26 03

When producing a product, every entrepreneur first of all thinks about its sale and obtaining the maximum possible profit. That is why he strives to cover as much space as possible in a short period, where this product will be relevant and in demand. Turning to any company, the customer may be faced with several proposals for solving the problem. In this case choose correct option the basics of transport logistics will help for start-up entrepreneurs and individuals who decide to use the services of cargo transportation. It is the knowledge of the basics of transport logistics that will help you choose the right company among competing companies that you can entrust your cargo with.

The history of the emergence of transport logistics

Few people paid attention to the fact that logistics appeared in ancient times, when there were special ministers who distributed products between different provinces, settlements, people. The main meaning lies in the very word "logistics" (logistike) - the ability to calculate, evaluate, reason. A striking example is the laying of trade routes for caravans with overseas goods. And yet, as an industry, the creation of transport logistics is attributed to the time of the Second World War. It was necessary to solve strategic tasks, the purpose of which was the correct distribution of food and the supply of the army with weapons and ammunition. Logistics was divided into several types, and transport was only a small part of it. Gradually, the meaning of the term changed and included the management of warehousing and merchandising. Each customer will know, having studied transport logistics, how to calculate the cost of cargo delivery, and what type of transport to give preference to.

When developing a system for the delivery of goods in logistics, the following factors are taken into account:

• cargo dimensions;
• carrying capacity of the vehicle;
• distance of the route;
• period.

The commercial success of a particular company or entrepreneur depends on how quickly the method of transporting goods is selected, the route is calculated, and other participants in transport logistics are involved. Therefore, the goals and main tasks of transport logistics are to organize regular deliveries, maximize the use of the carrying capacity of the vehicle, the correctly chosen route of the cargo.

The main stages of transport logistics:

• selection of the optimal mode of transport;
• estimated cost calculation;
• preparation of a package of documents;
• loading and installation of cargo;
• transportation;
• unloading at the required point.

The management of transport logistics in road transport can be combined with the adjustment of the activities of another mode of transport.

Factors hindering the rapid development of logistics:

• economic instability;
• weak level of the production base for the manufacture of containers and packaging;
• bad roads that do not allow to develop the maximum allowable speed;
• low level of production base.

But even with the existing difficulties, the importance of transport logistics is great and the future lies with it.

Basic concepts of transport logistics

The essence of transport logistics is briefly as follows - to organize the timely delivery of goods to a specific area at a specific hour. In doing so, you must perform the following tasks:

• analyze delivery points and cargo properties;
• choose the right type of transport;
• choose a specific carrier and other partners;
• build a route;
• constantly monitor the movement of cargo;
• to form and ensure the unity of all "participants" in the process of cargo transportation;
• to optimize the movement process.

Having mastered the concepts of transport logistics, each customer understands how important it is for further development companies.

Transport and warehouse logistics - "two sides of the same coin"

Transport logistics in Russia cannot effectively exist without a well-established warehouse accounting system. After all, it is the stock of goods in warehouses that allows you to get rid of serious downtime and disruptions in the execution of a special order. Consider how the transport logistics of automakers in Germany is organized. In this country, the automotive industry occupies a significant share, and influences production activities auto parts suppliers. Here, special systems have been developed to ensure the internal market, where the concept of "just in time" and "just one after the other" is applied.

The meaning of the concepts lies in the timely delivery of the necessary spare parts for production. And for enterprises where there are no warehouses, the logistics of supplying components is so precisely calculated that it delivers products exactly at the right time on the conveyor. The whole of Europe clearly works according to this principle and effectively solves the optimization problems of transport logistics. For Russia, this model is not yet acceptable due to the relatively low level of production development. For effective work transport logistics, special software products are being introduced that calculate routes for specific modes of transport, the volume of products, their weight and other analytical studies. Information technology in transport logistics allow you to compare actual and planned routes, which clearly reflect deviations and allow you to identify unreasonable downtime.

And today I will take a closer look at its most popular type - transport logistics. From this article you will learn what transport logistics is, what this concept includes, what tasks it solves. I think that it will be of interest not only to those who run or plan to run a business, but also to everyone else just for general development and a more competent interpretation of economic news.

What is transport logistics?

talking plain language, this is a competent and optimal organization of cargo transportation. Almost any business is somehow connected with the need to deliver goods: goods, raw materials, materials, components, or something else. And in many cases, the cost of this delivery takes a very significant share in the total costs of the company, so the optimization of these costs should be given very important attention. This main goal and pursued by transport logistics.

Transport logistics is a set of measures carried out in order to organize the delivery of goods and cargo with minimal time and financial costs.

1. Internal transport logistics– deals with the issues of optimizing the transportation of goods within the enterprise (from production to a warehouse, between warehouses, from a warehouse to a store, etc.);
2. External transport logistics– ensures the optimization of the delivery of goods from suppliers to the enterprise and from the enterprise to consumers.

Transport logistics should ensure the fullest possible load of vehicles and at the same time minimum delivery times, no downtime in production, no “staleness” of goods in the warehouse, in general, an uninterrupted cycle of the enterprise.

The following key stages of transport logistics can be distinguished:

• Choosing the optimal vehicle for the transport of goods;
• Drawing up a cost estimate for transportation;
• Registration of documents necessary for transportation;
• Loading cargo into transport at the point of departure;
• Direct transportation process;
• Unloading cargo at the destination.

If we are talking about cargo transportation between countries, then transport logistics additionally includes the stages of customs clearance, preparation for this and execution of all necessary documents.

Tasks of transport logistics.

Now consider the main tasks of transport logistics that it solves. There are five such tasks.

Task 1 . Analysis of origin and destination points. First of all, transport logistics studies where and where the cargo needs to be sent from, what are the features of these points, what kind of transport infrastructure is developed there. Without such an analysis, it will be impossible to competently solve all the other tasks of transport logistics.

Task 2 . Analysis of the transported cargo. It is equally important to know what kind of cargo needs to be transported, what are its main qualities and characteristics, what are the requirements for its transportation. After all, the choice of transport for its transportation, and even the choice of route, largely depends on the type of cargo. For example, if we are talking about the transportation of some dangerous goods, this may require coordination with various government agencies and building a route without crossing densely populated cities and regions, far from strategically important objects.

Task 3 . Choice of optimal transport. Next, we have to solve another important problem of transport logistics - to choose the optimal type and model of transport for the carriage of goods. For long routes, even several modes of transport can be used. For the optimal choice of vehicle, the following parameters should be taken into account:

• Delivery speed(the highest - for air transport, the lowest - for sea transport, the average - for railway and motor transport);
• Capacity and load capacity(maximum - for sea transport, high - for air and railway transport, for road transport - the lowest);
• Shipping cost(maximum - for air transport, high for sea transport, the lowest for railway and road transport);
• Mobility(high for road and air transport, for rail and sea - low);
• Ensuring the safety of cargo(the highest for air transport, acceptable for rail and sea, for motor transport - lower).

Here, based on what kind of cargo, in what quantity, at what time should be transported, you need to choose the type of transport, taking into account these parameters.

Task 4 . Development of the optimal route. It is also a very important task of transport logistics, which must be solved taking into account the chosen vehicle, the existing infrastructure, the type of cargo and the delivery time, as well as other features that may arise. As a rule, logisticians make up several route options, then compare them, filter out inconvenient and costly options and choose the best one in terms of costs, while meeting all the requirements.

Task 5 . Control over the process of loading, transporting and unloading cargo. And finally, the last task of transport logistics is to track and support the entire transportation process, including loading and unloading, and promptly respond to any force majeure situations that may occur. For example, a car may break down, a flight may be delayed, cargo may be stopped at customs, etc. - all these problems should be quickly eliminated by specialists in transport logistics. Often, even modern navigation systems are used to track the entire route of the cargo.

Now you have an idea of ​​what transport logistics is and what tasks it solves. I hope this information was useful to you and will help you better navigate modern business processes.

See you again at the site that will teach you how to properly handle personal finances and understand important economic processes.

Transport logistics acts as a necessary component of the entire theory and practice of commerce logistics, since logistics as a science deals with the management of all flow movements, and material flow management is impossible without its transportation.

Logistic operations on the way of the material flow occur using various vehicles.

The cost of these operations is approximately half of the total cost of logistics.

Given this approach to transport as part of the logistics chain, commerce logistics is considered in different aspects:

1) from the standpoint of the efficiency of individual modes of transport;

2) from the point of view of the organization of transportation from the cargo producer to the recipient;

3) taking into account the interests of the client, not only the main transportation is important, but also processing, storage.

The quality of transportation is more reflected in the overall costs than their cost, so taking into account the above aspects contributes to optimal choice transport services.

Transport, being an important link in the logistics system, must be flexible enough to ensure the transportation process to meet changing demand.

The transport itself is divided into:

1) transport common use(covers needs National economy in the transportation of goods and passengers);

2) non-public transport (transport of the enterprise itself and transport belonging to non-transport companies).

The tasks of transport logistics are to provide participants in the transport process with technical compliance - this is the consistency of vehicle parameters, which allows you to work with both containers and packages; technological compliance, where technological compliance is the use of a single technology for transportation and direct reloading; harmonization of economic interests and the use of unified planning systems.

Creating transport corridors, choosing the mode of transport, choosing the route and type of vehicle - all these tasks also relate to transport logistics.

The main function of transport logistics is to create a system for optimizing the transportation process, as well as in transport and forwarding support.

The basic concepts of transportation and freight forwarding include:

1) activities related to forecasting, organization and implementation of the delivery of products from the place of its manufacture to the final destination and additional transportation services;

2) registration of necessary documents;

3) legal support (conclusion of contracts) for transportation;

4) payment for the carriage of goods;

5) carrying out and organizing loading and unloading operations;

6) packaging, packaging, warehousing;

7) increase in the volume of small and reduction in the volume of large shipments;

8) information support;

9) insurance, financial and customs services.

Transport support is work associated with the movement, movement of goods and passengers, the provision of loading and unloading services and storage services.

The transportation technology consists in the sequence of technological operations in the course of the transport process.

Forwarding support is part of the process of movement of goods from the producer to the consumer and includes a number of additional works, without which the transportation process cannot be started and completed.

Information about characteristic features different modes of transport is the basis for choosing the mode of transport that is optimal for a particular transportation.

According to the number of modes of transport involved in the transportation, delivery systems are divided into single-type and multi-type.

Unimodal transportation is referred to as single-species, multimodal and intermodal transportations to multi-species.

Unimodal transportation, unlike intermodal and multimodal transportation, is carried out by transport of the same type. Multimodal transportation is carried out, as a rule, within the country, intermodal transportation is a system for delivering goods in international traffic.

All of the listed types of transportation have their differences, but along with this they also have similarities, they have a common technological basis in the form of specific technological schemes.

Consider the main advantages and disadvantages of various modes of transport.

Road transport is involved in the transportation of goods over a relatively short distance (within 200-300 km), the main advantage of this type of transport is good maneuverability, which allows you to deliver the goods "from door to door".

This type of transport makes it possible to ensure the regularity of delivery, as well as to carry out deliveries in small batches. There are less stringent requirements for packaging.

It should also be noted the speed of delivery of goods and passengers, in terms of its speed characteristics it is second only to air transport.

The main disadvantages are:

1) high cost of transportation;

2) the likelihood of theft of cargo and theft of the vehicle itself;

3) light load capacity;

4) bad condition roads and their insignificant length;

5) expensive maintenance, high cost of material and technical base;

6) motor transport is environmentally unfavorable, which reduces the possibility of its use.

But, despite the listed shortcomings, road transport actively provides freight transportation for all services of the national economy.

Road transport performs most of the passenger movements over short distances, in suburban traffic, as well as in intercity transportation at a distance of up to 500 km.

Rail transport is well suited for the transport of various consignments in any weather. The organization of transportation by this type of transport is regular and carried out over long distances.

The key advantage is the relatively low cost and availability of discounts.

Also a positive aspect is the possibility of laying railway lines in almost any territory of the country and a high carrying and throughput capacity. railways.

Rail transport is characterized by relatively high economic indicators and quite advanced transportation technology.

For an objective assessment, it is necessary to list the shortcomings, these include: a limited number of carriers, the impossibility of delivery in the absence of railways.

The use of rail transport is beneficial in the transportation of goods (coal, mineral fertilizers, metals, etc.) over long and medium distances, between enterprises that have railways. In some cases, the use of rail transport is beneficial even with a small freight turnover.

Maritime transport plays an important role in developing and strengthening economic ties with foreign countries, it is the largest carrier in international traffic.

Compared to other types of transport, maritime transport has a number of positive differences in providing mass intercontinental transportation.

Sea routes do not require additional costs, so this transport does not need additional capital investments.

This transport is characterized by: low cost of transportation, unlimited capacity.

The disadvantages of maritime transport include:

1) dependence on natural and navigational conditions;

2) the need to build a complex port economy;

3) low speed and strict packaging requirements.

Maritime transport is associated with overseas transportation and delivery of goods for import and export to countries with trade ties.

Inland water transport is characterized by low freight rates and is an important link in the overall transport system in areas where there are rivers.

River transport is distinguished by a large carrying capacity, low cost of transportation, and low capital investments.

The disadvantages are the limitation of the use of rolling stock associated with the seasonality of work, the lengthening of the routes of cargo, the low speed of transportation. River transport is efficient in areas where there are no other modes of transport.

Air Transport. The main advantage is speed. Also, air transport is distinguished by the possibility of reaching remote areas, high safety of cargo.

Air transport is mainly engaged in passenger transportation, cargo transportation carried out by it, in comparison with the volume of transportation carried out by other modes of transport, are light in weight.

Air transport is engaged in the delivery of goods to industrial centers and the delivery of vegetables, fruits and other perishable products to the northern regions, as well as mail and other valuable cargo.

The high cost of transportation main disadvantage this type of transport. The disadvantages include dependence on weather conditions.

Pipeline transport. Pipelines are divided into oil pipelines, product pipelines and gas pipelines. This type of transport provides low cost with high throughput and a high degree of cargo safety. The disadvantage of pipeline transport is the small amount of goods to be transported. Pipeline transport is engaged in the pumping of oil and gas from fields, the movement of oil distillation products.

The main documents regulating the rules of transportation are the Charter of the Railways of the Russian Federation, inland waterway, road transport, the Merchant Shipping Code.

The statutes and the Code define the obligations and rights, as well as the responsibility of transport organizations and citizens using transport. They regulate the relationship of transport organizations with each other and with consumers of products.

When transporting goods, a contract is concluded in the form of an agreement under which the carrier assumes the obligation to deliver the goods by its own means from the place of destination to the final destination on time, and the sender undertakes to pay a fixed fee for transportation.

For different types transportation, there are different contracts.

Contract for the carriage of railway transport is an invoice issued by the shipper. A road bill is a document that accompanies the cargo along the way.

Wagon sheet - a document drawn up for each loaded wagon.

In liner shipping, the contract is a bill of lading, which simultaneously serves as a carrier's receipt of receipt of the goods.

Bills of lading can be registered (drawn up for a specific recipient), order, bearer (valid upon presentation).

In foreign navigation, with a non-linear form of navigation, the contract is drawn up by a charter.

When transported by sea, the primary document is a loading order.

In direct, water or mixed traffic, a waybill is used instead of a loading order.

Waybills are issued for towing rafts and other floating objects, transportation by air.

For motor transport organizations standard contract. The driver of a freight transport, when leaving the car for a flight, is issued a waybill, which is the main document for accounting for work, it is issued, as a rule, for one day and returned at the end of work.

The bill of lading is the basis for the customer's settlements with the motor transport company.

The list of documents required for the transportation of goods: waybill, waybills, power of attorney for transportation, specification, invoice of the supplier, power of attorney for transportation, summary sheets.

At the federal level, the central link state system transport management is the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation.

The creation of management structures and the distribution of functions and powers between them presupposes the existence of an organization of a system of state regulation of transport activities.

The Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation has its own central office and departments for modes of transport and road facilities. Departments of transport carry out a thorough analysis of the state and trends in the development of the sub-sector, in accordance with the unified state policy, develop a policy for the development of transport in the region.

The central apparatus deals with strategic problems, develops, prepares, and coordinates draft laws and regulations, and their implementation on the spot is carried out by independent centers of power in the form of local administrations. The emerging system of territorial management of transport operation consists of transport administration bodies, non-administrative economic and financial divisions and coordination structures.

An important method logistics in determining the optimal route is the analysis of the total cost.

The forwarding agent of the cargo owner is engaged in the development of the optimal route upon receipt of an order for the provision of transport services for the transportation of a new cargo for him or a familiar cargo in a new direction.

Upon completion of the preliminary assessment, several competitive options are determined, each of which is further analyzed to select the final optimal option.

Not only the cost of transportation is taken into account, but also the time of transportation, the possibility of unforeseen expenses, delays in transit and the likelihood of damage to the cargo.

After determining the optimal route option, the forwarder selects the participants in the transportation and concludes the necessary contracts.

The principles of logistics are most simply applied to the transport of bulk goods ( hard coal, iron ore, oil products).

Transport and logistics chains are most effectively implemented in the field of cargo transportation. Development of competition between market participants for quality service at minimal cost, development of merger processes between enterprises of various industries, application of the latest achievements information technologies with great potential for positive management - all this contributes to the formation of new organizational forms interaction of supply chains and networks.

Until recently, market orientation was considered the main success factor, but for the profitability of enterprises, it is necessary to correctly select and combine resources.

It was the resource orientation that was formed in economically developed countries, which inevitably led to an understanding of the need for a unified (integrated) logistics.

The characteristic features of integrated logistics have a direct impact on the efficiency and productivity of the transport system, as well as on the quality of its functioning.

Features are in the accounting and use of resources that competitors do not have, in the ability of customers, paying Additional services, extract additional benefits for themselves, maintaining stability in the long term.

Summarizing all of the above, we can conclude: using the "value chain", the logistics approach is focused on all participants in the commodity logistics process. The value chain consists of four links: communication with suppliers, consumers, technological processes within the enterprise; logistics processes within the enterprise between its divisions; unified communication between the enterprises of the transport and logistics chain.

Enterprises of the transport and logistics chain seek to reduce costs due to the rapid turnover of resources, cutting the time of order fulfillment, coordination of transport work with a network of consignors and consignees.

An important strategic resource for transport logistics is logistics information.

Information support allows the most efficient implementation of business goals, it is aimed at the timeliness of deliveries and the prevention of irrational loss of resources.

The use of electronics leads to a reduction in transportation costs due to the positive management of information flows, increasing their speed and coordination.

Depending on the source of obtaining information, within the information support of transport logistics, external and internal information is distinguished.

Internal logistics information includes information about transport services, costs, tariffs, methods of transportation and delivery.

To the external - information about markets, competitors, customer needs, changes in transport legislation.

Chained transport and logistics companies are interested in obtaining correct and timely data at all levels of management.

The information obtained in this way is taken into account as a resource and an independent factor of transport and transportation activities.

The degree of satisfaction of consumer requests for transportation depends on the completeness and accuracy of information resources in transport logistics.

Dissatisfaction with information support indicates the lack of complete information about cargo, transportation conditions and transport processes, untimely receipt of information on requests, the difference in the levels of training of the working staff that processes logistics information and uses it, the absence or underdevelopment of the communication network, the lack of technologies for monitoring the properties of information resources.

Transport and logistics processes include the search, processing and distribution of information.

Time and quality are key factors in the transport logistics system.

Transport operations are subject to the requirement of logistics, delivery of safe cargo just in time.

A logistics approach is necessary for enterprises providing transport services; The service industry must function in such a way as to fully satisfy the needs of the client.

For the delivery of goods without delay with the least expenditure of resources, a single technological process is being developed and implemented, which takes into account the integration of production, transport and consumption. A single technological process allows for smooth operation of all parts of the logistics system.

Modern approach to transport as an integral part of a large system implies consideration of the entire process of transportation from the start to the end point (from the consignor to the consignee), including the processes of cargo handling, packaging and unpacking, storage and information support for the delivery of cargo.

The complexity of this process led to the creation of special logistics centers.

These centers carry out data analysis and develop proposals for improving cargo flows, distribution of traffic by all modes of transport, picking shipments, and the procedure for concluding contracts.

In logistics chains during the delivery of goods, there are technological processes, which have their own characteristics, depending on the characteristics of the cargo.

Delivery of goods is a set of activities carried out after the receipt of products for transportation and before it is received by the consumer. They include the delivery of materials, their warehousing and storage, as well as packaging and transportation by any means of transport.

This also includes operations such as scheduling and route selection. The purpose of these measures is the reliable delivery of goods and the elimination of the gap between production and the consumer. Freight forwarding service is the main part of the process of cargo movement from the producer to the consumer.

The main participants in the delivery system are forwarders, carriers, warehouses, etc.

When fulfilling an order from a cargo producer, the company acts as an organizer of the delivery process, selecting and coordinating the work of the participants in the process, and at the same time is responsible to the cargo producer and system participants. Product distribution involves the work of moving goods from producers to final or intermediate consumers.

The distribution system is based on:

1) the consistency of individual industries and firms involved in the process of movement of products from producer to consumer;

2) the totality of enterprises and organizations through which the product passes from the moment of its manufacture to the moment of its consumption;

3) the coherence of the activities of legal and individuals in the promotion of products as logistics providers between the manufacturer and consumer of products.

The set of distribution channels constitutes the distribution network.

With the development of the economy, the volume of foreign trade increases, and at the same time, the volume of transportation of foreign trade goods and the number of passenger traffic increase.

In modern conditions, transport occupies a key position in the integration processes. With the globalization of the economy and foreign trade exchange, new approaches to the development of transport and the search for cost-effective ways to master the transportation of people and goods are required.

International transportation of goods by road provides economic ties between our country and the countries of Europe, the Middle East and Asia.

The structure of transportation is very diverse. They are divided into two main groups: transportation of foreign trade goods (machinery, machine tools, equipment, raw materials and resources) and transportation of non-trade goods (diplomatic cargo, movable property during resettlement, exhibits, etc.).

International transportation, depending on the frequency of implementation, can be regular and one-time.

International transportation is regulated by agreements on international road transport between the governments of our country and the contracting country.

Carriage of goods is carried out on the basis of permits issued for each flight and giving the right to carry out transportation there and back.

If the total mass of goods and vehicles or their overall dimensions are not included in the norms established and valid in the territory of another country, and also if it is necessary to transport dangerous goods, then, in addition to ordinary permits, special ones are also required.

All vehicles and their drivers are subject to customs control. Rolling stock engaged in international transportation must have national registration numbers and distinctive signs.

Heavy trucks and vans are used for international transportation. Movement is carried out on a through system. The crew of the car consists of two drivers.

The efficiency of international transportation by road is to ensure the delivery of cargo "from door to door".

The globalization of the economy is accompanied by unprecedented rates of growth in trade. World exports have grown 10 times over 50 years and continue to grow at a faster rate than GDP. The daily volume of foreign exchange transactions exceeds $1.5 trillion compared to $15 billion in 1973. Under these conditions, the importance of the global transport network. Transport serves as the material basis for production relations between individual territories, acts as a factor organizing the world economic space and ensuring the further geographical division of labor.

In the structure of social production, transport belongs to the sphere of production of material services. A significant part of the LP on the way of the movement of the MP from the primary source of raw materials to the final consumer is carried out using various vehicles. The cost of these operations is up to 50% of the total cost of logistics. This determines the importance of optimizing the movement of MPs at the stage of transportation.

Transport solves the following main tasks:

• creation of transport systems, including the creation of transport corridors and transport chains;
• joint planning of transport processes on various modes of transport (in the case of multimodal transport);
• ensuring the technological unity of the transport and storage process;
• joint planning of the transport process with warehouse and production;
• choice of type and type of vehicle;
• determination of rational delivery routes.

The initial data for choosing the optimal mode of transport for a particular transportation is the information:

• about the characteristic features of various modes of transport, their pros and cons;
• about other logistics tasks related to the transportation of products, such as creating and maintaining the optimal level of stocks, choosing the type of packaging, etc.

There are six main factors in choosing a mode of transport:

• time of delivery;
• frequency of shipments;
• reliability of compliance with the delivery schedule;
• ability to carry different cargoes;
• the ability to deliver cargo to any point of the territory;
• transportation cost.

Automobile transport. The scope of road transport in Russia is intracity, suburban and intra-regional freight and passenger transportation, as well as transportation over medium and long distances of low-tonnage valuable and perishable goods.

Advantages: high maneuverability and efficiency; delivery regularity; less stringent requirements for product packaging compared to other types.

Disadvantages: relatively high cost of transportation (according to the maximum carrying capacity of the vehicle); urgency of unloading; the possibility of cargo theft; the possibility of vehicle theft; relatively low payload.

Railway transport. In the conditions of Russia, railway transport is the most efficient for transportation mass species cargo for medium and long distances with a high concentration of cargo flows. Advantages: relatively low cost of transportation; well suited for the transport of various consignments in any weather conditions; the possibility of delivering goods over long distances; regularity of transportation; possibility effective organization loading and unloading operations. Disadvantages: low maneuverability.

Sea transport. It is the largest carrier in international transportation. Maritime transport mainly performs external, export-import transportation (including all freight transportation in intercontinental traffic). Its role is great in cabotage (inland) transportation for the northern and eastern coastal regions of the country.

Advantages: low freight rates; high carrying capacity. Disadvantages: low speed; stringent requirements for packaging and securing cargo; low frequency of sendings; dependence on weather conditions.

Inland water transport. Inland water (river) transport is intended for the transportation of certain bulk types of cargo over medium and long distances, as well as for passenger traffic (especially suburban). However, in recent decades, it cannot compete with other modes of transport and has practically become a specific type of technological transport intended for the transportation of mineral building materials.

Advantage: low freight rates, when transporting goods weighing more than 100 tons over a distance of more than 250 km, this type of transport is the cheapest.

Disadvantages: low delivery speed; low geographic accessibility due to the constraints imposed by the configuration of the waterways; seasonality.

Air Transport. In terms of its functions, air transport is also highly specialized: it mainly carries out passenger transportation over long and medium distances, although it is of great importance in the transportation of a number of valuable, perishable and urgent goods.

Advantages: high speed; Possibility of delivery to remote areas.

Disadvantages: high freight rates; dependence on weather conditions, which reduces the reliability of compliance with the delivery schedule.

Pipeline transport. Pipeline transport is designed for pumping gas, oil and oil products. Pipeline transport, in contrast to the above universal species transport, while it remains highly specialized, designed for long-distance pumping of liquid and gaseous products of a limited range: gas, oil and oil products.

Advantages: high speed of delivery; the most cost-effective way to transport oil and gas. Disadvantages: narrow specialization; frequent emergency situations due to violations of pipeline safety, theft of non-ferrous metals, equipment from along-route structures; unauthorized tie-ins in pipelines; acts of sabotage; increased danger of environmental and social consequences of possible failures and accidents: fires, explosions, pollution natural environment, a great threat to the population, losses due to theft through unauthorized tapping into oil pipelines; science intensity and capital intensity of defect diagnostics, repair, modernization of equipment, reconstruction and construction of new pipelines.

Industrial firms that have entrusted some of their functions to transport enterprises specialize in their core activities in order to increase its efficiency and are ready to pay for qualified services of third-party firms for the implementation of a number of LFs. Industrial firms see their main benefit in this process - a reduction in total costs and especially a reduction in the fund wages. In addition, along with purely economic factors, cargo owners receive a higher degree of freedom of maneuver. Thus, increasing commercial flexibility is very valuable for industries operating in markets distributed over large territories and suffering losses from untimely switching of commodity flows in accordance with fluctuations in demand.

10.1. transport and logistic

The mission of transportation in the logistics service system: " deliver the right product of the required quality and quantity at the right time and at the best cost ". In the structure of logistics costs, transportation costs account for a significant share - 20-40% or more, so the optimization of transportation solutions will allow logistics management to obtain significant cost savings, but it will also require special attention.

Transport service in modern conditions includes not only the actual transportation of goods from the supplier to the consumer, but also a large number of forwarding, information and transaction operations, services for cargo handling, insurance, security, etc. So transportation can be defined as a key logistics function associated with the movement of products by a vehicle (or vehicles) using a certain technology in the supply chain and consisting of logistics operations and functions, including forwarding, cargo handling, packaging, transfer of ownership of the cargo, risk insurance, customs procedures etc.

At the level of the company's logistics management, transportation management consists of several main stages:

choice of transportation method;

choice of mode of transport;

choice of vehicle;

choice of carrier and logistics partners for transportation;

optimization of transport process parameters.

When organizing transportation, it is necessary to coordinate and plan its operations together with other logistics functions, for example, warehousing, cargo handling, packaging, etc.

During transportation, a large number of optimization problems are solved. In addition, when organizing integrated logistics, complex transportation planning is necessary together with other logistics functions:

joint planning of transport processes on various modes of transport in the case of mixed (intermodal, multimodal) transportation;

ensuring the technological unity of the transport and storage process;

joint planning of the transport process with warehouse and production processes, etc.

Advantages and disadvantages of different modes of transport in LS. There are the following main modes of transport: rail, sea, inland water (river), road, air, pipeline.

When choosing a mode of transportation, a vehicle and a specific carrier, the logistics manager must take into account the inherent advantages and disadvantages of each mode of transport in Table. 10.1.

Each type of transport (with the exception of pipelines) has an appropriate production and technical base necessary for the operation, maintenance and repair of vehicles and is characterized by the technical and operational parameters of rolling stock, means of communication and terminals. For rolling stock with such parameters are:

technical and operational speed;

overall dimensions of cargo containers and vehicles themselves;

engine power (power plants);

carrying capacity and overall dimensions of trailers, semi-trailers, wagons, etc.

For ways of communication:

throughput;

carriageway (track) width, fairway depth;

For terminals:

usable storage area;

number of revolutions (turnover speed);

performance of handling and storage equipment, etc.

Table 10.1

Comparative characteristics of modes of transport

Main directions for increasing competitiveness domestic transport and forwarding companies:

development of the production and technical base, transport service infrastructure, information systems to support the logistics process for transportation;

improvement operating system document flow and customs procedures for cargo clearance;

increasing the level of interaction and information communication between participants in the transportation process, terminals, warehouses, customs, other enterprises and consumers of their services;

creation of a unified regulatory framework, adoption of modern laws in the field of transport logistics;

introduction of modern logistics technologies for forwarding activities.

10.2. Main modes of transportation (types of transportation)

Unimodal (single-mode) transportation carried out by one mode of transport, for example, by road. It is usually used when the initial and final points of transportation (TLS) of the logistics chain are specified without intermediate warehousing and cargo handling operations. The criteria for choosing the mode of transport in such transportation are usually the type of cargo, the volume of shipment, the time of delivery of the cargo to the ZLS (consumer), the cost of transportation. short distances - automobile.

Multimodal transport cargo (mixed separate transport) it is usually carried out by two modes of transport, for example: rail - road, river - road, sea - rail, etc. In this case, the cargo is delivered by the first mode of transport to the so-called transshipment point or cargo terminal without storage or with short-term storage and subsequent reloading to another mode of transport. A typical example of multimodal transport is the service of railway stations or a sea (river) port of a transport hub by motor transport companies. The signs of mixed separate transportation are the presence of several transport documents, the absence of a single freight rate, and the scheme of consistent interaction between participants in the transport process. In direct multimodal transportation, the cargo owner concludes an agreement with the first carrier acting both on its own behalf and on behalf of the next carrier representing another mode of transport. Thus, the cargo owner is in fact in a contractual relationship with both, and each makes settlements with the cargo owner and is financially responsible for the safety of the cargo only on "his" section of the route.

Combined transport differs from mixed use of more than two modes of transport. The use of mixed (combined) modes of transportation is often determined in drugs by the structure of distribution channels: large consignments are sent from the manufacturer to the wholesale depot by rail (in order to minimize costs), and delivery from the wholesale depot to retail outlets is by road.

A.N. Rodnikov considers mixed, combined, intermodal transportation and direct mixed traffic as synonyms, i.e. "cargo transportation, carried out by two or more carriers of various types of public transport under a single transportation document with transshipment of cargo at a transfer point (or points) without the participation of the cargo owner". It should be noted that in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation the terms "combined transportation" and "direct multimodal transportation" are used as synonyms (Article 788 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).

In accordance with the European agreement AGTC under the term combined transport “means the carriage of goods in the same loading unit, transport equipment, which includes large-capacity containers, swap bodies, semi-trailers and road trains (vans) using several modes of transport.”

The modern practice of transportation is associated with the expansion of transportation by one forwarder (operator) from one dispatch center and under a single transport document (multimodal, intermodal, transmodal, A-modal, combined, segmented, etc.).

It should be noted that there is still no established terminology in Russia for these modes of transportation. Usually "intermodal (integrated) called multimodal transportation of goods "from door to door", carried out under the direction of the operator on one transport document using a single (through) freight rate".

By definition UNCTAD ( United Nation Conference on Trade and Development ) "intermodal is an transportation of goods by several modes of transport, when one of the carriers organizes the entire delivery from one point of departure through one or more points of transshipment to the destination and, depending on the distribution of responsibility for the transport, issues various types of transport documents, and multimodal – if the person organizing the transportation is responsible for it along the entire route – regardless of the number of participating modes of transport, while a single transportation document is issued" .

In wintermodal systems, consolidated packages are transported at uniform rates and shipping documents with equal rights for all participating modes of transport; in multimodal transportation, one of the modes of transport acts as a carrier, and interacting modes of transport act as customers paying for its services.

In the "Terminological Dictionary" on logistics under multimodal transport means "mixed transport carried out by vehicles belonging to the same legal entity or located in it operational management(for example, delivery of goods to the airport, air transportation and delivery of goods from the airport, performed by vehicles belonging to the same express mail company)".

In intermodal transportation, the cargo owner concludes a contract for transportation for the entire route with one person (operator). It can be, for example, a forwarding company, which, acting throughout the route of cargo transportation by various modes of transport, frees the cargo owner from the need to enter into contractual relations with other transport companies. Signs of intermodal (multimodal) transportation are:

the presence of a delivery operator from the initial to the final point of the logistics chain (channel);

single through freight rate;

single transport document;

one responsible for the cargo and execution of the contract of carriage.

The main principles of intermodal and multimodal transportation systems in drugs are the following:

unified commercial legal regime;

an integrated approach to solving financial and economic issues of transportation organization;

maximum use of telecommunication networks and electronic document management systems;

a single organizational and technological principle of transportation management and coordination of actions of all logistics intermediaries involved in transportation;

cooperation of logistics intermediaries;

complex infrastructure of transportation by various modes of transport.

For multimodal transportation outside the country (export-import operations), customs clearance procedures for cargo, as well as transport legislation and commercial legal aspects of transportation in those countries along which the cargo route passes, become essential. AT international multimodal transportation unity of the commercial legal regime means:

harmonization of overall characteristics of cargo units and vehicles;

simplification of customs formalities;

introduction of standard commercial cargo and transport documents of international standard.

As mentioned above, there is still no agreed terminology for the types of transportation (methods of transportation), and this applies not only to Russia, but also to international practice. This indicates the need to continue the standardization of the terminology of multimodal freight transport and the formation of a legislative framework. Some basic definitions in the field of international transport law regarding modes of transportation are given in Table. 10.2.

Table 10.2

Definitions of modes of transport and related terms,

applied in international practice

In recent years, transportation technology, especially for multi- and intermodal transportation, has been associated with the use of cargo terminals and terminal complexes in logistics chains and channels. Therefore, the corresponding transportations are called terminal transportations.

Terminal transportation. One of the main objects of the logistics infrastructure of the ITC are cargo terminals (the definition was given in 9.2).

The transportation of goods organized and carried out through terminals is called terminal transportation. The importance of this type of transportation in modern RTLS has increased enormously, which is predetermined primarily by the integration of a large number of logistics functions. The terminal interacts with carriers, forwarders, clients, intermediaries, customs, banks and a number of other counterparties.

In the general case, the terminal carries out the operations of consolidating / picking cargo and disaggregating cargo lots. In normal mode, goods, returnable packaging and shipping documents go through terminal cargo processing cycles,

The main technological processes are accompanied by a number of supporting processes and additional logistics services, in particular, maintaining the schedule and schedule for the implementation of technological processes; control over the state and preparation of containers; providing a variety of services to customers, calculating payments and monitoring the movement of payments, etc.

cargo unit. One of the key parameters for organizing operations related to transportation and subsequent warehouse processing is cargo unit - a number of goods that are loaded, transported, unloaded and stored as a single mass. The parameters of this mass link technological processes in different parts of the logistics chain into a single whole.

An essential characteristic of a cargo unit is the correspondence of its dimensions to the vehicle and the ability to maintain integrity and original geometric shapes in the process of transportation and cargo handling. The coordinated dimensions of cargo units, as well as the parameters of equipment for their processing, make it possible to effectively use the material and technical base of various participants in the logistics process at all stages of the material flow.

Standard euro pallets (euro pallets) are usually used as a base (platform) for forming a cargo unit; for vehicles, their size is 1200x800x150 mm or 1200x1000x150 mm. Based on these dimensions, the basic packaging module is determined.

The loading unit maintains its integrity during the execution of logistics operations due to packaging - i.e. linking the load unit and the pallet into a single whole.

There are various methods for packing cargo units: bandaging with steel or polyethylene tapes, ropes, rubber couplings, adhesive tape, etc. One of the most progressive methods for forming cargo units is packing cargo with shrink film.

A properly formed cargo unit allows you to provide:

high degree of cargo safety;

relatively low labor costs;

efficient performance of loading and unloading operations due to their complex mechanization and automation; overload without reshaping;

safe warehouse operations.

10.3. Choice of logistics intermediaries in transport logistics

In the logistics process, the company can use various transportation options, modes of transport, as well as various logistics partners (intermediaries) when organizing the delivery of products to specific points in the logistics chain (supply chain). First of all, the logistics management of the company decides whether to create its own fleet of vehicles or use hired transport (public or private). When choosing an alternative, they usually proceed from a certain system of criteria:

costs for the creation and operation of its own fleet of vehicles (rent, leasing of rolling stock);

the cost of paying for the services of transport, forwarding companies and other logistics intermediaries;

speed (time);

quality (delivery reliability, cargo safety, etc.).

Creating your own fleet is associated with large capital investments in rolling stock, production and technical base for the maintenance and repair of vehicles and infrastructure. Ultimately, it can be justified in the event of a significant gain in quality, reliability and cost with large sustainable traffic volumes. As a rule, it is justified to create one's own fleet of motor vehicles (railway cars, tanks, etc.). The assessment of alternatives should be carried out in a comprehensive manner, taking into account as many criteria as possible.

In most cases, the central company in the supply chain (the firm that produces the product or trade company) turns to the services of specialized transport or forwarding companies.

Logistic selection procedures include:

choice of type of transportation (method of transportation or system of delivery of goods);

choice of type (or several types) of transport;

selection of main and auxiliary logistics intermediaries.

All of these procedures are performed on the basis of one or a system of criteria, subject to the restrictions specified by the LS. These restrictions are due to the goals of the firm's logistics strategy or factors of the surrounding macro- and microeconomic environment. For example, in the distribution system, restrictions may be the delivery time of the GP, the cost of transportation, the safety of the cargo, the location of the ZLS, where the warehousing or transshipment of the cargo to another mode of transport, etc. is carried out.

The choice of transportation method, mode of transport and logistics intermediaries is made on the basis of a system of criteria. The main criteria for choosing a method of transportation and mode of transport include:

minimum transportation costs;

agreed time of transit (cargo delivery);

maximum reliability and safety;

minimal costs (damage) associated with stocks in transit;

capacity and availability of the mode of transport;

product differentiation.

In the foreign practice of choosing carriers, specially developed systems of ranking indicators are often used. From the point of view of the priority of individual criteria (indicators), the ranking procedure when choosing individual modes of transport in the organization of transportation in drugs is only for an approximate assessment of the compliance of a particular mode of transport with the conditions of a particular transportation. When choosing the appropriate mode of transport, the logistics manager must take into account the capacity and carrying capacity, technical and operational characteristics and spatial availability of transport. An important condition for the choice is to ensure the safety of the cargo in transit, compliance with the quality standards of the transportation process, international environmental requirements.

At the same time, the procedures for choosing the method of transportation (transportation), the type of transport and the carrier are interconnected and, in fact, multi-criteria and must be solved by special methods of vector optimization. The complexity of the multi-criteria approach to the considered problem of choice lies in the multidirectionality of the criteria, the different dimensions and the qualitative nature of many indicators.

Central to transportation decisions is the choice of carrier (or multiple carriers). Often, the logistics manager entrusts this choice to the freight forwarding company (forwarder), with which the cargo owner has a long-standing business relationship. At the same time, the freight forwarder is given certain characteristics of the cargo, criteria and restrictions from those listed.

When a logistics manager chooses a carrier on his own, he must follow a certain algorithm (Fig. 5.5). When the method of transportation and the mode of transport are determined, an analysis is made of the specific market of transport services, which, as a rule, has a fairly large number of carriers with different organizational and legal forms. The main criteria for the preliminary selection of carriers are the cost of shipping, the reliability of meeting delivery dates, and the safety of the cargo. The selection procedure additionally includes a system of other quantitative and qualitative indicators.

10.4. Forwarding service

Along with the carrier, the main logistics intermediary in transportation is a freight forwarding company (or forwarder). According to Art. 801 of the Civil Code (CC) of the Russian Federation under the contract transport expedition, one party (forwarder) undertakes, for remuneration and at the expense of the other party (client - consignor or consignee), to fulfill or organize the performance of the services specified by the expedition contract related to the transportation of cargo.

The forwarding contract provides for the obligations of the forwarder to organize the transportation of cargo by the transport and along the route chosen by the forwarder or the client, to conclude on his own behalf or on behalf of the client a contract (contracts) for the carriage of cargo, to ensure the dispatch and receipt of cargo, as well as other obligations related to transportation.

Forwarder usually provides clients Additional services:

execution of documents for export-import of goods;

fulfillment of customs formalities;

checking the completeness and condition of the cargo;

loading and unloading of vehicles;

payment of duties, fees and other costs associated with transportation;

storage, warehousing, sorting, cargo assembly;

information services, insurance, etc.

As can be seen from the above list of services, forwarding companies essentially integrate a large number of logistics operations and functions into the LAN.

Overseas, many large freight forwarding companies and express delivery companies such as Ryder, DHL, Schenker- BTL, Federal Express, UPS, Leasnay, TNT, ASGAB, other perform a large number of different logistics operations and functions, trying to capture the largest possible number or length of logistics channels, integrating logistics functions in the territorial zone or based on product orientation . This allows GP manufacturing firms and shippers to significantly reduce the costs associated with transportation, cargo handling, storage, and improve the quality of logistics services.

Freight forwarding service begins from the moment the cargo is accepted for transportation and includes following operations :

preparation of cargo for transportation,

its delivery to railway and road transport stations, ports of sea and river transport, airports,

registration of documents of title and delivery of goods to the carrier,

its storage, packaging and labeling.

Forwarding services are also carried out in the process of transportation itself and are associated with the transfer of goods from one mode of transport to another. The latter includes work on finalizing the cargo, bringing it, if necessary, into a transportable state, performing customs formalities in ports and border stations, sending transport documents and shipping notices. Freight forwarding services are also provided at the final destinations of the cargo.

Currently Freight forwarding companies and firms perform the following main operations:

Organization and registration of transportation.

Warehouse operations related both directly to the process of transportation of goods, and with its warehousing.

Bringing goods into a transportable state.

Preparation of documents submitted to the customs authorities for the movement of goods across the customs border.

Freight forwarding companies, as a rule, employ specialists not only in transport issues, customs procedures, international trade and transport customs, but also employees who monitor the market for transport services, in particular, tariffs for sea, rail, road and air transportation . There are special companies involved in collecting additions and changes to transport tariffs, classifying these changes, publishing and sending them to interested customers.

Almost all freight forwarding firms and companies have regular carriers that they trust with cargo. Having received an order to organize the transportation of goods, forwarders establish contacts with transport companies in order to reserve the necessary vehicles for the goods. A modern freight forwarder is often at the same time the owner (or lessee, general contractor) of road trains, sea, river and aircraft. Large forwarding companies usually have various vehicles for the transport of goods: trucks, vans, refrigerated road trains. Forwarding firms often keep these funds in large specialized trucking companies that provide their maintenance.

Large freight forwarding companies have their own warehouse facilities, workshops for the manufacture of containers and packaging of goods, sorting centers, their own fleet of vehicles and equipment, including containers, pallets, lighters and wagons. Let's list services of freight forwarding companies:

consultations of consignors or consignees when choosing the type of vehicle, taking into account the convenience, speed and cost of cargo delivery;

organization of cargo delivery from the sender's warehouse to the railway station or port and from the station or port to the recipient's warehouse;

new packaging, labeling and assembly of loading lots, consolidation of small lots into a combined large shipment to maximize the use of the carrying capacity of a container, wagon or ship;

preparation and execution of documents for concluding a contract for the carriage of goods with a carrier or with its agent, broker;

assistance in customs, sanitary, quarantine and other clearance of shipments;

transfer of cargo to the carrier or his agent (port, station) and execution of acceptance and transportation documents (bills of lading, waybills, etc.);

organization of storage of cargo in warehouses and loading and unloading operations at points of reloading and transshipment of goods from one type of transport to another;

assistance in settlements between the seller and the buyer for the sold goods by transferring the necessary transport and shipping documents to the bank at the place of shipment of the goods;

acceptance of cargo at the point of destination from the carrier or its cargo agent (port, station), checking the number of pieces, weight of cargo, condition of its tare and packaging;

registration with carriers or their cargo agents of commercial and other acts on the shortage or excess of cargo, spoilage and damage to cargo and containers, regrading, etc.;

settlements for the transportation of goods and loading and unloading operations at the point of departure/arrival;

sorting large consignments of imported cargoes into smaller ones, as well as by grades, sizes, etc., their subsequent repacking and re-labeling;

organization of cargo escort by conductors during its transportation; equipment of wagons and ships for the transportation of special cargoes (citrus fruits, grains, etc.).

It should also be noted that a certain part of the transport and forwarding operations is performed by suppliers of export and consumers of imported products by their special structural units - transport departments or subsidiary auxiliary enterprises.

In addition to the above services, freight forwarding companies help exporters to determine minimum costs for packaging and transportation of goods and to make an optimal calculation of the transport component of its export price. In international trade, there is a practice of drawing up a price list, which includes all costs for the delivery of goods to the buyer at the destination, with the help of a forwarder. These costs usually depend on the basic conditions for the delivery of goods, the working conditions of linear conferences, etc. For the convenience of exporters, many freight forwarding companies can provide not individual elements of transportation costs, but a flat rate, which includes all the costs of the international freight forwarder in the process of transporting the goods, including the costs associated with issuing documents and maintaining correspondence.

It should also be noted that the freight forwarder often acts as a multimodal transport operator. A modern freight forwarder is often at the same time the owner (or lessee, general contractor) of road trains, sea, river and aircraft. Therefore, having accepted an order for the carriage of goods, he primarily uses his means of transport.