Quite often, the population is interested in how to find out if an apartment has been privatized or ...
"HOW PERSON USES
PROPERTIES OF WATER»
Compiled by Philip
student of the 4th "A" class, lyceum No. 107.
Water is a substance that is in a liquid state, it is colorless, transparent, odorless, it can change shape (for example: if you tilt the test tube, then the water will change shape), it enlarges objects (example: my fingers, with which I hold the test tube, seem more when viewed through a test tube of water) and can dissolve various substances.
The property of transparency of water can be proved by placing different pictures or even a page with text behind a test tube with water - you can see what is behind the test tube. This experiment proves that glass is also transparent. It can be proved in another way. Put the picture on a plate and pour water into it. You can also see what is in the plate filled with water. This experience also proves the property of water - transparency. The property of water transparency is used by a person very widely: aquariums with outlandish fish and algae, pools and fountains with a beautiful design of the bottom and walls, and more.
Water has no smell. You can sniff and be sure. A person uses this property of water, for example, when escaping from pursuing predatory animals: as soon as they enter the water, the trace of a person will be lost, the animal will not be able to determine the direction of movement of a person who has entered the water.
Water takes the form of the container into which it is poured (for example: pour water from a glass into laboratory flasks of various shapes). This property of water is also widely used by man. For example: by pouring water into a container, you can thereby emphasize the originality of this container, its design and beauty.
Water is flowing. For example: if you pour it on a flat tray, it spreads into a puddle. This property of water is widely used by man in housing and communal services: water, flowing through pipes, enters our houses and apartments.
Objects in the water appear larger than they really are. This can be seen by looking at how the part of the image that is visible through the water has increased. Or maybe this glass magnifies? No, because the fish in the aquarium also seem larger if you look only through the water.
Water can dissolve various substances. If crushed chalk is poured into a test tube, the water will become cloudy because part of the chalk has dissolved in the water.
Water is an excellent solvent and therefore it is impossible to find liquid "pure" water in nature, that is, water in which no substances are dissolved. Water is a wonderful habitat for living organisms, and therefore it is impossible to find "clean" water in nature, i.e. water in which
inhabited by microbes, bacteria, mollusks, fish, etc.
Water does not dissolve all substances. If you pour vaseline oil into a test tube with water, it will not mix with water, but will float on top of the water.
Water can be purified with a filter. If you put a paper napkin or cotton wool in the funnel and pass water in which chalk is dissolved through it, you can see that the water has become cleaner. If you do this a few more times, the water will become completely transparent.
It is well known that life on planet Earth arose due to the presence of water. Life originated in the water, emerged from it, gradually populating the land and air. Water forms the water shell of our planet - the hydrosphere (from the Greek words "gidor" - water, "sphere" - a ball). Water occupies three quarters of the Earth's surface. In nature, it fills the bowls of the oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, swamps. There are also artificial reservoirs for storing and transferring water - ponds, reservoirs and canals. Water is also present in the depths of the Earth and in its atmosphere.
All plants and animals need water to survive. Our bodies are approximately 75% water. Without water, our body simply cannot function.
Without water, life on planet Earth is unthinkable, human life is unthinkable. Water is the most common, accessible and cheap substance. It is the availability and indispensability of water that has led to its widespread use in everyday life, industry and agriculture, medicine - in all spheres of human activity. It is difficult to remember where water is not applied.
Water is the biggest and most convenient road. Vessels sail on it day and night, carrying various cargoes and passengers. Water also feeds - thousands of fishing boats sail the seas and oceans.
In thermal power engineering, water is a heat carrier and a working fluid. Water "produces ” electric current, working in power plants. Thermal power plants use a lot of water to generate electricity. In particular, for cooling the turbine condenser of the power unit. A constant uncontrolled increase in electricity production only at thermal power plants can lead to an environmental disaster.
In metallurgy, water is used to cool equipment. Just for cooling one blast furnace, a huge amount of water is used every hour.
In chemistry, water is a solvent; one of the components of some chemical reactions; "vehicle", that is, a medium that allows you to move the constituent products of the reaction from one technological apparatus to another. Ultimately, the release of liquid production waste into the environment is also carried out in the form of aqueous solutions.
In medicine, water is a solvent, a medicine, a means of sanitation and hygiene, a "vehicle". An increase in the level of medical care and an increase in the population of the planet Earth naturally leads to an increase in water consumption for medical purposes.
In agriculture, water is a "vehicle" of nutrients to the cells of plants and animals, a participant in the process of photosynthesis, a temperature regulator of living organisms. The volumes of water that are spent for irrigation of agricultural plants, when feeding animals, birds, are not inferior to the volumes used by the industry.
In everyday life, water is a means of sanitation and hygiene, a participant in chemical reactions that occur during cooking, a heat carrier, a "vehicle" that removes human waste products into the sewer. Water washes all people, cars, roads. The rate of water consumption per person is significantly different in individual cities. Think of the approximately 6 billion people who inhabit planet Earth and it will become clear to us why from time to time there is talk of ever-increasing problems with drinking water, even in regions of the planet where there is a lot of water.
Without water, you cannot knead dough for bread, you cannot prepare concrete for construction, you cannot make paper, fabric for clothes, rubber, metal, sweets, plastic, medicines - nothing can be done without water!
Water is the only substance on Earth that exists in different states at once: water can be liquid, when cooled it turns into a solid state of ice, and when heated it turns from liquid to vapor.
Let's track the "feedback" between the water consumed by a person and the set of dissolved substances, solid inclusions and microorganisms that are discharged in the form of domestic wastewater, liquid waste from industrial and agricultural production. For example, 200 years ago, only organoleptic methods were used to assess the quality of drinking water: assessment of color, taste, smell. Now the list of analyzes performed by the sanitary laboratory of a food industry enterprise is placed on two pages filled with small print. What are the methods of water treatment and water purification so that a person can use water for the right purposes?
Let's start with the concept: what is water treatment and water purification? Let's turn to reference literature. The Encyclopedic Dictionary of Medical Terms states: "Water purification is a complex of sanitary measures aimed at removing impurities that are dangerous to humans." Agricultural dictionary: "Water purification - bringing the quality of the source water in line with the requirements of the consumer. Water purification methods: clarification (removal of turbidity), decolorization (removal of organic substances), disinfection, deodorization, desalination, softening." Great Soviet Encyclopedia: "Water treatment - treatment of water coming from a natural water source to feed steam and hot water boilers or for various technological purposes.Water treatment is carried out at thermal power plants, transport, public utilities, and industrial enterprises.
Summarize:
It was agreed to call water treatment the reduction of water quality to
compliance with the requirements of industrial enterprises;
Purification of water used for human and animal needs is called
Bringing water quality to the standards stipulated by the relevant
GOST (state standards);
Treatment of wastewater discharged from industrial and municipal
enterprises, we will call the reduction of the composition of liquid effluents to
The structure of fresh water reserves, the rate of their renewal and the importance for consumption.
Of the 35 million km 3 of fresh water, about 70% is concentrated in glaciers and eternal snows. These waters are practically not consumed by humans. They represent, as it were, a "dead" stock. Soil waters, atmospheric waters and water contained in organisms are also not used. The waters of swamps are used to a limited extent, and water from the deep layers of the Earth is difficult to access or not yet available for consumption. On the whole, it has been estimated that humanity can potentially use about 3 million km 3 of water at the present time. The term "potentially" in this case refers to the technical possibility
In fact, the possibilities are much less. In the most general terms, it can be noted that an environmentally justified is such a volume of water withdrawal from systems (sources), in which the latter retain their basic properties in terms of reserves and quality (they are not depleted or polluted).
In this regard, it is extremely important to take into account the speed of renewal of water resources. The table shows that it is maximum for river waters, where it averages 12-16 days. Lake waters are renewed on average after 17 years, and underground waters only after 1400 years. Significant reserves of deep groundwater are not renewable at all, since they are not included in the cycle processes in the atmosphere-precipitation-land system. It is clear that the possibilities of withdrawing certain categories of water differ sharply. Groundwater, which is currently perhaps the cleanest, can be depleted relatively quickly, despite their large reserves (about 10 million km 3).
The possible limits of lake water consumption are not always taken into account. The literature usually indicates that Baikal contains 1/5 of the world's fresh water reserves and 4/5 of Russia's fresh water. There is a big mistake here. The above values do not apply to all fresh waters, but only to surface fresh waters, which is far from the same thing. The main reserves of fresh water are found in glaciers, snow and underground. In relation to all the fresh water reserves of the world (about 35 million km 3), the share of Baikal is only 0.07%, and in relation to the fresh waters of Russia - 1.3%. In addition, it is methodologically incorrect to compare the reserves of different categories of water, for example, all surface (lake and river) waters with Baikal lake waters, since lake and river waters are incomparable in terms of renewal rates.
Technically and ecologically the most acceptable is the use of river waters, which are characterized by rapid renewal, easy accessibility, relatively uniform distribution over the territory and high self-purification. Modern water consumption occurs mainly from river sources. Such trends will continue in the future, despite the fact that the share of river waters is only 0.006% of the total fresh water and 0.0006% of the potentially available fresh water.
However, it should be taken into account that the given values refer to one-time water reserves in the riverbeds. They do not exceed 2-2.5 thousand km 3. As noted above, a distinctive feature of river waters is their rapid renewal. It averages 12-16 days. Taking into account the renewability, the possibilities of using river waters increase significantly.
That is why, when calculating the possible water consumption from rivers, they use not the one-time reserves of water in them, but the values of the annual river flow. It is equal to one-time reserves multiplied by a renewal factor equal to 25-30 units (quotient from dividing the number of days in water by the average rate of water renewal). The possibilities of withdrawing water from rivers also depend on the ratio of total and irretrievable water consumption. The latter is understood as that part of the waters, which, after withdrawal from the sources and human use, does not return to the sources.
There is the following classification of fresh water according to its intended purpose:
Drinking water - water in which bacteriological, organoleptic indicators and indicators of toxic chemicals are within the limits of drinking water supply norms.
Mineral water - water, the component composition of which meets the medical requirements.
Industrial water - water, the component composition and resources of which are sufficient to extract these components on an industrial scale.
Thermal energy water - thermal water, the thermal energy resources of which can be used in any sector of the national economy.
Technical water - any water, except for drinking, mineral and industrial, suitable for use in the national economy. At the same time, they distinguish:
Domestic water - water used for domestic and sanitary purposes by the population, as well as laundries, baths, canteens, hospitals, etc.;
Irrigation water used to irrigate land and irrigate crops.
Energy water used to produce steam and heat rooms, equipment and environments, as well as to cool liquid and gaseous products in heat exchangers, and solids directly; can be circulating and make-up (additional). Water is often used to cool liquid and gaseous products in heat exchangers. In this case, it does not come into contact with material flows and is not polluted, but only heated. In industry, 65-80% of water consumption is used for cooling.
Process water is divided into medium-forming, washing and reaction water. Environment-forming water is used for dissolution and formation of pulps, in the enrichment and processing of ores, in the hydrotransport of products and production waste; washing - for washing gaseous (absorption), liquid (extraction) and solid products and products, as well as reactionary - as part of reagents, during distillation and similar processes. The most promising way to reduce the consumption of fresh water is the creation of circulating and closed water supply systems, which makes it possible to reduce the consumption of natural water by 10-50 times.
The main ways to solve the problem of providing clean water:
Wastewater treatment from pollution;
Purification of fresh water supplied to the consumer;
Ensuring the regime and regulation of water quality in water bodies.
Impact on the hydrosphere
Water, like air, is a quantitatively inexhaustible natural resource, but a person and all living things in the biosphere need not just water as a substance with the formula H 2 0, but water of a certain quality, i.e., having certain transparency, temperature, accompanying impurities, etc. . P.
The hydrosphere is a natural filter-accumulator of pollutants entering the natural environment, which is associated with the global water cycle and its universal ability to dissolve gases and minerals.
Statistics show that 80% of all diseases in the world are caused by the poor quality of drinking water.
As civilization developed, man needed more and more water. A Stone Age man consumed less than 10 l / day, in the Roman state - up to 70 l / day, a modern resident of the USA - about 700 l / day, while in many modern developing countries this figure does not exceed 30 l / day (Fig. 9.10) . It is believed that the level of water consumption characterizes the level of technical and cultural development of society. A person spends no more than 10% of the water consumed on drinking and cooking, and the average household consumption in developed countries is 220-320 l / day.
Among the sectors of the economy of our country, agriculture occupies the first place in terms of water consumption. To obtain 1 ton of wheat, 1500 tons of water are needed, 1 ton of rice - more than 7000 tons, 1 ton of cotton - about 10,000 tons.
The second place goes to industry. No industrial enterprise can function without using water from natural sources. The need of enterprises for water varies widely and depends on the type of product obtained, the technology adopted, the water supply system (direct-flow or water circulation), climatic conditions, etc. Thus, to obtain 1 ton of coal, 2 tons of water are spent, steel - 15 tons, cellulose - 400-500 tons, synthetic fiber - 500 m 3.
The third place in terms of water capacity is occupied by the municipal services of cities. A significant amount of clean water is spent on dilution, disinfection of effluents and waste from industry, agriculture, construction, settlements and transport routes, i.e., to combat pollution of the hydrosphere.
Thus, all of the above leads to water scarcity and, as a result, to planning its consumption not according to the size of consumers, but according to the need to satisfy priority consumers /
Water is a substance that is in a liquid state, it is colorless, transparent, odorless, it can change shape (for example: if the test tube is tilted, then the water will change shape), it enlarges objects (example: my fingers, with which I hold the test tube, appear larger when viewed through a test tube of water) and can dissolve various substances.
The property of transparency of water can be proved by placing different pictures or even a page with text behind a test tube with water - you can see what is behind the test tube. This experiment proves that glass is also transparent. It can be proved in another way. Put the picture on a plate and pour water into it. You can also see what is in the plate filled with water. This experience also proves the property of water - transparency. The property of water transparency is used by a person very widely: aquariums with outlandish fish and algae, pools and fountains with a beautiful design of the bottom and walls, and more.
Water has no smell. You can sniff and be sure. A person uses this property of water, for example, when escaping from pursuing predatory animals: once you enter the water, the trace of a person will be lost, the animal will not be able to determine the direction of movement of a person who has entered the water.
Water takes the form of the container into which it is poured (for example: pour water from a glass into laboratory flasks of various shapes). This property of water is also widely used by man. For example: by pouring water into a container, you can thereby emphasize the originality of this container, its design and beauty.
Water is flowing. For example: if you pour it on a flat tray, it spreads into a puddle. This property of water is widely used by man in housing and communal services: water, flowing through pipes, enters our houses and apartments.
Objects in the water appear larger than they really are. This can be seen by looking at how the part of the image that is visible through the water has increased. Or maybe this glass magnifies? No, because the fish in the aquarium also seem larger if you look only through the water.
Water can dissolve various substances. If crushed chalk is poured into a test tube, the water will become cloudy because part of the chalk has dissolved in the water.
Water is an excellent solvent and therefore it is impossible to find liquid "pure" water in nature, that is, water in which no substances are dissolved. Water is a wonderful habitat for living organisms, and therefore it is impossible to find "clean" water in nature, i.e. water in which
inhabited by microbes, bacteria, mollusks, fish, etc.
Water does not dissolve all substances. If you pour vaseline oil into a test tube with water, it will not mix with water, but will float on top of the water.
Water can be purified with a filter. If you put a paper napkin or cotton wool in the funnel and pass water in which chalk is dissolved through it, you can see that the water has become cleaner. If you do this a few more times, the water will become completely transparent.
It is well known that life on planet Earth arose due to the presence of water. Life originated in the water, emerged from it, gradually populating the land and air. Water forms the water shell of our planet - the hydrosphere (from the Greek words "gidor" - water, "sphere" - a ball). Water occupies three quarters of the Earth's surface. In nature, it fills the bowls of the oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, swamps. There are also artificial reservoirs for storing and transferring water - ponds, reservoirs and canals. Water is also present in the depths of the Earth and in its atmosphere.
All plants and animals need water to survive. Our bodies are approximately 75% water. Without water, our body simply cannot function.
Without water, life on planet Earth is unthinkable, human life is unthinkable. Water is the most common, accessible and cheap substance. It is the availability and indispensability of water that has led to its widespread use in everyday life, industry and agriculture, medicine - in all spheres of human activity. It is difficult to remember where water is not applied.
Water is the biggest and most convenient road. Vessels sail on it day and night, carrying various cargoes and passengers. Water also feeds - thousands of fishing boats sail the seas and oceans.
In thermal power engineering, water is a heat carrier and a working fluid. Water "produces ” electric current, working in power plants. Thermal power plants use a lot of water to generate electricity. In particular, for cooling the turbine condenser of the power unit. A constant uncontrolled increase in electricity production only at thermal power plants can lead to an environmental disaster.
In metallurgy, water is used to cool equipment. Just for cooling one blast furnace, a huge amount of water is used every hour.
In chemistry, water is a solvent; one of the components of some chemical reactions; "vehicle", that is, a medium that allows you to move the constituent products of the reaction from one technological apparatus to another. Ultimately, the release of liquid production waste into the environment is also carried out in the form of aqueous solutions.
In medicine, water is a solvent, a medicine, a means of sanitation and hygiene, a "vehicle". An increase in the level of medical care and an increase in the population of the planet Earth naturally leads to an increase in water consumption for medical purposes.
In agriculture, water is a "vehicle" of nutrients to plant and animal cells, a participant in the process of photosynthesis, and a regulator of the temperature of living organisms. The volumes of water that are spent for irrigation of agricultural plants, when feeding animals, birds, are not inferior to the volumes used by the industry.
In everyday life, water is a means of sanitation and hygiene, a participant in chemical reactions that occur during cooking, a heat carrier, a "vehicle" that removes human waste products into the sewer. Water washes all people, cars, roads. The rate of water consumption per person is significantly different in individual cities. Think of the approximately 6 billion people who inhabit planet Earth and it will become clear to us why from time to time there is talk of ever-increasing problems with drinking water, even in regions of the planet where there is a lot of water.
Without water, you cannot knead dough for bread, you cannot prepare concrete for construction, you cannot make paper, fabric for clothes, rubber, metal, sweets, plastic, medicines - nothing can be done without water!
Water is the only substance on Earth that exists in different states at once: water can be liquid, when cooled it turns into a solid state - ice, and when heated it turns from liquid to vapor.
Let's track the "feedback" between the water consumed by a person and the set of dissolved substances, solid inclusions and microorganisms that are discharged in the form of domestic wastewater, liquid waste from industrial and agricultural production. For example, 200 years ago, only organoleptic methods were used to assess the quality of drinking water: assessment of color, taste, smell. Now the list of analyzes performed by the sanitary laboratory of a food industry enterprise is placed on two pages filled with small print. What are the methods of water treatment and water purification so that a person can use water for the right purposes?
Let's start with the concept: what is water treatment and water purification? Let's turn to reference literature. The Encyclopedic Dictionary of Medical Terms states: "Water purification is a complex of sanitary measures aimed at removing impurities that are dangerous to humans." Agricultural dictionary: "Water purification - bringing the quality of the source water in line with the requirements of the consumer. Water purification methods: clarification (removal of turbidity), decolorization (removal of organic substances), disinfection, deodorization, desalination, softening." Great Soviet Encyclopedia: "Water treatment - treatment of water coming from a natural water source to feed steam and hot water boilers or for various technological purposes.Water treatment is carried out at thermal power plants, transport, public utilities, and industrial enterprises.
Summarize:
It was agreed to call water treatment the reduction of water quality to
compliance with the requirements of industrial enterprises;
Purification of water used for human and animal needs is called
Bringing water quality to the standards stipulated by the relevant
GOST (state standards);
Treatment of wastewater discharged from industrial and municipal
enterprises, we will call the reduction of the composition of liquid effluents to
compliance with MPC standards (maximum permissible concentrations).
As noted above, in connection with the growth of knowledge and the deterioration of the environmental situation as a result of human activity, the norms for consumed water are constantly being revised. To meet them, water purification technologies and equipment are being improved. The task of man is to use water and its properties for his own benefit without creating problems in the aquatic ecosystem, which can lead to a catastrophe - pollution and reduction in the volume of fresh water and the waters of the seas and oceans.
Water is one of the main wealth on Earth. It is hard to imagine what would happen to our planet if fresh water disappeared. A person needs to drink about 1.7 liters of water per day. And about 20 times more daily is required for each of us for washing, cooking and so on. The threat of disappearance of fresh water exists. All living things suffer from water pollution, it is harmful to human health.
Therefore, water - our main wealth - must be protected !!!
Water is a substance that is in a liquid state, it is colorless, transparent, odorless, it can change shape (for example: if you tilt the test tube, then the water will change shape), it enlarges objects (example: my fingers, with which I hold the test tube, appear larger when viewed through a test tube of water) and can dissolve various substances.
The property of transparency of water can be proved by placing different pictures or even a page with text behind a test tube with water - you can see what is behind the test tube. This experiment proves that glass is also transparent. It can be proved in another way. Put the picture on a plate and pour water into it. You can also see what is in the plate filled with water. This experience also proves the property of water - transparency. The property of water transparency is used by a person very widely: aquariums with outlandish fish and algae, pools and fountains with a beautiful design of the bottom and walls, and more.
Water has no smell. You can sniff and be sure. A person uses this property of water, for example, when escaping from pursuing predatory animals: once you enter the water, the trace of a person will be lost, the animal will not be able to determine the direction of movement of a person who has entered the water.
Water takes the form of the container into which it is poured (for example: pour water from a glass into laboratory flasks of various shapes). This property of water is also widely used by man. For example: by pouring water into a container, you can thereby emphasize the originality of this container, its design and beauty.
Water is flowing. For example: if you pour it on a flat tray, it spreads into a puddle. This property of water is widely used by man in housing and communal services: water, flowing through pipes, enters our houses and apartments.
Objects in the water appear larger than they really are. This can be seen by looking at how the part of the image that is visible through the water has increased. Or maybe this glass magnifies? No, because the fish in the aquarium also seem larger if you look only through the water.
Water can dissolve various substances. If crushed chalk is poured into a test tube, the water will become cloudy because part of the chalk has dissolved in the water.
Water is an excellent solvent and therefore it is impossible to find liquid "pure" water in nature, that is, water in which no substances are dissolved. Water is a wonderful habitat for living organisms, and therefore it is impossible to find "clean" water in nature, i.e. water in which
inhabited by microbes, bacteria, mollusks, fish, etc.
Water does not dissolve all substances. If you pour vaseline oil into a test tube with water, it will not mix with water, but will float on top of the water.
Water can be purified with a filter. If you put a paper napkin or cotton wool in the funnel and pass water in which chalk is dissolved through it, you can see that the water has become cleaner. If you do this a few more times, the water will become completely transparent.
It is well known that life on planet Earth arose due to the presence of water. Life originated in the water, emerged from it, gradually populating the land and air. Water forms the water shell of our planet - the hydrosphere (from the Greek words "gidor" - water, "sphere" - a ball). Water occupies three quarters of the Earth's surface. In nature, it fills the bowls of the oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, swamps. There are also artificial reservoirs for storing and transferring water - ponds, reservoirs and canals. Water is also present in the depths of the Earth and in its atmosphere.
All plants and animals need water to survive. Our bodies are approximately 75% water. Without water, our body simply cannot function.
Without water, life on planet Earth is unthinkable, human life is unthinkable. Water is the most common, accessible and cheap substance. It is the availability and indispensability of water that has led to its widespread use in everyday life, industry and agriculture, medicine - in all spheres of human activity. It is difficult to remember where water is not applied.
Water is the biggest and most convenient road. Vessels sail on it day and night, carrying various cargoes and passengers. Water also feeds - thousands of fishing boats sail the seas and oceans.
In thermal power engineering, water is a heat carrier and a working fluid. Water "produces" electric current, working at power plants. Thermal power plants use a lot of water to generate electricity. In particular, for cooling the turbine condenser of the power unit. A constant uncontrolled increase in electricity production only at thermal power plants can lead to an environmental disaster.
In metallurgy, water is used to cool equipment. Just for cooling one blast furnace, a huge amount of water is used every hour.
In chemistry, water is a solvent; one of the components of some chemical reactions; "vehicle", that is, a medium that allows you to move the constituent products of the reaction from one technological apparatus to another. Ultimately, the release of liquid production waste into the environment is also carried out in the form of aqueous solutions.
In medicine, water is a solvent, a medicine, a means of sanitation and hygiene, a "vehicle". An increase in the level of medical care and an increase in the population of the planet Earth naturally leads to an increase in water consumption for medical purposes.
In agriculture, water is a "vehicle" of nutrients to the cells of plants and animals, a participant in the process of photosynthesis, and a regulator of the temperature of living organisms. The volumes of water that are spent for irrigation of agricultural plants, when feeding animals, birds, are not inferior to the volumes used by the industry.
In everyday life, water is a means of sanitation and hygiene, a participant in chemical reactions that occur during cooking, a heat carrier, a "vehicle" that removes human waste products into the sewer. Water washes all people, cars, roads. The rate of water consumption per person is significantly different in individual cities. Think of the approximately 6 billion people who inhabit planet Earth and it will become clear to us why from time to time there is talk of ever-increasing problems with drinking water, even in regions of the planet where there is a lot of water.
Without water, you cannot knead dough for bread, you cannot prepare concrete for construction, you cannot make paper, fabric for clothes, rubber, metal, sweets, plastic, medicines - nothing can be done without water!
Water is the only substance on Earth that exists in different states at once: water can be liquid, when cooled it turns into a solid state - ice, and when heated it turns from liquid to vapor.
Let's track the "feedback" between the water consumed by a person and the set of dissolved substances, solid inclusions and microorganisms that are discharged in the form of domestic wastewater, liquid waste from industrial and agricultural production. For example, 200 years ago, only organoleptic methods were used to assess the quality of drinking water: assessment of color, taste, smell. Now the list of analyzes performed by the sanitary laboratory of a food industry enterprise is placed on two pages filled with small print. What are the methods of water treatment and water purification so that a person can use water for the right purposes?
Let's start with the concept: what is water treatment and water purification? Let's turn to reference literature. The Encyclopedic Dictionary of Medical Terms states: "Water purification is a complex of sanitary measures aimed at removing impurities that are dangerous to humans." Agricultural dictionary: "Water purification - bringing the quality of the source water in line with the requirements of the consumer. Water purification methods: clarification (removal of turbidity), decolorization (removal of organic substances), disinfection, deodorization, desalination, softening." Great Soviet Encyclopedia: "Water treatment - treatment of water coming from a natural water source to feed steam and hot water boilers or for various technological purposes.Water treatment is carried out at thermal power plants, transport, public utilities, and industrial enterprises.
Summarize:
It was agreed to call water treatment the reduction of water quality to
compliance with the requirements of industrial enterprises;
Purification of water used for human and animal needs is called
Bringing water quality to the standards stipulated by the relevant
GOST (state standards);
Treatment of wastewater discharged from industrial and municipal
enterprises, we will call the reduction of the composition of liquid effluents to
compliance with MPC standards (maximum permissible concentrations).
As noted above, in connection with the growth of knowledge and the deterioration of the environmental situation as a result of human activity, the norms for consumed water are constantly being revised. To meet them, water purification technologies and equipment are being improved. The task of man is to use water and its properties for his own benefit without creating problems in the aquatic ecosystem, which can lead to a catastrophe - pollution and reduction in the volume of fresh water and the waters of the seas and oceans.
Water is one of the main wealth on Earth. It is hard to imagine what would happen to our planet if fresh water disappeared. A person needs to drink about 1.7 liters of water per day. And about 20 times more daily is required for each of us for washing, cooking and so on. The threat of disappearance of fresh water exists. All living things suffer from water pollution, it is harmful to human health.
Therefore, water - our main wealth - must be protected!!!
The technological process itself at a nuclear power plant is such that it is always accompanied by the formation of liquid radioactive waste (LRW). This is understandable - the coolant itself is a liquid, the cooling systems are filled with liquid
Features of the composition and pollution of natural water. Requirements for drinking water, which must be safe in epidemic and radiation terms, harmless in chemical composition and have favorable organoleptic properties. Water purification methods.
The waters entering the Neva above the water intakes are purified only by 70%, the rest of the mass is dumped without any purification. As a result, according to the modern classification, the Neva River is one of the most unfavorable sources of water supply.
People use different methods to purify water at home. However, not everyone knows how to properly implement them and what side effects may occur.
Stages of the water treatment system, their scope. Purification of groundwater containing hydrogen sulfide. Two-stage water treatment scheme for urban water supply using aluminum sulphate and chlorine: ozonation, coagulation, ultrafiltration.
What role does water play in the human body?
The origin of water on Earth: theories of its appearance. The ratio of the areas of land and oceans on our planet. Examples of water content in the cells of different organisms, their tissues and organs. The water cycle in the biosphere. Properties of water, importance in human life.
The waters located on the surface of the planet (continental and oceanic) form a geological shell called the hydrosphere. The hydrosphere is in close connection with other spheres of the Earth: the lithosphere, atmosphere and biosphere.
Most of the known elements that make up relatively large amounts of water exist in the form of ions. They can be divided into three groups.
The biosphere is the shell of the Earth within which life exists. The biosphere includes the lower part of the atmosphere (15–20 km), the upper part of the lithosphere, and the entire hydrosphere. The lower boundary descends on average 2–3 km on land and 1–2 km below the ocean floor. Some questions of ecology
The role of fungi in the biocenosis of the forest, their importance in the processes of decomposition and mineralization of the litter and forest litter, participation in the cycle of substances. Functions of the Angiosperm leaf. Practical results of the study of the quality of water from the tap and after boiling.
Rules for air quality control in settlements. Placement and number of observation posts. Characteristics of air pollution. Measures for the purification of surface water from pollution: mechanical and electrochemical purification, sorption, distillation.
Water transparency. Turbidity of water. Determination of the smell of water. Determining the color of water. The speed of the river.
Improving food production technology and population. The dependence of the vital activity of organisms on water. Prospects for the use and demand for mineral resources. Types of human activity and pollution of water bodies.
The role of water in human life. Investigation of the quality of tap water in the village of Ut, sources of pollution. The results of the study of water samples. Influence of chemical impurities in water on human health. Ways to solve this environmental problem.
Water is a special constituent of the Earth. Fractal structure of drinking water, its main properties. Water in the human body. Continuous learning is the key to the development of the human brain. Bottled and carbonated drinking water. Quality criteria for water use.
Water, its characteristics. Physical properties of water. Chemical properties of water. Characteristics of water types. Biological characteristics of the object of study. Experimental part.
Svetlana Zharenova
Conversation with elements of experimentation in the preparatory group "How a person uses water"
Program content:
1. Expand children's ideas about water.
2. To consolidate the knowledge of children about the importance of water in the life of living beings.
3. To form an idea of \u200b\u200bwhich path water travels before it enters our homes.
4. Cultivate the Habit Carefully and Wisely use water.
5. Individual work. With Nastya B, Dima P - to exercise the children in what way the water goes through purification.
vocabulary work: tanks - settling tanks, filter ()
Material: Globe, map, three-liter jar of water, two glasses: one with dirty water, the other empty, an apple, gauze, cotton wool, a watering can, cups with "nautical" and fresh water for each child.
Previous work: didactic the game: "Who needs water?", "How man uses water?»
LESSON PROCESS
I give the kids a riddle.
“She is in the lake, she is in the puddle. She boils in our kettle. She runs in the river, rustling. What's this? (Water)
That's right, it's water.
Guys, I have some interesting posts. Someone wants to talk to you. Listen (turn on recording)
Did you find out what it is?
Children. Yes, it's the sea.
Educator. And here's another recording, listen to it. Who is talking to you? (Brook)
That's right, brook.
Guys, in the summer I heard this conversation of the boys, listen. (tape recording sounds)
Educator. How would you rate the behavior of these boys? Did they do well? Why?
Children. Water must be saved, fresh, clean water on Earth is scarce.
Educator. Listen to the poem.
Have you heard of water?
They say she's everywhere!
We don't notice it
We are used to the fact that water
Our companion always.
Educator. Guys, who needs water? (trees, birds, animals, people, plants).
Guys, do we need water in kindergarten? For what? (wash, water plants, water animals, wash clothes, cook dinner, etc.) Yes, guys, without water, all life on Earth will die, dry up. Water is life and water must be conserved. Use it correctly and wisely. Human It can live three months without food, but only one week without water.
Do you think there is a lot of water on Earth, will it be enough for everyone?
Let's look at the globe. What color is it on the globe? water? (in blue).
Show on the globe where you see water. (There are four oceans and many seas on Earth)
Do you think it's a lot or a little? (A lot of). Let's check.
I have an apple in my hands. Imagine that this is our planet. Divide the apple into 4 parts. The fourth part is land, and the largest part is water. So much or little water on the planet? (A lot of).
Guys, many of you were at sea. Can you tell me what sea water tastes like?
Children (Salty, bitter, not tasty). I suggest you taste water from different glasses. What can you say about the taste of water in a glass with a blue circle?
Children (It is salty, not tasty,
Educator And what kind of water is in the other glass?
Children. (Fresh, clean, not salty).
Educator - Where in nature is there fresh water?
Children. (In rivers, lakes)
Let's imagine that all the sea water on our planet fits in this three-liter jar, and only half a glass of fresh water remains. So much or little fresh water on Earth?
Children. (Few)
The water has a great concern - to give water to all the inhabitants of the Earth.
Guys, who needs water?
Children. People, plants, animals, birds, etc. e.)
Educator. - Let's play a game now. (Children go out on the rug, make a circle)
Fizminutka.
You will be the seeds. Nastya is the sun, Herman is a gardener. I plant seeds in the ground. The sun shines brightly. The gardener takes a watering can and waters the seeds. They swell and begin to sprout quietly, sprouts have appeared, they stretch upward ...
They have grown and opened their beautiful buds.
We are flowers
What a beautiful flower bed we have. Well done.
Educator. - And now the guys quietly pass and sit down in their places.
Guys, what do you think, the water from the river immediately gets into our house? (Not)
What river does our water come from?
Children. From the Volga.
Educator. From the river the pumps pump water into storage tanks. Reservoirs are huge containers for water, where it settles, then the water enters the vessel, where it passes through filters. The filter is water purification device. And only after that clean water pumped through water pipes to our apartments.
That's how long it takes the water from the river to get to us. Many people are working to help the water go this way. A lot of effort goes into cleaning it up. So how should you treat water? (Carefully, economically, reasonably)
Now let's do an experiment with water. You and I have glasses of water on the tables. We cover one glass with gauze and pour the dirty water into a clean glass - filter it. What do you see on the gauze?
Children (Dirt).
Educator. Has the water become cleaner?
Children. (Yes, the water is cleaner).
Educator Look what else I will do, filtered water through gauze, I will also pass through cotton wool. What kind of water has become?
Children. (even cleaner).
Educator. That's right, children.
Do you know what happened to the river in the poem by B. Zakhoder "What happened to the river?" (boy Sidorov Ivan forgot to turn off the tap and the whole river disappeared).
Know that if water drips from the tap all day, then a whole bucket will run up. If you brush your teeth, and water flows in vain from the tap, then a three-liter jar is consumed.
What can you suggest to use less water?
Children. (Turn on a thin jet of water, close the faucet well, do not allow faulty faucets in the house).
Educator. -Let's finish our conversation. proverb: « Do not waste water know how to cherish water "
And also children, I want to invite you to draw drawings on topic: "Let's save water and give them to the younger children groups who don't know how to take care of water»
