Ecological problems of the Aral Sea presentation. Aral Sea presentation

Decor elements 14.08.2020
Decor elements

Environmental problems of the Aral Sea
fulfilled
Schoolgirls 11
"A" class
Komarova
Karina
Butalova
Olga
2015

Introduction

In 1989 the sea split into two
isolated reservoirs - Severnoe (Small)
and the South (Big) Aral Sea.
Almost all water inflow is provided
the Amu Darya and Syrdarya rivers.
Aral Sea -
former salty
lake in Srednyaya
Asia, on
border of Kazakhstan
and Uzbekistan. Before
the beginning of shallowing in
1960s
Aral Sea
was 4 to
lake area
the world. occupying
about 68 thousand km²;
its length
was 426 km,
width - 284 km,
the greatest
depth - 68 m.

Reasons for shallowing

o
Since the 1960s, the sea has become shallow due to
the fact that the water of the rivers flowing into it, into everything
increasing volumes were allocated to
irrigation (≈90%). 1960 to 1990 area
irrigated land in Central Asia
increased from 4.5 million to 7 million hectares.
The needs of the national economy of the region
in water increased by 2 times.
o
Collector drainage water,
coming from the fields into the bed of the Syrdarya and
Amu Darya cause deposits
from pesticides and others
agricultural pesticides
o
Precipitation in the form of rain and snow, and
underground springs give the Aral
the sea has much less water than its
lost on evaporation.
o
The waters of the Amu Darya do not reach the sea at all

Shallowing of the Aral Sea from 1977 to 2014

Consequences

Consequences for the climate and natural areas

The climate has changed: it has become
hotter in summer and colder
in winter, the level has decreased
air humidity,
decreased
duration
the growing season,
began to be observed more often
drought.
Fell and the level of the ground
waters, which hastened the process
desertification
terrain.
Former seabed
completely covered with salt.

Implications for fisheries

Number of inhabitants
fish species here
down from 32
up to 6 - result
enhancements
salinity level
water loss
spawning grounds and
fodder
plots.
Shipping to
Aral
stopped.

Consequences for the population

The local population suffers from large
prevalence of respiratory diseases, anemia,
throat and esophageal cancer; and digestive disorders.
Diseases of the liver, kidneys and eye diseases have become more frequent.

Solving environmental problems

Restoration of the entire Aral
the sea is impossible. For this
it would take 4 times
increase the annual inflow of water
Amu Darya and Syrdarya. Possible
remedy - reduction of irrigation
fields, but 4/5 countries in the basin
The Aral Sea (except
Kazakhstan) intend to increase
the volume of irrigation of farmland - in
mostly to feed
growing population.
Switching to less would also help.
moisture-loving crops, however,
Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan
intend to continue
grow cotton for sale
abroad.
Modernization of the entire system
irrigation canals would help
save about 12 km³ annually
water. It would cost $ 16 billion.

Former Renaissance Island

When Renaissance Island was far away in
sea, the Soviet Union used it in
as a testing ground
bacteriological weapons. Causative agents
anthrax, tularemia, plague, typhoid, smallpox,
as well as botulinum toxin have been tested
here on laboratory animals. In 2001 in
as a result of the departure of water, the island of Renaissance
connected to the mainland on the south side.
It is possible that dangerous microorganisms
retained their viability, and the infected
rodents can become their distributors
to other regions. Waste and pesticides,
once thrown into the water of the harbor
Aralsk, appeared today on the surface.
Strong storms carry poisonous substances
throughout the region, destroying crops
and damaging human health.

Once upon a time, more recently, the Aral Sea was one of the largest lakes in the world, since in terms of its area it was the fourth largest in the world among the largest lakes on the land surface. Of course, we understand that such bodies of water are often called seas, not only for their size, but also for other factors. So, like the Caspian Sea, the Aral Sea was of great importance for the countries located on its shores. Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan are deprived of the only sea that is located within the territory of these countries. And you can glean information about the death of the Aral Sea from this presentation on geography of the 10th grade


You can, of course, consider this material in the lessons of the 7th grade of geography, but nevertheless, it will probably be easier with the students of the 10th grade to make out the reasons for the death of such a beautiful sea in Central Asia. I would like everything on Earth to be just fine, because a person always wants only the best. If the sea is clean, if the presentation on geography is the most colorful. But no matter how much we think, it is worth doing something, since we understand that during this time nothing good has happened to the Aral Sea. There is no miracle - the Aral Sea dies, and man himself is to blame for this again. In arid steppes and semi-deserts, only the water of the Syr Darya and Amu Darya rivers fed this sea. But today the water of these rivers is taken by the agriculture and industry of the Central Asian countries. Is that how people will watch how the Aral Sea dies? Will they really not be able to moderate their appetites in the pursuit of temporary gain? The question remains open. It is enough to look at these photographs, and the whole scale of the tragedy becomes obvious.




We understand that a person has entered our World of Geography only because he has a desire to download a presentation on geography for free in order to conduct his lesson at school. However, the school not only teaches, but also tries to engage in education. But how to educate young people, if not just adults, but big people who are at the head of large countries, do nothing so that their peoples are not left without the sea that fed them.

Slide 2

The Aral Sea is a closed salt lake in Central Asia, on the border of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. Since the 1960s of the XX century, the sea level (and the volume of water in it) has been rapidly decreasing due to the withdrawal of water from the main feeding rivers of the Amu Darya and Syr Darya. Before the shallowing began, the Aral Sea was the fourth largest lake in the world. Excessive withdrawal of water for irrigation of agricultural land has turned the world's fourth largest sea lake, formerly rich in life, into a barren desert. What is happening with the Aral Sea is a real ecological catastrophe, the blame for which lies with the Soviet government. Currently, the drying up Aral Sea has moved 100 km from its former coastline near the city of Muynak in Uzbekistan.

Slide 3

In the Soviet Union, the deteriorating state of the Aral Sea was hidden for decades, until 1985, when M.S. Gorbachev made this ecological disaster public. In the late 1980s. the water level dropped so much that the whole sea was divided into two parts: the northern Small Aral and the southern Big Aral. By 2007, deep western and shallow eastern water bodies, as well as the remains of a small separate bay, were clearly visible in the southern part. The volume of the Big Aral has decreased from 708 to only 75 km3, and the salinity of the water has increased from 14 to more than 100 g / l.

Slide 4

Collector-drainage water flowing from the fields into the bed of the Syr Darya and Amu Darya caused deposits from pesticides and various other agricultural pesticides, appearing in places on 54 thousand km of the former seabed covered with salt. Dust storms carry salt, dust and toxic chemicals to a distance of 500 km. Sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride and sodium sulfate are airborne and destroy or inhibit the development of natural vegetation and crops. The local population suffers from a high prevalence of respiratory diseases, anemia, cancer of the larynx and esophagus, and digestive disorders. Liver and kidney diseases and eye diseases have become more frequent.

Slide 5

The drying up of the Aral Sea had dire consequences. Due to a sharp decrease in river runoff, spring floods ceased, supplying the floodplains of the lower reaches of the Amu Darya and Syr Darya with fresh water and fertile sediments. The number of fish species inhabited here decreased from 32 to 6 - as a result of an increase in water salinity, loss of spawning grounds and foraging areas (which were preserved mainly only in river deltas). If in 1960 the fish catch reached 40 thousand tons, then by the mid-1980s. local commercial fishing simply ceased to exist and more than 60,000 associated jobs were lost. The most common inhabitant was the Black Sea flounder, adapted to life in salty sea water and brought here back in the 1970s. However, by 2003, it also disappeared in the Big Aral, unable to withstand water salinity of more than 70 g / l - 2–4 times more than in its usual marine environment.

Slide 6

Navigation in the Aral Sea has ceased because the water retreated for many kilometers from the main local ports: the city of Aralsk in the north and the city of Muynak in the south. And keeping the ever longer canals to the ports navigable turned out to be too costly. With the lowering of the water level in both parts of the Aral Sea, the level of groundwater also fell, which accelerated the process of desertification of the area. By the mid-1990s. instead of lush green trees, shrubs and grasses, on the former seashores, there were only rare bunches of halophytes and xerophytes - plants adapted to saline soils and dry habitats. At the same time, only half of the local species of mammals and birds have survived.

Slide 7

Despite the vast drainage basin, the Aral Sea receives almost no water due to irrigation canals, which, as the photo below shows, take water from the Amu Darya and Syr Darya over hundreds of kilometers of their flow across the territory of several states. Among other consequences - the disappearance of many species of animals and plants.

Slide 8

In 1946, 23 thousand tons of fish were caught in the Aral Sea, in the 1980s this figure reached 60 thousand tons. In the Kazakh part of the Aral there were 5 fish factories, 1 fish cannery, 45 fish receiving points, in the Uzbek part of the Aral Sea (Republic of Karakalpakstan) - 5 fish factories, 1 fish cannery, more than 20 fish receiving points. In the 1930s, large-scale construction of irrigation canals began in Central Asia, which intensified especially in the early 1960s. Since the 1960s, the sea began to shallow due to the fact that the water of the rivers flowing into it was diverted in increasing volumes for irrigation. From 1960 to 1990, the area of ​​irrigated land in Central Asia increased from 4.5 million to 7 million hectares. The needs of the regional economy in water have increased from 60 to 120 km per year, of which 90% falls on irrigation. Since 1961, the sea level has been decreasing at an increasing rate from 20 to 80-90 cm / year. Until the 1970s, 34 fish species lived in the Aral, of which more than 20 were of commercial importance.

Slide 9

In 1989, the sea split into two isolated bodies of water - the North (Small) and South (Big) Aral Sea. In 2003, the surface area of ​​the Aral Sea is about a quarter of the original, and the volume of water is about 10%. By the early 2000s, the absolute sea level had dropped to 31 m, which is 22 m below the initial level observed in the late 1950s. Fishing survived only in the Small Aral, and in the Big Aral, due to its high salinity, all fish died. In 2001, the South Aral Sea split into western and eastern parts. In 2008, geological exploration (search for oil and gas fields) was carried out in the Uzbek part of the sea. The contractor is the PetroAlliance company, the customer is the government of Uzbekistan. In the summer of 2009, the eastern part of the South (Big) Aral Sea dried up.

Slide 10

The retreating sea left behind 54 thousand km2 of dry seabed covered with salt, and in some places also deposits of pesticides and various other agricultural pesticides, once washed away from local fields. Currently, strong storms carry salt, dust and toxic chemicals to a distance of 500 km. The north and north-east winds have an adverse effect on the delta of the Amu Darya River located to the south - the most densely populated, most economically and ecologically important part of the entire region. Airborne sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride and sodium sulfate destroy or slow down the development of natural vegetation and crops - ironically, it was the irrigation of these crops that brought the Aral Sea to its present deplorable state.

Slide 11

According to medical experts, the local population suffers from a high prevalence of respiratory diseases, anemia, throat and esophageal cancer, and digestive disorders. Liver and kidney diseases have become more frequent, not to mention eye diseases.

Slide 12

Another, very unusual problem is associated with the island of Renaissance. When it was far out at sea, the Soviet Union used it as a testing ground for bacteriological weapons. The causative agents of anthrax, tularemia, brucellosis, plague, typhoid, smallpox, as well as botulinum toxin were tested here on horses, monkeys, sheep, donkeys and other laboratory animals.

Slide 13

In 2001, as a result of the withdrawal of water, Vozrozhdenie Island joined the mainland on the southern side. Doctors fear that dangerous microorganisms have retained their viability, and that infected rodents can spread them to other regions. In addition, dangerous substances can fall into the hands of terrorists. Waste and pesticides, once thrown into the water of the Aralsk harbor, are now in full view. Severe storms carry toxic substances, as well as huge amounts of sand and salt throughout the region, destroying crops and damaging human health

Slide 14

The restoration of the entire Aral Sea is impossible. This would require a fourfold increase in the annual inflow of the Amu Darya and Syr Darya waters compared to the current average of 13 km3. The only possible remedy would be to reduce the irrigation of the fields, which consumes 92% of the water intake. However, four of the five former Soviet republics in the Aral Sea basin (excluding Kazakhstan) intend to increase irrigation of farmland - mainly to feed a growing population. In this situation, a transition to less moisture-loving crops, for example, replacing cotton with winter wheat, would help, but the two main water-consuming countries in the region - Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan - intend to continue to grow cotton for sale abroad. It would also be possible to significantly improve the existing irrigation canals: many of them are ordinary trenches, through the walls of which a huge amount of water seeps and goes into the sand. Modernization of the entire irrigation system would help save about 12 km3 of water annually, but it would cost $ 16 billion.

Slide 15

The sad fate of the Aral Sea is beginning to be repeated by other large bodies of water in the world - first of all, Lake Chad in Central Africa and Lake Salton Sea in the south of the American state of California. Dead fish, tilapia, line the shores of Lake Salton Sea in the US state of California (above) - because of excessive water intake to irrigate fields, the water in it is becoming saltier. Various plans for desalination of this lake are under consideration. As a result of the rapid development of irrigation since the 1960s. Lake Chad in Africa has shrunk to 1/10 of its former size. Farmers, herders and locals from the four countries adjacent to the lake often fight fiercely among themselves for the remains of the water (bottom right, blue), and the depth of the lake is now only 1.5 m. Experience associated with loss, and then partial restoration of the Aral Sea can benefit everyone. The picture shows Lake Chad in 1972 and 2008

View all slides

Slide 1

Slide 2

The Aral Sea is a closed salt lake in Central Asia, on the border of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. Since the 1960s of the XX century, the sea level (and the volume of water in it) has been rapidly decreasing due to the withdrawal of water from the main feeding rivers of the Amu Darya and Syr Darya. Before the shallowing began, the Aral Sea was the fourth largest lake in the world. Excessive withdrawal of water for irrigation of agricultural land has turned the world's fourth largest sea lake, formerly rich in life, into a barren desert. What is happening with the Aral Sea is a real ecological catastrophe, the blame for which lies with the Soviet government. Currently, the drying up Aral Sea has moved 100 km from its former coastline near the city of Muynak in Uzbekistan.

Slide 3

In the Soviet Union, the deteriorating state of the Aral Sea was hidden for decades, until 1985, when M.S. Gorbachev made this ecological disaster public. In the late 1980s. the water level dropped so much that the whole sea was divided into two parts: the northern Small Aral and the southern Big Aral. By 2007, deep western and shallow eastern water bodies, as well as the remains of a small separate bay, were clearly visible in the southern part. The volume of the Big Aral has decreased from 708 to only 75 km3, and the salinity of the water has increased from 14 to more than 100 g / l.

Slide 4

Collector-drainage water flowing from the fields into the bed of the Syr Darya and Amu Darya caused deposits from pesticides and various other agricultural pesticides, appearing in places on 54 thousand km of the former seabed covered with salt. Dust storms carry salt, dust and toxic chemicals to a distance of 500 km. Sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride and sodium sulfate are airborne and destroy or inhibit the development of natural vegetation and crops. The local population suffers from a high prevalence of respiratory diseases, anemia, cancer of the larynx and esophagus, and digestive disorders. Liver and kidney diseases and eye diseases have become more frequent.

Slide 5

The drying up of the Aral Sea had dire consequences. Due to a sharp decrease in river runoff, spring floods stopped supplying the floodplains of the lower reaches of the Amu Darya and Syr Darya with fresh water and fertile sediments. The number of fish species inhabited here decreased from 32 to 6 - as a result of an increase in water salinity, loss of spawning grounds and foraging areas (which were preserved mainly only in river deltas). If in 1960 the fish catch reached 40 thousand tons, then by the mid-1980s. local commercial fishing simply ceased to exist and more than 60,000 associated jobs were lost. The most common inhabitant was the Black Sea flounder, adapted to life in salty sea water and brought here back in the 1970s. However, by 2003, it also disappeared in the Big Aral, unable to withstand water salinity of more than 70 g / l - 2–4 times more than in its usual marine environment.

Slide 6

Navigation in the Aral Sea has ceased because the water receded for many kilometers from the main local ports: the city of Aralsk in the north and the city of Muynak in the south. And keeping the ever longer canals to the ports navigable turned out to be too costly. With the lowering of the water level in both parts of the Aral Sea, the level of groundwater also fell, which accelerated the process of desertification of the area. By the mid-1990s. instead of lush green trees, shrubs and grasses, on the former seashores, there were only rare bunches of halophytes and xerophytes - plants adapted to saline soils and dry habitats. At the same time, only half of the local species of mammals and birds have survived.

Slide 7

Despite the vast drainage basin, the Aral Sea receives almost no water due to irrigation canals, which, as the photo below shows, take water from the Amu Darya and Syr Darya over hundreds of kilometers of their flow across the territory of several states. Among other consequences - the disappearance of many species of animals and plants.

Slide 8

In 1946, 23 thousand tons of fish were caught in the Aral Sea, in the 1980s this figure reached 60 thousand tons. In the Kazakh part of the Aral there were 5 fish factories, 1 fish cannery, 45 fish receiving points, in the Uzbek part of the Aral Sea (Republic of Karakalpakstan) - 5 fish factories, 1 fish cannery, more than 20 fish receiving points. In the 1930s, large-scale construction of irrigation canals began in Central Asia, which intensified especially in the early 1960s. Since the 1960s, the sea began to shallow due to the fact that the water of the rivers flowing into it was diverted in increasing volumes for irrigation. From 1960 to 1990, the area of ​​irrigated land in Central Asia increased from 4.5 million to 7 million hectares. The needs of the regional economy in water have increased from 60 to 120 km per year, of which 90% falls on irrigation. Since 1961, the sea level has been decreasing at an increasing rate from 20 to 80-90 cm / year. Until the 1970s, 34 fish species lived in the Aral, of which more than 20 were of commercial importance.

Slide 9

In 1989, the sea split into two isolated bodies of water - the North (Small) and South (Big) Aral Sea. In 2003, the surface area of ​​the Aral Sea is about a quarter of the original, and the volume of water is about 10%. By the early 2000s, the absolute sea level had dropped to 31 m, which is 22 m below the initial level observed in the late 1950s. Fishing survived only in the Small Aral, and in the Big Aral, due to its high salinity, all fish died. In 2001, the South Aral Sea split into western and eastern parts. In 2008, geological exploration (search for oil and gas fields) was carried out in the Uzbek part of the sea. The contractor is the PetroAlliance company, the customer is the government of Uzbekistan. In the summer of 2009, the eastern part of the South (Big) Aral Sea dried up.

Slide 10

The retreating sea left behind 54 thousand km2 of dry seabed covered with salt, and in some places also deposits of pesticides and various other agricultural pesticides, once washed away from local fields. Currently, strong storms carry salt, dust and toxic chemicals to a distance of 500 km. The north and north-east winds have an adverse effect on the delta of the Amu Darya River located to the south - the most densely populated, most economically and ecologically important part of the entire region. Airborne sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride and sodium sulfate destroy or slow down the development of natural vegetation and crops - ironically, it was the irrigation of these crops that brought the Aral Sea to its present deplorable state.

Slide 11

According to medical experts, the local population suffers from a high prevalence of respiratory diseases, anemia, throat and esophageal cancer, and digestive disorders. Liver and kidney diseases have become more frequent, not to mention eye diseases.

Slide 12

Another, very unusual problem is associated with the island of Renaissance. When it was far out at sea, the Soviet Union used it as a testing ground for bacteriological weapons. The causative agents of anthrax, tularemia, brucellosis, plague, typhoid, smallpox, as well as botulinum toxin were tested here on horses, monkeys, sheep, donkeys and other laboratory animals.

Slide 13

In 2001, as a result of the withdrawal of water, Vozrozhdenie Island joined the mainland on the southern side. Doctors fear that dangerous microorganisms have retained their viability, and that infected rodents can spread them to other regions. In addition, dangerous substances can fall into the hands of terrorists. Waste and pesticides, once thrown into the water of the Aralsk harbor, are now in full view. Severe storms carry toxic substances, as well as huge amounts of sand and salt throughout the region, destroying crops and damaging human health

Slide 14

The restoration of the entire Aral Sea is impossible. This would require a fourfold increase in the annual inflow of the Amu Darya and Syr Darya waters compared to the current average of 13 km3. The only possible remedy would be to reduce the irrigation of the fields, which consumes 92% of the water intake. However, four of the five former Soviet republics in the Aral Sea basin (excluding Kazakhstan) intend to increase irrigation of farmland - mainly to feed a growing population. In this situation, a transition to less moisture-loving crops, for example, replacing cotton with winter wheat, would help, but the two main water-consuming countries in the region - Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan - intend to continue to grow cotton for sale abroad. It would also be possible to significantly improve the existing irrigation canals: many of them are ordinary trenches, through the walls of which a huge amount of water seeps and goes into the sand. Modernization of the entire irrigation system would help save about 12 km3 of water annually, but it would cost $ 16 billion.

Slide 15

The sad fate of the Aral Sea is beginning to be repeated by other large bodies of water in the world - first of all, Lake Chad in Central Africa and Lake Salton Sea in the south of the American state of California. Dead fish, tilapia, line the shores of Lake Salton Sea in the US state of California (above) - because of excessive water intake to irrigate fields, the water in it is becoming saltier. Various plans for desalination of this lake are under consideration. As a result of the rapid development of irrigation since the 1960s. Lake Chad in Africa has shrunk to 1/10 of its former size. Farmers, herders and locals from the four countries adjacent to the lake often fight fiercely among themselves for the remains of the water (bottom right, blue), and the depth of the lake is now only 1.5 m. Experience associated with loss, and then partial restoration of the Aral Sea can benefit everyone. The picture shows Lake Chad in 1972 and 2008




























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Presentation on the topic: Ecological disaster of the Aral Sea

Slide No. 1

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TOGOU DOD "Center for Creative Development, Ecology and Tourism" Project topic: Ecological disaster of the Aral Sea Authors: Kovaleva Daria, Senina Maria, students of TOGOU DOD "Center for Creative Development, Ecology and Tourism" Supervisor: Chebotareva Tatiana Mikhailovna, teacher of additional education

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I came to admire the Aral, But I did not find my sea Where the sea once raged Sand quicksand nothing else Where is the Caspian twin, blue-eyed brother? Where are the schools of silver fish? Only adyraspan, but a lonely wind, Yes, moaning yellow sands. They sway to the horizon, Like the hair of a witch dancing in the darkness. Oh, my Aral, how bitter, lonely Without your waves to my land. Nurzhanov

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Relevance Excessive withdrawal of water for irrigation of agricultural land has turned the world's fourth largest lake-sea, previously rich in life, into a barren desert. The volume of the Great Aral has decreased from 708 to only 75 km3, and the salinity of water has increased from 14 to more than 100 g / l. Three large bodies of water remained from the former sea, and in two of them the water is so salty that even the fish disappeared. The once prosperous fishing fleet is gone. The former coastal cities have been hit by an economic crisis. Huge tracts of dry seabed opened up; the wind lifts salt and toxic substances into the air, carrying them to densely populated areas, causing serious health problems for people. With the collapse of the USSR in 1991, the Aral Sea was divided between the newly formed states: Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. Thus, the grandiose Soviet plan to transfer the waters of distant Siberian rivers here was ended, and competition for the possession of melting water resources unfolded.

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Physical and geographical position According to the atlas: The Aral Sea basin is located in the center of Eurasia and covers the entire territory of Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, most of Turkmenistan, three regions of the Kyrgyz Republic (Osh, Jalalabad, Naryn), southern part of Kazakhstan (two regions: Kyzyl-Orda and South Kazakhstan) and the northern part of Afghanistan and Iran. The territory of the Aral Sea basin can be divided into two main zones: the Turan plain and the mountainous zone. The western and northwestern parts of the Aral Sea basin within the Turan plain are covered by the Kara-Kum and Kyzyl-Kum deserts. The eastern and southeastern parts belong to the high-mountainous zone of the Tien Shan and Pamir ranges. The rest of the basin includes alluvial and intermontane valleys, dry and semi-dry steppes. The various landforms in these countries have created certain conditions that are reflected in the relationship between water, land and the populated area of ​​the region. Mountains occupy about 90% of the territory of the Kyrgyz Republic and Tajikistan. Most of the territory of Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan is covered with deserts (more than 50%) and only 10% of the territory is represented by mountains.

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Results of remote sensing Determination of the physical and geographical position of the Aral Sea from a satellite image obtained using the software and hardware complex for receiving and processing space images of the Earth "Kosmos-M2". (Determination of the northern boundaries of the sea)

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Climatic conditions The closed location of Central Asia in the Euro-Asian continent determines a sharply continental climate with a small amount of unevenly distributed precipitation. The region is characterized by a large amplitude of daily and seasonal temperatures, with high solar radiation and relatively low humidity. Large differences in geographic location and elevation from 0 to 7,500 m above sea level explain the diversity of the microclimate. The mountains are located in the east and southeast and are the center of the formation of water resources and their flow. Although the area is often affected by humid winds, most of the moisture is taken up by the mountains, and little rainfall remains for the rest of the basin.

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Reasons for the disruption of the Aral Sea ecosystem It is believed that the main reason for the drying up of the Aral Sea was the irrational use of water resources of the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers feeding it and the excessive use of water for cotton irrigation. Many experts, however, are inclined to think that not only man is to blame for such a rapid decrease in the sea, especially since there are serious geological and archaeological indications that such retreats of the Aral have happened in the past. Most likely, there was an overlap of anthropogenic and natural causes (decrease in precipitation, increased evaporation due to warming). In addition, there are theories about the fracture of the earth's crust and the overflow of water from the Aral Sea to the Caspian Sea, and the reasons for such a fault include both tectonic processes and secret research in the field of bacteriological weapons that have been carried out on Vozrozhdenie Island by the Soviet military since 1949. The exact reasons for the drying up of the Aral Sea are not exactly known

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Ways to improve the ecological state of the Aral Sea According to scientists, thanks to the dam built in 2005, the area of ​​the northernmost of these reservoirs began to increase rapidly, and the salinity of the water began to decrease. Fish populations and wetlands are now recovering, and signs of economic recovery are emerging. To prevent the two large reservoirs located to the south from finally becoming a dead zone, it is necessary to build a number of new hydrotechnical structures, including on the Amu Darya River, which previously fed them. Such a plan requires multi-billion dollar funds and difficult political agreements and decisions. The salinity of water in the Small Aral will eventually be established within the range of 3-14 g / l, depending on the location. At such rates, many other local biological species will have to recover (although the sea flounder will almost disappear almost everywhere). The general restoration of the reservoir will also continue. For example, if, by improving the irrigation system, increase the average annual flow of the Syr Darya to 4.5 km3, then the water in the Small Aral will stabilize at about 47 m.In this case, the coastline would be located 8 km from the former large port city of Aralsk - quite close, to dredge and restore the old canal. On it, large fishing vessels could again go out to sea, and navigation would resume. A further decrease in water salinity should have a favorable effect on the condition of the coastal floodplains and on the number of fish. In addition, the outflow of water into the reservoirs of the southern Big Aral could increase, contributing to their restoration. Implementation of such a plan would require the construction of a much longer and higher dam, as well as the reconstruction of the existing hydraulic seal.

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(Recovery rates for 2007 (after the completion of the dam in 2005) Rehabilitation of the entire Aral Sea is not possible. This would require four times the annual inflow of the Amu Darya and Syr Darya from the current average of 13 km3. less irrigation for fields, which consumes 92% of water withdrawal However, four out of five former Soviet republics in the Aral Sea basin (excluding Kazakhstan) intend to increase irrigation of agricultural land - mainly to feed the growing population. less moisture-loving crops, such as replacing cotton with winter wheat, but the two main water-consuming countries in the region - Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan - intend to continue to grow cotton for sale abroad. whose walls are seeping a huge amount of water flows and goes into the sand. Modernization of the entire irrigation system would help to save about 12 km3 of water annually, but it would cost $ 16 billion. So far, the countries of the Azov Sea basin have neither the money nor the political will for this.

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Conclusions Using space images obtained using the software and hardware complex for receiving and processing space images of the Earth "Kosmos-M2", as well as the geographical atlas, the coordinates of the Aral Sea, its physical and geographical position and area were determined. The data of the geographical atlas does not correspond to the real picture the state of the Aral Sea. 61,250 sq. km - the area of ​​the Aral Sea in the 70s; 15,000 sq. Km. - the area of ​​the Aral Sea in the 90s; 11580 sq. Km - the area of ​​the Aral Sea in 2011 Currently, the sea area has decreased by 49 670 sq. Km (in comparison with the research data of the 70s)

Slide No. 26

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Slide No. 27

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Information sources Andreev, N.I., Zooplankton of the Butakov Bay of the Aral Sea in June 1990, Tr. ZIN. - 1991. Dobrynin E. G., Koroleva N. G. Production and microbiological processes in the Butakov Bay of the Aral Sea // Tr. ZIN. - 1991. Orlova MI Materials for the general assessment of production and destruction processes in the coastal zone of the northern part of the Aral Sea. 1. Results of field observations and experiments in 1992 // Tr. ZIN. - 1993. Orlova MI Materials for the general assessment of production and destruction processes in the coastal zone of the northern part of the Aral Sea. 2. On some features of the functioning of ecosystems in the Syrdarya delta and shallow waters of the adjacent sea bay // Tr. ZIN. - 1995. For the preparation of this work were used materials from the site elib.albertina.ru/

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