Eclipse calendar of the 20th century. Dates of solar eclipses

And saros is to blame for this: the line of nodes is constantly shifting (precessing) - it turns at an angle of 20 ° per year. For 18 years, the rotation passes 360 ° (the precession period is 18.60 years), so eclipses repeat from Saros to Saros in 18 years, 11 days and 8 hours. Therefore, the dates of eclipses are constantly shifting.

But what does the rotation of the line of nodes mean if the angle of inclination of the orbit to the ecliptic (i.e., the plane of the orbit) is constant? This is the precession of the orbital plane relative to the axis perpendicular to the ecliptic - otherwise the inclination will change (a gyroscope, one might say). And what is the mechanism of this precession? How does the ecliptic (an imaginary plane) affect the motion of the moon, but does the rotation of the earth around its axis (inclined to the ecliptic by 23 °) do not? This is mysticism, not mechanics.

Is there something I don't know? Is the Sun acting on the Moon more strongly than the Earth? It is not for nothing that the Moon is the only planet that does not move in the Keplerian orbit (why then does this not apply to the satellites of Mars, for example?). By the way, according to the law of universal gravitation, the Sun acts on the Earth more strongly (its mass is greater), so why does the Earth's axis of rotation relative to the ecliptic not precess, but remains constant ?!

What else can you add to lunar eclipses? Their number.

There are 29 lunar eclipses during Saros. Calculations from the table of eclipses over the last century have shown that with an arbitrary choice of a range of 18 years, the total number of eclipses varies from 26 to 28 (and where are the regular 29?). Interestingly, total amount with penumbral eclipses constant - 42.

How long should the eclipse be repeated? The moon should fall into the same strip of 12,680 km. The length of the Moon's orbit is 384,400 * 2 * Pi = 2,412,000 km. Those. the band is 12680/2412000 = 0.005 (1/200). Those. once every 200 years, the Moon will be in the right place for an eclipse to occur (the coincidence of the line of nodes with the Line is only an opportunity for the realization of an eclipse, the Moon must still be full). This number probably needs to be multiplied by 10 (since the event is possible within 34 days out of 365). It turns out the same saros - 18 years old. How interesting! It turns out that the recurrence of eclipses is related to the radius of the Moon's orbit (and the parameters of the Earth's shadow) and has nothing to do with the rotation of the line of nodes.

2.2.B Dates of solar eclipses

The mechanism of a solar eclipse is similar to that of the lunar, but the Moon should not be behind the Earth, but in front of it - obscuring the Sun. Naturally, the radius of the shadow cylinder for a possible eclipse will be wider: 8200 + 1740 = 9940 km (and not 6340 for the lunar one).

Based on the distance to the Line, the eclipse is impossible at a distance of 9940/370 = 27 days, and the total eclipse is (8200-1740) / 370 = 18 days.

Based on the angle of the line of nodes, a total eclipse will necessarily occur if the angle is less than 15 ° 31 "; if the angle is more than 18 ° 31", then a total eclipse is impossible. This time, there is a complete coincidence in the calculations (the larger the distance, the smaller the error). Let's face reality over the past 18 years (this is really saros: the last eclipse of the cycle - 07/11/2010 - is 18 years 11 days from the last eclipse of the previous cycle on 06/30/1992):

A lunar eclipse can only occur with a full moon. It happens because the Moon enters the shadow cast by the Earth from the Sun. However, not every full moon is accompanied by an eclipse. An eclipse occurs when the Sun, Earth, and Moon line up. The sun-lit Earth casts a cone-shaped shadow into space. Usually the moon is above or below the earth's shadow and remains completely visible. But with some eclipses, it just falls into the shadow. In this case, the eclipse is visible only from that half of the earth's surface that is facing the moon, that is, on which the night lasts. The opposite part of the Earth at this moment is facing the Sun, that is, it is day on it, and the lunar eclipse is not visible there. Often we cannot observe a lunar eclipse because of the clouds.
In those cases when the Moon plunges into the earth's shadow only partially, an incomplete, or partial, eclipse occurs, and when entirely - a complete one. However, with a total eclipse, the Moon rarely disappears completely, most often it only turns dark red. There are also penumbral eclipses. They occur when the Moon enters space near the cone of the earth's shadow, which is surrounded by penumbra. Hence the name.
For centuries, ancient people have been observing the moon and trying to systematize the onset of eclipses. It was not an easy task: there were years when there were three lunar eclipses, and sometimes not a single one. In the end, the mystery was solved: in 6585.3 days, 28 lunar eclipses always happen all over the Earth. In the next 18 years, 11 days and 8 hours (the same number of days), all eclipses are repeated according to the same schedule. So they learned to predict eclipses through "repetition", in Greek saros. Saros allows eclipses to be calculated 300 years in advance.

Solar eclipse

Even more interesting solar eclipse ... The reason for it lies in our space satellite.

The sun is a star, that is, the body is "self-luminous", in contrast to the planets, only reflecting its rays. Sometimes the moon gets in the way of its rays and, like a screen, hides from us for a while daylight... A solar eclipse can occur only with a new moon, but also not with any, but only when the moon is (when viewed from the Earth) not higher or lower than the sun, but just in the path of its rays.
A solar eclipse is, in fact, the same phenomenon as the covering of stars by the Moon (that is, the Moon moves between the stars and closes them from us when it passes by). The moon, in comparison with the sun, is a small celestial body. But it is very close to us, so it can cover the large Sun, which is much further away. The Moon is 400 times smaller than the Sun and 400 times closer to it, so their disks appear to be the same size in the sky.
In the event of a solar eclipse, not all observers see the phenomenon in the same way. In the place where the cone of the lunar shadow touches the Earth, the eclipse is total. For observers who are outside the cone of the lunar shadow, it is only partial (the scientific name is private), and some see the closure of the lower part of the solar disk, and some - the upper one.
The size of the moon is such that a total solar eclipse can last no longer than 6 minutes. The further from the Earth the Moon, the shorter the total eclipse, since the apparent size of the lunar disk is smaller. If during a solar eclipse the moon is at greatest distance from the Earth, then it can no longer completely cover the disk of the Sun. In this case, a narrow light ring remains around the dark disk of the Moon. Scientists call this the annular eclipse of the sun.
The entire eclipse process, from the first visible "touch" of the Moon's disk to the Sun's disk, to complete convergence, takes about 2.5 hours. When the Sun is completely covered by the Moon, the lighting on Earth changes, becomes akin to night light, and a silvery crown shines in the sky around the black disk of the Moon - the so-called solar corona.
Although in general on Earth, solar eclipses are observed more often than lunar eclipses, in some particular area, total eclipses occur extremely rarely: on average, once every 300 years. In our time, solar eclipses are calculated with great accuracy thousands of years ago and hundreds of years ahead.

Eclipses and astrology

V individual astrology eclipses are still considered a negative factor that tends to negatively affect the fate and health of a person. But the degree of this influence is largely corrected by the indicators of each individual individual horoscope: the most Negative influence eclipses are capable of exerting on people born on the day of the eclipse and on those people in whose horoscopes the eclipse point affects the most important indicators - it gets to the places where the Moon, the Sun or at the moment of birth. In this case, the eclipse point is connected with one of the main elements of the horoscope, which in reality may not have a very favorable effect on the health and the spheres of life of the owner of the horoscope.
The strength of the influence of eclipses depends on in which heavenly house of the horoscope this connection occurs, which houses of the individual horoscope are ruled by the Sun or the Moon, and what aspects (harmonious or negative) other planets and elements of the horoscope of birth form to the point of eclipse. Birth on the day of the eclipse is a sign of fatality. But this does not mean that a person will be haunted by misfortunes all his life, it is just that people born in an eclipse have a lower level of freedom, it is more difficult for them to change something in their life, it is, as it were, programmed for them. A person born in an eclipse is subject to the so-called cycle of Saros, i.e. the similarity of life events can be traced with a period equal to this cycle - 18.5 years.

Cases that will still be started may come back even after 18 years. However, if you are confident of success and your thoughts are pure before people and before God, and also if the general characteristics of the day of replacement are favorable, you can act, but remember that for all deeds and even thoughts related to the day of the eclipse, sooner or later you will have to keep the answer. A lunar eclipse can have an echo within three months, but the full impact of the eclipses ends within 18.5 years, moreover than most of the luminary was closed, the more powerful and lasting the impact.

Eclipses have a strong effect on all people, even those in whose horoscope the eclipses are not accentuated in any way. Naturally, the current eclipse will have a stronger effect on people born in an eclipse, as well as on people whose horoscope is somehow affected by the eclipse points. An eclipse is always of particular importance if the degree of the current eclipse affects a planet or other important element of the birth horoscope. If the eclipse coincides with an important point in the horoscope, changes and important events can be expected. Even if the events that have occurred may not seem significant at first, over time, their importance will certainly appear. If the planets or other important points of the birth horoscope turn out to be in negative aspects by the degree of the current eclipse, then sharp, radical events can be expected, crises, conflicts, complications, etc. even a break in relations, unfavorable circumstances in business, deterioration in health. If the planets or other important points of the birth horoscope turn out to be in favorable aspects with a degree of eclipse, then changes or important events will be, but they will not cause strong shocks, rather they will turn out to benefit the person.

How to behave during eclipses

moon- a luminary that is very close to us. The sun gives energy (masculine), and the moon absorbs (feminine). When two luminaries find themselves at the same point during an eclipse, their energies have a strong effect on a person. In the body, there is a powerful load on the regulatory system. Especially bad health on the day of the eclipse for people with cardiovascular pathologies, hypertensive patients. People who are now undergoing treatment will also feel bad. Even doctors say that on the day of the eclipse it is better not to engage in activity - actions will be inadequate and more likely to make mistakes. They advise to sit out this day. To avoid discomfort with health, it is recommended to take a contrast shower on this day. In 1954, the French economist Maurice Allais, observing the movements of a pendulum, noticed that during a solar eclipse it began to move faster than usual. This phenomenon was called the Allé effect, but they could not systematize it. Today, new studies by Dutch scientist Chris Duif confirm this phenomenon, but they cannot yet explain it. Astrophysicist Nikolai Kozyrev found out that eclipses affect people. He said that during eclipses, time transforms. The consequences of an eclipse in the form of a powerful earthquake or other natural disaster are very possible during the week before or after any eclipse. In addition, economic instability is possible for several weeks after the eclipse. In any case, eclipses bring changes in society. During a lunar eclipse the mind, thinking and emotional sphere of people are highly vulnerable. The number of mental disorders in humans is on the rise. This is due to the disruption of the hypothalamus at the psychophysiological level, which corresponds to the Moon according to the discovery of Tony Nader (Nader Raja Rama). The hormonal cycles of the body can be disrupted, especially in women. During a solar eclipse, the work of the physiological correspondence of the Sun - the thalamus is more disrupted, and the risk of cardiovascular diseases will also increase, since the Sun controls the heart. The perception of "I", pure consciousness - is clouded. The consequence of this can be an increase in tension, radical and aggressive tendencies in the world, as well as an unsatisfied ego of politicians or leaders of states.

Solar eclipses on the pages of the Ivanovo newspaper "Rabochy Krai"

Solar eclipses are very spectacular astronomical phenomena. In one locality, partial phases of an eclipse can be observed on average once every three to four years. Total and annular eclipses are observed less often - once every 100-200 years.

On the territory of the modern Ivanovo region, 40 solar eclipses were visible during the 20th century, of which only one was in full phase. Such events could not but be reflected in the pages of local newspapers, in particular in the main regional newspaper "Rabochy Krai", which has been published since 1917.

Let us analyze the newspaper reports about solar eclipses for the period from 1917 to 2000, and we will take into account only those eclipses that in one or another phase were visible on the territory of the Ivanovo region within its present borders. There are 32 of them.

Eclipse characteristics are given according to the EmapWin 1.21 computer program. Eclipse highlights have been rounded to the nearest minute.

1. Annular eclipse on April 8, 1921. The maximum phase is 0.975 (in Ivanovo 0.674). The strip passed through the North Atlantic, Scotland, along the coast of Norway, through Franz Josef Land and the islands of Severnaya Zemlya. Visibility conditions in Ivanovo (hereinafter universal time): beginning 8:25, maximum 9:44, end 11:02.

In "Rabochy Krai" dated April 5, 1921 (No. 73/984, p. 2), an article by a certain Vl.Ya. "Towards the coming solar eclipse". The author, warning about the upcoming eclipse, visible in our area, talks in great detail and popularly about its nature. Started by V. Ya. from the structure of the solar system and the place of the Earth in it (hereinafter, in the quotes, spelling, punctuation and misprints are preserved): "If there was a railway between the Earth and the Sun, then a train that goes without stopping for a whole day and makes a hundred miles an hour would reach the Sun in about 160 years.".

Further, describing the Earth-Moon system and talking about the nature of eclipses, the author notes that"The upcoming eclipse is evident throughout European Russia and will have the character of a particular (and not complete, as in 1912!) ie the Moon will not cover the entire Sun, but only a part.

During the largest phase of the eclipse, slightly less than 3/4 of the solar disk will close and the solar crescent will be directed upward.

The eclipse will begin at about 1:30 pm and will continue until almost 4 hours. ".

Comparing the above moments of the eclipse with those indicated in the article, we can conclude that the difference between the local Ivanovo time and the universal time in that year was 5 hours.

In the next issue of "Rabochy Krai", published on April 6, 1921 (No. 74/985, p. 2), you can find a small note by Professor A. Nekrasov "The Solar Eclipse on April 8", saturated with purely scientific information. After listing the solar and lunar eclipses visible in 1921 and indicating the countries through which the strip will pass, Nekrasov writes the following: "The beginning of the eclipse on earth in general, according to the time at which we now live, at 11.52 m. In the morning in a place lying at 14º40" West longitude from Greenwich and + 17º59 "geographical latitude; the beginning of the central eclipse at 1 h. 23 m at a location 42º38 "West from Granwich and + 45º59" latitude; the end of the central eclipse at 3 hours 6 m at a location 206º55 "West from Greenwich and + 77º30" latitude, the end of the eclipse at earth in general, at 4:38 pm in a place lying at 255º2 "West longitude from Greenwich and + 51º12" latitude. The diameter of the sun is 31 "56", and the diameter of the moon is 30 "54" "... The parameters of the eclipse given by Professor Nekrasov are not much different from those obtained using modern astronomical models. Curiously, all longitudes are shown west of Greenwich.

At the end of the note, the local observation conditions are described: "In Ivanovo, the eclipse will be visible, which is partial; about 0.67 of the sun will be closed. The beginning of the eclipse in Ivanovo at 1 h. 26 pm, the largest phase of the eclipse at 2 h. 44 m, and the end of the eclipse at 4 h. 2 m. of the day according to the time at which we now live, and which is ahead of the average solar Ivanovo time by 2 hours 16 m. The moon will touch the disk of the sun at a point that is 85º from the upper edge of the sun to the west, and will come off the disk at a point distance from the upper edge of the sun to the east by 33º. Positional angles of entry and exit of the moon 266º and 50º "... A very accurate computer program EmapWin gives 275.1º (or 84.9º to the west) for the first parameter, 32.4º for the second, and indicates the positional angles at 265.8º and 49.7º.

It is interesting to note that Professor Nekrasov calls the city Ivanovo, and not Ivanovo-Voznesensk, as it was called until 1932.

As we can see, despite the very beginning of the broad enlightenment of the population of Soviet Russia, the newspaper did not hesitate to publish such special information, understandable only to astronomers, geographers and other narrow specialists.

2. Annular eclipse on March 28, 1922. The maximum phase is 0.938 (in Ivanovo 0.187). The strip passed through Brazil, the Atlantic Ocean, North Africa, Arabia. Visibility conditions in Ivanovo: start 13:52, maximum 14:35, end 15:16.

Probably, due to the low phase and unfavorable visibility conditions (at sunset), there is no place for the eclipse on the pages of the "Working Edge".

3. Total eclipse on June 29, 1927. The maximum phase is 1.013 (in Ivanovo 0.729). The strip passed through the British Isles, the Scandinavian Peninsula, Severnaya Zemlya, the New Siberian Islands, the Bering Sea and the Aleutian Islands. Visibility conditions in Ivanovo: start 4:32, maximum 5:35, end 6:44.

Three days before the eclipse, on April 26, 1927, "Workers' Edge" (No. 143/2846, p. 2) published an essay by the famous popularizer of science J. Perelman "Why are eclipses observed?" Perelman raises the problem of the need to equip distant and expensive expeditions to the north of Europe, despite the short duration of the eclipse on June 29 (less than a minute). He brilliantly and easily explains the nature of eclipses, responding to numerous proposals to create an "artificial eclipse", simply obscuring the image of the sun in a telescope with an opaque circle. Observations of eclipses, writes Perelman, allow us to solve three important problems: "observing the" inversion "of spectral lines in the outer shell of the sun", the study of the solar corona and verification of one of the consequences of the general theory of relativity (the curvature of a ray of light under the influence of gravity). Partial phases of the eclipse visible over the greater territory of the Union, according to Perelman, "are of very little interest to science".

"The largest phase of a private eclipse will occur in Moscow and Ivanovo-Voznesensk at 0731 local time; about 3/4 of the solar disk will be obscured. In Leningrad, it will be covered - at 0736, about 4/5 of the solar disk.".

The difference with universal time here, as we can see, is already 2 hours. And "7 hours 31 pm" true only for Moscow - in Ivanovo-Voznesensk, the maximum phase came at 7 hours 35 minutes.

The essay is illustrated with three eclipse schemes indicating the magnitude of the phases for Leningrad, Moscow and Donbas (as shown in the illustration).

On the eve of the eclipse, June 28, 1927 "Workers' Edge" (№144 / 2847, p. 4) publishes a small note "Observe the eclipse of the sun tomorrow": "The eclipse of the sun will begin in our province at 6 hours 32 minutes in the morning, and end at 8 hours 44 minutes, you can observe the eclipse only through smoky or well-smoked glass; looking at the sun during an eclipse with a simple eye is dangerous - you can spoil your eyes ".

4. Partial eclipse on November 12, 1928. The maximum phase is 0.808 (in Ivanovo 0.654). It was visible in Europe, the European part of the USSR, the Middle East and in Central Asia... Visibility conditions in Ivanovo: start 7:48, maximum 9:13, end 10:39.

Despite the rather long phase of the eclipse, it is not mentioned in the pages of the Rabochy Krai newspaper. Most likely, this is due to the very low position of the sun above the horizon during the eclipse (about 15º), which makes observation difficult.

5. Annular eclipse on August 21, 1933. The maximum phase is 0.98 (in Ivanovo 0.29). The strip passed through Palestine, Iraq, Iran, northern India, Indonesia and northern Australia. Visibility conditions in Ivanovo: start 3:30, maximum 4:17, end 5:06.

Due to the small phase and the fact that it happened in Ivanovo in the early morning, this eclipse was also not paid attention to in the "Rabochy Krai".

6. Total eclipse on June 19, 1936. The maximum phase is 1.033 (in Ivanovo 0.777). The strip passed through the Balkan Peninsula, the Black Sea, the Caspian lowland, northern Kazakhstan, Baikal, Primorye, the island of Hokkaido, the Pacific Ocean. Visibility conditions in Ivanovo: start 3:20, maximum 4:19, end 5:22.

This is one of the few eclipses that is mentioned in several issues of the "Working Land".

On June 2, 1936 (No. 125/5037, p. 2), a Soyuzfoto photograph was published with the image of two scientists next to the spectrograph for observing the eclipse. Photo caption: "Preparing for a solar eclipse on June 19, 1936. An American scientific expedition that went to the Ak-Bulak station (USSR) to observe the solar eclipse is carrying a spectrograph made of a special light metal" dow ".

In No. 133/5045 (p. 4) of June 11, 1936, in addition to the draft Constitution of the USSR and its discussion, in the heading "Briefly. From our correspondents and IvTASS" there was a note: "The pioneers and schoolchildren of Vladimir are preparing to observe a solar eclipse. They prepare tinted glasses and glasses. In the units and detachments, teachers read lectures to the pioneers, hold talks with them about the solar eclipse."... The city of Vladimir was then part of the Ivanovo industrial region with the center in Ivanovo.

Not only scientists, but also Soyuzkulttorg responded to the upcoming eclipse by placing the following announcement in the newspaper's advertising block for June 16, 1936 (No. 137/5049, p. 4) (No. 1038 2-1): "Observation of the solar eclipse on June 19, 1936 with unprotected eyes is impossible. Soyuzkulttorg through its stores in Ivanovo (No. 1 - Socialist street, houses No. 4 and 2 - Red Army street, 1/2) and Yaroslavl (shop No. 3 - Socialism Line, 5) and through the KOGIZ stores in the city of Ivanovo sells for everyone a special film that protects the eyes when observing an eclipse of the sun at a price of 20 kopecks and a solar eclipse map at a price of 1 r. 50 kopecks and 2 rubles apiece We ask all trading organizations to take part in the wide distribution of the film and apply with orders: Ivanovo, B. Komsomolskaya st., No. 25, "Soyuzkulttorg", telephone 2-95-00, additional 1- 12. Discount for trading organizations. Soyuzkulttorg ".

The issue of the newspaper for June 18, 1936 (No. 139/5051, p. 4) publishes an unsigned note "Tomorrow - a solar eclipse". It notes that "on the territory of our country, the last total solar eclipse was observed in 1914. Now, 22 years later, the total solar eclipse will be repeated."... The following are the regions of the country where the lunar shadow will pass, the picture of the eclipse (the onset of night, the appearance of stars and the solar corona), as well as its duration, are described.

"To help our scientists who will observe the solar eclipse, the Soviet optical-mechanical industry has produced excellent equipment, which is not inferior in quality to foreign ones.

Observation of a solar eclipse by Soviet scientists (28 astronomical expeditions) will not only be from the ground. Assuming the possibility of cloudy weather, our astronomers are ready for high-altitude flights on stratospheric balloons and airplanes.

Simultaneously with Soviet astronomers, a solar eclipse by territory of the USSR will observe more than 10 foreign expeditions arriving to us from America, England, Italy, France, Japan, Czechoslovakia and a number of other countries ".

The conditions for the visibility of an eclipse in a number of cities are described below. Soviet Union, including in our city: "In Ivanovo, the beginning of a private eclipse is 6 hours 20 meters, the duration of the entire eclipse is 2 hours 02 minutes.".

The difference with universal time is already 3 hours.

The day after the eclipse, June 20, 1936 (No. 140/5054, p. 4), together with the obituary about the death of the writer Maxim Gorky, in Rabochiy Kray published a small report entitled “Solar Eclipse. Observation Program Completed”. Let's give it in full to show the flavor of that era:"The solar eclipse has passed. Dozens of Soviet and foreign scientists, thousands of workers of our homeland observed this wonderful and majestic phenomenon of nature. The observations of scientists were crowned with success. Astronomical science has been enriched with new extremely valuable information. Special correspondents of TASS report from the points of total eclipse on the progress of scientific observations. K On the evening of June 18, Comrade Gorbunov, the permanent secretary of the USSR Academy of Sciences, and Professor Kapitsa, head of the Institute for Physical Problems, arrived in Ak-Bulak by plane.

A hundred kilometers from Orenburg, up to 60 scientists, including 30 Americans, gathered on a deserted steppe hill.

The total phase of the eclipse was observed in excellent conditions, in a cloudless area of ​​the sky. Soviet instruments worked brilliantly. Expeditions basically completed the entire planned observation program in 117 seconds. ".

7. Total eclipse on September 21, 1941. The maximum phase is 1.038 (in Ivanovo 0.706). The strip passed through the Kuban, Caspian and Aral sea, Kyrgyzstan, China, the Pacific Ocean. Visibility conditions in Ivanovo: the beginning is not visible, the maximum is 3:12, the end is 4:08.

In the newspaper of that time, much attention was paid to the events of the Great Patriotic War. Perhaps because of this, and also because of unfavorable conditions visibility (at sunrise), information about the eclipse did not appear on the pages of the "Working Edge".

8. Partial eclipse on September 10, 1942. The maximum phase is 0.523 (in Ivanovo 0.463). It was visible in northern Canada, Greenland, Western Europe... Visibility conditions in Ivanovo: the beginning is 15:17, the maximum is 16:08, the end is not visible.

"Workers' Edge" came out at that time on two pages due to the economy of paper in wartime. Probably because of this, and also in view of the unfavorable visibility conditions (at sunset), there is no mention of this eclipse in the newspaper.

9. Total eclipse on July 9, 1945. The maximum phase is 1.018 (in Ivanovo 1.004). The strip passed through Canada, Greenland, Scandinavia, Central Russia, Kazakhstan. Visibility conditions in Ivanovo: start 13:18, maximum 14:23, end 15:23.

This post-war eclipse is notable in that it was the only total eclipse of the 20th century, the strip of which passed through the territory of the Ivanovo region and Ivanovo.

It is not surprising that Rabochy Krai devoted many articles and notes to this phenomenon in several issues at once.

On July 1, 1945, the newspaper (No. 127/7379, p. 2) published a long article by S. Smirnov, a teacher at the Ivanovo Chemical-Technological Institute, "The Solar Eclipse on July 9". Starting with the mention of the date of the eclipse, Smirnov proceeds to a colorful description of the phenomenon, associated myths and legends, described in the annals by omens. He talks about what saros is, mentions Thales of Miletus, explains the nature of the phenomenon and the possibility of its prediction. Then Smirnov reports on the parameters of the shadow and lists the places on Earth through which the shadow will pass, including Ivanovo:"The largest phase of a total solar eclipse will be in Ivanovo at 17 hours 22 minutes 42 seconds Moscow time. The duration of the full phase is 48 seconds, that is, less than one minute. As a partial, the eclipse will become visible earlier. Its beginning in Ivanovo at 16 hours 18 minutes, end at 18 hours 24 minutes.

The deviation from these dates of the onset of a partial eclipse and its largest phase in the regions of the Ivanovo region does not exceed 3 minutes. The duration of the full phase will be different for individual points in the area.

The central line of a total solar eclipse crosses our region from northwest to southeast, it does not pass through Ivanovo. The point of the central line of the total solar eclipse closest to the city of Ivanovo lies to the northeast of the city center, at a distance of about 13 kilometers from it (near the village of Kalachevo).

The duration of a total solar eclipse at this point will be 51 seconds. The central line is surrounded by a strip 76 kilometers wide. In this strip, a total solar eclipse will be visible, the duration of which decreases as it approaches the edges of the strip.

The following will fall into the strip of total solar eclipse: Pistsovo, Dulyapino, Furmanov, Ermolino, Kokhma, Shuya, Palekh, Yuzha. In all these settlements the duration of the full phase will be more than 40 seconds.

In the cities of Komsomolsk, Privolzhsk, Rodniki, Vyazniki, Pestyaki, the full phase will be shorter. Lezhnevo, Luh, Savino lie close to the border of the line of sight of a total solar eclipse and it will be very short-lived there. Savino even appears to be part of the line of sight of a total solar eclipse.

Finally, in Teikovo, Vichuga, Staraya Vichuga, Kineshma, the eclipse will already be partial, but an insignificant part of the solar disk will remain uncovered. ".

The article ends with a justification of the need to study the sun at the time of an eclipse and recommendations for its independent observation.

A drawing is attached to the article illustrating the scheme of a solar eclipse: the casting of a shadow by the Moon on the Earth.

Below S. Smirnov's article is an unsigned note "Scientific expeditions in Ivanovo":"At the site in Bogorodskoye, where scientific expeditions are working to observe the upcoming solar eclipse, intensive preparations are underway. The installations of the nebular spectrograph and the quadruple coronagraph have been completed. The five-meter coronagraph, telespectrograph and other equipment will be installed in the coming days.

Electrical wiring has been connected to the observation site, and special pavilions for instrumental installations have been built.

All the necessary Construction Materials were delivered in a timely manner, which ensured the success of the preparatory work.

Today, the director of the Institute of Astronomy and Physics of the Kazakh branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Academician V.G. Fesenkov. With the arrival of the academician, all preparations for observing the solar eclipse will be completed.

In connection with the upcoming solar eclipse, the regional lecture bureau held 29 lectures in the city, which were attended by about 3 thousand people. Lectures were delivered in factories, artels, institutions by the faculty of local universities and participants in scientific expeditions.

Lectures were held among workers of all peat enterprises and in some collective farms ".

On July 8, 1945, almost an entire page of the newspaper was devoted to the upcoming eclipse (No. 132/7384, p. 2). It opened with a photo report from the village of Bogorodskoye near the city of Ivanovo, where "a member of scientific expeditions to observe the solar eclipse is located"... The photographs by F. Karyshev show Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences G.A. Tikhov at the quadruple coronagraph, candidate of physical and mathematical sciences E.V. Fesenkova checking the instruments and Academician V.G. Fesenkov at a high-aperture telespectrograph - a device for observing the spectrum of the outer corona of the sun.

Further, a conversation was printed with the chairman of the commission for organizing observation of the solar eclipse, academician V.G. Fesenkov under the heading "Scientific expeditions at the ready". The academician spoke about the instruments installed at the observation sites, as well as about the participants in scientific expeditions to observe the eclipse. Among them, Professor A.N. Boyko, head of the group of workers at the Pulkovo Observatory, corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences G.A. Tikhov, head of the group of scientists of the Moscow Pedagogical Institute, professor P.I. Popov. As a personal initiative, the oldest Russian astronomer N.M. Subbotin. According to Fesenkov's story, researchers A.A. Kalinyak, V.G. Klinger, M.G. Karimov, I.P. Milstein and V.G. Fesenkov. Professor A.N. Boyko and researcher Z.I. Novikov. G.A. Tikhov and researcher at the Pulkovo Observatory R.S. Gnevyshev, and on a special camera for photographing the outer crown - N.M. Staude and M.P. Reverse. Academician Fesenkov assumed as a result of observations "to obtain a complete physical characterization of the state of various layers solar atmosphere, namely: the strike and the comparative abundance of atoms of various elements in height on the solar surface, temperature and its change at different distances from the solar surface, the speed of movement of various gases and the degrees of their turbular mixing " etc. It was also assumed that the zodiacal light would be photographed with the help of planes taking off from six different points and reaching heights of 5-6 km.

A. Yuriev's note "In a sunny town" tells about the base of a scientific expedition to observe the solar eclipse that arose near Ivanov, about the hopes of scientists for good weather on July 9.

And, finally, a reminder for readers "July 9 at 16 hours 17 minutes ...":"The solar eclipse in the area of ​​the city of Ivanov will begin at 16 hours 17 minutes. The beginning of the total eclipse phase is 17 hours 23 minutes. The duration of the full phase is 48 seconds. The end of the eclipse is at 18 hours 24 minutes.

An exhibition is open in the regional library for the upcoming total solar eclipse.

The exhibition is very popular with the library visitors ".

On July 11, 1945, Rabochy Krai (No. 134/7386, p. 2) published a report on the observations of the eclipse in the cities of Rybinsk, Chapayevsk and Ivanovo "Solar eclipse on July 9, 1945". In particular, the following is written about a very unfavorable weather situation during an eclipse in Ivanovo:"On July 9, the day of the solar eclipse, the Ivanovo sky already in the morning began to be covered with a cloudy haze on one side. In the middle of the day, the situation worsened noticeably. Entries in the diary of GA Tikhov, Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences, briefly and restrainedly characterize the further course of events. on a sunny site:

"13 o'clock. Half of the sky is covered with cumulus clouds.

13 hours 45 minutes. The whole sky is closed. Thunderstorm, heavy rain.

14 hours 20 minutes. Shower.

14 hours 50 minutes. Grad.

Further, without interruption - a downpour. After the first contact (4:17 pm), the rain is slightly weaker. Thunderstorm. The sky darkens rapidly before the second contact. In the southeast, there is a slight semi-lightening, in which the dawn of darkening is visible.

At the moment of the second contact - a sharp darkening. On the side of the sun, ten seconds after the second contact, a zigzag lightning flashed.

The rain continues after the full phase. "

Thus, all the grandiose preparations for the scientific expedition have been brought to naught. True, some of the scientists carried out well-known observations both before and after the eclipse, and their results will be used by science, but all this is a very small part of what the expedition was counting on when preparing its installations for the eclipse.

G.A. Tikhov, using a sapphire cyanometer, designed and manufactured according to his drawings, made observations of the state of the sky (blue, brightness, etc.). He already has a lot of material on these observations in the Urals, the Caucasus, Central Asia, Finland, Sweden, on the island of Kildin, etc. Observing our skies gives him additional material for comparative characteristics and related scientific findings.

M.N. and R.S. The Gnevyshevs used a quartz spectrograph to determine the spectral transparency of the earth's atmosphere.

Academician V.G. Fesenkov, during the total phase of the eclipse, took several photographs of the darkening dawn, which was observed through a gap in the southeast.

R.S. Gnevysheva monitored the illumination of the sky during the partial and total phase of the eclipse.

N.M. Staude measured illumination using a tube photometer.

About three hours before the start of the eclipse, a large group of scientists from the Institute of Physical Problems arrived from Moscow by plane to the site. Among them, academician P.L. Kapitsa, academician N.N. Semenov, Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences V.M. Wool and others ".

It is a pity that due to bad weather, the only total solar eclipse of the 20th century, visible on the territory of the Ivanovo region, was never visible.

10. Partial eclipse on April 28, 1949. The maximum phase is 0.609 (in Ivanovo 0.088). Visible in the Arctic, Greenland, North Africa, Europe and The far north Russia. Visibility conditions in Ivanovo: start 7:17, maximum 7:51, end 8:27.

Before this eclipse, practically invisible on the territory of the Ivanovo region due to a very small phase, "Rabochy Krai" in the issue of April 26, 1949 (No. 81/8363, p. 4) published a TASS note "Solar eclipse on April 28, 1949. ", in which, after listing the areas of visibility of a private eclipse on the territory of the Soviet Union, the following is indicated: "In Moscow, the eclipse will begin at 10 hours 8 minutes and end at 11 hours 23 minutes Moscow time, and 11 hundredths of the solar disk will be closed. In Leningrad, 22 hundredths of the solar disk will be closed. The eclipse will be best seen in Kirov, Murmansk and the Baltic cities ".

11. Total eclipse on September 12, 1950. Maximum phase 1.018 (in Ivanovo 0.266 - sub-horizon visibility). The strip passed through the Arctic Ocean, Chukotka, the Bering Sea, the northern part of the Pacific Ocean. Visibility conditions in Ivanovo: beginning not visible, maximum 2:03 (sun height minus 5.5º ), end 2:42 (sun height minus 0.4º ).

Above the horizon, the very end of this eclipse could be observed only in the eastern part of the region. It is not mentioned on the pages of the Rabochy Krai newspaper.

12. Total eclipse on February 25, 1952. The maximum phase is 1.037 (in Ivanovo 0.444). The strip passed through central Africa, Arabia, Iran, Central Asia, eastern Kazakhstan and Altai. Visibility conditions in Ivanovo: start 9:09, maximum 10:08, end 11:06.

In the "Rabochy Krai" dated February 23, 1952 (No. 39/9093, p. 4), a TASS message about the eclipse was printed, which tells about the regions where the total eclipse will pass, and scientific expeditions to the union republics of Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan for his observations. At the end of the note, it is said about new astronomical instruments for observations.

The next day, on the eve of the eclipse itself, in the issue of the newspaper dated February 24, 1952 (No. 40/9094, p. 4) short message"Watch a solar eclipse tomorrow":"Tomorrow, February 25, there will be a solar eclipse. It can be observed almost throughout the entire territory of the Soviet Union.

On the territory of our region, the eclipse will be partial (incomplete): the moon will cover about half of the solar disk. In Ivanovo it will start at 12 09 am and will last until 14 06 minutes ".

13. Total eclipse on June 30, 1954. The maximum phase is 1.036 (in Ivanovo 0.822). The strip passed through eastern Canada, Iceland, the Baltic Sea, Ukraine, the Caucasus, Afghanistan and Pakistan. Visibility conditions in Ivanovo: start 12:02, maximum 13:08, end 14:10.

I. Sushkin, Candidate of Physics and Mathematics, Head of the Department of the Ivanovo Pedagogical Institute, in his article "June 30 - Solar Eclipse" ("Workers' Land" dated June 29, 1954, No. 128/9695, p. 4) writes about the upcoming eclipse: "Tomorrow there will be a total solar eclipse, clearly visible in a number of regions of the European part of the USSR and the Caucasus. In Ivanovo, the eclipse will be partial, that is, the Moon will not cover the entire disk of the Sun, but only a part of it, albeit quite large - about 82 percent.".

After explaining the nature of eclipses and their recurrence in the same place on Earth, I. Sushkin describes in detail the course of the lunar shadow across the country and notes the importance of observing the eclipse for science. He further writes: "Tomorrow the eclipse will begin at the moment when the edge of the moon touches the solar disk. In Ivanovo it will happen at 15 02 minutes. After this the Sun will gradually begin to acquire the shape of a crescent. The narrowest this crescent will become at 16 08 minutes. Then the Moon will gradually open the solar disk. At 17.10 the eclipse will end ".

14. Annular eclipse on December 14, 1955. The maximum phase is 0.918 (in Ivanovo 0.105). The strip passed through northeastern Africa, the Maldives, Indochina, Taiwan. Visibility conditions in Ivanovo: the beginning is not visible, the maximum is 6:16, the end is 6:56.

There is no mention of this eclipse in Rabochy Krai, possibly due to the small phase and not favorable conditions visibility (eclipse at sunrise).

15. Partial eclipse on December 2, 1956. The maximum phase is 0.805 (in Ivanovo 0.724). It was visible in Europe, Central Russia, Western Siberia, Central Asia, China, India, the Middle East. Visibility conditions in Ivanovo: start 6:11, maximum 7:31, end 8:55.

In the issue of the newspaper dated December 1, 1956 (No. 269/10350, p. 4), covering the events in Hungary and the successes of the Soviet national team in Olympic Games in Melbourne, there is a note by N. Myakisheva "Solar Eclipse":"On Sunday, December 2 of this year, a partial solar eclipse will occur. It will be visible in most of Western Europe and throughout the USSR up to the line that connects the cities of Monchegorsk - Naryan-Mar - Igarka - Vitim - Blagoveshchensk. The largest phase of the eclipse, up to 80 percent of the closure of the solar disk will occur on the Vorkuta - Berezovo - Salekhard line.

In Ivanovo, the eclipse will begin at 9 hours 10 minutes in the morning. At 10:30 am, 72 percent of the Sun's disk will be covered. Then the visible part will increase, and the eclipse will end at 11 hours 54 minutes. In the region, the fluctuation of these terms will not exceed 8 minutes ".

The author notes that"during an eclipse, the apparent attenuation sunlight and in this regard, the decrease in air temperature will be little noticeable and, probably, will not cause any disturbance among domestic animals and birds.

Every year, in different places of the globe, there are necessarily from two to five solar eclipses. For example, in 1935 there were five of them, in 1954 - three, in 1955 and 1956 - two each. The next solar eclipse visible in our country will occur on April 30, 1957. ".

And at the end N. Myakisheva writes: "On no other planet solar system eclipses of the Sun are impossible, since these planets do not have satellites like our Moon, the shadow of which could overtake the planet ".

16. Total eclipse on October 2, 1959. The maximum phase is 1.033 (in Ivanovo 0.028). The strip went through the northern part Atlantic Ocean, Canary Islands, Sahara, southern Sudan and Somalia. Visibility conditions in Ivanovo: start 12:26, ​​maximum 12:42, end 12:57.

This pre-sunset eclipse with a very small phase for Ivanov is not mentioned in the pages of Rabochy Krai.

17. Total eclipse on February 15, 1961. The maximum phase is 1.036 (in Ivanovo 0.914). The strip passed through France, Italy, Yugoslavia, Crimea, the Volga region, Western Siberia and Taimyr. Visibility conditions in Ivanovo: start 7:18, maximum 8:29, end 9:41.

Surprisingly, despite the very large phase of the eclipse in Ivanovo, no warning was published in advance on the pages of Rabochy Krai. Only after the event, on February 16, 1961 (No. 40/11741, p. 1), the newspaper published a TASS report "Launching geophysical rockets during a solar eclipse": "On February 15, 1961, at about noon, in the zone of total solar eclipse, a series of geophysical rockets equipped with special research equipment were launched simultaneously."... Further, it is reported about the implementation of experiments to study the solar corona, as well as the launch of meteorological rockets in order to study the parameters of the state of the stratosphere and the influence solar radiation on changes in air temperature in the atmosphere.

The next day, February 17, 1961 (№41 / 11742, p. 4), the newspaper published the message of TASS special correspondents L. Markelova and M. Turovsky from the Crimean village of Nauchny "Observing the eclipse of the Sun ...". The message tells about the program of observations of the eclipse and their results on the astronomical instruments of the Crimean Observatory. In addition to our scientists (corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences A.B.Severny, N.V. Steshenko, V.L. Khokhlova), their colleagues from the USA (G. Zirin), France (R. Mishar, G. Oliveri ) and Czechoslovakia (I. Trenko, I. Lex). The use of modern radio telescopes during eclipse observations is especially mentioned.

18. Annular eclipse on May 20, 1966. The maximum phase is 0.999 (in Ivanovo 0.667). The strip passed through northern Africa, Greece, the Black Sea, the Caspian lowland, Kazakhstan, and northern China. Visibility conditions in Ivanovo: start 9:01, maximum 10:17, end 11:32.

This eclipse "Rabochy Kray" devoted several materials at once. This is due to the vigorous activity of the Ivanovo branch of VAGO, which was formed shortly before.

More than a month before the eclipse itself, on April 12, 1966 (No. 85/13315, p. 3), on the fifth anniversary of the era of cosmonautics, the newspaper published a note by M. Vitalin "Telescopes are directed to the sky. In the Ivanovo branch of the All-Union Astronomical and Geodetic Society" :"In the astronomy office of the Ivanovo Pedagogical Institute named after DA Furmanov, under the leadership of AB Paley, a visual photometer has been built and work has begun on the construction of an electronic photometer. Unique photographs are also being prepared for the star atlas of the Northern sky. Interest is growing every day. Ivanovites to the activities of the recently established branch of the VAGO Society, and its work is also intensifying.

In April, a conference of teachers of astronomy in secondary schools is scheduled to be held in Ivanovo. It is supposed to send a group of Ivanovo astronomy enthusiasts to observe an annular solar eclipse in the Tuapse region, which will occur on May 20, 1966. This will be the first astronomical "expedition" of the WAGO members of our region.

Observations of this phenomenon will be conducted in Ivanovo as well. By the way, here the eclipse of the Sun will begin at 12.00. The moon will cover the bottom of the solar disk. The eclipse will reach its largest phase at 13.17 ".

On May 14, 1966, the newspaper (No. 111/13341, p. 4) published a caricature "Solar Eclipse", in which the smoke from factory chimneys obscures the surprised sun.

On the eve of the eclipse, on May 19, 1966, in "Rabochy Krai" (No. 115/13345, p. 4) there is a note by the chairman of the Ivanovo branch of VAGO A. Paley "Objectives are aimed at the Sun":"Members of the Ivanovo branch of the All-Union Astronomical and Geodetic Society have hot days: they are preparing to observe the solar eclipse, which will occur on May 20.

Solar eclipses always arouse great interest not only among specialists, but also among many people far from astronomy.

In our region, the eclipse will be partial: the black lunar disk will pass below the solar one. In Ivanovo it will start at 12 noon. The Moon will slowly move towards the Sun from right to left and slightly upward. At 13:17, the maximum phase will come: 66 percent of the solar disk will close. The eclipse will end at 14 hours 32 minutes ".

For residents of the regional center, a collective observation of the eclipse will be organized in the courtyard of the Pedagogical Institute ".

On May 22, 1966, the newspaper (No. 118/13348, p. 4) published a small article by M. Vitalin "A Rare Phenomenon" with three photographs by G. Romanov. The photographs show the maximum phase of the eclipse and groups of people observing the phenomenon through dark glasses and through a telescope:"The day before yesterday, the residents of Ivanovo witnessed a rare natural phenomenon - a partial solar eclipse. At 12 noon, the shadow of the lunar disk began to move on the Sun. At 13:17, the maximum phase began - the Sun looked like a crescent, making up 34 percent of its surface observed from the Earth (photo up).

A partial solar eclipse in our region lasted 2 hours 32 minutes. It was observed by thousands of Ivanovo residents right on the streets and squares (photo below).

In the town of Otradnoye, members of the Ivanovo branch of the All-Union Astronomical and Geodetic Society, according to a previously developed plan, conducted telescopic observations and photographs of the daylight (photo on the right). The obtained scientific data is processed ".

It should be noted that almost all subsequent articles and notes on eclipses in the newspaper were published by members of WAGO.

19. Partial eclipse on May 9, 1967. The maximum phase is 0.720 (in Ivanovo 0.022). It was visible in North America, the Arctic, in the north of the European part of Russia. Visibility conditions in Ivanovo: start 16:09, maximum 16:22, end 16:36.

Due to the very small phase in Ivanovo, this pre-sunset eclipse is not mentioned in the pages of the Rabochy Krai newspaper.

20. Total eclipse on September 22, 1968. The maximum phase is 1.010 (in Ivanovo 0.832). The strip passed through the Urals, Western Siberia, eastern Kazakhstan, northwestern China. Visibility conditions in Ivanovo: start 09:48, maximum 11:00, end 12:09.

On the eve of the eclipse, the newspaper dated September 21, 1968 (No. 223/14059, p. 4) published a note by A. Benevolensky, a full member of the All-Union Astronomical and Geodetic Society of the USSR Academy of Sciences, "Autumn begins with an eclipse." At the beginning of the article it is said that there will be two astronomical events on September 22: the autumn equinox and a total solar eclipse. The following describes the characteristics of the eclipse and the path of the shadow across the Earth. "In the Soviet Union, in the strip running across the Urals and Kazakhstan, a solar eclipse will be total, in the European part of the country, including in the Ivanovo region, it will be private. According to the astronomical calendar, a partial solar eclipse will begin in Ivanovo at 12 hours 48 minutes. Moscow time. The moment of the greatest phase will come exactly at 14 o'clock. It will end at 15 o'clock 9 minutes ".

At the end, after the recommendations for observation and the mention that after the "Indian summer" "the beginning of autumn, nature" marked with a "solar eclipse", it says: "Collective observations of the eclipse through telescopes will be organized for residents of the regional center in the courtyard of the Pedagogical Institute".

21. Partial eclipse on February 25, 1971. The maximum phase is 0.787 (in Ivanovo 0.304). It was visible in northwest Africa, Western Europe, the European part of the USSR. Visibility conditions in Ivanovo: start 9:38, maximum 10:27, end 11:16.

This eclipse, in spite of its significant phase and convenient time for observations, has not been published in the Rabochy Krai newspaper.

22. Partial eclipse on May 11, 1975. The maximum phase is 0.864 (in Ivanovo 0.342). It was visible in the Arctic, North Africa, Western Europe and on the territory of the USSR, except for Central Asia. Visibility conditions in Ivanovo: start 5:52, maximum 6:50, end 7:51.

On May 10, 1975, the newspaper (No. 109/16080, p. 4), next to the advertising block, publishes a short note by A. Paley, a full member of the All-Union Astronomical and Geodetic Society, "Tomorrow is a solar eclipse":"Tomorrow morning there will be a partial solar eclipse. The lunar penumbra will enter the earth at 08:00 Moscow time, and slide off the globe at 12:25.

In our area, the eclipse will begin at 8 hours 52 minutes. The lunar disk will move towards the Sun from right to left, and only its upper part will be closed. The maximum phase will come at 9 hours 50 minutes, when the upper third of the diameter of the solar disk is closed. The eclipse will end at 10 hours 51 minutes.

It is impossible to observe a solar eclipse with an unprotected eye. To do this, use smoked glass or illuminated and developed photographic film.

In the courtyard of the main building of the Ivanovo University, collective observation of the eclipse through telescopes will be organized for residents of the regional center ".

23. Annular eclipse on April 29, 1976. The maximum phase is 0.942 (in Ivanovo 0.499). The strip passed through northwest Africa, Greece, Turkey, Central Asia and western China. Visibility conditions in Ivanovo: start 9:56, maximum 11:14, end 12:28.

There are no materials on this eclipse with a sufficiently large phase and very favorable conditions for observation on the pages of the Rabochy Krai newspaper.

24. Partial eclipse on October 2, 1978. The maximum phase is 0.691 (in Ivanovo 0.112). It was visible on the territory of the USSR, Mongolia, China and Japan. Visibility conditions in Ivanovo: start 4:39, maximum 5:12, end 5:47.

This eclipse with a small phase for Ivanov is not mentioned on the pages of Rabochy Krai.

25. Total eclipse on July 31, 1981. The maximum phase is 1.026 (in Ivanovo 0.724). The strip passed through the Caspian lowland, northern Kazakhstan, southern Siberia, Primorye, the Kuril Islands, the Pacific Ocean. Visibility conditions in Ivanovo: start 1:43, maximum 2:36, end 3:31.

About this eclipse, visible in Ivanovo at sunrise, in the issue of "Rabochy Krai" dated July 28, 1981 (No. 178/17970, p. 4), an article by the head of the astronomy circle of the Ivanovo Palace of pioneers and schoolchildren V. Lobanov was published "Prepare dark glasses" ... The article serves as a detailed answer to the question given by the Ovsyannikov family from Puchezh about the forthcoming eclipse. V. Lobanov writes about the strip of the total phase of the eclipse and the territories through which it will pass, the parameters of the eclipse and the shadow. With regard to Ivanov, the following is noted: "The partial eclipse will begin a little earlier than the total. In Ivanovo it will be possible to observe it from 5 hours 43 minutes summer Moscow time. At this moment, the Moon will gradually begin to close the right western edge of the solar disk. At 6 hours 36 minutes, the eclipse phase will be maximum - 72 percent. That is, about three quarters of the solar disk will be covered by the Moon. At 7 hours 31 minutes in our city, the eclipse will end ".

It should be noted that the difference between the time indicated in the article and the universal time is 4 hours, that is, the summer time introduced in the USSR since 1981 is taken into account.

The day after the eclipse, August 1, 1981, the newspaper (No. 178/17974, p. 3) publishes a note by M. Korovin "A Unique Phenomenon of Nature" with three photographs of A. Dvorzhets. The note says:"- Something our silent people got to talking," one of the employees of the Palace of Pioneers noticed with surprise, glancing into the room of the astronomical circle. She remembered that yesterday early morning for young astronomers was both working and festive.

She should have seen how concentrated the guys were "catching" the solar disk through the lenses of their telescopes, how they scolded the light clouds that were creeping into it from nowhere!

The beginning of the eclipse was well filmed, - said the head of the circle V.P. Lobanov. - There are photographs of various phases of the eclipse, including the maximum one, when the lunar shadow occupied 72 percent of the sun's area. But how it closes the sunspots and the moment of the end of the eclipse could not be recorded. The clouds still got in the way ...

But all these conversations took place later, when the observations had already ended. And in the early morning on the bank of Uvodi, where the guys had installed astronomical instruments, there was intense, unrestrained work.

Two dozen photographs that Vladimir Kurazhov, a student at Ivanovo State University, and Igor Simakov, a student of vocational school # 5, managed to take, will be sent to Moscow, to the Central Council of the Astronomical and Geodetic Society of the country. They will help clarify the trajectory of the Moon around the Earth.

Many residents of Ivanovo woke up early yesterday to observe a unique natural phenomenon. Some looked at our daylight through smoky glasses, others used specially processed photographic film. And around there was some kind of special silence. The morning seemed to frown, alert ... "

Photo caption reads: "In the pictures: not only astronomers are interested in the eclipse; this was captured by the Sun camera in the morning of July 31; telescopes are aimed at the solar disk. In the foreground is the seventh-grader of school No. 67 Sergey Korobov and student of the Physics Department of Ivanovo University Vladimir Kurazhov".

26. Partial eclipse on December 15, 1982. The maximum phase is 0.735 (in Ivanovo 0.696). It was visible in North Africa, Western Europe, the European part of the USSR, the Middle East, Central Asia, India and western China. Visibility conditions in Ivanovo: start 7:48, maximum 9:16, end 10:45.

In the issue of "Rabochy Krai" dated December 14, 1982 (No. 286/18384, p. 4), a note by the head of the astronomical circle of the Ivanovo Palace of Pioneers and Schoolchildren V. Lobanov "For Astronomy Lovers" was published. In it, the author mentions that the outgoing year was rich in astronomical phenomena, including eclipses."On December 15, there will be a partial solar eclipse with a large phase. The largest phase - 76.3 percent - will be observed in an area with coordinates 56º52" east longitude and 65º17 "north latitude. In Ivanovo the eclipse will begin at 10 hours 48 minutes. cover the right (western) edge of the solar disk.

At 12:17 pm, the eclipse phase will be the largest for Ivanov and will be 70 percent. This curious natural phenomenon will end at 13:45. Unfortunately, under conditions of a short winter day, when the Sun rises relatively low above the horizon, it is difficult to make observations. In addition, in the city they can interfere high buildings and a haze on the horizon ".

Indeed, the height of the Sun at the time of this eclipse did not exceed 10 degrees above the horizon.

27. Annular eclipse on May 30, 1984. Maximum phase 0.998 (in Ivanovo 0.097 - sub-horizon visibility). The strip passed through the Pacific Ocean, Mexico, the east coast of the United States, the Azores, and northwestern Africa. Visibility conditions in Ivanovo: beginning 17:27 (sun height 2.0º), maximum 17:50 (sun height minus 0.4º), the end is not visible.

On the day of the eclipse, May 30, 1984, the newspaper (No. 124/18822, p. 4) published a note by V. Lobanov, head of the astronomy circle at the Ivanovo Palace of Pioneers and Schoolchildren, "Today is an eclipse." Despite the fact that the eclipse was practically invisible on the territory of the region, V. Lobanov describes in detail its characteristics:"Today there will be an annular solar eclipse. It will begin at 14 hours 57 minutes UT in the Pacific Ocean north of the island of New Guinea. Then it will go to the northeast, cross Mexico, the Atlantic Ocean and end at 18 hours 32 minutes on the territory of Algeria. eclipses are different from full topics that the Moon, being at its apogee, has a smaller apparent size than the Sun. Therefore, observers in the maximum phase band will see a dazzling ring around the dark lunar disk.

Particular phases of this unique phenomenon will be observed on the territory of our region, starting from 21 hours 27 minutes. The maximum phase of the eclipse (it will be ten percent) will come at 21 hours 50 minutes, that is, six minutes before sunset. Therefore, the inhabitants of the textile region will not see the end of the eclipse, since it will be at 22 hours 13 minutes ".

It should be noted that the eclipse really began in the Pacific Ocean, but not north of the island of New Guinea, as the author points out, but north of the islands of French Polynesia.

28. Total eclipse on July 22, 1990. The maximum phase is 1.039 (in Ivanovo 0.853). The strip passed through Karelia, Novaya Zemlya islands, the northern part of the Taimyr Peninsula, Chukotka, the Aleutian Islands and the Pacific Ocean. Visibility conditions in Ivanovo: the beginning is not visible, the maximum is 1:43, the end is 2:37.

On the eve of the eclipse, on July 21, 1990, "Rabochy Krai" (№167 / 20665, p. 4) published V. Kurazhev's note "The Last in the Present Century" under the heading "Mysteries of Nature": "July 22, there will be a total solar eclipse - the last in this century, which can be observed on the territory of the USSR".

Further, after vivid description eclipse patterns and shadow trajectories, says the following:"In our area, the eclipse will begin at 04.50. Only a small crescent will remain from the Sun. Observers are advised to choose a viewing area that is open on the east side.

For the filter in front of the lens, it is better to take an exposed piece of film or plate, several layers of mirror film. It is convenient to observe the eclipse by projecting the image through binoculars onto a sheet of paper.

Scientists are preparing to face this rare phenomenon. Young astronomers from different regions countries will gather for this in Karelia. There will also be guys from the astronomical club of the Ivanovo Palace of Pioneers and Schoolchildren, Kokhma and Zavolzhsk.

More detailed results will be given at the open doors clubs of the Palace of Pioneers, which is planned in early September and at the anniversary meeting of Ivanovo astronomers on October 4 ".

29. Partial eclipse on May 21, 1993. The maximum phase is 0.735 (in Ivanovo 0.270). It was visible in Eastern and Northern Europe, the Arctic, North America, on the territory of the European part of Russia and the Far North. Visibility conditions in Ivanovo: start 14:52, maximum 15:35, end 16:17.

An evening eclipse with a small phase for Ivanov is not mentioned in the pages of the Rabochy Krai newspaper.

30. Partial eclipse on October 12, 1996. Maximum phase 0.758 (in Ivanovo 0.687 - sub-horizon visibility). It was visible in Europe, the European part of Russia, the Middle East, North Africa, Greenland, and eastern Canada. Visibility conditions in Ivanovo: the beginning is 13:28, the maximum is 14:33 (sun height minus 2.5º), the end is not visible.

A sunset eclipse with a sufficiently large phase for Ivanov is not mentioned in the pages of the Rabochy Krai newspaper.

31. Total eclipse on August 11, 1999. The maximum phase is 1.027 (in Ivanovo 0.617). The strip passed through the North Atlantic Ocean, Central Europe, Turkey, Iran, India. Visibility conditions in Ivanovo: start 10:03, maximum 11:12, end 12:18.

This famous eclipse of the late 20th century is mentioned on the pages of "Rabochy Krai" dated August 7, 1999 (№134 / 22627, p. 1) only in a small note "Muscovites will see a solar eclipse" news column "10 lines about the very, very ...": "A partial eclipse of the sun can be observed through dark glass by Muscovites and residents of the Moscow region on August 11. As the specialists of the Zvenigorod scientific base of the Institute of Astronomy of the Russian Academy of Sciences said, it will begin at 14:00 Moscow time and will last until 16:00, but scientists and amateurs will see this phenomenon at its maximum. at about 15 o'clock. According to experts, the moon will partially cover the sun, which will take the shape of a sickle. The total eclipse strip will not pass through the territory of the CIS, but the inhabitants of Europe will be able to watch this "amazingly beautiful sight" ".

32. Partial eclipse on July 31, 2000. Maximum phase 0.603 (in Ivanovo 0.221 - sub-horizon visibility). It was visible in western Canada, the Arctic, in the Far North of Russia, in Scandinavia and the central part of Russia. Visibility conditions in Ivanovo: the beginning is not visible, the maximum is 1:08 (the height of the sun is minus 1.3º), the end is 1:39.

On the pages of the newspaper "Rabochy Krai" this eclipse, the last visible in the 20th century on the territory of Russia and the Ivanovo region, did not get there. Possibly due to unfavorable observation conditions.

Conclusions.

1. For the period 1917-2000. out of thirty-two solar eclipses suitable for observation in the Ivanovo region, fifteen for one reason or another (a small phase, an eclipse at sunrise or sunset, the insignificance of the phenomenon in relation to other events, etc.) did not make it to the pages of the newspaper "Rabochy Krai ". This is 47% of the total. Three out of five eclipses that occurred in the 1990s might not have been mentioned due to the unstable political situation of that time and the prevalence of political and economic topics and advertising materials in the newspaper.

2. Much attention is paid to the total solar eclipse on July 9, 1945, the strip of which passed through Ivanovo region and, in particular, the city of Ivanovo. This was a significant post-war event for the region, marked by great preparation and arrival of scientific expeditions from Moscow and Leningrad.

3. It is unclear why the newspaper did not have any preliminary materials about the eclipse on February 15, 1961, although its phase was very long, and the conditions for observation were rather favorable. In addition, after the eclipse, only TASS reports got on the pages of the newspaper. It is quite possible that this was due to the bad weather in those days in Ivanovo.

4. Beginning in the mid-1960s, when the VAGO department was opened in Ivanovo, members of the society began to publish notes about the upcoming eclipses and the results of observations, that is, people directly related to astronomy, experts in this matter. However, employees of Ivanovo universities were also involved in writing materials for observing the upcoming eclipses.

5. Almost all materials for the period under consideration are built according to a similar scheme: eclipse date - its nature - characteristics - shadow trajectory - visibility conditions in Ivanovo - recommendations for observation - scientific significance. This scheme makes it possible to popularly explain the scientific essence of the phenomenon, regardless of the level of training of the readership.

Sergey Belyakov (2012)

In a week, another total solar eclipse will sweep over the northern part of the globe. Residents of Helsinki, Berlin, Kiev, Moscow and other equally glorious cities in eastern, northern and central Europe will be able to contemplate only a partial hiding of the sun, while the starving children of Africa will again get nothing at all. So that it would not be so offensive for this natural injustice, we decided to study the calendar of total solar eclipses for the next 10 years in the world and find out which of our neighbors on the planet, and most importantly, when, will have a chance to see this wondrous paradise with our own eyes. According to statistics, for every 237 solar eclipses in a hundred years, only a quarter is complete. In addition to the complete ones, it is worth paying attention to the ring-shaped ones - they differ from their more desirable counterparts only in that the shadow of the Moon cannot completely close the Sun with itself, because it passes too far from the Earth (together they pull on a third of all eclipses in a hundred years) ... Stock up on plane tickets before you take it apart!

In a week, another total solar eclipse will sweep over the northern part of the globe. Residents of Helsinki, Berlin, Kiev, Moscow and other equally glorious cities in eastern, northern and central Europe will be able to contemplate only a partial hiding of the sun, while the starving children of Africa will again get nothing at all. So that it would not be so offensive for this natural injustice, we decided to study the calendar of total solar eclipses for the next 10 years in the world and find out which of our neighbors on the planet, and most importantly, when, will have a chance to see this wondrous paradise with our own eyes. According to statistics, for every 237 solar eclipses in a hundred years, only a quarter is complete. In addition to the complete ones, it is worth paying attention to the ring-shaped ones - they differ from their more desirable counterparts only in that the shadow of the Moon cannot completely close the Sun with itself, because it passes too far from the Earth (together they pull on a third of all eclipses in a hundred years) ... Stock up on plane tickets before you take it apart!

How will you buy tickets, pay attention to the duration of the full phase in the table - to fly to the ends of the Earth for 38 seconds is somehow sad when you can look at 3, 5 and even 7 minutes of natural madness.

All the inhabitants of our planet dream of seeing such an incredible sight as a solar eclipse. This event is very rare and each of its occurrences arouses the genuine interest of the masses. In the article, we will consider what this phenomenon is, analyze the advice of astrologers and decide on the dates of solar eclipses.

and why is it happening

An eclipse of the sun is one of the most anticipated astronomical events. It is observed when the Moon, passing between the Sun and the globe, hides a star from the inhabitants of our world. The shadow cast by the Moon on the Earth is small relative to our planet, therefore it cannot envelop its entire area at once.

By the amount of the closed surface of the Sun, there are:

• Time of total solar eclipse. When the observer is in the lunar shadow strip, the eclipse of the sun will cover the entire solar disk, and only the so-called solar corona will be visible in the darkened sky.
• Partial eclipse is so called because only a fraction of the solar circle will be closed to viewers in the penumbra region. Accordingly, this event will be visible only from that part of our planet that falls under the lunar shadow or is adjacent to this darkened area (this approximate zone is called penumbra).
• Annular solar eclipse. In 2017, this option was observed by residents of the South Pole. It is observed when the Moon at the time of the eclipse is located at a great distance from our planet and the shadow from it does not reach the Earth. In this situation, it will be seen how the moon moves in the center of the solar circle, but its diameter smaller solar disk, and, accordingly, the Sun will not disappear completely, but will look like a bright ring with a dark spot in the middle. The sky darkens slightly, you won't be able to see it.

In a situation where an eclipse is seen from different points of the Earth (in the lunar shadow strip) as total and annular, it will be classified as a total annular or hybrid.

Solar eclipses of the 20th century were of particular interest to science. Thanks to this phenomenon, scientists were able to explore the vicinity of the Sun, which in normal conditions impossible. And since 1996, the SOHO satellite has been helping with this. Until the beginning of the 20th century, during the period of eclipses, the chromosphere was investigated and several comets were noticed.

Dates of solar eclipses of 2018

In 2018, this one will be observed three times.
On 02/15/2018 at 16.30 Moscow time, a partial solar eclipse will occur, which will be noticed in South America and Antarctica. Russians will not be able to admire the phenomenon.
07/13/2018 at 06.02 Moscow time, another partial eclipse will take place, it will be able to contemplate in Tasmania, southern Australia and the east of Antarctica.
08/11/2018 at 12.47 Moscow time, a partial solar eclipse will take place at 12.47 Moscow time. This time, the Russians (the central part, Siberia, the Far East), as well as the residents of Kazakhstan, Mongolia, northeastern China, the Scandinavian countries, Greenland and the northern part of Canada will have an opportunity to see with their own eyes an unusual phenomenon.

Features of the eclipses of the upcoming 2018

According to astrologers, each new eclipse affects a person in a special way, which is due to the unique position of the planets and stars relative to each other, the Sun and the Moon at the time of the appearance. After calculating the influence of the interactions of celestial bodies, astrologers made recommendations regarding human actions at the time of solar eclipses in 2018:

• In the next solar eclipse on February 15, 2018, a person can involuntarily manifest or intensify the desire for not the most kind and noble deeds. Therefore, on this day, you should most carefully control your emotions, words and deeds, try not to be drawn into a conflict.
• Eclipse July 13, 2018. Any undertakings on this day are doomed to failure.
• Eclipse on August 11, 2018. Care should be taken when adopting important decisions on the day of the eclipse, and it is better to postpone it altogether. Absent-mindedness will seize the person, attention to detail will weaken, as a result of which this day can be overlooked important nuances and, having made any decision, subsequently regret it.

2019 solar eclipses

In 2019, as in 2018, earthlings will be able to admire a solar eclipse on the dates:

Training

Both doctors and specialists in such areas as astrology and esoterics urge not to treat the phenomenon of a solar eclipse as something catastrophic and destructive for humans. Before the upcoming astronomical phenomenon, you should not radically change your lifestyle, lock yourself at home in anxious anticipation. But nevertheless, before the date of the solar eclipse, it will not be superfluous to take measures aimed at improving general well-being: walks on fresh air, moderation in diet. You should also postpone not very urgent matters and worries in order to avoid additional emotional and physical stress in the run-up to the eclipse. This "unloading" mode will allow you to remove human anxiety and nervousness during this unusual period.

Among astrologers and esotericists, it is believed that a solar eclipse is the moment of purification, at this time the most successful enterprises will be to get rid of everything that weighs on a person or harms his health.

During future events, as well as during solar eclipses in 2017, it should be borne in mind:

What not to do during eclipses

According to esotericists, the period of the next solar eclipses is extremely unfavorable for any undertakings.

These days have the following features:

• It is believed that on the day of the eclipse, the likelihood of committing rash acts is high.
• It is undesirable to appoint for this day major financial transactions, marriage registration, signing of important documents.
• Care should be taken to carry out planned medical procedures on this date, if possible, it is better to postpone the procedure for another day.
• It is not recommended to use psychotropic substances.
• It is also advised not to take information "to heart", you need to try to abstract and assess the situation objectively.

To prepare for a natural phenomenon in time, you need to plan the necessary things in advance and compare the planned with the list of solar eclipses. .

The effect of eclipses on humans

Medical scientists are of the opinion that an astrological phenomenon does not have a significant effect on physical health a person regardless of where the solar eclipse was visible. Since this phenomenon is rather short in duration, it simply does not have time to seriously interfere with the biochemical processes of the body.

However, this amazing natural phenomenon has traditionally caused anxiety and anxiety among the population of the Earth, since this event is relatively rare, and is subconsciously perceived by humans as alien. People experience similar uncomfortable feelings when they find themselves in an unfamiliar hostile environment. A particularly pronounced feeling of anxiety occurs in people with high meteosensitivity, with manifestations of vegetative dystonia, in anxious and suspicious individuals, in people with depressive disorders.

It is noticed that during the eclipse the frequency of suicidal manifestations slightly increases. Therefore, for people with the above personality traits, doctors recommend that when the date of the eclipse approaches, start taking sedatives in advance. And on the day of the appearance, if possible, protect yourself from additional experiences and stress.