Eclipses of the 20th century table. When were the solar eclipses? Total solar eclipses (years)

Imagine such a picture. An ordinary day: the sun is at its zenith, it shines brightly, warming passers-by, hurrying about their business. At first, they do not notice how a flaw appears on the star's disk. But it increases, covering the star partially, and then completely. Now it is impossible to ignore an incomprehensible phenomenon: a black disk is shown in the sky, along the edges of which a small rim glows. The night falls, the stars appear. But a few minutes pass and everything returns to normal - the sun shines again, gradually freeing itself from a dark spot ...

It is clear that in ancient times our ancestors were afraid of such inexplicable phenomena. If they were frightened by a simple thunderstorm or earth vibrations, then what to say about the disappearance of the sun in the middle of a snow-white day. They interpreted the solar eclipse as the wrath of higher powers. People in ancient times believed that in this way the Gods warn humanity about an imminent terrible catastrophe. Even now, in the 21st century, when scientists have fully explored the mechanism of a natural phenomenon, we are still waiting for it with trepidation and experience, linking the disappearance of the sun with something terrible and mystical.

At any time when there were solar eclipses, doctors advised people to stay at home, rest, not solve fundamental issues. Indeed, on such days, an increase in anxiety, feelings of fear, depression or excitement was seen. In hypertensive patients, pressure jumps, people with problems of the cardiovascular system also feel bad. A person's nerves can be shattered, he falls into a state of stupor. Skeptics say that all this is from self-hypnosis. But the opposite version testifies to something else: when there were solar eclipses, gravitational pressure on the Earth was observed. As a result, weather-dependent and emotional people felt it.

The mechanism of a natural phenomenon

The solar eclipse model is easy to describe for incompetent people. It starts from the right side of the star. The moon, which becomes one line with him, gradually closes his outlines. At first, only a dark horn appears, then it expands, growing into a huge black disk.

In these seconds around the Sun you can observe the radiance, the so-called corona. This is the outer atmospheric layer, which is invisible on ordinary days due to its relatively low brightness against the background of the daytime sky. Almost every time this diadem is different: it changes depending on solar activity. A pinkish ring appears above the horizon. It is formed as follows: light from other zones penetrates into the area darkened by the Moon, where not a total, but only a partial eclipse is observed.

Fascinating is the fact that the size of the Moon is 400 times smaller than the Sun. At the same time, it is 400 times closer to the Earth than it is. Even cynics find some mysticism and mystery in this.

Mythology

You can’t do without it, because everything inexplicable and mysterious for our ancestors immediately acquired legends and tales. When there were solar eclipses, the learned minds of that time took up the pen to describe this stunning and at the same time awesome beauty. The pagans said that during a natural phenomenon, the battle of the Gods takes place. The Vietnamese believed that the Moon and the Sun were two sister goddesses who took turns looking after people. Their husband was a bear, who periodically demanded the fulfillment of marital duty from the virgins. He followed them, and when he caught up, solar and lunar eclipses occurred in the sky.

The ancient Germans claimed that the heavenly bodies were eaten by a wolf. And to scare him away, on the days of eclipses, they made a lot of noise. The Egyptians believed that the daily journey of the god Ra is interrupted when the serpent Apep breaks out of the underworld and swallows the boat. The deity fights the monster and invariably wins. And the redskins in Colombia and Mexico were inclined to believe that the eclipse was the sorcery of evil demons. From their charms, the luminaries fell ill. All these versions are fascinating today when we study the culture of the old peoples. Mythology gives us a clear idea of ​​the way of life of ancient people, their beliefs and beliefs.

The most famous solar eclipses

Historians have seen that a total solar eclipse has always warned of tipping points. The most famous, of course, is that which marked the death of Christ. It is clear that they crucified him on Friday afternoon. At this time, from 6 to 9 pm, the sun completely disappeared and the deepest darkness fell. This phenomenon in the gospel was described by Mark, Luke and Matthew. It was the beginning of a new life for mankind, which until now is trying to atone for its sin.

At the same time, the very first eclipse that occurred in the human age occurred in China. It happened in 2134 BC. Previously, people had not encountered anything like this, so the sudden disappearance of the sun resulted in a strong panic in the country right up to the riots. In Kievan Rus, a natural phenomenon also predicted an unsuccessful campaign for Prince Igor. It appeared when the prince crossed the Donets River. Ignoring the evil symbol, he was captured and killed.

Another famous eclipse occurred in 1919 and completely changed the understanding of physics, while confirming Einstein's theory of relativity. The sun was out for only 6 minutes. During this short time, the English astrologer Arthur Eddington proved that bodies with strong gravity can bend time, space and light.

Solar eclipses in the history of Russia

They also influenced events in our country. For example, the birth of Karl Marx, the man who indirectly changed the course of the history of the state, was also accompanied by a solar eclipse. Years later, historians drew a parallel: a recognizable politician and philosopher was born on May 5, 1818 in the German town of Trier. That's when the sun completely disappeared from the sky. In Germany itself, this phenomenon went unnoticed, but it was well seen by the inhabitants of Russia, especially St. Petersburg. In this, scientists see a certain mysticism, since it was in Russia that the revolutionary ideas of Marx were tested in practice, and St. Petersburg became the center of three revolutions.

The solar eclipse in Russia in 1945 became a symbol of the victory over fascism and the triumphal parade that took place on June 24. By the way, a natural phenomenon was also observed on the eve of the tests nuclear bomb and the death of Princess Diana. All these events affected humanity, forcing them to rethink their lives, and also greatly influenced many important events in Russian and world history.

What to expect in 2015

Astrologers predict a strong solar eclipse that will occur in the last time in the Faroe Islands. On March 20, 2015, the solar disk will completely disappear from the view of people. It will only be possible to observe this beauty either in the Faroe Islands or in the Svalbard archipelago. This is about sushi. From the sea, the eclipse will be visible from the Atlantic Ocean and from the Arctic ice. Some partial phases will fall within the visibility zone of Europeans, inhabitants of the northern Arctic and Western Russia. In our country, the best way to watch the disappearance of the sun will be in Murmansk at 13.18 local time.

Whenever there were solar eclipses, astrologers warned people not to look at them. naked eye. Otherwise, you can burn the retina. If you are going to see this amazing phenomenon next time, do not forget about basic precautions. Then your memories will remain truly colorful and such that they are remembered for a lifetime.

Moon eclipse

A lunar eclipse can only occur during a full moon. It occurs because the Moon enters the shadow cast by the Earth from the Sun. However, not every full moon is accompanied by an eclipse. An eclipse occurs when the Sun, Earth and Moon line up in a row. The Earth illuminated by the Sun casts a shadow into space that has a cone shape in length. Usually the Moon is above or below the earth's shadow and remains quite visible. But with some eclipses, it just falls into the shadow. In this case, the eclipse is visible only from that half of the earth's surface that faces the moon, that is, on which the night lasts. The opposite part of the Earth at this moment is turned towards the Sun, that is, it is daytime, and the lunar eclipse is not visible there. Often we cannot observe a lunar eclipse due to clouds.
In those cases when the Moon plunges into the earth's shadow only partially, an incomplete, or partial, eclipse occurs, and when it is entirely - a complete one. However, during a total eclipse, the Moon is rarely completely hidden, most often it only turns dark red. There are also penumbral eclipses. They occur when the Moon enters space near the cone of the Earth's shadow, which is surrounded by penumbra. Hence the name.
For centuries, ancient people observed the Moon and tried to systematize the onset of eclipses. It was not an easy task: there were years when there were three lunar eclipses, and it happened that not a single one. In the end, the mystery was solved: in 6585.3 days, 28 lunar eclipses always happen across the Earth. In the next 18 years, 11 days and 8 hours (the same number of days), all eclipses repeat according to the same schedule. So they learned to predict eclipses through "repetition", in Greek saros. Saros allows you to calculate eclipses for 300 years ahead.

Solar eclipse

Even more interesting solar eclipse. The reason for it lies in our space satellite.

The sun is a star, that is, a “self-luminous” body, unlike the planets, which only reflect its rays. Sometimes the Moon gets in the way of its rays and, like a screen, hides the daylight from us for a while. A solar eclipse can only occur at a new moon, but also not at any, but only when the Moon is (when viewed from the Earth) neither above nor below the Sun, but just in the path of its rays.
A solar eclipse is essentially the same phenomenon as the occultation of the stars by the Moon (that is, the Moon moves between the stars and blocks them from us as it passes by). The moon is small compared to the sun heavenly body. But it is very close to us, so it can cover the big Sun, which is much further away. The Moon is 400 times smaller than the Sun and 400 times closer to it, so their disks appear to be the same size in the sky.
In the event of a solar eclipse, not all observers see the phenomenon in the same way. In the place where the cone of the moon's shadow touches the Earth, the eclipse is total. For observers outside the cone of the lunar shadow, it is only partial (the scientific name is private), and some see the closure of the lower part of the solar disk, and some see the upper one.
The dimensions of the moon are such that a total solar eclipse can last no longer than 6 minutes. The farther from the Earth the Moon, the shorter the total eclipse, since the apparent size of the lunar disk is smaller. If during a solar eclipse the moon is at greatest distance from the Earth, then it can no longer completely cover the disk of the Sun. In this case, a narrow light ring remains around the dark disk of the Moon. Scientists call this an annular eclipse of the Sun.
The entire process of the eclipse, from the first visible "touch" of the Moon's disk to the Sun's disk to complete convergence, takes about 2.5 hours. When the Sun is completely covered by the Moon, the illumination on Earth changes, becomes akin to night light, and a silvery crown shines in the sky around the black disk of the Moon - the so-called solar corona.
Although in general solar eclipses are observed more often than lunar eclipses on Earth, total eclipses occur extremely rarely in a certain area: on average, once every 300 years. In our time, solar eclipses are calculated with great accuracy for thousands of years ago and hundreds of years ahead.

Eclipses and astrology

AT individual astrology eclipses are still considered a negative factor that tends to have a bad effect on the fate and health of a person. But the degree of this influence is largely corrected by the indicators of each individual individual horoscope: the most Negative influence eclipses can have an effect on people born on the day of the eclipse and on those people in whose horoscopes the eclipse point affects the most important indicators - it falls into the places where the Moon, the Sun or at the time of birth. In this case, the eclipse point connects with one of the main elements of the horoscope, which in reality may not be very favorable for the health and life spheres of the owner of the horoscope.
The strength of the influence of eclipses depends on which celestial house of the horoscope this conjunction occurs, which houses of the individual horoscope are ruled by the Sun or the Moon, and what aspects (harmonious or negative) other planets and elements of the birth horoscope form to the eclipse point. Birth on the day of an eclipse is a sign of fatality. But this does not mean that misfortunes will haunt a person all his life, it’s just that people born in an eclipse have a lower level of freedom, it’s more difficult for them to change something in their life, it’s kind of programmed for them. A person born in an eclipse is subject to the so-called Saros cycle, i.e. the similarity of life events can be traced with a period equal to this cycle - 18.5 years.

Cases that will nevertheless be started may be called back even after 18 years. However, if you are confident of success and your thoughts are pure before people and before God, and also if the general characteristics of the day of replacement are favorable, you can act, but remember that for all the deeds and even thoughts associated with the day of the eclipse, sooner or later you will have keep an answer. A lunar eclipse may have an echo within three months, but the full impact of eclipses ends within 18.5 years, moreover most of the luminary was closed, the more powerful and longer the impact.

eclipses have a strong impact on all people, even those in whose horoscope eclipses are not accentuated in any way. Naturally, the current eclipse will have a stronger effect on people born on an eclipse, as well as on people whose horoscope is somehow affected by eclipse points. An eclipse always has a special meaning if the degree of the current eclipse affects a planet or other important element birth horoscope. If the eclipse coincides with an important point in the horoscope, changes and important events can be expected. Even if the events that have come may not seem significant at first, their importance will certainly manifest itself over time. even a break in relations, adverse circumstances in business, deterioration in health. If the planets or other important points of the birth horoscope turn out to be in favorable aspects with an eclipse degree, then there will be changes or important events, but they will not cause strong shocks, rather they will turn out to be beneficial to the person.

How to behave during eclipses

Moon- a luminary that is very close to us. The Sun gives energy (masculine), and the Moon absorbs (feminine). When two luminaries are at the same point during an eclipse, their energies have a strong impact on a person. There is a powerful load on the regulatory system in the body. Especially bad with health on the day of the eclipse for people with cardiovascular pathologies, hypertensive patients. People who are currently undergoing treatment will also feel bad. Even doctors say that on the day of the eclipse it is better not to engage in activity - actions will be inadequate and more likely to make mistakes. They advise to sit out this day. To avoid discomfort with health, it is recommended to take a contrast shower on this day. In 1954, the French economist Maurice Allais, observing the movements of the pendulum, noticed that during a solar eclipse, he began to move faster than usual. This phenomenon was called the Allais effect, but they could not systematize it. Today, new research by the Dutch scientist Chris Duif confirms this phenomenon, but cannot yet explain it. Astrophysicist Nikolai Kozyrev found out that eclipses affect people. He said that during eclipses, time is transformed. The consequences of an eclipse in the form powerful earthquake or other natural disaster is very likely during the week before or after any eclipse. In addition, instability in the economy is possible for several weeks after the eclipse. In any case, eclipses bring changes in society. During a lunar eclipse the mind, thinking and emotional sphere of people are highly vulnerable. The number of mental disorders in people is increasing. This is due to the disruption of the hypothalamus at the psychophysiological level, which corresponds to the Moon according to the discovery of Tony Neider (Nader Raja Rama). The hormonal cycles of the body can be disrupted, especially in women. During a solar eclipse, the work of the physiological correspondence of the Sun - the thalamus is more disturbed, and the risk of cardiovascular diseases will also increase, since the Sun controls the heart. The perception of "I", pure consciousness - clouded. The consequence of this may be increased tension, radical and aggressive tendencies in the world, as well as the unsatisfied ego of politicians or heads of state.

Here is the eclipse calendar for 2018-2022 (with additional information on the visibility of the total lunar eclipse on January 21, 2019 in the territory former USSR) . For each year there is a separate table, which indicates the date, Moscow time, type of solar or lunar eclipse, degree and sign of the zodiac in which the eclipse will take place, as well as regions where this phenomenon can be observed.

Eclipses are not uncommon, they happen every year. Solar eclipse occurs on the new moon, when the moon comes between the sun and the earth, partially or completely blocking the sunlight.

Moon eclipse occurs on a full moon when the earth is between the sun and the moon, and the earth casts a shadow on the moon.

The influence of eclipses

Solar eclipses affect more physical health, lunar - on emotions and mental state.

For people who are sensitive, emotionally unstable, and those who have cardiovascular diseases, it is recommended to reduce business activity and relax more on days near eclipses.

Also, eclipses have a greater effect on those people in whose horoscopes important points are affected by an eclipse.

Eclipses. Calendar for 2018

There were 5 eclipses in 2018 - 3 solar and 2 lunar.

the date	Time GMT+3	Eclipse	Degree	Zodiac sign	Visibility
31.01.18	16:30	total lunar eclipse	11°37"04"	a lion	Asia, Australia, Pacific Ocean, western North America. The eclipse can be observed in most of the territory of Russia *
16.02.18	0:05	Partial solar eclipse	27°07"50"	Aquarius	Private: Antarctica, southern South America
13.07.18	5:48	Partial solar eclipse	20°41"14"	Crayfish	Private: south australia
27.07.18	23:20	total lunar eclipse	4°44"53"	Aquarius	South America,
11.08.18	12:58	Partial solar eclipse	18°41"42"	a lion	Private: northern Europe, northeast Asia. The eclipse is visible in most of Russia, except for the South-West (Smolensk, Tula, Tambov, Saratov and to the south), Chukotka and Kamchatka. In Belarus, Lithuania, Moldova and Ukraine - not visible. In Moscow, the maximum phase of the eclipse occurs at 12:36 Moscow time.

Total lunar eclipse January 31, 2018. Visibility on the territory of the former USSR *

Lunar eclipse January 31 in one form or another can be observed throughout the territory of the former USSR. Fully all its phases will be visible in the eastern and central parts of the Russian Federation - in the Far East and almost in the entire Siberian Federal District. For observers in these regions, in order to find out the maximum phase of a total lunar eclipse, it is enough to replace Moscow time in the table with the time of their time zone. So in Khabarovsk and Vladivostok the culmination of the eclipse will take place at 23:30, the beginning of the partial eclipse at 21:48, and the beginning of the total eclipse at 22:50. Below is the time beginning of private phase, beginning of total lunar eclipse when the moon goes completely into the shadow of the earth and maximum eclipse phase in major cities in the region.

Click here to expand the text and read more about the eclipse

• Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky: 23:48-00:52-01:30;
• Magadan, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk: 22:48-23:52-00:30;
• Birobidzhan, Vladivostok, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Nakhodka, Ussuriysk, Khabarovsk: 21:48-22:52-23:30;
• Blagoveshchensk, Chita, Yakutsk: 20:48-21:52-22:30;
• Angarsk, Bratsk, Irkutsk, Ulan-Ude: 19:48-20:52-21:30;
• Abakan, Barnaul, Biysk, Gorno-Altaisk, Krasnoyarsk, Kemerovo, Kyzyl, Novosibirsk Norilsk, Tomsk: 18:48-19:51-20:30;
• Omsk, Ust-Kamenogorsk (Kazakhstan): 17:48-18:52-19:30;
• Khanty-Mansiysk: 16:48-17:52-18:30;

To the west it will be impossible to fully observe the beginning of the eclipse - its partial phase before the total eclipse, since in these regions the Moon has not yet had time to rise by the beginning of the eclipse. And the farther to the southwest, the greater part of the eclipse will be hidden from the gaze of the observer under the horizon line. For this group of settlements, we will indicate the start time of the total eclipse, its largest phase, and the end time with the transition to a partial eclipse, when the Moon looks out of the shadow.

• Almaty, Astana, Karaganda ( Kazakhstan), Bishkek, Osh ( Kyrgyzstan): 18:52-19:30-20:08;
• Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Tagil, Perm, Ufa, Chelyabinsk; Dushanbe ( Tajikistan- the whole territory), Tashkent, Samarkand, Andijan ( Uzbekistan): 17:52-18:30-19:08;
• Arkhangelsk, Murmansk: 15:52-16:30-17:08;

Even further to the west there is a band in which a total lunar eclipse is visible, i.e. the disk of the moon will be completely closed, but the beginning of the full phase cannot be observed and the moon is at the very horizon line. During the eclipse, the Moon rises higher and the visibility of the final phases of the eclipse will be better. In brackets after the name of the city, the time of moonrise is indicated, and at the end of each group of cities in different time zones, the end of the full phase.

• Orenburg (18:01): 19:08;
• Astrakhan(17:48), Samara (17:17), Saratov (17:40), Togliatti (17:18), Ulyanovsk (17:20), Baku (17:56, Azerbaijan): 18:08;
• Moscow(16:59), Volgograd (16:56), Vologda (16:32), Nizhny Novgorod (16:29): 17:08;

And finally, the area where the eclipse is only visible as a partial eclipse at moonrise. In parentheses after the name of the settlement is the time of sunrise according to local time.

• Velikiy Novgorod(17:12), Krasnodar (17:30), Rostov-on-Don (17:21), Pskov (17:28), St. Petersburg(17:08). In Kaliningrad, the eclipse will be visible only as a partial penumbra - after moonrise at 17:16 local time - Russia;
• Kyiv(16:49), Dnipro (16:36), Donetsk (17:26), Zhytomyr (16:58), Zaporozhye (16:38), Nikolaev (16:54), Odessa (17:01), Kharkiv ( 16:27), in Lviv, in Ivano-Frankivsk, Lutsk, Ternopil and Uzhgorod the eclipse will be visible only as a partial penumbral - Ukraine;
• Tallinn (16:35, Estonia), Riga (16:51, Latvia), Vilnius (16:55, Lithuania), Chisinau (17:07, Moldova), Tbilisi (18:14, Georgia, Yerevan (18:19, Armenia);
• Minsk(17:49), Brest (18:13), Vitebsk (17:33), Gomel (17:38), Grodno (18:06), Mogilev (17:38) — Belarus;

If your residence is in an unspecified location, then simply select the closest of the listed cities and do not forget about the time zones!

Total lunar eclipse July 27, 2018

Total lunar eclipse July 27/28 can be observed on most of the land of our planet, except for North and Central America, as well as the northern and northeastern regions of the Russian Federation.

Eclipses. Calendar for 2019

There will be 5 eclipses in 2019 - 3 solar and 2 lunar.

the date	Time GMT+3	Eclipse	Degree	Zodiac sign	Visibility
6.01.19	4:28	Partial solar eclipse	15°25"02"	Capricorn	northeast Asia, north Pacific. The eclipse will be visible in the Far East of Russia (except for the northern and northwestern regions) *
21.01.19	8:16	total lunar eclipse	0°51"34"	a lion	Central Pacific, Americas, Europe, Africa ** . Read more below.
2.07.19	22:16	total solar eclipse	10°37"34"	Crayfish	Private: south pacific, south america Full: South Pacific, Chile, Argentina
17.07.19	0:38	Partial lunar eclipse	24°04"09"	Capricorn
26.12.19	8:13	Annular solar eclipse	4°06"52"	Capricorn	Private: Asia, Australia Ring: Saudi Arabia, India, Sumatra, Kalimantan

Partial solar eclipse January 6, 2019. Visibility on the territory of the Russian Federation *

Solar eclipse on January 6 in Russia it will be possible to observe only in the Far East. Below are the times (local!) the beginning of the eclipse, maximum phase and end of eclipse in major cities. At the end, the value of the maximum phase of the eclipse, expressed in hundredths of unity, is highlighted in green. The closer the number is to one, the more the Moon covers the disk of the Sun.

• Blagoveshchensk: 08:40-09:58-11:23 ☀️ 0.56
• Vladivostok: 09:38-10:57-12:24 🌞 0,49
• Irkutsk: 09:11 (with sunrise)-09:16-09:48 🌞 0.28
• Komsomolsk-on-Amur: 09:48-11:12-12:42 ☀️ 0.61
• Magadan: 11:11-12:37-14:04 ☀️ 0.70
• Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky: 12:17-13:48-15:18 ☀️ 0.66
• Ussuriysk:09:39-10:58-12:25 🌞 0,50
• Khabarovsk: 09:44-11:07-12:37 ☀️ 0.58
• Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk: 10:50-12:18-13:52 ☀️ 0.59
• Yakutsk: 09:40 (with sunrise)-10:14-11:36 ☀️ 0.66

Total lunar eclipse January 21, 2019. Visibility on the territory of the former USSR **

This eclipse will be the only total lunar eclipse in 2019. It is noteworthy that it will happen during the so-called. supermoon - when the full (or new) moon in its elliptical motion around the earth is at the point closest to it. In addition, the "supermoon" during the eclipse will become "bloody" - when passing through the penumbra of the Earth, the lunar disk will acquire a brownish tint. In Europe, however, it will be very difficult to observe the eclipse, since the Moon will be located low above the horizon, and the further east, the lower.

Lunar eclipse January 21 can be observed in most of the territory of the former USSR, with the exception of Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and eastern Kazakhstan. In Russia, the eclipse will not be visible at all in the southern part of Siberia and Far East. The largest cities that will be bypassed by this eclipse: Krasnoyarsk, Bratsk, Irkutsk, Vladivostok. The table below shows the local times of the beginning of the full phase, the maximum and the end of the full phase, when the Moon looks out from behind the shadow of the Earth. Cities in which the eclipse is visible as partial or penumbral are not included in the table.

City	Beginning of the full phase	eclipse maximum	End of full phase
Arkhangelsk	07:41	08:12	08:43
Vilnius	06:41	07:12	07:43
Volgograd	08:41	08:39	08:51 (sunset)
Voronezh	07:41	08:12	08:25 (with sunset)
Dnieper	06:41	07:12	07:29 (sunset)
Donetsk	07:41	08:12	08:16 (sunset)
Kazan	07:41	08:00	08:05 (with sunset)
Kyiv	06:41	07:12	07:43
Kishinev	06:41	07:12	07:43
Lviv	06:41	07:12	07:43
Minsk	07:41	08:12	08:43
Moscow	07:41	08:12	08:43
Murmansk	07:41	08:12	08:43
Nizhny Novgorod	07:41	08:12	08:29 (sunset)
Permian	09:41	09:39	09:49 (sunset)
Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky	17:41 (with sunrise)	17:46	17:43
Riga	06:41	07:12	07:43
Rostov-on-Don	07:41	08:00	08:05 (with sunset)
Samara	08:41	08:39	08:47 (with sunset)
St. Petersburg	07:41	08:12	08:43
Tallinn	06:41	07:12	07:43

Eclipses. Calendar for 2020

There will be 6 eclipses in 2020 - 2 solar and 4 lunar.

the date	Time GMT+3	Eclipse	Degree	Zodiac sign	Visibility
10.01.20	22:21	Penumbral lunar eclipse	20°00"13"	Crayfish	Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia
5.06.20	22:12	Penumbral lunar eclipse	15°34"03"	Sagittarius	Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia
21.06.20	9:41	Annular solar eclipse	0°21"23"	Crayfish	Private: Africa, southwestern Europe, Asia Ring: central Africa, South Asia, Pacific Ocean
5.07.20	7:44	Penumbral lunar eclipse	13°37"48"	Capricorn	North and South America, Africa
30.11.20	12:30	Penumbral lunar eclipse	8°38"01"	Twins	Asia, Australia, Pacific Ocean, North and South America
14.12.20	19:17	total solar eclipse	23°08"15"	Sagittarius	Private: Pacific Ocean, southern South America, Antarctica Full: South Pacific, Chile, Argentina, South Atlantic

Eclipses. Calendar for 2021

There will be 4 eclipses in 2021 - 2 solar and 2 lunar.

the date	Time GMT+3	Eclipse	Degree	Zodiac sign	Visibility
26.05.21	14:14	total lunar eclipse	5°25"46"	Sagittarius	East Asia, Australia, Pacific Ocean, North and South America
10.06.21	13:53	Annular solar eclipse	19°47"06"	Twins	Private: northern North America, Europe, Asia Ring: northern Canada, Greenland, Russia
19.11.21	11:57	Partial lunar eclipse	27°14"28"	Taurus	North and South America, East Asia, Australia, Pacific Ocean
4.12.21	10:42	total solar eclipse	12°22"02"	Sagittarius	Private: Antarctica, South Africa, South Atlantic Full: Antarctic

Eclipses. Calendar for 2022

There will be 4 eclipses in 2022 - 2 solar and 2 lunar.

Solar eclipses on the pages of the Ivanovo newspaper "Working Land"

Solar eclipses are very spectacular astronomical phenomena. In one locality, partial eclipse phases can be observed on average once every three to four years. Total and annular eclipses are observed less frequently - once every 100-200 years.

During the 20th century, 40 solar eclipses were visible on the territory of the modern Ivanovo region, of which only one was in full phase. Such events could not but be reflected in the pages of local newspapers, in particular in the main regional newspaper "Working Territory", which has been published since 1917.

Let us analyze the newspaper reports on solar eclipses for the period from 1917 to 2000, and we will take into account only those eclipses that were visible in one phase or another on the territory of the Ivanovo region within its modern borders. There are 32 of them.

The characteristics of the eclipses are given according to the computer program EmapWin 1.21. The times of major eclipse moments are rounded to the nearest minute.

1. An annular eclipse on April 8, 1921. The maximum phase is 0.975 (in Ivanovo 0.674). The strip passed through the North Atlantic, Scotland, along the coast of Norway, through Franz Josef Land and the islands of Severnaya Zemlya. Visibility conditions in Ivanovo (hereinafter, universal time): beginning 8:25, maximum 9:44, end 11:02.

In the "Working Territory" dated April 5, 1921 (No. 73/984, p. 2), an article by a certain Vl.Ya. "For the upcoming solar eclipse." The author, warning about the upcoming eclipse visible in our area, talks in great detail and popularly about its nature. Starts Vl.Ya. structure of the solar system and the place of the Earth in it (hereinafter, in quotes, spelling, punctuation and typos are preserved): "If there were between the Earth and the Sun Railway then a train traveling non-stop for a whole day and making a hundred miles per hour would reach the Sun in about 160 years".

Further, describing the Earth-Moon system and talking about the nature of eclipses, the author notes that"The forthcoming eclipse is visible throughout European Russia and will have the character of a partial (and not total, as in 1912!) That is, the Moon will not cover the entire Sun, but only a part.

During the largest phase of the eclipse, a little less than 3/4 of the solar disk will close and the solar crescent will be directed upwards with its horns.

The eclipse will begin around 1:30 pm and will last until almost 4:00 pm.".

Comparing the above moments of the eclipse with those indicated in the article, we can conclude that the difference between local Ivanovo time and universal time in that year was 5 hours.

In the next issue of Rabochy Krai, published on April 6, 1921 (No. 74/985, p. 2), one can find a short note by Professor A. Nekrasov "Solar Eclipse on April 8", saturated with purely scientific information. After listing the solar and lunar eclipses visible in 1921 and indicating the countries through which the strip will pass, Nekrasov writes the following: "The beginning of the eclipse on earth in general, according to the time in which we now live, at 11.52 am in a place lying at 14º40" west longitude from Greenwich and + 17º59" geographical latitude; the beginning of the central eclipse at 1 o'clock. 23 m at a place lying at 42º38" W from Granwich and +45º59" latitude; the end of the central eclipse at 3h 6m at a place lying at 206º55" W from Greenwich and +77º30" latitude, ending at earth in general, at 4:38 p.m. in a place lying at 255º2 "West longitude from Greenwich and + 51º12" latitude. The diameter of the sun is 31 "56", and the diameter of the moon is 30 "54" ". The parameters of the eclipse given by Professor Nekrasov do not differ much from those obtained using modern astronomical models. Curiously, all longitudes are given west of Greenwich.

At the end of the note, the local observation conditions are described: "In Ivanovo, the eclipse will be visible, as a partial one; it will be closed at about 0.67 of the sun. The beginning of the eclipse in Ivanovo at 1:26 p.m., the largest phase of the eclipse at 2:44 p.m., and the end of the eclipse at 4:00 m of the day according to the time by which we now live, and which is ahead of the average solar Ivanovo time by 2 hours 16 m. , which is 33º from the upper edge of the sun to the east. The positional angles of the entry and descent of the moon are 266º and 50º ". The very accurate computer program EmapWin gives 275.1º (or 84.9º to the west) for the first parameter, 32.4º for the second, and indicates position angles at 265.8º and 49.7º.

It is interesting to note that Professor Nekrasov calls the city Ivanovo, and not Ivanovo-Voznesensk, as it was called before 1932.

As you can see, despite the very beginning of a broad education of the population of Soviet Russia, the newspaper did not hesitate to publish such special information, understandable only to astronomers, geographers and other narrow specialists.

2. An annular eclipse on March 28, 1922. The maximum phase is 0.938 (in Ivanovo 0.187). The strip passed through Brazil, the Atlantic Ocean, North Africa, Arabia. Visibility conditions in Ivanovo: start 13:52, maximum 14:35, end 15:16.

Probably, due to the small phase and unfavorable visibility conditions (at sunset), the eclipse is not given a place on the pages of the "Working Territory".

3. Total eclipse on June 29, 1927. The maximum phase is 1.013 (in Ivanovo 0.729). The strip passed through the British Isles, the Scandinavian Peninsula, Severnaya Zemlya, the New Siberian Islands, the Bering Sea and the Aleutian Islands. Visibility conditions in Ivanovo: start 4:32, maximum 5:35, end 6:44.

Three days before the eclipse, on April 26, 1927, Rabochy Krai (No. 143/2846, p. 2) published an essay by the well-known popularizer of science, J. Perelman, "Why Observe Eclipses." Perelman raises the problem of the need to equip distant and expensive expeditions to the north of Europe, despite the short duration of the eclipse on June 29 (less than a minute). He brilliantly and clearly explains the nature of eclipses, responding to numerous proposals to create an "artificial eclipse" by simply obscuring the image of the sun in a telescope with an opaque circle. Observations of eclipses, writes Perelman, allow us to solve three important problems: "observation of the "reversal" of spectral lines in the outer shell of the sun", the study of the solar corona and the verification of one of the consequences of the general theory of relativity (the curvature of a beam of light under the influence of gravity). Partial phases of the eclipse, visible over most of the territory of the Union, according to Perelman, "are of very little interest to science".

"The largest phase of a partial eclipse will occur in Moscow and Ivanovo-Voznesensk at 7:31 pm local time; about 3/4 of the solar disk will be obscured. In Leningrad, it will be covered - at 7:36 about 4/5 of the solar disk".

The difference with universal time here, as we see, is already 2 hours. And "7 o'clock 31 m." true only for Moscow - in Ivanovo-Voznesensk, the maximum phase came at 07:35.

The essay is illustrated with three eclipse schemes indicating the magnitude of the phases for Leningrad, Moscow and Donbass (as in the illustration).

On the eve of the eclipse, June 28, 1927, "Working Land" (No. 144/2847, p. 4) publishes a small note "Watch the solar eclipse tomorrow": "The eclipse of the sun will begin in our province at 6:32 a.m. and end at 8:44 a.m., you can observe the eclipse only through smoky or well-smoked glass; looking at the sun during an eclipse with a simple eye is dangerous - you can ruin your eyes ".

4. Partial eclipse on November 12, 1928. The maximum phase is 0.808 (in Ivanovo 0.654). It was visible in Europe, the European part of the USSR, the Middle East and Central Asia. Visibility conditions in Ivanovo: beginning 7:48, maximum 9:13, end 10:39.

Despite the rather large phase of the eclipse, it is not mentioned on the pages of the newspaper "Working Land". Most likely, this is due to the very low position of the sun above the horizon during the eclipse (about 15º), which makes it difficult to observe.

5. An annular eclipse on August 21, 1933. The maximum phase is 0.98 (in Ivanovo 0.29). The strip passed through Palestine, Iraq, Iran, northern India, Indonesia and northern Australia. Visibility conditions in Ivanovo: beginning 3:30, maximum 4:17, end 5:06.

Due to the small phase and the fact that it occurred in Ivanovo early in the morning, this eclipse was also not given attention in Rabochy Krai.

6. Total eclipse on June 19, 1936. The maximum phase is 1.033 (in Ivanovo 0.777). The strip passed through the Balkan Peninsula, the Black Sea, the Caspian lowland, northern Kazakhstan, Baikal, Primorye, the island of Hokkaido, the Pacific Ocean. Visibility conditions in Ivanovo: start 3:20, maximum 4:19, end 5:22.

This is one of the few eclipses that is mentioned in several issues of "Working Land".

On June 2, 1936 (No. 125/5037, p. 2), a Soyuzfoto photograph was published showing two scientists next to a spectrograph for observing the eclipse. Photo caption: "Preparation for the solar eclipse of June 19, 1936. An American scientific expedition that went to the Ak-Bulak station (USSR) to observe the solar eclipse is carrying a spectrograph made of a special light metal "dau"".

In No. 133/5045 (p. 4) dated June 11, 1936, in addition to the draft Constitution of the USSR and its discussion, under the heading "Briefly. From our correspondents and IvTASS" a note was placed: "The pioneers and schoolchildren of Vladimir are preparing to observe a solar eclipse. They are preparing tinted glasses and glasses. In units and detachments, teachers give lectures to the pioneers and talk with them about the solar eclipse". The city of Vladimir was then part of the Ivanovo industrial region with its center in Ivanovo.

Not only scientists, but also Soyuzkulttorg responded to the upcoming eclipse by placing the following announcement (No. 1038 2-1) in the advertising block of the newspaper for June 16, 1936 (No. 137/5049, p. 4): "Observation of the solar eclipse of June 19, 1936 with unprotected eyes is impossible. Soyuzkulttorg through its stores in Ivanovo (No. 1 - Socialist street, house No. 4 and 2 - Red Army street, 1/2) and Yaroslavl (shop No. 3 - Liniya Sotsializma, 5) and through shops KOGIZA in Ivanovo sells for everyone a special film that protects the eyes when observing a solar eclipse at a price of 20 kopecks a piece and solar eclipse maps at a price of 1 ruble 50 kopecks and 2 rubles per piece We ask all trading organizations to take part in the wide distribution of the film and apply with orders: Ivanovo, B. Komsomolskaya St., No. 25, Soyuzkulttorg, telephone 2-95-00, additional 1- 12. Discount for trading organizations. Soyuzkulttorg ".

The issue of the newspaper for June 18, 1936 (No. 139/5051, p. 4) publishes an unsigned note "Tomorrow - a solar eclipse." It notes that "on the territory of our country, the last total solar eclipse was observed in 1914. Now, 22 years later, the total solar eclipse will repeat". Further, the regions of the country where the lunar shadow will pass are listed, the picture of the eclipse is described (nightfall, the appearance of stars and the solar corona), as well as its duration.

"To help our scientists who will observe the solar eclipse, the Soviet opto-mechanical industry has manufactured excellent equipment, which is not inferior in quality to foreign ones.

The observation of the solar eclipse by Soviet scientists (28 astronomical expeditions) will not only be from the earth. Assuming the possibility of cloudy weather, our astronomers are ready for high-altitude flights on stratospheric balloons and airplanes.

Simultaneously with Soviet astronomers, a solar eclipse on the territory of the USSR will be observed by more than 10 foreign expeditions that have arrived to us from America, England, Italy, France, Japan, Czechoslovakia and a number of other countries..

The conditions for the visibility of the eclipse in a number of cities of the Soviet Union, including our city, are described below: "In Ivanovo, the beginning of a partial eclipse is 6 hours 20 minutes, the duration of the entire eclipse is 2 hours 02 minutes".

The difference with universal time is already 3 hours.

The next day after the eclipse, June 20, 1936 (No. 140/5054, p. 4), along with an obituary about the death of the writer Maxim Gorky, a small report was published in Rabochy Krai under the title "Solar Eclipse. Observation Program Completed." We quote it in full to show the flavor of that era:"The solar eclipse has passed. Dozens of Soviet and foreign scientists, thousands of working people of our country observed this beautiful and majestic natural phenomenon. The observations of scientists were crowned with success. Astronomical science was enriched with new, extremely valuable information. Special correspondents of TASS report from the points of total eclipse on the progress of scientific observations. To On the evening of June 18, Comrade Gorbunov, permanent secretary of the USSR Academy of Sciences, and Professor Kapitsa, head of the Institute for Physical Problems, arrived in Ak-Bulak by plane.

A hundred kilometers from Orenburg, on a deserted steppe hill, up to 60 scientists, including 30 Americans, gathered.

The total phase of the eclipse was observed under excellent conditions, in a cloudless section of the sky. Soviet instruments worked brilliantly. The expeditions basically completed the entire planned observation program in 117 seconds".

7. Total eclipse on September 21, 1941. The maximum phase is 1.038 (in Ivanovo 0.706). The strip passed through the Kuban, the Caspian and Aral Seas, Kyrgyzstan, China, the Pacific Ocean. Visibility conditions in Ivanovo: the beginning is not visible, maximum 3:12, end 4:08.

In the newspaper of that time, much attention was paid to the events of the Great Patriotic War. Perhaps that is why, and also because of the unfavorable visibility conditions (at sunrise), the information about the eclipse was not included in the pages of the "Working Territory".

8. Partial eclipse on September 10, 1942. The maximum phase is 0.523 (in Ivanovo 0.463). It was visible in northern Canada, Greenland, Western Europe. Visibility conditions in Ivanovo: beginning 15:17, maximum 16:08, the end is not visible.

Rabochy Krai was published at that time in two pages due to the economy of paper in wartime. Probably because of this, and also due to unfavorable visibility conditions (at sunset), there is no mention of this eclipse in the newspaper.

9. Total eclipse on July 9, 1945. The maximum phase is 1.018 (in Ivanovo 1.004). The strip passed through Canada, Greenland, Scandinavia, Central Russia, Kazakhstan. Visibility conditions in Ivanovo: start 13:18, maximum 14:23, end 15:23.

This post-war eclipse is remarkable in that it was the only total eclipse of the 20th century, the strip of which passed through the territory of the Ivanovo region and Ivanovo.

It is not surprising that Rabochy Krai devoted many articles and notes to this phenomenon in several issues at once.

On July 1, 1945, the newspaper (No. 127/7379, p. 2) published a large article by S. Smirnov, teacher of the Ivanovo Institute of Chemical Technology, "Solar Eclipse of July 9". Starting with a mention of the date of the eclipse, Smirnov proceeds to a colorful description of the phenomenon, the myths and legends associated with it, and omens described in the annals. He talks about what saros is, mentions Thales of Miletus, explains the nature of the phenomenon and the possibility of predicting it. Further, Smirnov reports on the parameters of the shadow and lists the places on Earth through which a shadow will pass, including Ivanovo:"The largest phase of a total solar eclipse will be in Ivanovo at 17 hours 22 minutes 42 seconds Moscow time. The duration of the total phase is 48 seconds, that is, less than one minute. As a private eclipse, the eclipse will become visible earlier. Its beginning in Ivanovo at 16 hours 18 minutes, ending at 18:24.

Deviation from these terms of the onset of a partial eclipse and its largest phase in the regions of the Ivanovo region does not exceed 3 minutes. The duration of the full phase will be different for individual points in the region.

The central line of the total solar eclipse crosses our region from the northwest to the southeast, it does not pass through Ivanovo. The point of the central line of the total solar eclipse closest to the city of Ivanovo lies to the northeast of the city center, being at a distance of approximately 13 kilometers from it (near the village of Kalachevo).

The duration of a total solar eclipse at this point will be 51 seconds. The central line is surrounded by a strip 76 kilometers wide. In this band, a total solar eclipse will be visible, the duration of which decreases as you approach the edges of the band.

The total solar eclipse will include: Pistsovo, Dulyapino, Furmanov, Ermolino, Kokhma, Shuya, Palekh, Yuzha. In all these settlements, the duration of the full phase will be more than 40 seconds.

In the cities of Komsomolsk, Privolzhsk, Rodniki, Vyazniki, Pestyaki, the full phase will be shorter. Lezhnevo, Lukh, Savino lie near the very border of the visibility band of a total solar eclipse and it will be very short there. Savino even happens to be part of the out-of-sight of a total solar eclipse.

Finally, in Teikovo, Vichuga, Staraya Vichuga, Kineshma, the eclipse will already be partial, but an insignificant part of the solar disk will remain uncovered..

The article ends with a rationale for the need to study the sun at the time of an eclipse and recommendations for its independent observation.

Attached to the article is a drawing illustrating the scheme of a solar eclipse: casting a shadow on the Earth by the Moon.

Just below S. Smirnov's article is an unsigned note "Scientific Expeditions in Ivanovo":“At the site in Bogorodskoye, where scientific expeditions are working to observe the upcoming solar eclipse, intensive preparations are underway. The installation of a nebular spectrograph and a quadruple coronograph has been completed. A five-meter coronograph, a telespectrograph and other equipment will be installed in the coming days.

Electrical wiring has been brought to the observation site, and special pavilions for instrumental installations have been built.

All the necessary construction materials were delivered in a timely manner, which ensured the success of the preparatory work.

Today, the director of the Institute of Astronomy and Physics of the Kazakh branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Academician V.G. is expected to arrive from Moscow. Fesenkov. With the arrival of the academician, all preparations for observing the solar eclipse will be completed.

The regional lecture bureau in connection with the forthcoming solar eclipse held 29 lectures in the city, which were attended by about 3 thousand people. Lectures were given at factories, artels, institutions by the faculty of local universities and members of scientific expeditions.

Lectures were held among the workers of all peat enterprises and in some collective farms".

On July 8, 1945, almost a whole page of the newspaper was devoted to the upcoming eclipse (No. 132/7384, p. 2). It opened with a photo essay from the village of Bogorodskoye near the city of Ivanovo, where "the participants of scientific expeditions to observe the solar eclipse settled down". The photographs of F. Karyshev show Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences G.A. Tikhov at the quadruple coronograph, Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences E.V. Fesenkov for checking instruments and Academician V.G. Fesenkov at a high-aperture telespectrograph - a device for observing the spectrum of the outer corona of the sun.

Further, a conversation was printed with the chairman of the commission for organizing the observation of a solar eclipse, academician V.G. Fesenkov under the heading "Scientific Expeditions at the Ready". The academician spoke about the instruments installed at the observation sites, as well as about the participants in scientific expeditions to observe the eclipse. Among them, professor A.N. Boyko, head of the group of workers of the Pulkovo Observatory, Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences G.A. Tikhov, head of the group of scientists of the Moscow Pedagogical Institute Professor P.I. Popov. As a personal initiative, the oldest Russian astronomer N.M. Saturday. According to Fesenkov's story, observations will be made by research workers A.A. Kalinyak, V.G. Klinger, M.G. Karimov, I.P. Milshtein and V.G. Fesenkov. Professor A.N. Boyko and researcher Z.I. Novikov. The quadruple coronograph will be operated by G.A. Tikhov and researcher at the Pulkovo Observatory R.S. Gnevyshev, and on a special camera for photographing the outer corona - N.M. Shtaude and M.P. Upside down. Academician Fesenkov assumed as a result of observations "get full physical characteristic states of different layers solar atmosphere, namely: the strike and relative abundance of atoms of various elements along the height on the solar surface, temperature and its change at different distances from the solar surface, the speed of movement of various gases and the degrees of their turbulent mixing " etc. It was also supposed that the zodiacal light would be photographed with the help of planes taking off from six different points and reaching heights of 5-6 km.

A. Yuryev's note "In the Sunny Town" tells about the base of a scientific expedition to observe the solar eclipse, which arose near Ivanovo, about the hopes of scientists for good weather on July 9th.

And finally - a reminder for readers "July 9 at 16 hours 17 minutes ...":"The solar eclipse in the area of ​​the city of Ivanovo will begin at 16 hours 17 minutes. The beginning of the total eclipse phase is 17 hours 23 minutes. The duration of the total phase is 48 seconds. The end of the eclipse is at 18 hours 24 minutes.

An exhibition has been opened in the regional library for the forthcoming total solar eclipse.

The exhibition is a great success with library visitors".

On July 11, 1945, Rabochesky Krai (No. 134/7386, p. 2) published a report on the observations of the eclipse in the cities of Rybinsk, Chapaevsk and Ivanovo "Solar Eclipse of July 9, 1945". In particular, the following is written about the very unfavorable weather situation during the eclipse in Ivanovo:"On July 9, on the day of the solar eclipse, the Ivanovo sky began to be covered with cloudy haze from one side in the morning. In the middle of the day, the situation deteriorated noticeably. Entries in the diary of Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences G.A. Tikhov briefly and restrainedly characterize the further course of events on a sunny site:

"13 o'clock. Half of the sky is covered with cumulus clouds.

13 hours 45 minutes. The whole sky is closed. Thunderstorm, heavy rain.

14 hours 20 minutes. Shower.

14 hours 50 minutes. Grad.

Further without interruption - downpour. After the first contact (16 hours 17 minutes), the rain is somewhat weaker. Thunderstorm. Before the second contact, the sky darkens rapidly. In the southeast there is a slight semi-enlightenment, in which the dawn of obscuration is visible.

At the moment of the second contact - a sharp darkening. On the side of the sun about ten seconds after the second contact flashed a zigzag lightning.

The rain continues to fall even after the full phase."

Thus, all the grandiose preparations for the scientific expedition were reduced almost to nothing. True, some of the scientists carried out well-known observations both before and after the eclipse, and their results will be used by science, but all this is a very small part of what the expedition counted on when preparing its installations for the eclipse.

G.A. Tikhov on a sapphire cyanometer, designed and manufactured according to his drawings, made observations of the state of the sky (blue, brightness, etc.). He already has extensive material on these observations in the Urals, the Caucasus, Central Asia, Finland, Sweden, Kildin Island, and so on. Watching our skies gives it additional material for comparative characteristics and related scientific findings.

M.N. and R.S. The Gnevyshevs used a quartz spectrograph to determine the spectral transparency of the earth's atmosphere.

Academician V.G. Fesenkov, during the total phase of the eclipse, took several photographs of the darkening dawn, which was observed through the gap in the southeast.

R.S. Gnevysheva during the partial and total phases of the eclipse observed the illumination of the sky.

N.M. Staude measured the illumination with a tube photometer.

Three hours before the start of the eclipse, a large group of scientists from the Institute of Physical Problems arrived at the site by plane from Moscow. Among them, Academician P.L. Kapitsa, Academician N.N. Semenov, Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences V.M. Wool and others".

It is unfortunate that due to bad weather, the only total solar eclipse of the 20th century, visible on the territory of the Ivanovo region, was never visible.

10. Partial eclipse on April 28, 1949. The maximum phase is 0.609 (in Ivanovo 0.088). It was visible in the Arctic, Greenland, North Africa, Europe and Far North Russia. Visibility conditions in Ivanovo: start 7:17, maximum 7:51, end 8:27.

Before this eclipse, which was practically invisible on the territory of the Ivanovo region due to a very small phase, Rabochy Krai in its issue of April 26, 1949 (No. 81/8363, p. 4) published a TASS note "Solar Eclipse of April 28, 1949. ", in which, after listing the areas of visibility of a partial eclipse on the territory of the Soviet Union, the following is indicated: "In Moscow, the eclipse will begin at 10:08 and end at 11:23 Moscow time, and 11 hundredths of the solar disk will be closed. In Leningrad, 22 hundredths of the solar disk will be closed. The eclipse will be best seen in Kirov, Murmansk and in the Baltic cities".

11. Total eclipse on September 12, 1950. The maximum phase is 1.018 (in Ivanovo 0.266 - sub-horizon visibility). The strip passed through the Arctic Ocean, Chukotka, the Bering Sea, the northern part of the Pacific Ocean. Visibility conditions in Ivanovo: the beginning is not visible, maximum 2:03 (sun height minus 5.5º ), end 2:42 (sun height minus 0.4º ).

Above the horizon, the very end of this eclipse could only be observed in the eastern part of the region. It is not mentioned on the pages of the Rabochy Krai newspaper.

12. Total eclipse February 25, 1952. The maximum phase is 1.037 (in Ivanovo 0.444). The strip passed through central Africa, Arabia, Iran, Central Asia, eastern Kazakhstan and Altai. Visibility conditions in Ivanovo: beginning 9:09, maximum 10:08, end 11:06.

In the "Working Territory" dated February 23, 1952 (No. 39/9093, p. 4), a TASS message about the eclipse was printed, which tells about the areas where the total eclipse will pass, and scientific expeditions to the union republics of Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan for his observations. At the end of the note, it is said about new astronomical instruments intended for observations.

The next day, on the eve of the eclipse itself, in the issue of the newspaper dated February 24, 1952 (No. 40/9094, p. 4), a short message was placed "Watch the solar eclipse tomorrow":"Tomorrow, February 25, there will be a solar eclipse. It can be observed almost throughout the entire territory of the Soviet Union.

On the territory of our region, the eclipse will be partial (incomplete): the moon will cover about half of the solar disk. In Ivanovo, it will start at 12:09 and will last until 14:06..

13. Total eclipse June 30, 1954. The maximum phase is 1.036 (in Ivanovo 0.822). The strip passed through eastern Canada, Iceland, the Baltic Sea, Ukraine, the Caucasus, Afghanistan and Pakistan. Visibility conditions in Ivanovo: start 12:02, maximum 13:08, end 14:10.

Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Head of the Department of the Ivanovo Pedagogical Institute I. Sushkin in the article "June 30 - solar eclipse" ("Working Territory" dated June 29, 1954, No. 128/9695, p. 4) writes about the upcoming eclipse: "Tomorrow there will be a total solar eclipse, clearly visible in a number of regions of the European part of the USSR and the Caucasus. In Ivanovo, the eclipse will be partial, that is, the Moon will not cover the entire disk of the Sun, but only part of it, although quite large - about 82 percent".

After explaining the nature of eclipses and their recurrence in the same place on the Earth, I. Sushkin describes in detail the course of the lunar shadow across the country and notes the importance of eclipse observations for science. Further he writes: “Tomorrow, the eclipse will begin at the moment when the edge of the Moon touches the solar disk. In Ivanovo, this will happen at 15:02. Following this, the Sun will gradually begin to take on the shape of a sickle. open the solar disk. At 17:10 the eclipse will end".

14. An annular eclipse on December 14, 1955. The maximum phase is 0.918 (in Ivanovo 0.105). The strip passed through northeast Africa, the Maldives, Indochina, Taiwan. Visibility conditions in Ivanovo: the beginning is not visible, maximum 6:16, end 6:56.

There is no mention of this eclipse in Rabochy Krai, perhaps due to the small phase and not favorable conditions visibility (eclipse at sunrise).

15. Partial eclipse on December 2, 1956. The maximum phase is 0.805 (in Ivanovo 0.724). It was visible in Europe, Central Russia, Western Siberia, Central Asia, China, India, the Middle East. Visibility conditions in Ivanovo: beginning 6:11, maximum 7:31, end 8:55.

In the issue of the newspaper dated December 1, 1956 (No. 269/10350, p. 4), covering the events in Hungary and the successes of the Soviet team on Olympic Games in Melbourne, there is a note by N. Myakisheva "Solar Eclipse":"On Sunday, December 2 this year, a partial solar eclipse will occur. It will be visible in most of Western Europe and throughout the USSR up to the line that connects the cities of Monchegorsk - Naryan-Mar - Igarka - Vitim - Blagoveshchensk. The largest phase of the eclipse, up to 80 percent of the closing of the solar disk will occur on the line Vorkuta - Berezovo - Salekhard.

In Ivanovo, the eclipse will begin at 9:10 am. At 10:30 a.m., 72 percent of the Sun's disk will be covered. Then the visible part will increase, and the eclipse will end at 11 hours 54 minutes. In the region, the fluctuation of these terms will not exceed 8 minutes..

The author notes that"during an eclipse, the apparent weakening sunlight and in connection with this, the decrease in air temperature will be little noticeable and probably will not cause any disturbance among domestic animals and birds.

Every year in different places the globe occurs necessarily from two to five solar eclipses. For example, in 1935 there were five, in 1954 - three, in 1955 and 1956 - two each. The next solar eclipse visible in our country will occur on April 30, 1957..

And at the end N. Myakisheva writes: "On no other planet solar system solar eclipses are impossible, since these planets do not have satellites like our moon, the shadow of which could overtake the planet".

16. Total eclipse October 2, 1959. The maximum phase is 1.033 (in Ivanovo 0.028). The strip passed through the North Atlantic Ocean, the Canary Islands, the Sahara, southern Sudan and Somalia. Visibility conditions in Ivanovo: start 12:26, ​​maximum 12:42, end 12:57.

This pre-sunset eclipse with a very small phase for Ivanov is not mentioned in the pages of Rabochy Krai.

17. Total eclipse February 15, 1961. The maximum phase is 1.036 (in Ivanovo 0.914). The strip passed through France, Italy, Yugoslavia, Crimea, the Volga region, Western Siberia and Taimyr. Visibility conditions in Ivanovo: start 7:18, maximum 8:29, end 9:41.

Surprisingly, despite the very large phase of the eclipse in Ivanovo, no advance warning was published on the pages of Rabochy Krai. Only after the event, on February 16, 1961 (No. 40/11741, p. 1), the newspaper published a TASS message "Launch of geophysical rockets during a solar eclipse": "On February 15, 1961, at about noon, in the zone of a total solar eclipse, a simultaneous launch of a series of geophysical rockets equipped with equipment for special studies was carried out". Further, it is reported on the implementation of experiments to study the solar corona, as well as the launch of meteorological rockets in order to study the parameters of the state of the stratosphere and the effect of solar radiation on changes in air temperature in the atmosphere.

The next day, February 17, 1961 (No. 41/11742, p. 4), the newspaper published a report by TASS special correspondents L. Markelova and M. Turovsky from the Crimean village of Nauchny "Watching the solar eclipse ...". The report tells about the program of observations of the eclipse and their results on astronomical instruments of the Crimean Observatory. In addition to our scientists (corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences A.B. Severny, N.V. Steshenko, V.L. Khokhlova), their colleagues from the USA (G. Zirin), France (R. Mishard, G. Oliveri) also worked at the observatory ) and Czechoslovakia (I. Trenko, I. Leksa). Special mention is made of the use of modern radio telescopes during eclipse observations.

18. Annular Eclipse May 20, 1966. The maximum phase is 0.999 (in Ivanovo 0.667). The strip passed through northern Africa, Greece, the Black Sea, the Caspian lowland, Kazakhstan, northern China. Visibility conditions in Ivanovo: beginning 9:01, maximum 10:17, end 11:32.

This eclipse "Working land" devoted several materials at once. This is due to the vigorous activity of the Ivanovo branch of VAGO, which was formed shortly before.

More than a month before the eclipse, on April 12, 1966 (No. 85/13315, p. 3), on the day of the fifth anniversary of the era of astronautics, the newspaper published M. Vitalin's note "Telescopes are directed to the sky. In the Ivanovo branch of the All-Union Astronomical and Geodetic Society" :"In the office of astronomy of the Ivanovo Pedagogical Institute named after D.A. Furmanov, under the leadership of A.B. Paley, a visual photometer was built and work began on the design of an electronic photometer. Unique photographs intended for the star atlas of the Northern sky are being prepared there. Interest is growing every day Ivanovo residents to the activities of the recently created branch of the VAGO society, and its work is also being activated.

In April, Ivanovo is scheduled to hold a conference of teachers of astronomy in secondary schools. It is planned to send a group of Ivanovo astronomy enthusiasts to observe an annular solar eclipse in the Tuapse region, which will occur on May 20, 1966. This will be the first astronomical "expedition" of VAGO members of our region.

Observations of this phenomenon will also be conducted in Ivanovo. By the way, here the eclipse of the Sun will begin at 12.00. The moon will cover the lower part of the solar disk. The eclipse will reach its largest phase at 13.17".

On May 14, 1966, the newspaper (No. 111/13341, p. 4) published a cartoon "Solar Eclipse", in which smoke from factory chimneys covers the surprised sun.

On the eve of the eclipse, May 19, 1966, in the "Working Territory" (No. 115/13345, p. 4) a note was placed by the chairman of the Ivanovo branch of VAGO A. Paley "Lenses are aimed at the Sun":"Members of the Ivanovo branch of the All-Union Astronomical and Geodetic Society have hot days: they are preparing to observe the solar eclipse, which will occur on May 20.

Solar eclipses always arouse great interest not only among specialists, but also among many people who are far from astronomy.

In our region, the eclipse will be partial: the black lunar disk will pass below the solar one. In Ivanovo it will start at 12 o'clock. The Moon will slowly move towards the Sun from right to left and slightly up. At 13:17, the maximum phase will come: 66 percent of the solar disk will close. The eclipse will end at 2:32 p.m..

Collective observation of the eclipse will be organized for residents of the regional center in the courtyard of the Pedagogical Institute".

On May 22, 1966, the newspaper (No. 118/13348, p. 4) published a short material by M. Vitalin "A rare phenomenon" with three photographs of G. Romanov. The photographs show the maximum phase of the eclipse and groups of people observing the phenomenon through dark glasses and a telescope:"The day before yesterday, the inhabitants of Ivanovo witnessed a rare natural phenomenon - a partial solar eclipse. At 12 o'clock in the afternoon, the shadow of the lunar disk began to approach the Sun. At 13:17, the maximum phase began - the Sun had the form of a sickle, constituting 34 percent of its surface observed from Earth (image up).

The partial solar eclipse in our region lasted 2 hours and 32 minutes. It was observed by thousands of Ivanovo residents right on the streets and squares (picture below).

In the town of Otradnoye, members of the Ivanovo branch of the All-Union Astronomical and Geodetic Society, according to a previously developed plan, carried out telescopic observations and photographed the daylight (picture on the right). The received scientific data is being processed".

It should be noted that almost all subsequent articles and notes about eclipses in the newspaper were published by VAGO members.

19. Partial eclipse May 9, 1967. The maximum phase is 0.720 (in Ivanovo 0.022). It was visible in North America, the Arctic, in the north of the European part of Russia. Visibility conditions in Ivanovo: start 16:09, maximum 16:22, end 16:36.

Because of the very short phase in Ivanovo, this pre-sunset eclipse is not mentioned in the pages of the newspaper Rabochy Krai.

20. Total eclipse on September 22, 1968. The maximum phase is 1.010 (in Ivanovo 0.832). The strip passed through the Urals, Western Siberia, eastern Kazakhstan, northwestern China. Visibility conditions in Ivanovo: beginning 9:48, maximum 11:00, end 12:09.

On the eve of the eclipse, the newspaper of September 21, 1968 (No. 223/14059, p. 4) published a note by A. Benevolensky, full member of the All-Union Astronomical and Geodetic Society under the USSR Academy of Sciences, "Autumn begins with an eclipse." At the beginning of the note, it is said that two astronomical events will take place on September 22: the autumn equinox and a total solar eclipse. The characteristics of the eclipse and the path of the shadow across the Earth are described below. "In the Soviet Union, in the strip that runs through the Urals and Kazakhstan, the solar eclipse will be total, in the European part of the country, including the territory of the Ivanovo region, it will be partial. According to the astronomical calendar, a partial solar eclipse will begin in Ivanovo at 12 hours 48 minutes Moscow time. The moment of the largest phase will come exactly at 14:00. It will end at 15:09".

At the end, after the recommendations for observation and the mention that after the "Indian summer" "Nature marked the beginning of autumn with a solar eclipse", says: "Collective observations of the eclipse through telescopes will be organized for residents of the regional center in the courtyard of the Pedagogical Institute".

21. Partial eclipse February 25, 1971. The maximum phase is 0.787 (in Ivanovo 0.304). It was visible in northwestern Africa, Western Europe, the European part of the USSR. Visibility conditions in Ivanovo: beginning 9:38, maximum 10:27, end 11:16.

This eclipse, despite its significant phase and convenient time for observations, is not published in the newspaper "Working Territory".

22. Partial eclipse May 11, 1975. The maximum phase is 0.864 (in Ivanovo 0.342). It was visible in the Arctic, North Africa, Western Europe and on the territory of the USSR, except for Central Asia. Visibility conditions in Ivanovo: start 5:52, maximum 6:50, end 7:51.

On May 10, 1975, the newspaper (No. 109/16080, p. 4) next to the advertising block publishes a small note by A. Paley, a full member of the All-Union Astronomical and Geodetic Society, "Tomorrow - a solar eclipse":"Tomorrow morning there will be a partial solar eclipse. The lunar penumbra will come to earth at 8:08 Moscow time, and slide off the globe at 12:25.

In our area, the eclipse will begin at 8 hours 52 minutes. The lunar disk will begin to move towards the Sun from right to left, and only its upper part will be closed. The maximum phase will come at 09:50, when the upper third of the diameter of the solar disk is covered. The eclipse will end at 10:51.

It is impossible to observe a solar eclipse with the naked eye. To do this, use smoked glass or lighted and developed film.

Collective observation of the eclipse through telescopes will be organized for residents of the regional center in the courtyard of the main building of Ivanovo University.

23. Annular eclipse April 29, 1976. The maximum phase is 0.942 (in Ivanovo 0.499). The strip passed through northwestern Africa, Greece, Turkey, Central Asia and western China. Visibility conditions in Ivanovo: start 9:56, maximum 11:14, end 12:28.

There are no materials devoted to this eclipse with a sufficiently large phase and very favorable conditions for observation on the pages of the newspaper "Working Territory".

24. Partial eclipse October 2, 1978. The maximum phase is 0.691 (in Ivanovo 0.112). It was visible on the territory of the USSR, Mongolia, China and Japan. Visibility conditions in Ivanovo: start 4:39, maximum 5:12, end 5:47.

This eclipse with a small phase for Ivanov is not mentioned in the pages of Rabochy Krai.

25. Total eclipse July 31, 1981. The maximum phase is 1.026 (in Ivanovo 0.724). The strip passed through the Caspian lowland, northern Kazakhstan, southern Siberia, Primorye, the Kuril Islands, the Pacific Ocean. Visibility conditions in Ivanovo: start 1:43, maximum 2:36, end 3:31.

About this eclipse, visible in Ivanovo at sunrise, in the issue of the "Working Territory" dated July 28, 1981 (No. 178/17970, p. 4), an article was published by the head of the astronomy circle of the Ivanovo Palace of Pioneers and Schoolchildren V. Lobanov "Prepare dark glasses" . The article serves as a detailed answer to the question of the Ovsyannikov family from the city of Puchezh about the upcoming eclipse. V. Lobanov writes about the band of the total phase of the eclipse and the territories through which it will pass, the parameters of the eclipse and the shadow. Regarding Ivanov, the following is noted: “A partial eclipse will begin a little earlier than the total one. In Ivanovo, it can be observed from 5 hours 43 minutes Moscow summer time. At this moment, the Moon will gradually begin to close the right western edge of the solar disk. At 6 hours 36 minutes, the eclipse phase will be maximum - 72 percent. That is, approximately three-quarters of the solar disk will be covered by the Moon. At 7:31 a.m., the eclipse will end in our city".

It should be noted that the difference between the time indicated in the article and the universal time is 4 hours, that is, summer time introduced on the territory of the USSR since 1981 is taken into account.

The next day after the eclipse, August 1, 1981, the newspaper (No. 178/17974, p. 3) publishes M. Korovin's note "A unique natural phenomenon" with three photographs by A. Dvorzhets. The note says:“Our silencers were talking about something,” one of the employees of the Palace of Pioneers remarked with surprise, looking into the room of the astronomical circle. She forgot that yesterday’s early morning for young astronomers was both working and festive.

She should have seen how concentrated the guys "caught" the solar disk through the lenses of telescopes, how they scolded the light clouds crawling on it from nowhere!

The beginning of the eclipse was well filmed, - said the leader of the circle, V.P. Lobanov. - There are photographs of various phases of the eclipse, including the maximum, when the lunar shadow occupied 72 percent of the luminary's area. But how it closes the sunspots and the moment of the end of the eclipse could not be fixed. The clouds are still in the way...

But all these conversations were later, when the observations had already ended. And in the early morning on the bank of the Uvod, where the guys installed astronomical instruments, there was intense, unfussy work.

Two dozen photographs that Vladimir Kurazhov, a student of Ivanovo State University, and Igor Simakov, a student of vocational school No. 5, managed to take, will be sent to Moscow, to the Central Council of the Astronomical and Geodetic Society of the country. They will help to clarify the trajectory of the Moon around the Earth.

Many Ivanovo residents woke up early yesterday to observe a unique natural phenomenon. Some looked at our daylight through sooty glasses, others used specially processed film. There was a special silence all around. The morning seemed to frown, alert ... "

The photo caption reads: "In the pictures: not only astronomers are interested in the eclipse; this was captured by the Sun camera on the morning of July 31; telescopes are aimed at the solar disk. In the foreground, a seventh-grader of school No. 67 Sergey Korobov and a student of the Physics Department of Ivanovo University Vladimir Kurazhov".

26. Partial eclipse on December 15, 1982. The maximum phase is 0.735 (in Ivanovo 0.696). It was visible in North Africa, Western Europe, the European part of the USSR, the Middle East, Central Asia, India and western China. Visibility conditions in Ivanovo: start 7:48, maximum 9:16, end 10:45.

In the issue of the "Working Territory" dated December 14, 1982 (No. 286/18384, p. 4), a note was published by the head of the astronomical circle of the Ivanovo Palace of Pioneers and Schoolchildren V. Lobanov "To Astronomy Lovers". In it, the author mentions that the outgoing year was rich in astronomical phenomena, including eclipses."On December 15, a partial solar eclipse with a large phase will occur. The largest phase - 76.3 percent - will be observed in the area with coordinates 56º52" east longitude and 65º17" north latitude. In Ivanovo, the eclipse will begin at 10 hours 48 minutes. At this moment, the Moon will begin close the right (western) edge of the solar disk.

At 12:17 pm, the eclipse phase will be the largest for Ivanov and will be 70 percent. This curious natural phenomenon will end at 13:45. Unfortunately, under the conditions of a short winter day, when the Sun rises relatively low above the horizon, it is difficult to make observations. In addition, tall buildings and haze near the horizon can interfere in the city".

Indeed, the height of the Sun at the time of this eclipse did not exceed 10 degrees above the horizon.

27. Annular eclipse May 30, 1984. The maximum phase is 0.998 (in Ivanovo 0.097 - sub-horizon visibility). The strip passed through the Pacific Ocean, Mexico, the east coast of the United States, the Azores, northwestern Africa. Visibility conditions in Ivanovo: beginning 17:27 (sun height 2.0º), maximum 17:50 (sun height minus 0.4º), the end is not visible.

On the day of the eclipse, May 30, 1984, the newspaper (No. 124/18822, p. 4) published a note by the head of the astronomy circle of the Ivanovo Palace of Pioneers and Schoolchildren V. Lobanov "Today is an eclipse." Despite the fact that the eclipse was practically invisible in the region, V. Lobanov describes its characteristics in detail:"An annular solar eclipse will occur today. It will begin at 14:57 UT in the Pacific Ocean north of the island of New Guinea. Then it will go to the northeast, cross Mexico, the Atlantic Ocean and end at 18:32 in Algeria. Annular eclipses differ from total eclipses in that the moon, being at apogee, has a smaller apparent size than the sun, so observers in the maximum phase band will see a dazzling ring around the dark lunar disk.

Private phases of this unique phenomenon will also be observed in our region, starting at 21:27. The maximum phase of the eclipse (it will be ten percent) will come at 21:50, that is, six minutes before sunset. Therefore, residents of the textile region will not see the end of the eclipse, since it will fall at 22:13..

It should be noted that the eclipse actually began in the Pacific Ocean, but not north of the island of New Guinea, as the author points out, but north of the islands of French Polynesia.

28. Total eclipse July 22, 1990. The maximum phase is 1.039 (in Ivanovo 0.853). The strip passed through Karelia, the islands of Novaya Zemlya, the northern part of the Taimyr Peninsula, Chukotka, the Aleutian Islands and the Pacific Ocean. Visibility conditions in Ivanovo: the beginning is not visible, maximum 1:43, end 2:37.

On the eve of the eclipse, on July 21, 1990, Rabochy Krai (No. 167/20665, p. 4) published under the heading "Mysteries of Nature" V. Kurazhev's note "The Last in the Present Century": "On July 22, a total solar eclipse will occur - the last in this century that can be observed on the territory of the USSR".

Further, after vivid description pictures of the eclipse and the trajectory of the shadow, it says the following:"In our area, the eclipse will begin at 04.50. Only a small crescent will remain from the Sun. Observers are advised to choose a platform for viewing that is open on the east side.

For a filter in front of the lens, it is better to take an exposed piece of film or plate, several layers of mirror film. It is convenient to observe the eclipse by projecting the image through binoculars onto a sheet of paper.

Scientists are preparing to meet this rare phenomenon. Young astronomers from different regions countries will gather for this in Karelia. The guys from the astronomical club of the Ivanovo Palace of Pioneers and Schoolchildren, Kokhma and Zavolzhsk will also be there.

More detailed results will be given on the Day open doors clubs of the Palace of Pioneers, which is planned in early September and at the anniversary meeting of Ivanovo astronomers on October 4".

29. Partial eclipse May 21, 1993. The maximum phase is 0.735 (in Ivanovo 0.270). It was visible in Eastern and Northern Europe, the Arctic, North America, in the European part of Russia and the Far North. Visibility conditions in Ivanovo: start 14:52, maximum 15:35, end 16:17.

The evening eclipse with a small phase for Ivanov is not mentioned on the pages of the newspaper Rabochy Krai.

30. Partial eclipse October 12, 1996. The maximum phase is 0.758 (in Ivanovo 0.687 - sub-horizon visibility). It was visible in Europe, the European part of Russia, the Middle East, North Africa, Greenland, eastern Canada. Visibility conditions in Ivanovo: beginning 13:28, maximum 14:33 (sun height minus 2.5º), the end is not visible.

A sunset eclipse with a sufficiently large phase for Ivanov is not mentioned in the pages of the Rabochy Krai newspaper.

31. Total eclipse on August 11, 1999. The maximum phase is 1.027 (in Ivanovo 0.617). The strip passed through the northern part of the Atlantic Ocean, Central Europe, Turkey, Iran, India. Visibility conditions in Ivanovo: start 10:03, maximum 11:12, end 12:18.

This famous eclipse of the late 20th century is mentioned on the pages of the "Working Territory" dated August 7, 1999 (No. 134/22627, p. 1) only in a small note "Muscovites will see a solar eclipse" of the news heading "10 lines about the very best ...": Muscovites and residents of the Moscow Region will be able to observe a partial eclipse of the sun through dark glass on August 11. As experts from the Zvenigorod Scientific Base of the Institute of Astronomy of the Russian Academy of Sciences said, it will begin at 2 pm Moscow time and will last until 4 pm, while scientists and amateurs will see this phenomenon as much as possible at about 15:00. According to experts, the Moon will partially cover the Sun, which will take the form of a crescent. The band of total eclipse will not pass through the territory of the CIS, but the inhabitants of Europe will be able to observe this "amazingly beautiful spectacle"".

32. Partial eclipse July 31, 2000. The maximum phase is 0.603 (in Ivanovo 0.221 - sub-horizon visibility). It was visible in western Canada, the Arctic, the Far North of Russia, Scandinavia and Central Russia. Visibility conditions in Ivanovo: the beginning is not visible, the maximum is 1:08 (the height of the sun is minus 1.3º), the end is 1:39.

This last eclipse in the 20th century visible on the territory of Russia and the Ivanovo region did not appear on the pages of the newspaper "Working Land". Perhaps due to unfavorable conditions for observation.

Conclusions.

1. For the period 1917-2000 out of thirty-two solar eclipses suitable for observation in the Ivanovo region, fifteen, for one reason or another (a minor phase, an eclipse at sunrise or sunset, the insignificance of the phenomenon in relation to other events, etc.) did not make it to the pages of the newspaper "Working Land" ". This is 47% of the total. Three of the five eclipses that occurred in the 1990s could not be mentioned due to the unstable political situation of that time and the predominance of political and economic topics and advertising materials in the newspaper.

2. Much attention is paid to the total solar eclipse of July 9, 1945, the band of which passed through Ivanovo region and, in particular, the city of Ivanovo. This was a significant post-war event for the region, marked by extensive preparations and the arrival of scientific expeditions from Moscow and Leningrad.

3. It is not clear why the newspaper did not have any preliminary materials about the eclipse of February 15, 1961, although its phase was very large, and the conditions for observation were quite favorable. In addition, after the eclipse, only TASS reports appeared on the pages of the newspaper. Quite possibly, this was due to the bad weather in those days in Ivanovo.

4. Starting from the mid-1960s, when a branch of VAGO was opened in Ivanovo, members of the society began to publish notes on upcoming eclipses and the results of observations, that is, people directly related to astronomy, experts in this field. However, even earlier, employees of Ivanovo universities were involved in writing materials on observing the upcoming eclipses.

5. Practically all materials for the period under review are built according to a similar scheme: the date of the eclipse - its nature - characteristics - shadow trajectory - visibility conditions in Ivanovo - recommendations for observation - scientific significance. This scheme allows you to popularly explain the scientific essence of the phenomenon, regardless of the level of preparation of the readership.

Sergei Belyakov (2012)

Sergey Shanov

The day of June 26 (July 8), 1842 in the Simbirsk province turned out to be serene. However, all more people turn their eyes to the familiar daylight, which slowly goes out. Here from the Sun remains a half, a quarter, the last edge. At about 10 o'clock in the morning the Sun went dark, sticky darkness enveloped the earth and the stars sparkled very brightly in the firmament. Panic broke out among the civilian population. In Golodyaevka, Syzran district, the peasants, taken by surprise by the eclipse, left the fields shouting: “Lord, have mercy!”, “The Last Judgment!!!”, “Light performances!”. In Goryushki, Sengileevsky district, people ran to the church and asked the priest to serve a prayer service. In Novy Tukshum "weeping was heard in the streets and in the houses, many thought that the end of the world had come."
The next solar eclipse, which in our area was destined to become universal, took place on August 7 (19), 1887. In the church annals of the village of Uvarovka, Sengileevsky district, there is the following entry: “We stocked up on smoked glasses for observing the cloudy Sun. I noticed some feeling of anxiety on the faces of those around me, everyone was expecting something strange. Finally, on top of the sun, on the right, I noticed a black speck. This was the beginning of the eclipse. This speck grew larger and larger, now half of it closed, it became cloudy, finally a small sickle remained, it became twilight; a small breeze blew, it began to get colder. majestic, formidable. Oh! Inscrutable are the ways of the Lord. How insignificant a person seems at this time! ". The newspaper "Simbirsk Gubernskie Vedomosti" dated August 12 (24) of that year reported that a rare natural phenomenon was observed not only out of idle curiosity. Simbirsk meteorologist I.P. Kozakevich considered a great eclipse of the Sun as a kind of unique scientific experiment during which he observed changes in the earth's atmosphere.
In the 20th century, the most significant eclipses of the Sun occurred on July 9, 1945 and February 15, 1961. Unfortunately, in both cases the weather was cloudy and these eclipses could only be felt in the gathering dusk.
Speaking of solar eclipses, one cannot fail to mention the All-Union Astronomical - Geodetic Society (VAGO). In 1961 - 1990, members of the Ulyanovsk branch of VAGO took part in the observations of one annular and four total solar eclipses visible on the territory of our country. On one of these expeditions, sent to White Sea, was lucky enough to take part in the author of these lines.
The nearest solar eclipse visible in Ulyanovsk will occur on May 31, 2003. From 2005 to 2008 solar eclipses will occur in Ulyanovsk annually (a unique case!). The most interesting will be solar eclipses on March 29, 2006 and August 1, 2008. The first of them will be total in Kislovodsk, Pyatigorsk, Nalchik, Astrakhan, Guriev, Astana, Gorno-Altaisk. The second will be complete in Nizhnevartovsk, Novosibirsk, Barnaul and again in Gorno-Altaisk. After that, the conditions for observing total solar eclipses from the territory of Russia will be extremely unfavorable.
On June 1, 2030, an annular solar eclipse will occur in Volgodonsk, Volgograd, Orenburg, Tomsk. On June 21, 2039, shortly before sunset, an annular eclipse will be visible in Talin, the Pskov region and Smolensk. On June 11, 2048, Riga, Bryansk, the Voronezh region, Volgograd, Astrakhan will fall into the band, again, of the annular eclipse. On April 20, 2061, there will be a total solar eclipse visible in the Lower and Middle Volga, in the Urals.
After this event, until 2300, only one short total solar eclipse will occur in Ulyanovsk - on July 8, 2214. On February 10, 2195 and March 15, 2249, annular solar eclipses can be observed in Ulyanovsk.
The calculations of the circumstances of the visibility of solar and lunar eclipses given in the tables correspond to the accepted Moscow time, summer time is taken into account. The times in parentheses indicate that the eclipse occurs at sunrise or sunset.

Large solar eclipses in Simbirsk - Ulyanovsk since 1640

Solar eclipses in Ulyanovsk 2001 - 2061

the date	The beginning of the eclipse h:m	eclipse maximum h:m	Eclipse magnitude (percentage)	The end of the eclipse h:m
31.05.2003	6:19	7:21	69.4	8:28
3.10.2005	13:20	13:55	8.3	14:29
29.03.2006	14:18	15:25	78.5	16.29
19.03.2007	---	(5:58)	(30.0)	6:14
1.08.2008	13:14	14:23	66.2	15:29
4.01.2011	10:53	12:19	75.3	13:43
20.03.2015	12:27	13:33	53.6	14:37
11.08.2018	13:29	13:52	5.6	14:15
21.06.2020	9:33	10:11	12.9	10:49
10.06.2021	14:44	15:44	25.3	16:40
25.10.2022	13:37	14:52	77.6	16:04
2.08.2027	13:21	13:51	10.6	14:22
1.06.2030	8:22	9:42	88.4	11:09
3.11.2032	(6:59)	7:18	36.9	8:17
20.03.2034	13:30	14:21	30.5	15:09
16.01.2037	11:53	13:20	58.6	14:41
21.06.2039	21:10	(21:17)	(10.0)	---
11.06.2048	16:48	18:01	84.7	19:08
25.11.2049	---	(7:40)	(4.0)	7:47
11.04.2051	---	(6:00)	(56.0)	6:29
12.09.2053	12:25	13:09	18.5	13:53
5.11.2059	10:22	11:23	26.1	12:25
30.04.2060	14:06	15:10	60.3	16:11
20.04.2061	5:44	6:36	99.5	7:31

Lunar eclipses in Ulyanovsk 2001 - 2061

the date	T1 time	T2 time	Tm time	Eclipse magnitude (percentage)	T3 time	T4 time
9-10.01.2001	21:42	22:50	23:21	100	23:52	1:00
9.11.2003	2:32	4:06	4:18	100	4:30	6:04
4-5.05.2004	22:48	23:52	0:30	100	1:08	2:12
28.10.2004	5:14	6:23	7:04	100	7:45	(7:50)
7.09.2006	22:05	---	22:51	19.0	---	23:37
4.03.2007	0:30	1:44	2:21	100	2:58	4:12
21.02.2008	4:43	6:01	6:26	100	6:51	(6:59)
16-17.08.2008	23:36	---	1:10	81.2	---	2:44
31.12.2009	21:51	---	22:22	8.2	---	22:53
15-16.06.2011	22:22	23:22	0:12	100	1:02	2:02
10.12.2011	15:46	17:06	17:32	100	17:58	19:18
25-26.04.2013	23:52	---	0:07	2.1	---	0:23
28.09.2015	5:07	6:11	6:47	100	---	---
7.08.2017	21:22	---	22:20	25.1	---	23:18
31.01.2018	---	(16:20)	16:30	100	17:08	18:12
27-28.07.2018	22:23	23:29	0:21	100	1:13	2:19
21.01.2019	6:33	7:41	(8:00)	100	---	---
17.07.2019	0:01	---	1:30	65.8	---	2:59
28-29.10.2023	23:34	---	0:14	12.7	---	0:54
7.09.2025	20:26	21:30	22:11	100	22:52	23:56
12.01.2028	6:44	---	7:13	7.2	---	7:42
6.07.2028	(21:19)	---	22:19	39.4	---	23:30
31.12.2028	18:07	19:16	19:52	100	20:28	21:37
20-21.12.2029	23:54	1:14	1:41	100	2:08	3:28
15.06.2030	21:20	---	22:33	50.8	---	23:46
25.04.2032	---	---	(20:08)	(100)	---	20:59
18-19.10.2032	21:24	22:38	23:02	100	23:26	0:40
14-15.04.2033	21:24	22:47	23:12	100	23:37	1:00
19.08.2035	4:31	---	5:10	10.9	---	(5:41)
11-12.02.2036	23:30	0:33	1:11	100	1:49	2:52
31.01.2037	(16:15)	16:28	17:00	100	17:32	18:39
6-7.06.2039	21:23	---	22:53	89.1	---	0:23
30.11.2039	18:12	---	19:55	94.7	---	21:38
18.11.2040	20:12	21:19	22:03	100	22:47	23:54
25.03.2043	---	---	(18:05)	(100)	---	19:18
19.09.2043	4:07	5:14	5:50	100	6:26	(6:33)
13-14.03.2044	20:52	22:03	22:37	100	23:11	0:22
22.01.2046	(15:55)	---	16:01	5.9	---	16:28
12.01.2047	2:39	3:49	4:24	100	4:59	6:09
7.05.2050	0:47	2:08	2:30	100	2:52	4:13
30.10.2050	4:43	6:02	6:20	100	6:38	(6:54)
26.04.2051	4:23	---	(5:27)	(100)	---	---
19-20.10.2051	21:28	22:28	23:10	100	23:52	0:52
12.02.2055	0:04	1:11	1:44	100	2:17	3:24
11.12.2057	2:09	---	3:51	92.3	---	5:33
6-7.06.2058	21:26	22:24	23:13	100	0:02	1:00
30.11.2058	4:23	5:29	6:14	100	6:59	(7:55)
19.11.2059	(15:27)	---	15:59	21.3	---	16:49
5.04.2061	0:07	1:36	1:52	100	2:08	3:37