"The woman is created for a man, not a man for a woman" - such a postulate ...
To date, there is a considerable amount of artificial languages \u200b\u200bin the world. Some of them are well known, only small groups of people know about others. But none of them has not yet become truly popular. And can they generally become a substitute for languages \u200b\u200bnatural?
The dream of a universal language appeared in people for a very long time. And it would seem, what could be easier? Create a tongue with a very simple, but tank grammar and sufficient vocabulary. Such that he could do without much effort to study the person who is confident that he does not have any abilities in mastering languages. But, as practice has shown, this is not enough.
Such languages \u200b\u200bare already hundreds. Some of them were intended to communicate people from all over the world (), others are only for individual social groups (,). Attempts to create languages \u200b\u200bfully built on logic () were also taken. Other creators of artificial languages \u200b\u200btreated this case as a kind of creativity (). Move people and other motifs.
But the result remains the same - none of the artificial languages \u200b\u200bso much has been able to become quite popular in order for with his help, it would be possible to communicate freely in a variety of corners of the Earth. Usually everything is limited only to the narrow circle of interested people. The exception is only Esperanto, which can boast by carriers that consider this language to be native (these are children born in international families). According to some reports, Esperanto own about 2 million people worldwide. However, many linguists are confident that this figure is very high.
For the widespread distribution of the planned language (that is, an artificial language for international communication) is not enough only that it is simple. There will be many other obstacles on his way, the existence of which did not even conceive the creators of the first artificial languages. After all, language is more than just a means of communication. There is a theory that a person perceives the world through the prism native languagewhich determines his consciousness and directly affects the type of his thinking.
Flag of artificial languages.
It is depicted by the Babylonian tower, the background is the rising sun.
Why there are individuals - languages \u200b\u200bdetermine the consciousness of whole nations. It is not for nothing that all the conquerors always seek to impress the value of their native adverbs conquered by them (typical examples - and). Language is also a whole layer of culture. If, of course, he is not artificial.
In addition, in order for the language to become really popular, he must be interested in a large number of people, they will like them. Just to take and make any language to the means of international communication is impossible.
There is another problem. So that new Language He remained a truly universal tool for international communication, it is necessary that there are no dialects in it. And the emergence of each new word should be considered by special commissions. And this, you see, not a simple task.
There are other difficulties. However, despite them, new artificial languages \u200b\u200bwill be constantly being created in the future. Basically for needs and, sometimes. Languages \u200b\u200bwill also appear, the appointment of which is just a language game, entertainment. But as for languages \u200b\u200bfor international communication, it is doubtful that anyone today will seriously hope to create something like that. It makes no sense - with such a task today it copes well, whose popularity is constantly growing. Do not forget that English is relatively simple to explore. Yes, and with a cultural layer here everything is in order.
Does it make sense to learn any artificial language? If there is enough time, definitely yes! But exclusively as a hobby. It is a wonderful warm-up workout, a way to learn a lot of new things, familiarize yourself with unusual forms Expressions of various other ideas. And yet, this is a way to get acquainted with interesting people from all over the world, which also interested in the language chosen. The famous Hungarian polyglot expressed an excellent thought, according to which, "the language is the only thing that is not even bad to study." The study of any language will only benefit.
Esperanto is the most common artificial language in the world. Now, according to various sources, it is spoken from several hundred thousand to a million people. He was invented by the Czech Okulist Lazarem (Ludwig) Markovich replacing in 1887 and received his name on the author's pseudonym (Lazarar subscribed to the textbook as Esperanto - "Hope").
Like the rest of artificial languages \u200b\u200b(more precisely, most of them) has an easy-to-study grammar. In the alphabet of 28 letters (23 consonants, 5 vowels), and it was built on the basis of Latin. Some enthusiasts even called him "Latin of the New Millennium."
Most of the words Esperanto consists of Romance and German roots: the roots are borrowed from French, English, German and Italian. Also in language a lot of international words, understandable without translation. 29 words are borrowed from Russian, among them the word "borsch".
Harry Harrison talked to Esperanto and actively promoted this language in his novels. So, in the "World of Steel Rat" cycle, residents of the Galaxy speak mainly on Esperanto. About 250 newspapers and magazines come to Esperanto, four radio stations are broadcast.
Interlingua (Ozcidental)
Appeared in 1922 in Europe thanks to Linguist Edgar de Cur. It is largely similar to Esperanto: there are many borrowing from Romano-German languages \u200b\u200band the same as in them, the language construction system. The initial name of the language - Occidal - it became a hindrance to its distribution after the Second World War. In the countries of the Communist Block, it was believed that after the pro-Western language, anti-revolutionary ideas were confused. Then Ocidental began to be called interlingu.
Volapauk
The author of the language of the priest Johann Martin Schleeuer in 1879 the god appeared in a dream and ordered to come up with and write his own language than Shleyer immediately and took up. All night he recorded his grammar, the meaning of words, suggestions, and then the whole poems. The basis of the Volpiuska became german, Shleier boldly deformed the words of English and French, reproving them to a new way. In Volpius, he for some reason decided to abandon the sound [p]. More precisely, not even for some reason, but in a completely concrete: it seemed to him that this sound would cause difficulties from the Chinese who decided to learn Vapauk.
At first, the tongue has become quite popular thanks to its simplicity. It published 25 magazines, 316 textbooks were written in 25 languages \u200b\u200band operated 283 clubs. For one person, Vapauk even became his native language - this is the daughter of Professor Vapauka Henry Konne (about her life, unfortunately, nothing is known).
Gradually, the interest in the language began to decline, but in 1931 a group of Vapaudukists led by Ari de Jong scientists conducted a reform of the language, and for some time his popularity increased again. But the Nazis came to power and banned everything in Europe foreign languages. Today, there are only two or three dozen people who speakers in the world. Nevertheless, Wikipedia has a section written on a vapauce.
Lelin
Linguist John Cook came up with Logan Lan Guage (Log Ical Lan Guage) in 1955 as an alternative to the usual, "non-ideal" languages. And suddenly the language that was created for the most part for scientific research, gained his fans. Still would! After all, it does not have such concepts as the time at the verbs or the number of nouns. It is assumed that this is also clear to interlocutors from the context of the conversation. But in the language there are a lot of interjections, with the help of which it is intended to express shades of emotions. They are about twenty, and they denote the spectrum of feelings from love to hatred. And they sound like this: IU! (love), ye! (surprise), UI! (Happiness), etc. And there are no commas and other punctuation marks. Miracle, not a language!
Developed by a priest from Ohio Edward Foster. Immediately after the appearance, the language became very popular: in the first years even two newspapers were published, allowances and dictionaries were published. The phostera managed to get a grant of the Association of the International Auxiliary Language. The main feature of the PO language: Words were built by categorical scheme. For example, red - bofoc, yellow - BOFOF, orange - Bofod. Minus such a system: it is almost impossible to distinguish words for rumor. It is probably why the language did not have a special interest in the public.
Solresol
Appeared in 1817. Creator Frenchman Jean Francois Sudde believed that everything in the world can be explained using notes. The language actually consists of them. In it, only 2660 words: 7 single, 49 double, 336 trinkets and 2268 four-sided. To refer to opposite concepts, focusing the words: Fal - good, Lyof is bad.
Solhest was a few writing. It was possible to communicate on it, writing notes on a notch mill, the names of notes, the first seven figures of Arabic writing, the first letters of the Latin alphabet, special stenographic symbols and rainbow flowers. Accordingly, it was possible to communicate on the solesterol not only by the pronunciation of words, but also the game on musical instrument or singing, as well as in the deaf and dumb language.
Language found a lot of fans, including among famous people. The famous followers of Solices were, for example, Viktor Hugo, Alexander Humboldt, Lamartin.
Iphuil
Specially invented tongue to communicate into philosophical topics (however, it can be done with the same success in any other language, it will still be incomprehensible!). The creation of a language demanded that his author John Kihada almost 30 years old (from 1978 to 2004), and then he believes that he has not yet finished with the Worded set. By the way, in Iphkile 81 cases, and the words are transmitted by morpheme. Thus, a long thought can be converted very briefly. As if you wanted to archive words.
Tokypona
The easiest artificial language in the world was created in 2011 by the Canadian Linguist Sonya Elene Kisa (real name, however, Christopher Richard). In the current of the Tokypon, only 118 words (each of them has several values), and in general it is assumed that the speakers will understand what it is about, from the context context itself. The creator of Tokyponov believes that approached the understanding of the language of the future, which Tyler spoke to Tyler in the "Fight Club".
Klingonsky
Linguist Mark Okrand came up with Klingon Installation of Paramount Pictures, it should have been talking to aliens in Star Trek film. They, in fact, talked. But besides them, the tongue adopted numerous fans of the series, and at present there is the Institute of the Klingon language in the United States, which publishes the periodicals and translations of literary classics, there is a clip-and-question rock music (for example, the Stokovor group performs its songs in the Children's Metal genre exclusively on Klingon) , Theater performances and even the Google Search System section.
State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education
"Financial and Technological Academy"
Department "IO-01"
under the discipline "Russian language and culture of speech"
Artificial languages \u200b\u200band their classification
Lecturer: Sirova T.O.
Performed: Mikhailova A.S.
Korolev, 2013.
Distinguish the following types of artificial languages:
Programming languages \u200b\u200band computer languages - Languages \u200b\u200bto automatically process information using computers.
Information languages - languages \u200b\u200bused in various systems Information processing.
Formalized languages \u200b\u200bof science - languages \u200b\u200bintended for the symbolic record of scientific facts and theories of mathematics, logic, chemistry and other sciences.
Languages \u200b\u200bof non-existent peoplesCreated in fictional or entertainment purposes, for example: Elfi, invented by J. Tolkin, Klingon, invented by Mark Okrand for a fantastic series "Star Trek", language on "W, created for the film" Avatar ".
International Auxiliary Languages - Languages \u200b\u200bcreated from the elements of natural languages \u200b\u200band proposed as an auxiliary means of interethnic communication.
The idea of \u200b\u200bcreating a new language of international communication was originated in the XVII-XVIII centuries as a result of a gradual decrease in the international role of Latin. Initially, these were mainly the projects of a rational language released from logical errors of living languages \u200b\u200band based on the logical classification of concepts. Later appear projects for sample and materials of living languages. The first such project was universalglot, published in 1868 in Paris Jean Pyrro. The Pyrro Project, anticipating many details of the later projects, remained unnoticed by the public.
The next project of the international language has become volapaukcreated in 1880 German Languages \u200b\u200bI. Shleyer. He caused a very large resonance in society.
The most famous artificial language became esperanto (L. Replaced, 1887) is the only artificial language that has received widespread and united around himself quite many supporters of the international language.
Artificial languages \u200b\u200bare most famous:
Interlingua
Latino-blue-Flexion
Okidental
Symmy
Solresol
Esperanto
Klingon language
Elf languages
Baisik-Inglish
There are also languages \u200b\u200bthat were specifically designed to communicate with extraterrestrial mind. For example - linkos.
For the purpose of creating artificial languages \u200b\u200bcan be divided into the following groups:
Philosophical and logical languages - Languages \u200b\u200bthat have a clear logical structure of word formation and syntax: Nuzhban, Tokypona, Iphuil, Ilax.
Auxiliary languages - Designed for practical communication: Esperanto, Interlingu, Wordo, Slotan.
Artistic or aesthetic languages - Created for creative and aesthetic pleasure: Quenya.
Also, the language is created for the experimentation of an experiment, for example, to verify the Supira-Wharf hypothesis (about the fact that the language on which the person speaks is limiting consciousness, drives it into a certain framework).
By its structure, artificial language projects can be divided into the following groups:
A priori languages - Based on the logical or empirical classifications of concepts: Limpan, Slubb, RO, SOLESOL, IFKOUIL, ILAKSH.
APAPERNAL LANGUAGES - Languages \u200b\u200bbuilt predominantly based on international vocabulary: Interlingua, Ocidental
Mixed languages - Words and word formation are partially borrowed from non-artistic languages, partially created on the basis of artificially invented words and word-forming elements: Vapauk, Ido, Esperanto, NEO.
The number of carriers of artificial languages \u200b\u200bcan only be called approximately, due to the fact that the systematic metering of media is not conducted.
According to the degree of practical use, artificial languages \u200b\u200bare divided into projects that have received widespread: IDO, INTERNINGWA, Esperanto. Such languages, as well as national languages, are called "socialized", among artificial them are combined under the term planned languages. An intermediate position is occupied by such projects of artificial language, which have a certain number of supporters, for example, loving (and its descendant of Slubban), Word and others. Most artificial languages \u200b\u200bhave a single carrier - the author of the language (for this reason they are more correctly called "lingvoprojects", not languages).
Ministry of Education and Science of Russia
Federal state budgetary educational institution Higher vocational education
"Chelyabinsky state University»
(FGBOU VPO "Chelu")
Kostanay branch
Department of Philology
COURSE WORK
Topic: International Artificial Languages
Moldasheva Aizhan Bolatovna
Specialty / Direction Linguistics
Manager
Kostanay 2013.
Introduction Tongue
1 Essence of language
2 Language as a social phenomenon. International artificial languages
Conclusion
Introduction
On the this moment There are thousands of different languages. Language - as the most important means of human communication is closely related to society, its culture and people who live and work in society, using the language is widely and diverse. Without consideration of the appointment of the language, its connections with society, the consciousness and mental activity of a person, without considering the rules of functioning and the laws of historical development of languages, it is impossible to deeply and correctly understand the system of language, its units of categories. The need for language, intermediary between nations, has always existed, but among thousands of languages \u200b\u200bcovering our land, it is difficult to find only one that everyone could understand. For every natural language, the function of international communication is secondary, as such a language is primarily used as the national language of this or that nation. Therefore, projects for creating an artificial language, as a rule, were based on the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating a universal language, which would be common to all mankind or several ethnic groups.
The relevance of this work is due to the situation in which our society is now. First of all, this is due to the development of global communications, primarily international negotiations. At the moment there are more than a thousand artificial languages \u200b\u200bin the world, and interest in Esperanto and other planned languages \u200b\u200bis increasingly manifested. Therefore, it is possible to increase interest in interlingity and planned languages \u200b\u200bas a means of communication, and as a result - further development This industry linguistics. Today, the world has about five hundred artificial languages. However, of the total number of planned languages, ever offered as international, few were suitable for real communication and began to be applied by a large or smaller number of people.
The purpose of this work is: studying the role of artificial languages \u200b\u200bin the system modern culture.
To achieve the goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:
give short historical certificate on the formation and development of artificial languages;
consider varieties of international artificial languages;
disclose the concept of "planned languages".
Object of study: Baisik-Inglish, Volapauk, Ido, Interlingue, Latino-Sine-Flexion, Limpan, Slubb, on "Vi, Novial, Occidental, Simony, Solresol, Esperanto, Ifkuil, Klingon, Elven languages.
Subject of research: languages \u200b\u200bof artificial origin.
The theoretical significance of the study is to study the artificial language as a whole.
The practical significance of the study is how artificial languages \u200b\u200bhelp international communications and society as a whole.
The theoretical and methodological basis for the study was fundamental in the field of interlinguistics of work: Galen, Y.M. Shleyer L.L. Replacing, E. Veferling, E. Lipman, K. Schester, E. De Valem A. Gouda,
This paper discusses the history of the emergence, causes, advantages of artificial languages.
The work has a traditional structure and includes the introduction, the main part consisting of two chapters, conclusion and list of used literature.
I. Language as a means of communication
1 Essence of language
The history of science of language testifies that the question of the essence of the language is one of the most difficult in linguistics. It is not by chance that it has several mutually exclusive solutions:
language is a biological phenomenon, natural, independent of man ( Languages, these natural organisms formed in sound matter ...., show their properties of the natural organism not only in the fact that they are classified for childbirth, species, subspecies, etc., but also that their growth occurs according to certain laws, - wrote A. Schleiher).
language is a psychic phenomenon that arises due to the action of an individual spirit - human or divine ( Language, wrote V.Gamboldt, represents the continuous activity of the Spirit, aspiring to turn the sound into the expression of thought).
language is a phenomenon of psychosocial, having, according to I.A. Bodona de Kurgee collectively - individual or collectively - psychological existence in which the individual is both general, universal;
language is a social, emerging and developing only in the team ( Language is a social element speech activity, "said the village of Dosurieur, - external in relation to the individual, which in itself can neither create a language or change it).
It is easy to see that in these different definitions the language is understood as the phenomenon of biological (or natural), as the phenomenon of mental (individual), as the social phenomenon (public). If we recognize the language with a biological phenomenon, then it should be considered in one row with such human abilities, as it is, to drink, sleep, walk, etc., and assume that the language is inherited by man, since it is laid in its very nature. However, this contradicts the facts as the language is not inherited. He is absorbed by the child under the influence of speaking. It is unlikely that it is legitimate to consider the language and phenomenon of mental, arising from the action of an individual spirit - human or divine. In this case, humanity would have a huge variety of individual languages, which would lead to the situation of the Babylonian mixing of languages, misunderstanding each other, even members of one team. There is no doubt that the language is social: it arises and develops only in the team due to the need to communicate people with each other.
Miscellaneous understanding of the essence of the language gave rise to different approaches to its definition, Wed: Language is thinking, expressed by sounds (A. Schleiher); Language is a system of signs in which the only significant meaning of the meaning and acoustic image (F. de Sosurur) is the only essential image (F. de Sosurur); The language is a practical, existing for other people, and only thereby existing for me, the actual consciousness (K. Marx, F. Enth); Language is the most important means of human communication (V.I. Lenin); Language is spontaneously arising in human society And the developing system of the self-regulatory sounds of signs, which serves for communication purposes and can express the entire set of knowledge and representations of a person about the world (ARTYUNOVA N.D.).
In each of these definitions (and their number can be increased to infinity) accentuates different points: the ratio of the language to thinking, structural organization Language, essential functions, etc., which once again indicates that the language is the most complex sign system, working in unity and interaction with the consciousness and thinking of a person.
Language is a hard phenomenon. E. BenVenist wrote several decades ago: "The properties of the tongue are so peculiar that it is essentially to talk about the presence of a language not one, but several structures, each of which could serve as a basis for the emergence of holistic linguistics." Language is a multidimensional phenomenon that emerged in human society: it and the system and the antisystem, and the activity and product of this activity, and spirit and matter, and the spontaneous object and an ordered self-regulating phenomenon, it is arbitrarily and produced, etc. Describing the language in all its complexity from the opposite sides, we reveal the most entity.
To reflect the most complex essence of the language, Yu. S. Stepanov presented it in the form of several images, because none of these images are able to fully reflect all sides of the language: 1) Language as an individual language; 2) language as a member of the family of languages; 3) language as a structure; 4) language as a system; 5) language as type and character; 6) language as a computer; 7) language as the space of thought and as the "House of Spirit" (M. Khaidheger), i.e. Language as a result of a complex cognitive activity of a person. Accordingly, from the position of the seventh image, the language, firstly, is the result of the people's activities; Secondly, the result of the activities of the creative personality and the result of the activities of language normalizers (states, institutions that produce norms and rules).
To these images at the very end of the XX century. Another one was added: the language as a product of culture, as its important component and the condition of existence as a factor in the formation of cultural codes.
From the standpoint of the anthropocentric paradigm, a person will know the world through the awareness of itself, its theoretical and subject activity in it. No abstract theory can answer the question why you can think about feeling like fire and talk about the flame of love, about the heat of hearts, about the warmth of friendship, etc. The awareness of the measure of all things gives a person the right to create the anthropocentric order of things in his consciousness, to explore which is not on everyday life, but on scientific level. This order, existing in the head, in the consciousness of a person, determines its spiritual essence, the motives of its actions, hierarchy of values. All this can be understood by examining a person's speech, those turnover and expressions that he most often uses, to which he has the highest level of empathy.
In the process of forming a new scientific paradigm, the thesis was proclaimed: "The world is a totality of facts, not things" (L. Wittgenstein). The language was gradually reoriented on a fact, an event, and the personality of the native speaker was the focus of attention (language identity, by Yu. N. Karaulu). The new paradigm involves new installations and objectives of the study language, new key concepts and techniques. In the anthropocentric paradigm, methods of designing the subject of a linguistic study changed, the approach to the choice was transformed general principles and research methods, several competing linguistic description metalanas appeared (R. M. Frumkina).
2 Language as a social phenomenon
As a phenomenon, social language is the property of all people belonging to one team. Language is created and developed by society. On this connection, Language and Society drew the attention of F. Engels, who wrote in Dialectic nature : Formed people came to the fact that they had the need to say something to each other.
The question of communication language and society has different solutions. According to one point of view, the link language and society is absent, because, the language is developing and operating according to its laws (Polish scientist E. Kurilovich), according to another - this connection is one-sided, because the development and existence of the language is fully determined The level of development of society (French scientist J. Maouruzo) or vice versa - language itself determines the specifics of the society of society (American scientists E. Sepir, B. Wharf). However, the point of view was the greatest distribution, according to which the link language and society is bilateral.
The language, spontaneously arising in human society and a developing system of discrete (self-separated) sound signs, intended for communication purposes and able to express the entire set of knowledge and representations of a person about the world. The sign of the elements of the emergence and development, as well as the boundlessness of the field of application and the possibilities of expression distinguishes the language from the so-called artificial, or formalized, languages \u200b\u200bthat are used in other industries (artificial languages, information languages, programming language, information and search language), and from Different Signaling Systems Created Based on Language (Morse ABC, Signs street traffic and etc.). As a characteristic of the ability to express the abstract forms of thinking and associated with this ability, the language of discreteness (internal reporting message) is qualitatively different from the so-called animal language, which is a set of signals transmitting reactions in situations and regulating animal behavior under certain conditions. Animal message can only be based on direct experience. It is indecomposable to disturbing elements and does not require a speech response: a certain image of action is reaction to it. Language possession is one of the most important traits allocating a person from the world of animals. Language - there is at the same time the condition of development and the product of human culture.
Being primarily a means of expressing and reporting thoughts, the language is most directly associated with thinking. It is not by chance that the units of the language served as the basis for establishing forms of thinking. Language and thinking is interpreted in modern science differently. The point of view was the greatest spread according to which human thinking can only be committed on the basis of the language, since the thinking itself differs from all other types of mental activities. At the same time, the results of scientific observations of doctors, psychologists, physiologists, logic and lingules show that thinking occurs not only in the abstract logical sphere, but also in the course of sensual knowledge, within which it is carried out by material images, memory and imagination; Thinking composers, mathematicians, chess players, etc. is not always expressed in verbal form. The initial stages of the speech generation process are closely related to various non-verbal forms Thinking. Apparently, human thinking represents a combination of various types of mental activity, constantly replacing and complementing each other, and verbal thinking? Only the main of these types. Since the language is closely connected with the entire mental sphere of man and the expression of thoughts does not constitute its only purpose, it is not identical to thinking.
Communication with abstract thinking provides a language possibility, carrying out a communicative function, transmit any information, including general judgments, reports on subjects that are not present in the speech situation, about the past and the future, about fantastic or simply not appropriate reality situations. On the other hand, due to the presence in the language of the iconic units expressing abstract concepts, the language in a certain way organizes human knowledge about the objective world, dismembers them and fixes in human consciousness. Is this the second basic function of the language? The function of reflection of reality, i.e., the formation of categories of thought and, wider, consciousness. The interactiveness of the communicative function of the language and its relationship with human consciousness was indicated by K. Marx: "The language is also ancient, as well as consciousness; The language is a practical, existing for other people and only thereby existing as well as for me, actual consciousness and, like consciousness, the language arises only from the need, from the urgent need to communicate with other people. " Along with two main languages, a number of other functions are performed: nominative, aesthetic, magical, emotional expressive, appeal.
Two forms of the existence of the language corresponding to the opposition of the concepts of "language" and speech. Language - as the system has the nature of a peculiar code; Speech is the implementation of this code. The language has special means and mechanisms for the formation of specific speech messages. The action of these mechanisms, for example, assigning a name to a specific subject, allows an "old" language to make a new reality, creating speech statements. As one of the forms of social activity, it has signs of consciousness and focus. Without correlating with a certain communicative purpose, the proposal cannot become the fact of speech. Communicative goals having universal character are heterogeneous. Some actions, actions are unthinkable without speech acts. Spen it is necessary in many other types of social activity. All forms of literary activities, propaganda, controversy, dispute, contract, etc., arose on the basis of the language, and are carried out in the form of speech. With the participation of speech there is a labor organization, as well as many other types of public life of people.
The language has only peculiar features that make it a unique phenomenon. In the other form of the existence of the language, national-specific and universal features are allocated. The universal number includes all those properties of the language that correspond to the universal form of thinking and activities. Universal and those properties of the language that allow it to carry out its purpose, as well as those of its characteristics that arise as a consequence of uniform laws for all languages. The national specifications include specific features of membership, expressions and internal organizations of values.
The coincidence of structural features is combined into types of languages. The proximity of the material inventory of units, due to the generality of origin, combines languages \u200b\u200bin the group, or family. The structural and material community, which established as a result of language contacts, combines languages \u200b\u200binto language unions.
The sign nature of the language assumes the presence of a sensually perceived form - expression, and some sensually not perceived meaning - content materialized with this form. Sound matter is the main and primary shape expressions of meaning. Existing species Writing is only the transposition of sound form in a visually perceived substance. They are a secondary form of an expression plan. Since sound speech is deployed in time, it has a sign of linearity, which is usually preserved in writing forms.
The relationship between the sides of the language sign - meaning and meaning - arbitrary: then or another sound does not assume with the need for a strictly defined value, and vice versa. The arbitrariness of the sign explains the expression in different languages Different sound complexes of the same or similar value. Since the words of the native language are rejected by the concepts, delimit them and fix in memory, the connection between the sides of the sign for the native speakers is not only durable, but also natural, organic.
The ability to correlate sound and value is a creature of the language. The materialistic approach to the language, emphasizes the continuity of the connection and sound and at the same time its dialectically controversial nature. Naturally developing languages \u200b\u200ballow varying sounds that are not associated with a change in value, as well as a change in the value that does not enter the need to vary the sound. As a result, one value may correspond to different sequences of sounds, and one sound. different values. Asymmetry in the ratio of sound and semantic aspects of language signs does not interfere with communication, since the arsenal of means performing a senseless role consists not only of constant, forming a system of language units, but also from a variety of variables that a person uses in the process of expression and understanding some content Units, their syntactic position, intonation, speech situation, context, paralynguistic means - Mimic, gestures.
In most languages, the following series of sound units are distinguished: a phonem in which acoustic features are merged due to the unity of pronunciation; syllable combining sounds with an exhalation jerk; phonetic word, grouping syllables under one stress; Speech tact, combining phonetic words using restrictive pauses, and finally, a phonetic phrase, summing up the clock by the unity of intonation.
Along with the system of sound units, there is a system of iconic units, formed in most languages \u200b\u200bof morph, word, phrase and suggestion. Due to the presence of a language of significant units, various combinations of which create statements, as well as as a result of the theoretical unlimited volume of supply from a finite set of source elements, an infinite number of messages can be created.
Speech membership on sound elements does not coincide with its membership on bilateral units. The difference in segmentation is determined not only by the fact that the syllable does not coincide into parts of languages \u200b\u200bwith the morphoble, but also of different depth of speech division into sound and significant units: the limit of the beep segmentation is a sound that does not have its own value. This ensures the possibility of creating a huge number of significant units differing in the sound composition from a very limited inventory of sounds.
An iconic, or semiotic, the nature of the language, as the system assumes that it is organized by the principle of distinguishability of its forming units. With the minimality of the differences in the sound or the value of a unit of the language, form opposition on a specific feature. The opposite units are among themselves in paradigmatic relations based on their ability to distinguish between the same speech position. Between the units of the language also arise relationships on adjacencies, which are determined by their ability to combine.
Information transfer to the language can be viewed not only from the point of view of organizing its internal structure, but also at an angle of view of the organization of its external system, since the life of the language is manifested in the socio-typed forms of its use. Social essence Language provides its adequacy to the public device.
The influence of the language on the development of social relations is primarily evidenced by the fact that language is one of the consolidating factors of the nation. It is, on the one hand, the prerequisite and condition of its occurrence, and on the other, the result of this process. In addition, this is evidenced by the role of language in educational and educational activities Societies as, language is an instrument and means of transmission from generation to a generation of knowledge, cultural and historical and other traditions.
The link language with society is objective, independent of the will of individual individuals. However, the purposeful influence of society (and in particular, the state) in the language, when a certain language policy is being carried out, that is, a conscious, targeted state impact in the language, designed to promote its effective functioning in various fields (most often it is expressed in the creation of alphabets or writing For the safe peoples, in the development or improvement of the rules of spelling, special terminology, codification, etc. Activities, although sometimes the language policy of the state may slow down the development of the national literary language as it was.
Any thought in the form of concepts, judgments or conclusions with the need is checked into the material and linguistic shell and does not exist outside the language. Identify and explore logical structures can only be analyzing the language expressions.
The language is a sign system that performs the function of forming, storing and transmitting information in the process of cognitive reality and communication between people.
Language - prerequisite The existence of abstract thinking. Therefore, thinking is a distinctive feature of a person.
According to its origin, languages \u200b\u200bare natural and artificial.
Natural languages \u200b\u200bare the sound (speech) historically in society, and then graphic (letter) information iconic systems. They arose to consolidate and transmit the accumulated information in the process of communicating between people. Natural languages \u200b\u200bare speakers of centuries-old culture and are inseparable from the history of the people who own them.
Casual reasoning is usually conducted in a natural language. But such a language developed in the interests of ease of communication, exchange of thoughts to the detriment of accuracy and clarity. Natural languages \u200b\u200bhave rich expressive capabilities: with their help you can express any knowledge (both ordinary and scientific), emotions, feelings.
Natural language performs two main functions - representative and communicative. The representative function lies in the fact that the language is a means of symbolic expression or presentation of abstract content (knowledge, concepts, thoughts, etc.), affordable by thinking by specific intellectual entities. Communicative function is expressed in the fact that the language is a means of transmitting or message this abstract content from one intelligent subject to another. In itself, letters, words, suggestions (or other characters, for example, hieroglyphs) and their aggregate form a material basis, in which the material superstructure is implemented - a set of rules for building letters, words, proposals and other language symbols, and only with the appropriate superstructure that Or another material basis forms a specific natural language.
II. International artificial languages
1 The main stages of the development of artificial languages
Today, the world has a more or less successfully about five hundred artificial languages. At the same time, we do not take into account the extreme and degenerate cases - such as chemical notation, notation, or flag alphabet. We are talking only about developed languages \u200b\u200bsuitable for transfer complex concepts. Projects of creating an artificial language, as a rule, were based on the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating a universal language, which would be common to all mankind or several ethnic groups. Obviously, any project to create a pan-human language is politically.
The first attempt to create an artificial language known to us was undertaken in the II century AD. Greek doctor Galen. In total, about a thousand projects of an international artificial language were created for the history of mankind. However, very few of them got at least some practical application. The first artificial language that really became a means of communication between people, became created in 1879 in Germany Y.M. Shleyer, Vapauk. In view of the emergency complexity and details of its grammar, the widespread widespread in the world did not receive and approximately by the middle of the 20th century, it was completely out of use. Much more happy fate was waiting invented in 1887 L.L. Replacing the language of Esperanto. Creating your tongue, L.L. The replacement sought to make it as simple as possible and easy to explore. It succeeded. Esperanto spelling is based on the principle of "one sound is one letter". Personal word is limited to four, and verbal - seven forms. The declination of the names and the hinge of the verbs is unified, unlike natural national languages, where, as a rule, we meet with several types of declining and hiding. For mastering the Esperanto language, no more than a few months is usually required. On Esperanto there is a rich original and translation fiction, numerous newspapers and magazines (about 40 periodicals) are published, broadcasting is being conducted in some countries. Esperanto, along with French, is the official language of the International Postal Association. An artificial language who received some practical use also includes Interlingua (1903), Ozcidental (1922), IDO (1907), Noviol (1928), Omo (1926) and some others. However, they did not receive widespread. Of all the existing artificial languages, only Esperanto has a real chance to become a major means of international communication. All artificial languages \u200b\u200bare divided into a posteriori and a priori. A posteriores are called such artificial languages, which is compiled "according to the sample and of the material of natural languages." Examples of posteriori languages \u200b\u200bcan serve as Esperanto, Latino-Sine-Flexion, Novil, Idiom-Nettral. A priori names are called such artificial languages, vocabulary and grammar, which are not related to vocabulary and grammar of natural languages, but are built on the basis of the principles developed by the Creator. Examples of posteriori languages \u200b\u200bcan serve as solresol and ro. .
The perfect description of the artificial language as a political project gives Orwell in the famous novel "1984". According to one version, the idea of \u200b\u200ba powerful Novoya, which serves as the main basis of a totalitarian society, was insperanto to the gunner. Novoyaz cannot be called a full-fledged artificial language, but the methodology for its creation is described by Orwell so fully that each wishes can construct a full-featured Novoyaz for its own needs.
Novoyaz - excellent example The fictional language, developed so much to step over the binding of the book. Fortunately, not all literary languages \u200b\u200bare designed to build totalitarianism, thoroughly depleted from tinparts and zloex. Among our contemporaries there are several thousand people who are quite clearly explained in the language of the khana elves or at the secret nursery of Khuzdul's gnomes. (We note, however, that the fans of self-sufficient Novoya are still more - turn on the TV and see for yourself). Saga Tolkien about the Mediterranean, which received new popularity after the release of the cinematic trilogy "Lord of the Rings" is built on a professorically designed languages. The whole story about the adventures of the Hobbits we owe Tolkien project to develop a family of special languages. The project was so successful that the resulting languages \u200b\u200bfound their lives. Not less popular Fantastic language Klingon is the oral and written language of the Empire of the Klingon described in the Startrek series. Klingon was developed by American linguist Markov Ordand on the order of Paramount Studios. For residents of land wishing to explore Klingon, a special Institute of the Klingon Language is founded, books and magazines are published. Klingon is a developed and live language. Not so long ago search system Google land opened the Klingon version of its main page. This is an unconditional indicator of the significance of the Klingon language for civilization. To a lesser extent to the general public, an artificial language described by Jorge Louis Borges in Novella "Tlen, Ukbar, Orbistertius", in this small work there are practically no design of the new language, but the mechanisms of influence of an artificial language on the work of the social machine are manifested. (In addition to the mentioned Novella "Tlen, Ukbar, Orbistertius", the problem of building an artificial language and universal typology of concepts is devoted to the less famous story of Borges " Analytical language John Wilksa "). The most successful project for building an artificial language is the creation of Hebrew - a living language for a dynamic, modern nation based on written Hebrew. Hebrew has ceased to be a conversational language from about the II century BC. The next 18 centuries Hebrew served as a written language of theological and Scientific texts. A common spoken language for the Jews was Yiddish and, to a lesser extent, Ladino. In the XIX century, the political project of Jewish statehood demanded the creation of a generally accepted national language. Hebrew was reconstructed as a conversational language. First of all, it was necessary to develop new phonetics and introduce a vocabulary to Concepts that were absent in Biblical Hebrew. In addition, the new language was imposed on the requirement of relative ease of study for the Jews.
In popular typologies of artificial languages \u200b\u200boften have to deal with the section "Machine Languages". I want to pay attention that programming languages \u200b\u200b- C, C ++, Basic, Prolog, HTML, Pythonetc are not machine in the everyday sense of the word. Computer code on C ++ is also alien as Pushkin poems or slang American blacks. This machine language is a binary code. It cannot be said that binary codes are fundamentally not available to people, in the end, it is people who constructed them on the basis of a mathematical apparatus. Artificial machine language is designed rather for people than for cars - it is only a way to formalize instructions for a computer so that special programs can translate them into codes.
Artificial languages \u200b\u200bare special languages \u200b\u200bthat, unlike natural, are designed targeted. They can be designed with the help of a natural language or previously constructed artificial language. The language that acts as a means of building or studying another language is called the metalanas, the basis of the language-object. The metalanak, as a rule, has a richer compared to the language-object expressive opportunities.
Distinguish the following types of artificial languages:
Programming languages \u200b\u200band computer languages \u200b\u200b- languages \u200b\u200bfor automatic information processing using computers.
Information languages \u200b\u200bare languages \u200b\u200bused in various information processing systems.
Formalized science languages \u200b\u200bare languages \u200b\u200bintended for the symbolic record of scientific facts and theories of mathematics, logic, chemistry and other sciences.
Languages \u200b\u200bof non-existent peoples created in fictional or entertainment purposes, for example: Elf Children, invented, J. Tolkien Klingon, invented by Mark Okrand for the fantastic series "Startrek", language to "W, created for the film" Avatar ".
International auxiliary languages \u200b\u200bare languages \u200b\u200bcreated from elements of natural languages \u200b\u200band offered as an auxiliary means of interethnic communication.
From artificial languages, the most famous are: Basic-Inglish, Vapauk, Ido, Interlingua, Latino-Sine-Flexion, Loban, Ltban, on "Vi, Novial, Ocidental, Symali, Solresol, Esperanto, IFKUIL, Klingon, Elven languages.
Any artificial language has three levels of organization:
· syntax - the level of the structure of the language where relations are formed and examined between signs, methods of education and conversion signal Systems;
· sinematics, where the relationship of the sign is being investigated to its meaning (the value under which is understood by either the thought expressed by the sign, or the object that is denoted);
· pragmatatic, where the methods of use of signs in this community using artificial language are investigated.
However, pathos "destruction babylonian tower"So strong that the political meaning and methods of projects of artificial languages \u200b\u200bare very difficult to identify from the later descriptions. The most successful and most fault design of the language of international communication - Esperanto. It should be noted that most of the descriptions of Esperanto are created by the new language fans. In propaganda texts there are no Hints on the device and objectives of the project "Esperanto", however, could the artificial language become almost native for several million people, do not be it included in a single program? I called Esperanto the most failed project of a universal language. This is not an accident - despite the fact that Esperanto There are several million people, this language is not common to them. The Russian-speaking Esperantist practically does not understand the English-speaking or Hispanic. Artificial live language is developing with each "diaspora" and spreads to dialects. The development of the project "Esperanto" is explained not to the functional role of the new language for international communication.
2 Classification of international artificial languages
sannaya International Artificial Language
International artificial languages \u200b\u200bare an object of study of two interdisciplinary theories: theories of international languages \u200b\u200b(international language) and the theory of artificial languages \u200b\u200b(artificial in language). The first theory is known as interledgable; The second theory is still in the process of becoming and did not addate from neighboring disciplines.
The first aspect of studying international artificial languages \u200b\u200bis mainly sociolinguistic: international artificial languages \u200b\u200bare investigated from the point of view of their social functioning and are considered in parallel with other phenomena united by common problem "Language and society": bilingualism, interference of languages, problem of the spontaneous and conscious in the language, language policy issues, etc. The second aspect is mainly lingvo-formyotic: consideration here are ontological characteristics of international artificial languages, their similarities and differences from other iconic systems. , typological foundations of the classification International artificial languages.
Typological classification International artificial languages \u200b\u200bis based on a hierarchically organized system of features, the number of which (and, consequently, the classification depth) can be in principle infinite - until the classes are obtained by international artificial languages \u200b\u200bconsisting of one language. We are limited here to considering typological signs relating only to the upper tiers of the hierarchy. The ratio of international artificial languages \u200b\u200bwith natural languages \u200b\u200bin terms of expression can be recognized as an initial classification feature.
By tradition, ascending to the work of the Moka, but even more to the famous works of L. Kutur and L. Lo, all international artificial languages \u200b\u200bare distributed into two classes depending on the presence / lack of their material compliance with natural languages. A posterior language is an artificial language whose elements are borrowed from existing languages, as opposed to a priori, artificial language, whose elements are not borrowed from existing languages, and created arbitrarily or on the basis of any logical (philosophical) concept.
A posteriori languages \u200b\u200bcan be divided into three classes:
Simplified Ethnic Language: Basic-Inglish, Latino-Sine-Flexion, etc.;
Natural language, i.e., as close as possible to ethnic languages \u200b\u200b(more often than the Romance group): Occidal, Interlingua;
Autonomous (schematic) - in which grammar with a priori elements uses vocabulary borrowed from ethnic languages: Esperanto and most Esperantoids, late Volapük.
Examples of priori languages \u200b\u200bmay be: Solresol, Iphkill, Ilax, Logan, Snogb, Ro, Bogomol, Chengley, Astaron, Dyryar. The presence of a priori elements on the synthagamic level (the combination of morpheme) determines the identity of the apostery language to the autonomous type; According to their presence on the paradigmatic level (the composition of the morpheme), autonomous languages \u200b\u200bcan be divided into hyperShematic (Esperanto) and hyposhematic (idiom-non-ultral).
Contrasting data of two classes International artificial languages \u200b\u200bis not absolute, but relative in nature: some a priori elements can be used in posteriori languages, and in priori languages \u200b\u200bthere are sometimes posteriorimarisms.
Due to the fact that the ratio of a priori and posterior artificial traits in some international artificial languages, the opposition of these classes takes the form of continuum, whose middle link will be languages \u200b\u200bwith an approximate equal ratio of a priori and posteriori damns. Projects of this group L. Kutuura and L. Lo assigned the name of mixed languages \u200b\u200b(Mixes languages), ranked with them Vapauk and unintended projects with it. However, the unequivocal definition of the Mikst languages \u200b\u200bhas not yet been given, which led to a significant arbitrariness in the use of this term. For example, in one of the classifications mentioned by M. Monro-Dumane, Vapauk is attributed to a posstoretory group, while some projects close to him turned out to be included in the micct group. Our position on this issue will be formulated below.
Some corrections to the L. Kutur and L. Lo scheme should be made due to the fact that during the time that the publication of their work was created and received a certain distribution of projects that expanded the limits of the specified continuum towards greater recreational awards (Latin-blue Flexion, 1903; Occidental, 1922; Interlingua Ial, 1951, etc.). In contrast languages \u200b\u200bsuch as Esperanto, these international artificial languages \u200b\u200benjoy solely natural forms, refusing to apply the use of a priori, and also differ in other signs that will be discussed below. Thus, the recreation projects began to differ in the degree of aitarianity: international artificial languages, full, absolute reciprocal languages, are usually called naturalistic; International artificial languages \u200b\u200bthat detect predominant (dominant) aitreality have been called autonomous or schematic.
The need for additional changes in the classification of L. Kutur and L. Lo is called by the fact that after the Sunset of the Volpius, since the last decade of the XIX century, projects were emerging, which are either a correction of previously created international artificial languages \u200b\u200b(reform projects: First of the Volapucudicides, and Then the Esperanto, of which the most famous IDO, who gave its series of successors - Idoid projects), or an attempt to synthesize several projects (compromise projects, for example, projects E. Veferling, E. Lipman, K. Schesta, etc.). Thus, in addition to the "primary" international artificial languages, directly erected (or non-yielded) to natural languages, arose "secondary" international artificial languages, the source of which are no longer natural languages, And previously created international artificial languages. A series of projects, built to the same international artificial languages, form "families" of languages \u200b\u200b(sometimes intersecting among themselves). These genealogical associations could be the subject of special, interlinguistic, comparativistic.
The following classification feature refers to the structure of the sign into international artificial languages. International artificial languages \u200b\u200bcan be divided into several groups, depending on how the ratio of inventory Morpham and inventory of words is built in them.
International artificial languages \u200b\u200bdiffer primarily by the set of iconic levels. International artificial languages \u200b\u200bof the IDO type have the same levels as the natural languages \u200b\u200bof the synthetic type: the levels of the roots, complex bases (root + root), derivative bases (root + derivative) and word forms (base + grammatical indicator). The grammatical indicators in the IDO have a syncretic character, being simultaneously a sign of this part of speech and an expressive of a certain categorical meaning: Rich-o "Bogach" (- - Sign of the noun. Numbers), Rich-I "Richiti" (-i - sign of noun MN . Numbers), Rich-a "rich" or "rich" (-A - a sign of adjective, not differentiated by numbers).
In most cases, the principles of the building of the morpheme in posteriori projects are subject to other laws than in a priori international artificial languages.
A posteriori languages \u200b\u200bare divided into a significant attitude to the subgroups depending on these lexical homogeneity or heterogeneity.
Lexically homogeneous languages \u200b\u200bhave in the event that the choice of morpheme (words) was produced from a single source.
International artificial languages \u200b\u200bwith heterogeneous vocabulary are the result of the connection of the Vocabul, which are not found together within the limits of natural lexical systems. Examples include the Anglo-Frank project, 1889, built on the Corelovy of English and French, and the project of Anti-Babilon, 1950, where the vocabulary of Europa, Asia and Africa is used.
The planned language is an international artificial socialized language, that is, the language created for international communication and applied in practice.
Major International Artificial Languages \u200b\u200bHaving or Having had communicative implementations.
Vapauk - created in 1879 by I. M. Shleyer, Litzelstetten near the city of Constanta (Germany); The active use of the language continued to about 1893, when, stating the failure of Volpius, his academy processes the development of a new artificial language (Idyom-Neutral); The last Volpayuk magazine stops in 1910
Esperanto - was created in 1887 L. L. Rezoyofom, Warsaw (Poland, which was then part of the Russian Empire); The most common planned language actively used to date. "
Idiom-neutral - created in 1893-1898. The International Academy of Volpayuk under the leadership of V. K-Rosenberger, St. Petersburg (Russia); He was the official language of the Named Academy to 1908, had small groups of supporters in Russia, Germany, Belgium and the United States. In 1907, when considering artificial languages \u200b\u200bby the Committee of the Delegation for the adoption of an international auxiliary language [see 15, p. 71 and next] Idiom Neutral acted as the main opponent Esperanto; After the Committee spoke in favor of (reformed) Esperanto, Propaganda Idiom-Nettral is terminated; The last magazine (Progres, St. Petersburg) was published until 1908.
Latin-Sine-Flexion was created in 1903, J. Peano, Turin (Italy); In 1909 he was adopted as official language The former Volapucheuk Academy (which became known as the Academy of the International Language - ACADEMIA PRO INTERLINGUA); Used in a number of scientific publications before the beginning of World War II (1939), after which it gradually comes off.
IDO (reformed Esperanto) - created in 1907-1908. The Committee and the Permanent Commission of the Delegation for the adoption of an international auxiliary language under the leadership of L. Kutur and with the participation of L. De Bofron, O. Esperesen and V. Ostvald; Massed strong competition of Esperanto until his crisis in 1926-1928. Currently has supporters and periodicals in Switzerland, England, Sweden and a number of other countries.
Occidental - created in 1921-1922. E. De Valem, Revel (now Tallinn, Estonia); Starting from 1924 he began to adopt supporters in the IDO language; had a group supported by his groups in Austria, Switzerland, Czechoslovakia, France and some other countries; After publication of the Interlingu language in 1951, most of the occidatenists moved to the position of this language.
Noviol - created in 1928 O. Esperesen, Copenhagen (Denmark). Had a limited circle of supporters mainly from among the former iders; Groups of Novialists broke up with the beginning of World War II.
Interlingua - established in 1951 by the Association of the International Auxiliary Language under the leadership of A. Gouda, New York (USA). The initial composition of supporters was formed by the transition to this language of former ocidental adherents and IDOs. Currently has periodicals in Denmark, Switzerland, France, Great Britain and some other countries.
The above list did not include some of the planned languages \u200b\u200bthat had a slight number of supporters (non-ultral reforms, 1912; reformed Volupyuk, 1931; Neo, 1937) or standing away from the main line of development of interlinguistics (Bacheik-Inglish, 1929-1932).
Within the framework of the global linguistic situation, planned languages \u200b\u200balong with other artificials are included in the overall system for the interaction of natural and artificial languages. Researchers of the language situation of the modern world are noted as its characteristic features parallel existence of natural and artificial languages \u200b\u200bdue to scientific and technical revolution. The electronic computing machines (computers) that appeared in the 50s) demanded the development of special artificial languages \u200b\u200bon which the commands could be formulated to manage computer activities (programming languages) or record information that was introduced into the computer and to be treated (information languages).
As it expands the use of computer, an increasing number of programming languages \u200b\u200band information languages \u200b\u200bhas been developed, and constantly growing personnel were involved in working with them (programmers, specialists in the field of computer science), not to mention numerous consumers of information that has passed machine treatment on the computer. As a result, rapidly developing artificial languages \u200b\u200bformed "their own peculiar world that exists in parallel with the world of natural languages", and began to develop a "new language situation, the main difference of which can be considered to establish in the society of natural-artificial bilinguals."
The said clarifies the historical value of the appearance at the end of the XIX century. The planned languages \u200b\u200bof both the first messengers of the modern language situation, which emerges from the interaction of two linguistic worlds, the world of natural languages, accompanying humanity at all stages of its existence, and the world of artificial languages, formed over the past century.
Conclusion
Having studied the theme "International Artificial Languages" we came to the conclusion that artificial language is also important as natural. Since various international negotiations are held in a certain language relating to certain nations.
Multilinguality has always caused a problem in international cooperation, in the progress of world culture. This is especially acute in our time when the number of international organizations is rapidly increasing, international business contacts are expanding.
Language is defined as a means of human communication. This one of the possible definitions of the language is the main thing, for it characterizes the language not from the point of view of its organization, structure, etc., but from the point of view of what it is intended for. But why is the main thing? Are there other means of communication? Yes, exist. The engineer can communicate with a colleague, not knowing his native language, but they will understand each other if the drawings use. The drawing is usually defined as an international technology language. The musician conveys his feelings with the help of a melody, and his listeners understand him. The artist is thinking by images and expresses it with the help of lines and colors. And all these languages, so often they say the "poster language", "language of music". But this is another meaning of the word language.
Despite the fact that scientists are still quite indifferent to the question of an auxiliary international language, and most of all supporters of an artificial language, and mostly artificial languages \u200b\u200bare recruited in a peace scientist between mathematicians and natural studies, the topic of international artificial languages \u200b\u200bremains relevant.
Based on the purposes and objectives of this paper, it can be concluded that international artificial languages \u200b\u200bhave their own role in society and in the modern culture system, which are created on the basis of natural languages \u200b\u200bfor accurate and economical transmission of scientific and other information. They are widely used in modern science and technology: chemistry, mathematics, theoretical physics, computing equipment, cybernetics, connection, stenograph, as well as in legal and logical science for theoretical and practical analysis of thought structures.
We believe that the development of an international artificial language will give the advantage of cooperation between political negotiations, for negotiations of international transactions. But the main advantage The desire of a person in modern society to study not only natural languages, but also languages \u200b\u200bof artificial origin.
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The language was created by Canadian Sonya Lang and claims to be the title of the simplest of artificial languages. In his lexicon, only about 120 roots.
Artificial languages \u200b\u200bare such languages \u200b\u200bin which vocabulary, phonetics and grammar were developed for certain purposes. These are unreal, invented by one person languages. Today there are already more than a thousand, and new ones are constantly being created. The reasons for creating an artificial language are: relief of human communication, giving the realism of fiction and fictionalities in cinema, linguistic experiments, Language games, the development of the Internet and the creation of languages \u200b\u200bunderstandable to all the peoples of the planet.
- Grammelot. Language style used in the theater of humor and satire. This is a kind of gingerbread with sound-resistant elements along with Pantomimoy and Mimicria. Grammelot was popularized by Italian playwright Dario Fo.
- Esperanto. The most common artificial language in the world. Today, more than 100,000 people speak free on it. He was invented by the Czech Okulist Lazar Ramgofo in 1887. Esperanto has simple grammar. In his alphabet 28 letters and built on the basis of Latin. Most of the vocabulary are taken from Romance and German languages. Also in Esperanto a lot of international words, understandable without translation. There are 250 newspapers and magazines on Esperanto, 4 radio stations are broadcast, there are articles in Wikipedia.
- Vendergud. Was designed by Teenager-Teenkind William James Sadis based on Romanesque languages. Sadis knew about 40 languages \u200b\u200band translated freely from one to another. Sadis created Vendergud in the book entitled "Book of Werderwide", which he wrote at the age of 8. The language is built on Latin and Greek vocabulary and grammar, there are also elements of German, French and other Romanesque languages.
- AUi. Created by John Waigant. It is based on the philosophical concept of education of all concepts from the small number of concepts of elementary, and the elementary concept of the language. Its name itself is translated as "cosmos language." Each sound in AUi is associated with the concept referred to them. All vocabulary is built by combining basic concepts.
- Nadcat. The fictional language on which teenagers in the novel of Anthony Burgessa "Clockwork Orange" are communicated. In Nadcat, part of the vocabulary is English, part is the fictional, created by the author on the basis of the Russian language. Most often, Russian equivalents are recorded by Latin and have some distortion. The grammar system is based in English. In addition, there is a slang of French and German, Malay and Gypsy languages, Cockties, and words made by Bourgess himself.
- Litzpick. Used in online games, chat rooms, SMS and other channels of electronic communications. The language was created as a cipher that users who know the key to it. In Litspik, the numbers and symbols replace the letters. It also makes intentional mistakes, there are phonetic variations of words and neologisms.
- Telsoan. Artificial language, created in 1980 by the 14-year founder of the Virtual Microgovernment of Telsos Robert Ben-Madison. Telsoan is based on the languages \u200b\u200bof the Romanesque Group.
- Klingon. Linguist Mark Okrand came up with a Klingon on requesting the company "Paramount Pictures" for the series, and then films of the film "Star Path". On him talk to aliens. In addition to them, the numerous fans of the series took over the tongue. Currently, in the US, there is the Institute of the Klingon language, which publishes the periodicals and translations of the literary classics on Klingon.
- Tokypona. The language was created by Canadian Sonya Lang and claims to be the title of the simplest of artificial languages. In his lexicon, only about 120 roots. There are no names of animals and plants. But in the unofficial dictionary there are designations for countries, nations, languages \u200b\u200bthat are written with a capital letter. In Tokypone, everything is simplified: vocabulary, phonology, grammar and syntax.
- Na'vi. This fictional language was developed by a linguistic floor by a fromemer commissioned by the company "James Cameron Production" for the film "Avatar". According to the scenario, Na'vi languages \u200b\u200bare residents of Pandora's planet. Today in its dictionary there are more than 1000 words. Work on the Na'vi language continues. By the way, according to its grammatical and lexical structure, Na'vi resembles Papuass and Australian languages.
