Napoleon Bonaparte is the greatest commander and hero of France. With successful military campaigns, he subjugated most of Europe. In the article we will talk about the reasons for the creation of the empire of Napoleon Bonaparte.

Five main reasons for creating an empire

After the French Revolution and the overthrow of power, a provisional government of three people is established: Napoleon Bonaparte, Abbé Sieyes and Roger Ducos. In fact, Bonaparte was in charge of everything, but in fact his power was legally limited.

Five reasons for the creation of Napoleon's empire:

• After the revolution, society split into those who support the overthrow of power and those who oppose it. Napoleon acted as a guarantor of the interests of the two sides.
• The Pope agrees that Napoleon becomes a monarch. Instead, the official religion of Catholicism is established in France, the rest are not prohibited.
• Napoleon's youthful dreams influenced the formation of personality and the formation of an authoritarian regime of government.
• The authority of Napoleon subjugates the army and navy, his decisions are not disputed.
• All executive power was concentrated in his hands.

In France, a political crisis arises in 1799, leading to the establishment of a new Constitution of the 1800 model. Napoleon establishes his power for ten years, and after two years becomes a monarch with the right to transfer powers to heirs.

Rice. 1. Napoleon Bonaparte.

The rise and fall of Napoleon's empire

The power of the dictator is unlimited and extends to all spheres of society. Napoleon introduces censorship of the press, leaving 12 publications under the control of the police. Despotism reigned in the army with hints of democracy: Napoleon made the main decisions, but each soldier could take the initiative.

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The military machine consisted of petty-bourgeois elements and peasants, the rich were allowed to pay off military service. At the beginning of Napoleon's reign, the army enjoyed unprecedented popularity among the population, and after the campaign against Russia, its authority somewhat decreased.

The military dictatorship of Napoleon rejected freedom-loving intellectuals and educated citizens. Relationships built for a long time with the clergy are being destroyed. The loyal aristocracy living at court cannot stand the despotism of Bonaparte: he constantly insults them and humiliates their personal dignity.

Napoleon unleashes military campaigns against:

• Prussia;
• Spain;
• Portugal;
• Saxony;
• England;
• Russia.

Attacking the Russian Empire, the great commander does not take into account the mentality of the people and the poor condition of the roads. Kutuzov, who commanded the Russian troops, uses the scorched earth tactics, preventing the French army from replenishing supplies, which is why some of Napoleon's soldiers desert, while others die of hunger and cold. The rest and faithful to the oath enter the burning Moscow and find their death there.

Rice. 2. Napoleon.

Napoleon managed to inflict a series of defeats on the allied troops, numerically superior to the number of fighters in his army.

The Russian campaign of 1812-1815 fails miserably, and an uprising breaks out in Napoleon's homeland. Troops of the anti-Napoleonic coalition enter Paris on March 31, 1814. The Senate appointed by Bonaparte overthrows him: removes the powers of the monarch, and publishes an accusatory document ("Deposition Act"). Napoleon is accused of violating the Constitution, military dictatorship and misconduct.

Napoleon was asked to abdicate in favor of his son

He abdicates on April 6, 1814 in Paris. A series of political and military failures leave their mark on the emotional state of Napoleon, he decides to take poison. But the active substance in the poison has decomposed long ago and it remains alive. Under the terms of the Fontebel Treaty, Bonaparte moves to the island of Elba, located near Italy.

Rice. 3. Napoleon's army.

What have we learned?

From the history article, we learned the main reasons for creating an empire, what Napoleon did for France. They briefly spoke about the results of the military campaign against Russia and the expulsion of the former emperor to the island of Elba.

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Questions and answers to § 11. Consulate and the formation of the Napoleonic Empire

1. Specify the reasons for the creation of the empire of Napoleon Bonaparte. Compare the monarchy he restored with that of Louis XVI.

Reasons for creating an empire:

• France needed a reconciliation between supporters and opponents of the revolution;
• Napoleon Bonaparte used this as one of the means of rehabilitating his regime in the eyes of the Catholics;
• Napoleon Bonaparte used this as a means of increasing his authority in the international arena (for example, thanks to this title, peace negotiations between the emperors Napoleon I and Alexander I were on equal terms);
• it is quite possible that this was the fulfillment of the childhood dream of Napoleon, who was brought up in a monarchical country and always aspired to greatness;
• Bonaparte had at his disposal all the fullness of executive power and devotion to the army; no one had a chance to challenge his decisions.

Empire of Napoleon Bonaparte

• The legislature existed, but had no real powers

Kingdom of Louis XVI

• Power was inherited
• The power of the monarch was absolute
• The legislature was absent

2. Tell us about the internal policy of the consulate and the empire of Napoleon I.

Bonaparte stimulated the development of big business, taking a whole range of measures for this, including the strengthening of the franc. At the same time, he launched a large-scale state building, which has been used since ancient times to give work to the poor. The creation of new jobs also stimulated the development of the business of the big bourgeoisie, which, I repeat, was supported by the government.

Bonaparte also decided to make peace with the moderate opponents of the revolution. He declared an amnesty for emigrants, and also tried to improve relations with the Catholic Church. The latter included a whole range of measures. The first consul went to negotiate with the Pope.

Later, the pope presided over the emperor's coronation ceremony. After a series of French military victories, the Roman high priest became controlled by Paris, while he was glorified and supported in every possible way in undertakings that did not diverge from the political course of the empire.

The separation of church and state in France was abolished, the positions of Catholic hierarchs were formally restored, but, for example, Napoleon personally appointed bishops. Using his right to legislate independently, Napoleon introduced a number of codes in France and in the territories under its control with new norms of social relations.

His code contained many of the revolution's gains in civil rights and personal freedoms, the kind of freedoms the revolutionary movements of many countries aspired to after the end of the Napoleonic Wars.

3. What measures did the continental blockade include? What were Napoleon's goals with this policy? Make your own forecast of the development of international relations in connection with its application.

Napoleon hoped to deprive Britain of money to continue the war. To do this, he banned all the countries under his control from any trade relations with these territories subordinated to London. However, such measures were not beneficial, first of all, to continental countries: they were already too dependent on British goods, while English industry could find new markets in their own and foreign colonies.

That is why Russia did not actually observe the blockade. From this we can conclude that the continuation of the blockade would only lead to the ruin of the countries that supported the blockade. Napoleon also understood this, therefore, according to the memoirs of some contemporaries, he made plans to conquer the British colonies, primarily India.

4. Start compiling the table "Foreign policy of the consulate and the empire." Columns of the table: years, major events in foreign policy, results, significance.

Foreign policy of the consulate and the empire

§ 11. Consulate and the formation of the Napoleonic Empire

In 1802, Napoleon Bonaparte became first consul for life. In May 1804, he was proclaimed "Emperor of the French", and in December of the same year, a solemn act of coronation took place in Notre Dame Cathedral. Since 1808, France is no longer a republic, but an empire.
In 1804, the famous Civil Code, later called Napoleonic, was published - a classic monument of legal thought. The code included the best provisions of the legal systems of different eras: it proclaimed the equality of citizens before the law, the inviolability of the person and property, freedom of conscience, etc. It fixed the bourgeois model of property relations, inheritance law, the position of a wife in relation to her husband and an employee - to to his master. The code was introduced by Napoleon in all the countries he conquered.
While still the first consul. Napoleon began the construction of the grandiose building of his empire. In 1800, as a result of the second Italian campaign, Austria was defeated. Belgium and the lands on the left bank of the Rhine went to France. December 2, 1805 Napoleon defeated the Austrian and Russian armies near Austerlitz. After Austerlitz, Austria was forced to give Napoleon complete freedom of action in Italy and Germany, to recognize the capture of Venice. The Holy Roman Empire ceased to exist. In 1806, the French troops invaded Prussia, whose army was defeated at Jena. Bonaparte entered Berlin. In 1807, the Russian Emperor Alexander I concluded the Treaty of Tilsit with Napoleon. In 1808t. French army entered Madrid: During the first decade of the XIX century. Napoleon Bonaparte created a chain of puppet states around the borders of France, ruled by his relatives.
In addition to England, impregnable on its island, and Spain, which responded to the French invasion with a guerrilla war, Napoleon had no opponents in Europe. In defeated Berlin, Napoleon signed a decree on the continental blockade, which forbade all states dependent on France to trade with England. In the conquered countries, the French authorities or pro-French governments carried out bourgeois reforms. The peoples of Europe were burdened by the "blood tax" - the obligation to supply soldiers to the emperor's army. In France itself, after two lean years and trade disruption due to the continental blockade, the economy was severely undermined.
Meanwhile, obsessed with the idea of ​​world domination, Napoleon decided to oppose Russia. The "great army" recruited from almost all over Europe, numbering more than 400 thousand people, in June 1812 invaded the empire of Alexander I. The first major battle was the battle of Smolensk. Then the two armies met near the village of Borodino. After a fierce battle, Field Marshal Mikhail Kutuzov decided to leave the battlefield to the French. With a battered, bloodless army, Napoleon entered Moscow, in which by this time there were neither inhabitants nor food. The winner did not triumph - Russia refused to sign the peace. The great commander retreated for the first time. After the battle near Maloyaroslavets, the demoralized, hungry French army was forced to retreat along the old Smolensk road already devastated by Bonaparte. It was impossible to save the melting army, and Napoleon, throwing troops at his generals, returned to Paris.
Bonaparte again raised an army. But the situation changed dramatically: the European states, which had grown bolder, decided to oppose their enslaver. At the head of Russia, an anti-Napoleonic coalition arose: England, Prussia, Austria, Sweden, Spain and Portugal. On October 16-19, 1813, the famous battle of peoples near Leipzig took place. Napoleon was defeated. Military operations were transferred to the territory of France. March 31, 1814 Allied troops entered Paris. Napoleon signed the act of abdication and was sent into honorable exile on the island of Elba. Louis XVIII of the Bourbon dynasty was proclaimed King of France.
In the autumn of 1814, representatives of all European states gathered at the Congress of Vienna to resolve the issues of the post-war structure of Europe. But even before its completion, the news came that Napoleon left Elba and on March 1, 1815 landed in France. Thus began the famous Hundred Days - a period of short-term return of Bonaparte to power. He was supported by those sections of the population who feared a revision of the results of the revolution in the socio-economic field. But in the battle of Waterloo on June 18, 1815, the French army was defeated by the English troops led by Wellington. Exhausted France could not continue the war. Louis XVIII returned to the throne. Napoleon was exiled to Saint Helena, where he died in 1821.
The interests of France at the Congress of Vienna were represented by Charles-Maurice Talleyrand (1754-1838), who went down in history as a subtle diplomat, a master of intrigue and a politician who managed to remain at the forefront in politics, despite the change of regimes. He managed to quarrel the allies: as a result, France, England and Austria united against Russia and Prussia. In the interests of France, Talleyrand put forward the idea of ​​legitimism (legality): all territorial acquisitions since the French Revolution were declared invalid, the political system of European countries should "remain as it was at the turn of 1792. France thereby retained its" natural borders ".
As a result of the Vienna Congress, Russia received a Part of Poland - the Duchy of Warsaw, previously created by Napoleon from the Polish lands that belonged to Prussia. The wealthy and economically developed provinces of the Rhineland and Westphalia, as well as the western Polish lands, were annexed to Prussia. Austria ceded two Italian regions - Lombardy and Venice. Instead of more than two hundred small German principalities, the German Confederation was created from 39 states, the largest of which were Austria and Prussia. England retained the island of Malta and the former Dutch colonies - Ceylon and the Cape. To combat the revolutionary movement and "in the name of religion," the emperors of Russia and Austria, as well as the king of Prussia, entered into a Holy Alliance.

General history. History of the New Age. Grade 8 Burin Sergey Nikolaevich

§ 5. Napoleonic Empire

§ 5. Napoleonic Empire

Establishment of an empire

During the period of the Consulate in France, industry and trade began to develop faster, and agriculture also strengthened. Of course, it was far from the level of the economy of England (the industrial revolution began there in the second half of the 18th century). The number of manufactories grew, primarily the military industry, metallurgy, and a number of branches of light industry (especially the production of fabrics, dishes, and paper) developed. Gradually, machines began to take root, but rather primitive ones.

The international position of the French Republic also became stronger. On the European continent, France no longer had any real rivals (except Russia), and Napoleon Bonaparte intended to deal with England soon by landing troops there. True, the British locked the Franco-Spanish fleet in the harbor of the city of Cadiz (in the south-west of the Iberian Peninsula) and did not allow it to go to sea. But Bonaparte was sure that he would be able to overcome this obstacle too.

On May 18, 1804, Bonaparte was declared emperor under the name of Napoleon I, and in December he was solemnly crowned by the Pope. During the ceremony, when Pius VII was supposed to lay the crown on the head of Napoleon, he suddenly snatched it from the hands of the Pope and put it on himself. This also showed the essence of his character - always and in everything to be the first, not to obey anyone's power.

Consecration of Emperor Napoleon and coronation of Empress Josephine… Fragment of a painting. Artist J. David

This event did not mean that 15 years later France returned to the pre-revolutionary monarchy. The Napoleonic empire was a new type of empire, based both on the army and on its citizens. It is no coincidence that in the first years of the reign of Napoleon I, the Republic formally continued to exist. On the one hand, after the new emperor came to power, both freedom of speech and the press and free elections were abolished, and the role of legislative assemblies was significantly reduced, and previously independent judges were also under control. On the other hand, the Napoleonic Empire guaranteed the observance of the important gains of the French Revolution: the secular nature of the state was maintained, the principle of equality of citizens before the law was maintained in the absence of privileged classes, and the inviolability of property acquired during the turbulent years of the revolution and civil war was ensured.

Imperial eagle - a symbol of the empire of Napoleon I

The years of Napoleon's military triumphs

In early August 1805, the opponents of France formed another coalition (the third). It included Great Britain, Russia, Austria and the Kingdom of Naples. Napoleon I decided to deal a powerful blow to the coalition, but this required large forces. Therefore, the huge camp in Boulogne, created to capture England, was hastily liquidated, and the troops rapidly moved east. On October 20, at the Battle of Ulm on the Danube, the French forced the Austrian army to capitulate.

Horatio Nelson. Artist W. Beachy

True, at the same time France suffered a crushing defeat. On October 21, the Franco-Spanish fleet finally managed to get out of the harbor of Cadiz. But at Cape Trafalgar, near Gibraltar, he was almost completely destroyed by the British squadron. In this battle, the famous Admiral Horatio Nelson, commander of the British fleet, was killed by a sniper shot.

On December 2, 1805, Napoleon I defeated the combined Russian-Austrian troops near Austerlitz (Slova?kov in the modern Czech Republic). The price of this victory was special: almost on the battlefield were Alexander I and the Austrian Emperor Franz II, and Austerlitz became, as it were, their personal duel with Napoleon. Austria, having practically lost its army, itself asked for peace. As a result, France was able to expand its sphere of influence in numerous Italian and German states.

Battle of Austerlitz. Engraving by I. Rugendas

French troops were at the very borders of Prussia. In July 1806, Napoleon I of 16 South German states created the Confederation of the Rhine, declaring himself its protector (i.e. patron). The frightened Prussian king decided to join the opponents of Napoleon. In September 1806, the fourth anti-French coalition was formed: Great Britain, Russia, Prussia and Sweden. True to his tactics, Napoleon decided to defeat the enemies one by one. On October 14, his troops with two crushing blows, at Auerst? dt and Jena, practically destroyed the entire Prussian army. And two weeks later, French troops entered Berlin.

November 21, 1806 in Berlin, Napoleon I signed a decree on the continental blockade. He forbade all countries subject to him to trade and in general to conduct any business with England. Having lost the fleet in the battle of Trafalgar, Napoleon could no longer conquer England by force. So he decided to strangle its economy with a blockade. But the British fleet at that time was the strongest in the world, so that England did not suffer too much from the blockade. But the fact that the British, in response, announced a blockade of the ports of France and its allies, largely disrupted the trade relations of the French.

French infantryman

Winter campaign 1806–1807 for Napoleon I was difficult. The bloody battle with the Russian army at Preisisch Eila in Prussia on February 8, 1807 was marked by huge losses on both sides. After such an ambiguous victory, Napoleon was unable to pursue the retreating Russians from the battlefield and was soon forced to retreat himself. The bravest French marshal Michel Ney, looking at tens of thousands of dead and wounded, exclaimed: “What a massacre, and without any benefit!” Napoleon won the battle with the Russians in June 1807 at Friedland thanks to the skillful actions of artillery.

Russian hussar

Russia, which was then at war with Iran and Turkey, found itself in a difficult position. It was difficult to count on the help of the allies, and the Prussian army no longer existed. And Alexander I decided to go for reconciliation with Napoleon I.

France and Russia: rapprochement and separation

On June 25, 1807, the famous “date” between Napoleon I and Alexander I took place. Only Ne?man separated the Russian and French troops, but none of the emperors wanted to go to “foreign” territory. Therefore, a beautifully decorated raft was placed in the middle of the river, and emperors were brought to it from different banks for two weeks in boats. Finally, on July 8, an agreement on peace and union was concluded in Tilsit (modern Sovetsk in the Kaliningrad region). Alexander I promised to recognize all the conquests of France, join the continental blockade and even declare war on England. Russia did not receive any special benefits.

Napoleon on the Borodino Heights. Artist V. V. Vereshchagin

The rapprochement between France and Russia was only visible. The main contradictions between them persisted. They were based on the fact that France's claims to European and world domination did not meet the interests of Russia. In the autumn of 1808, Alexander I and Napoleon I met again, this time in Erfurt (Prussia). Napoleon tried to draw Russia into the war against Austria, but the Russian tsar politely refused. After this meeting, the Franco-Russian conflict began to grow. The relationship got worse and worse. In August 1811, Napoleon bluntly told the Russian ambassador in Paris: “I don’t know if I will beat you, but we will fight!”

On June 24 (June 12), 1812, French troops crossed the Neman and invaded Russia. Despite the fierce resistance of the Russian armies and heavy losses, the French advanced towards Moscow. 120 kilometers west of it, near the village of Borodino?, on September 7 (August 26) a general battle took place. Both sides suffered huge losses. After the battle at the military council, the Russian commander-in-chief Mikhail Ivanovich Kutuzov decided to retreat and leave Moscow without a fight. Meanwhile, in Russia, the people's war against the enemy was expanding.

The French, having occupied the ancient capital of Russia, stayed in it for just over a month - from September 14 (2) to October 18 (6). All roads to Moscow were blocked by the Russian army remaining near the city. Having lost the opportunity to receive food, the French left Moscow and moved back to the west. The Russian army pursued them on their heels. By the end of December, only the miserable remnants of a huge Napoleonic army reached the Neman. The emperor himself had already departed for France.

What contradictions led to the war between France and Russia? Why did Napoleon I and Alexander I fail to conclude a long-term mutually beneficial peace?

Europe vs Napoleonic Empire

Having crossed the Russian-Prussian border, Russian troops soon occupied Berlin and moved on. The defeat of Napoleon I in Russia inspired his opponents. The myth of the invincibility of the French army was dispelled. By the spring of 1813, another coalition against France took shape. It included Russia, Great Britain, Prussia, Austria, Sweden, Spain and Portugal. The British came to the aid of the Spaniards, who had courageously resisted the French occupation since 1808. By the end of 1813, the Anglo-Spanish armies were already fighting in southern France.

"Battle of the Nations". Engraving by K. Rahl

On the other front, in Saxony, Napoleon I, who managed to gather reinforcements in France, fiercely resisted the forces of the coalition. But on October 16-19, his troops were defeated in a three-day battle near Leipzig. This battle is called the "Battle of the Nations", since in it the armies of Napoleon were opposed by the combined troops of Russia, Prussia, Sweden and Austria. Almost half a million people converged on the battlefield - 190 thousand for Napoleon and 300 thousand for the coalition. The remnants of the Napoleonic army withdrew beyond the Rhine. The allies offered Napoleon to make peace and renounce all the conquests of France after 1792. But the emperor indignantly refused. He was sure that he would be able to raise a new army and defeat opponents.

Angered by the daring refusal of Napoleon I, Great Britain, Russia, Austria and Prussia on March 1, 1814 concluded an agreement on further actions - the Chaumont Treaty. These four powers undertook to put up 150 thousand people against Napoleon and to achieve the restoration of the old borders in Europe. The Treaty of Chaumont was an attempt to create a new system of alliances in international relations. It was supposed to be based on the unification of forces not for the purpose of preparing and waging war, but for the purpose of fighting it, in the name of maintaining stability and peace. For some time, the Chaumont Treaty (and other conventions) performed this function. Only in 1822 Britain, the initiator of the signing of the treaty, actually terminated it.

The gigantic Allied army continued to push the Napoleonic troops. On the morning of March 31, 1814, the victorious regiments entered Paris, which surrendered without a fight. Napoleon I signed the abdication and was exiled to the small island of Elba, near Corsica. Louis XVI's brother Louis XVIII (1755–1824) was proclaimed King of France. Under him, the returning emigrant nobles launched an attack on the conquests of the revolution and the Napoleonic reforms. This increased the sympathy of the French for the disgraced emperor.

Europe during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars (1799–1815)

In the Treaty of Tilsit between France and Russia, it was said that Alexander I and Napoleon I “undertake to be at one with each other in any war that Russia or France would have to start or wage against any European power, whether it be a war on land or at sea, or on land and at sea." Having carefully studied the map, answer: what did this article of the treaty mean in practice? Which of the two countries ended up in a more dependent position on the other?

The end of the Napoleonic era in Europe. waterloo

On March 1, 1815, Napoleon Bonaparte, with a small detachment of soldiers, landed on the southern coast of France and almost everywhere was enthusiastically greeted by the population and the army, who, during the 300 days of the reign of Louis XVIII, had time to become disillusioned with him and realized that the country was waiting for a return to the old, pre-revolutionary order .

The king left the capital of France, and Napoleon, having entered it, wanted to strengthen the foundations of his power and therefore announced reforms, in particular, restored freedom of speech and the press, held new parliamentary elections, made the necessary changes to the Constitution of the hastily restored empire, and also invited in the government of people known for their merits: Lazar Carnot, Benjamet? on Constant? on, Joseph? Fa Fouche? etc. However, at the popular vote on the issue of changing the Constitution, Napoleon failed: he was supported by about one-fifth of the French.

Napoleon's policy, pursued by him from March to June 1815, did not receive approval from either the people or the upper strata of society: aristocrats, officials, financiers and industrialists did not want the resumption of endless wars and were afraid of the return of military dictatorship, preferring the king, whose power will be limited by the constitution, as well as beneficial relations (primarily trade) with all countries and their colonies.

Despite the fact that Napoleon promised to comply with all peace treaties concluded after his abdication and not start new wars, by the decision of the Congress of European Monarchs, he was declared "an enemy and troublemaker in the world."

The war has resumed. Napoleon launched a swift attack in Belgium. Having achieved some success, on June 18, 1815, the French army met in the battle near the village of Waterloo with a coalition army under the command of the English Duke of Wellington. Despite their courage and courage, the French were unable to rout the enemy troops, and by the evening of the day the battles began to retreat from the battlefield. The corps of General Emmanuel Grusha?, sent by Napoleon before the battle in pursuit of the Prussians, did not hit the battlefield at all. An important role in this battle, which turned out to be the last for Napoleon the commander, was played by chance: during the retreat of the French, suddenly, in the very place where they were waiting for reinforcements, the Prussian corps of Field Marshal Gebhard Blucher appeared. The French retreat turned into a rout.

Duke of Wellington at the Battle of Waterloo

Thus, the return of Napoleon to power lasted only 100 days. Returning to Paris, Napoleon abdicated a second time, this time in favor of his son. The new government forced Napoleon to leave France. Soon he voluntarily surrendered to the British and was sent into exile on the island of St. Helena in the Atlantic Ocean, where, under the strict supervision of the British authorities, he spent the last years of his life and died in May 1821.

Louis XVIII was back on the French throne. Now he tried to manage the state, taking into account all the changes and innovations that the revolution and the Napoleonic era brought.

Summing up

Endless wars depleted the material and human resources of the Napoleonic Empire, which led to the defeat of France. At the same time, the transformations of the revolutionary and Napoleonic eras not only survived in France, but also spread to a number of other European countries.

(The first words spoken by Alexander I to Napoleon I at their meeting in Tilsit on June 25, 1807)

1. Why was the monarchy restored in France after the revolution? How did the power of Napoleon I differ from the power of the Bourbons?

2. What allowed Napoleon to defeat the combined forces of European states for many years? Was it only military reasons?

3. What did the great commander and statesman Napoleon I not take into account during the invasion of Russia? Why did the Grand Army fail?

4. Why only in 1813-1815. did the troops of European states manage to turn the tide of the war with Napoleon? What events led to a change in the balance of power?

one*. The act declaring the consul Napoleon Bonaparte emperor Napoleon I, in particular, stated: “The administration of the Republic is entrusted to the emperor, who takes the title of emperor of the French ... The imperial dignity is inherited in a descending direct line to the blood and legitimate offspring of Napoleon Bonaparte in the male line.”

Explain why the document proclaiming the creation of the empire contained the word "republic". Why did Napoleon need the formal preservation of the republic?

2. Here is the data on the number of Frenchmen drafted into the Napoleonic troops in 1800–1813. (in thousand people):

1810 - 110

1811 - 120

1812 - 120

1813 - 1140

Analyze this data taking into account the events in these years and explain the changes in the volume of replenishment of the army. Pay special attention to 1813.

4. The Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation of the 10th-13th centuries and the Habsburg Empire 4. 1. The Empire of the 10th-13th centuries is the sum of two layers Modern ideas about the Holy Roman Empire of the 10th-13th centuries are probably the sum of information from two historical periods. First -