds us: both living and inanimate nature, is in constant motion and is constantly changing: planets and stars move, it rains, trees grow. And a person, as we know from biology, constantly goes through some stages of development. Grinding grains into flour, falling stone, boiling water, lightning, glowing light bulbs, dissolving sugar in tea, movement Vehicle, lightning, rainbows are examples of physical phenomena.

And with substances (iron, water, air, salt, etc.) various changes or phenomena occur. The substance can be crystallized, melted, crushed, dissolved and again separated from the solution. However, its composition will remain the same.

So, granulated sugar can be ground into a powder so fine that at the slightest breath it will rise into the air like dust. Sugar specks can only be seen under a microscope. Sugar can be divided into even smaller parts by dissolving it in water. If water is evaporated from the sugar solution, the sugar molecules will again combine with each other into crystals. But when dissolved in water, and when crushed, sugar remains sugar.

In nature, water forms rivers and seas, clouds and glaciers. During evaporation, water turns into steam. Water vapor is water in the gaseous state. When exposed to low temperatures (below 0˚С), water turns into solid state- Turns to ice. The smallest particle of water is a water molecule. The water molecule is also the smallest particle of steam or ice. Water, ice and steam are different substances, but the same substance (water) in different aggregate states.

Like water, other substances can also be transferred from one state of aggregation to another.

Describing a substance as a gas, liquid, or solid, mean the state of matter in normal conditions. Any metal can not only be melted (translated into a liquid state), but also turned into a gas. But this requires very high temperatures. In the outer shell of the Sun, metals are in a gaseous state, because the temperature there is 6000 ° C. And, for example, carbon dioxide can be turned into "dry ice" by cooling.

Phenomena in which there is no transformation of one substance into another are referred to as physical phenomena. Physical phenomena can lead to a change, for example, in the state of aggregation or temperature, but the composition of substances will remain the same.

All physical phenomena can be divided into several groups.

Mechanical phenomena are phenomena that occur with physical bodies when they move relative to each other (the revolution of the Earth around the Sun, the movement of cars, the flight of a parachutist).

Electrical phenomena are phenomena that arise during the appearance, existence, movement and interaction electric charges(electric current, telegraphy, lightning during a thunderstorm).

Magnetic phenomena are phenomena associated with the occurrence of magnetic properties in physical bodies (attraction of iron objects by a magnet, turning the compass needle to the north).

Optical phenomena are phenomena that occur during the propagation, refraction and reflection of light (rainbow, mirages, reflection of light from a mirror, the appearance of a shadow).

Thermal phenomena are phenomena that occur when physical bodies are heated and cooled (melting snow, boiling water, fog, freezing water).

Atomic phenomena are phenomena that occur when the internal structure of the substance of physical bodies changes (the glow of the Sun and stars, an atomic explosion).

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Physical picture of the world

Physical phenomena in nature

Story

Many physical phenomena observed in nature and the life around us cannot be explained only on the basis of the laws of mechanics, molecular-kinetic theory and thermodynamics. These phenomena manifest forces acting between bodies at a distance, and these forces do not depend on the masses of the interacting bodies and, therefore, are not gravitational. These forces are called electromagnetic forces.
The ancient Greeks knew about the existence of electromagnetic forces. But a systematic, quantitative study of physical phenomena, in which the electromagnetic interaction of bodies is manifested, began only in late XVIII century. The work of many scientists in the 19th century completed the creation of a coherent science that studies electrical and magnetic phenomena. This science, which is one of the most important branches of physics, is called electrodynamics.

Solar eclipse

This is an astronomical phenomenon, which is thatMoon covers (eclipses) completely or partiallyThe sun from an observer on earth. A solar eclipse is possible only innew moon when the side of the Moon facing the Earth is not illuminated, and the Moon itself is not visible. Eclipses are possible only if the new moon occurs near one of the twolunar nodes (points of intersection of the apparent orbits of the Moon and the Sun), no more than about 12 degrees from one of them.
Observers close to the total eclipse can see it as partial solar eclipse. During a partial eclipse, the Moon passes across the disk of the Sun not exactly in the center, hiding only part of it. At the same time, the sky darkens much weaker than when total eclipse, the stars do not appear. A partial eclipse can be observed at a distance of about two thousand kilometers from the zone of total eclipse.
Total solar eclipses make it possible to observe the corona and the immediate vicinity of the Sun, which is extremely difficult under normal conditions (although with1996 astronomers have been able to constantly survey the neighborhood of our star thanks to the workSOHO satellite (English Solar and Heliospheric Observatory - solar and heliospheric observatory)).
French scientist Pierre Jansen during a total solar eclipse in India August 18 1868 first explored chromosphere sun and received range new chemical element (however, as it turned out later, this spectrum could be obtained without waiting for solar eclipse, which was done two months later by an English astronomer Norman Lockyer ). This element is named after the sun. helium .
AT 1882 , May 17 , during a solar eclipse by observers from Egypt A comet was seen flying close to the Sun. It was called the Eclipse Comet, although it has another name - Comet Tevfik (in honor of khedive Egypt at that time). She belonged to the circumsolar comets from Kreutz family .

Rainbow

This is atmospheric optical and meteorological a phenomenon commonly observed in the field high humidity. It looks like multi-coloredarc or circle , composed ofcolors spectrum (looking outside - inside the arc:red , orange , yellow , green , blue , blue , Violet . These seven colors are the maincolor names , which are usually distinguished in the rainbow in Russian culture (perhaps, following Newton,see below ), but it should be borne in mind that in fact the spectrum is continuous, and these colors in the rainbow pass into each other with a smooth change through many intermediateshades .
A rainbow occurs because the sunlight experiencing refraction in droplets water rain or fog hovering in atmosphere. These droplets deflect light differently different colors (refractive index There is less water for longer wavelength (red) light than for shorter wavelength (violet), so red light is less deflected by refraction - red at 137°30', violet at 139°20', etc.), resulting inwhite light breaks down intorange . This phenomenon is causeddispersion . It seems to the observer that a multi-colored glow emanates from space in concentric circles (arcs) (in this case, the source of bright light should always be behind the observer).
The rainbow representscaustics that occurs whenrefraction and reflection (inside the drop) of a plane-parallel beam of light on a spherical drop. As shown in the picture (formonochrome beam), the reflected light has a maximum intensity for a certain angle between the source, the drop and the observer (and this maximum is very “sharp”, that is, most of the light refracted with reflection in the drop comes out almost exactly at the same angle). The fact is that the angle at which the beam reflected and refracted in it leaves the drop depends nonmonotonically on the distance from the incident (initial) beam to the axis parallel to it and passing through the center of the drop (this dependence is quite simple, and it is easy to explicitly calculate it ), and this dependence has a smoothextremum . Therefore, the "number of rays" emerging from the drop with angles close to extreme value corner, - "much more" than the rest. At this angle (which differs slightly for different refractive indices for rays different color) and there is a reflection-refraction of maximum brightness, constituting (from different drops) a rainbow (“bright” rays from different drops form a cone with a vertex in the pupil of the observer and an axis passing through the observer and the Sun) .

Geyser

A source that periodically ejects fountains hot water and couple. Geysers are one of the manifestations of the later stagesvolcanism , are common in areas of modern volcanic activity. Geysers can take the form of small truncated cones with rather steep slopes, low, very gentle domes, small bowl-shaped depressions, hollows, irregular shape yam, etc.; in their bottom or walls there are outlets of tubular or slit-like channels connected with lava.
The activity of a geyser is characterized by periodic recurrence of dormancy, filling the hollow with water, spouting of a steam-water mixture and intense steam emissions, gradually giving way to their calm release, cessation of steam release and the onset of a dormant stage.
There are regular and irregular geysers. For the former, the duration of the cycle as a whole and its individual stages is almost constant, for the latter it is variable, for different geysers the duration of individual stages is measured in minutes and tensminutes , the resting stage lasts from several minutes to several hours or days.
There are about 30 geysers in Iceland, among which the Jumping Witch stands out (Grila ), spewing a steam-water mixture to a height of 15 meters approximately every 2 hours. The island also hosts one of the most active geysers in the world -Strokkur
Large geysers in Kamchatka were discovered in1941 in the valley of the Geysernaya river (Valley of Geysers ), near volcano Kikhpinych. Total in Kamchatka before the mudflowJune 3 2007 there were about 100 geysers.

Tornado

Atmospheric vortex that occurs incumulonimbus (thunderstorm ) cloud and spreading down, often to the very ground surface, in the form of a cloud sleeve or trunk with a diameter of tens and hundreds of meters
The reasons for the formation of tornadoes have not been fully studied so far. It is possible to specify only a few general information, most characteristic of typical tornadoes.
Tornadoes go through three main stages in their development. On the initial stage an initial funnel appears from a thundercloud, hanging above the ground. Cold layers of air directly under the cloud rush down to replace the warm ones, which, in turn, rise up. (suchunstable system usually formed when twoatmospheric fronts - warm and cold).Potential energy of this system goes intokinetic energy rotational movement of air. The speed of this movement increases, and it takes on its classic form.

Eruption

This is the ejection process
etc.................

The natural world around us is simply teeming with various secrets and mysteries. Scientists have been looking for answers for centuries and sometimes trying to explain, but even the best minds of mankind still defy some amazing natural phenomena.

Sometimes one gets the impression that incomprehensible flashes in the sky, spontaneously moving stones do not mean anything special. But, delving into the mysterious manifestations observed on our planet, you understand that it is impossible to answer many questions. Nature carefully hides its secrets, and people put forward new hypotheses, trying to unravel them.

Today we will look at physical phenomena in wildlife that will make you take a fresh look at the world.

physical phenomena

Every body is made up of certain substances, but note that different actions affect the same bodies differently. For example, if paper is torn in half, paper will remain paper. But if you set it on fire, then the ashes will remain from it.

When the size, shape, state changes, but the substance remains the same and does not transform into another, such phenomena are called physical. They may be different.

Natural phenomena, examples of which we can observe in ordinary life, are:

• Mechanical. The movement of clouds across the sky, the flight of an airplane, the fall of an apple.
• Thermal. caused by temperature changes. In the course of this, the characteristics of the body change. If you heat ice, it becomes water, which turns into steam.
• Electrical. Surely, when you quickly take off your woolen clothes, you have at least once heard a specific crack, similar to an electric discharge. And if you do all this dark room you can still see sparks. Objects that, after friction, begin to attract lighter bodies are called electrified. Northern lights, lightning during a thunderstorm are prime examples
• light. Bodies that emit light are called. This includes the Sun, lamps, and even representatives of the animal world: some types of deep-seated fish and fireflies.

The physical phenomena of nature, examples of which we have considered above, are successfully used by people in Everyday life. But there are those that still excite the minds of scientists and cause universal admiration.

Northern lights

Perhaps this rightfully bears the status of the most romantic. High in the sky, multi-colored rivers form, which cover an endless number of bright stars.

If you want to enjoy this beauty, then it is best to do it in the northern part of Finland (Lapland). There was a belief that the cause of the occurrence was the wrath of the supreme gods. But the legend of the Sami people about the fabulous fox, which hit its tail on the snow-covered plains, was more popular, because of which colored sparks soared up and lit up the night sky.

Clouds in the form of pipes

Such a phenomenon of nature can drag any person into a state of relaxation, inspiration, illusions for a long time. Such sensations are created due to the shape of large pipes that change their shade.

You can see it in those places where a storm front begins to form. This natural phenomenon is most often observed in countries with a tropical climate.

Stones that move in Death Valley

There are various natural phenomena, examples of which are quite explainable from a scientific point of view. But there are some that defy human logic. One of the mysteries of nature is considered. This phenomenon can be observed in the American national park called Death Valley. Many scientists are trying to explain the movement strong winds, which are often found in desert areas, and the presence of ice, since it was in winter that the movement of stones became more intense.

During the research, scientists made observations of 30 stones, the weight of which was no more than 25 kg. In seven years, 28 out of 30 boulders moved 200 meters from the starting point.

Whatever the guesses of scientists, they do not have a definite answer regarding this phenomenon.

Ball lightning

Appearing after a thunderstorm or during it, is called ball lightning. There is an assumption that Nikola Tesla managed to create in his laboratory fireball. He wrote that he had not seen anything like this in nature (it was about fireballs), but he figured out how they form, and even managed to recreate this phenomenon.

Modern scientists have not been able to achieve such results. And some even question the existence of this phenomenon as such.

We have considered only some natural phenomena, examples of which show how amazing and mysterious our world around us is. How much more unknown and interesting we have to learn in the process of development and improvement of science. How many discoveries await us ahead?