If you adhere to proper nutrition, then avocados are probably in ...
The existence of people in society is characterized by various forms of life and communication. Everything that has been created in society is the result of the cumulative joint activity of many generations of people. Actually, society itself is a product of the interaction of people, it exists only where and when people are connected with each other by common interests.
In philosophical science, many definitions of the concept of "society" are offered. In a narrow sense society can be understood as a certain group of people united for communication and joint performance of any activity, as well as a specific stage in the historical development of a people or country.
AT broad sense society - it is a part of the material world isolated from nature, but closely connected with it, which consists of individuals with will and consciousness, and includes ways of interaction of people and forms of their association.
In philosophical science, society is characterized as a dynamic self-developing system, i.e., such a system that is capable of seriously changing, at the same time retaining its essence and qualitative certainty. The system is understood as a complex of interacting elements. In turn, an element is some further indecomposable component of the system that is directly involved in its creation.
To analyze complex systems, like the one that society represents, scientists have developed the concept of "subsystem". Subsystems are called "intermediate" complexes, more complex than the elements, but less complex than the system itself.
1) economic, the elements of which are material production and relations that arise between people in the process of production of material goods, their exchange and distribution;
2) social, consisting of such structural formations as classes, social strata, nations, taken in their relationship and interaction with each other;
3) political, including politics, the state, law, their correlation and functioning;
4) spiritual, embracing various forms and levels of social consciousness, which, being embodied in the real process of the life of society, form what is commonly called spiritual culture.
Each of these spheres, being an element of the system called "society", in turn, turns out to be a system in relation to the elements that make it up. All four spheres of social life are not only interconnected, but also mutually condition each other. The division of society into spheres is somewhat arbitrary, but it helps to isolate and study certain areas of a truly integral society, a diverse and complex social life.
Sociologists offer several classifications of society. Societies are:
a) pre-written and written;
b) simple and complex (the criterion in this typology is the number of levels of management of a society, as well as the degree of its differentiation: in simple societies there are no leaders and subordinates, rich and poor, and in complex societies there are several levels of management and several social strata of the population, arranged from top to bottom in descending order of income);
c) society of primitive hunters and gatherers, traditional (agrarian) society, industrial society and post-industrial society;
d) primitive society, slave society, feudal society, capitalist society and communist society.
in the western scientific literature in the 1960s the division of all societies into traditional and industrial became widespread (at the same time, capitalism and socialism were considered as two varieties of industrial society).
The German sociologist F. Tennis, the French sociologist R. Aron, and the American economist W. Rostow made a great contribution to the formation of this concept.
The traditional (agrarian) society represented the pre-industrial stage of civilizational development. All societies of antiquity and the Middle Ages were traditional. Their economy was dominated by subsistence agriculture and primitive handicrafts. Extensive technology and hand tools predominated, initially providing economic progress. In his production activities man sought to adapt to the environment as much as possible, obeyed the rhythms of nature. Property relations were characterized by the dominance of communal, corporate, conditional, state forms property. Private property was neither sacred nor inviolable. The distribution of material wealth, the product produced depended on the position of a person in the social hierarchy. The social structure of a traditional society is corporate by class, stable and immovable. social mobility was virtually absent: a person was born and died, remaining in the same social group. The main social units were the community and the family. Human behavior in society was regulated by corporate norms and principles, customs, beliefs, unwritten laws. AT public consciousness providentialism dominated: social reality, human life were perceived as the implementation of divine providence.
The spiritual world of a person of a traditional society, his system value orientations, way of thinking - special and noticeably different from modern ones. Individuality, independence were not encouraged: the social group dictated the norms of behavior to the individual. One can even speak of a “group man” who did not analyze his position in the world, and indeed rarely analyzed the phenomena of the surrounding reality. He rather moralizes, evaluates life situations from the standpoint of their social group. The number of educated people was extremely limited ("literacy for the few") oral information prevailed over written information. political sphere traditional society dominated by the church and the army. The person is completely alienated from politics. Power seems to him of greater value than law and law. In general, this society is extremely conservative, stable, immune to innovations and impulses from outside, being a "self-sustaining self-regulating immutability." Changes in it occur spontaneously, slowly, without the conscious intervention of people. The spiritual sphere of human existence is a priority over the economic one.
Traditional societies have survived to this day mainly in the countries of the so-called "third world" (Asia, Africa) (therefore, the concept of "non-Western civilizations", which also claims to be well-known sociological generalizations, is often synonymous with "traditional society"). From a Eurocentric point of view, traditional societies are backward, primitive, closed, unfree social organisms, to which Western sociology opposes industrial and post-industrial civilizations.
As a result of modernization, understood as a complex, contradictory, complex process of transition from a traditional society to an industrial one, countries Western Europe the foundations of a new civilization were laid. They call her industrial, technogenic, scientific and technical or economic. The economic base of an industrial society is industry based on machine technology. The volume of fixed capital increases, long-term average costs per unit of output decrease. In agriculture, labor productivity rises sharply, natural isolation is destroyed. An extensive economy is replaced by an intensive one, and simple reproduction is replaced by an expanded one. All these processes occur through the implementation of the principles and structures of a market economy, based on scientific and technological progress. A person is freed from direct dependence on nature, partially subordinates it to himself. Stable the economic growth accompanied by an increase in real per capita income. If the pre-industrial period is filled with the fear of hunger and disease, then the industrial society is characterized by an increase in the well-being of the population. In the social sphere of an industrial society, traditional structures and social barriers are also collapsing. Social mobility is significant. As a result of the development of agriculture and industry, the share of the peasantry in the population is sharply reduced, and urbanization is taking place. New classes appear - the industrial proletariat and the bourgeoisie, the middle strata are strengthened. The aristocracy is in decline.
In the spiritual sphere, there is a significant transformation of the value system. The man of the new society is autonomous within the social group, guided by his personal interests. Individualism, rationalism (a person analyzes the world and makes decisions on this basis) and utilitarianism (a person does not act in the name of some global goals, but for a certain benefit) - new systems of personality coordinates. There is a secularization of consciousness (liberation from direct dependence on religion). A person in an industrial society strives for self-development, self-improvement. global changes occur in the political realm. The role of the state is growing sharply, gradually emerging democratic regime. Law and law dominate in society, and a person is involved in power relations as an active subject.
A number of sociologists somewhat refine the above scheme. From their point of view, the main content of the modernization process is in changing the model (stereotype) of behavior, in the transition from irrational (characteristic of a traditional society) to rational (characteristic of an industrial society) behavior. The economic aspects of rational behavior include the development of commodity-money relations, which determines the role of money as a general equivalent of values, the displacement of barter transactions, the wide scope of market transactions, etc. The most important social consequence modernization is considered to be a change in the principle of distribution of roles. Previously, society imposed sanctions on social choice, limiting the possibility of a person occupying certain social positions depending on his belonging to a certain group (origin, pedigree, nationality). After modernization, a rational principle of distribution of roles is approved, in which the main and only criterion for taking a particular position is the candidate's preparedness to perform these functions.
Thus, industrial civilization opposes traditional society in all directions. The majority of modern industrialized countries (including Russia) are classified as industrial societies.
But modernization gave rise to many new contradictions, which eventually turned into global problems (environmental, energy and other crises). By resolving them, progressively developing, some modern societies are approaching the stage of a post-industrial society, the theoretical parameters of which were developed in the 1970s. American sociologists D. Bell, E. Toffler and others. This society is characterized by the promotion of the service sector, the individualization of production and consumption, the increase specific gravity small-scale production with the loss of dominant positions by mass production, the leading role of science, knowledge and information in society. AT social structure In the post-industrial society, there is an erasure of class differences, and the convergence of the incomes of various groups of the population leads to the elimination of social polarization and an increase in the proportion of the middle class. The new civilization can be characterized as anthropogenic, in the center of it is man, his individuality. Sometimes it is also called informational, which reflects the ever-increasing dependence of the daily life of society on information. The transition to a post-industrial society for most countries of the modern world is a very distant prospect.
In the course of his activity, a person enters into various relationships with other people. Such diverse forms of human interaction, as well as the connections that arise between different social groups(or within them), it is customary to call public relations.
All social relations can be conditionally divided into two large groups - material relations and spiritual (or ideal) relations. The fundamental difference between them is that material relations arise and develop directly in the course of practical activities of a person, outside the consciousness of a person and independently of him, and spiritual relations are formed, preliminary "passing through the consciousness" of people, are determined by their spiritual values. In turn, material relations are divided into production, environmental and office relations; spiritual on moral, political, legal, artistic, philosophical and religious social relations.
A special type of social relations are interpersonal relations. Interpersonal relationships are relationships between individuals. At In this case, individuals, as a rule, belong to different social strata, have different cultural and educational levels, but they are united general needs and interests lying in the sphere of leisure or everyday life. The well-known sociologist Pitirim Sorokin identified the following types interpersonal interaction:
a) between two individuals (husband and wife, teacher and student, two comrades);
b) between three individuals (father, mother, child);
c) between four, five or more people (the singer and his listeners);
d) between many and many people (members of an unorganized crowd).
Interpersonal relations arise and are realized in society and are social relations even if they are in the nature of purely individual communication. They act as a personified form of social relations.
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In philosophy, society is defined as a "dynamic system". The word "system" is translated from Greek as "a whole, consisting of parts." Society as dynamic system includes parts, elements, subsystems interacting with each other, as well as connections and relationships between them. It changes, develops, new parts or subsystems appear and old parts or subsystems disappear, they change, acquire new forms and qualities.
Society as a dynamic system has a complex multi-level structure and includes big number levels, sublevels, elements. For example, human society on a global scale includes many societies in the form of different states, which in turn consist of various social groups, and a person is included in them.
Consists of four subsystems, which are the main human - political, economic, social and spiritual. Each sphere has its own structure and is itself also a complex system. So, for example, is a system that includes great amount components - parties, government, parliament, public organizations and other. But government can also be seen as a system with many components.
Each is a subsystem in relation to the whole society, but at the same time it is quite a complex system. Thus, we already have a hierarchy of the systems and subsystems themselves, that is, in other words, society is a complex system of systems, a kind of supersystem or, as they sometimes say, a metasystem.
Society as a complex dynamic system is characterized by the presence in its composition of various elements, both material (buildings, technical systems, institutions, organizations) and ideal (ideas, values, customs, traditions, mentality). For example, the economic subsystem includes organizations, banks, transport, produced goods and services, and, at the same time, economic knowledge, laws, values, and more.
Society as a dynamic system contains a special element, which is its main, backbone element. This is a person who has free will, the ability to set a goal and choose the means to achieve this goal, which makes social systems more mobile, dynamic than, say, natural ones.
The life of society is constantly in a state of flux. The pace, scale and quality of these changes may vary; there was a time in the history of human development when the established order of things did not change fundamentally for centuries, however, over time, the pace of change began to grow. Compared with natural systems in human society, qualitative and quantitative changes occur much faster, which indicates that society is constantly changing and in development.
Society, as, indeed, any system, is an ordered integrity. This means that the elements of the system are located within it in a certain position and are to some extent connected with other elements. Consequently, society as an integral dynamic system has a certain quality that characterizes it as a whole, having a property that none of its elements has. This property is sometimes called the non-additivity of the system.
Society as a dynamic system is characterized by another feature, which is that it belongs to the number of self-governing and self-organizing systems. This function belongs political subsystem, which gives consistency and harmonious correlation to all elements that form a social integral system.
The concept of society covers all spheres of human life, relationships and relationships. At the same time, society does not stand still, it is subject to constant changes and development. We learn briefly about society - a complex, dynamically developing system.
Society features
Society as a complex system has its own characteristics that distinguish it from other systems. Consider the identified by different sciences traits :
- complex, multi-layered
The society includes different subsystems, elements. It can include various social groups, both small ones - the family, and large ones - the class, the nation.
Public subsystems are the main areas: economic, social, political, spiritual. Each of them is also a kind of system with many elements. So, we can say that there is a hierarchy of systems, that is, society is divided into elements, which, in turn, also include several components.
- the presence of different quality elements: material (technology, facilities) and spiritual, ideal (ideas, values)
For example, economic sphere- this is transport, facilities, materials for the manufacture of goods, and knowledge, norms, rules in force in the field of production.
- main element is man
Man is the universal element of all public systems, since it enters into each of them, and without it their existence is impossible.
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- constant change, transformation
Of course, in different time the speed of change changed: the established order could be maintained for a long time, but there were also periods when there were rapid qualitative changes in social life, for example, during revolutions. This is the main difference between society and nature.
- order
All components of society have their own position and certain connections with other elements. That is, society is an ordered system in which there are many interconnected parts. Elements may disappear, new ones appear instead, but in general the system continues to function in a certain order.
- self-sufficiency
Society as a whole is capable of producing everything necessary for its existence, therefore each element plays its role and cannot exist without others.
- self-management
Society organizes management, creates institutions to coordinate the actions of different elements of society, that is, creates a system in which all parts can interact. The organization of the activities of each individual and groups of people, as well as the exercise of control, is a feature of society.
Social institutions
The idea of a society cannot be complete without knowledge of its basic institutions.
Social institutions are understood as such forms of organizing the joint activities of people that have developed as a result of historical development and governed by social norms. They bring together large groups of people engaged in some kind of activity.
The activity of social institutions is aimed at meeting the needs. For example, people's need for procreation gave rise to the institution of family and marriage, the need for knowledge - the institution of education and science.
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II. Society in the broad sense of the word:
1. Any set of historically established forms of joint activity of people.
2. Separated from nature, but closely connected with it, part of the material world, which consists of individuals with will and consciousness, and includes ways of interacting people and forms of their unification.
Sphere of society- this is a certain area of social life, including the most stable forms of human interaction.
4 spheres (subsystems) of society:
1. Economic - includes relations in the field of production, exchange, distribution of material goods, as well as property relations.
2. Social sphere - includes a variety of relationships between different groups of society, as well as activities to ensure social guarantees.
Elements of the social sphere: specific people occupying a particular position in society; communities of people, classes, estates, nations.
3. The political sphere is connected with the concept of power.
4. Spiritual sphere - includes relationships arising in the process of creation, development and transfer of spiritual values. (This includes literature, art, architecture, science, education, religion, philosophy)
SOCIETY AS A SYSTEM
System is a set of elements interacting with each other and forming a certain integrity.
Society as a system:
1. the presence of spheres and social institutions, various ways human interaction;
2. the interaction of elements, the connection of all spheres of society;
3. changes its forms, develops, while maintaining its essence;
4. self-sufficiency (the ability of society to create and reproduce the necessary conditions own existence)
5. self-governance (society changes and develops as a result of internal causes and mechanisms)
Features of society as a dynamic system:
1. ability for self-development,
2. permanent changes,
3. the possibility of degradation of individual elements
SOCIETY AND NATURE.
What do society and nature have in common?
1. Change over time.
2. They have signs of consistency.
3. They obey the objective laws of development.
3. They have a complex structure.
How is society different from nature?
1. Is a creator of culture
2. Is part of the material world
3. It is a stage in the historical development of mankind.
SOCIAL SCIENCES
| Social Sciences | Science object | |
|---|---|---|
| Political science | Politic system | |
| Sociology | Society as a system | |
| Ethics | moral standards | |
| Aesthetics | Laws of art | |
| Story | The past of mankind in the variety of specific events and facts, patterns of development of society | |
| Economy | Economic sphere | |
| Anthropology | The origin and evolution of man, the formation of human races | |
| Demography | Population, birth and death processes, migration | |
| Psychology | Human behavior, processes of perception, thinking, consciousness | |
| Culturology | Culture as integrity | |
| Jurisprudence | State legal reality | |
| Philosophy | Man's relation to the world | |
| Ethnography | Household and cultural features of the peoples of the world, problems of their origin, settlement and relationships |
HOMEWORK
Task number 1
Do you agree with the statement of the philosopher Seneca? Argument your point of view using terms and concepts from the course of social science.
“Society is a set of stones that would collapse if one did not support the other” (Seneca).
Task number 2
Read the text below with a number of words missing. Choose from the proposed list of words that you want to insert in place of the gaps. The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word (phrase) can only be used once. Choose sequentially one word after another, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words in the list than you need to fill in the gaps.
“Characterizing a society as _______________ (1) involves the study of its internal structure. Its main elements are __________________ (2) social life and social institutions. Allocate economic, social, political and spiritual spheres. All of them are closely interconnected, as they support the necessary _________________ (3) of society. __________________ (4) in each of the areas solve important social problems. They provide production and distribution various kinds _________________ (5) as well as managing the joint _______________ (6) people.”
A) integrity
B) system
C) society
D) social benefits
E) production
G) culture
H) social institutions
I) activity
The table below shows the pass numbers. Write under each number the letter corresponding to the word you have chosen. Transfer the resulting sequence of letters to a social studies notebook.
| question number | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Possible answer |
C1. Name any three characteristics of society as a dynamic system.
C2. What socio-economic formations are singled out by Marxists?
SZ. name three historical type society. On what basis are they identified?
C4. There is a statement: “Everything is for a person. It is necessary to produce as many goods for it as possible, and for this it is necessary to "invade" nature, violating the natural laws of its development. Either man, his well-being, or nature and her well-being. There is no third".
What is your attitude to this judgment? Justify your answer, based on the knowledge of the social science course, the facts of social life and personal experience.
C5. Give three examples of relationships global problems humanity.
C6
Gaining more and more strength, civilization often found a clear
tendency to impose ideas through missionary activity or direct
violence coming from religious, in particular Christian, traditions ... So
civilization has steadily spread across the planet, using everything
possible ways and means - migration, colonization, conquest, trade,
industrial development, financial control and cultural influence. Few-
little by little, all countries and peoples began to live according to its laws or created them according to
pattern set by her...
The development of civilization, however, was accompanied by the flowering of bright hopes and illusions that could not come true ... At the heart of her philosophy and her actions was always elitism. And the Earth, no matter how generous it is, is still not able to accommodate an ever-growing population and satisfy its more and more new needs, desires and whims. That is why a new, deeper split has now emerged - between super-developed and underdeveloped countries. But even this rebellion of the world proletariat, which seeks to join the wealth of its more prosperous brethren, takes place within the framework of the same dominant civilization ... It is unlikely that it will be able to withstand this new test, especially now, when its own organism is torn apart by numerous ailments. NTR, on the other hand, is becoming more and more obstinate, and it is becoming more and more difficult to pacify it. Having endowed us with unprecedented strength and instilled a taste for a level of life that we did not even think about, NTR sometimes does not give us the wisdom to keep our abilities and demands under control. And it is time for our generation, finally, to understand that now it depends only on us ... the fate of not individual countries and regions, but of all mankind as a whole.
A. Peccei
1) What global problems of modern society does the author highlight? List two or three issues.
2) What does the author mean when he says: “Having endowed us with unprecedented strength and instilled a taste for a level of life that we did not even think about, the scientific and technological revolution does not sometimes give us the wisdom to keep our abilities and demands under control”? Make two guesses.
3) Illustrate with examples (at least three) the author's statement: "The development of civilization ... was accompanied by the flowering of bright hopes and illusions that could not be realized."
4) Is it possible, in your opinion, to overcome the contrast between rich and poor countries in the foreseeable future. Justify the answer.
C7. Choose one of the suggested statements and express your thoughts on the issue raised in the form of a short essay.
1. "I am a citizen of the world."
(Diogenes of Sinop)
2. "I'm too proud of my country to be a nationalist."
(AND. Wolfrom)
3. “Civilization does not consist in more or less refinement. But in the consciousness common to the whole people. And this consciousness is never refined. On the contrary, it is quite healthy. To represent civilization as the creation of an elite means to identify it with culture, while these are completely different things. (BUT. Camus)
C8. Read the text and do the tasks for it.
“Human society is the highest stage in the development of living systems, the main elements of which are people, the forms of their joint activity, primarily labor, products of labor, various forms of property and the age-old struggle for it, politics and the state, a combination of various institutions, a refined sphere of the spirit. Society can also be defined as a self-organized system of behavior and relationships between people of arcs with a friend and with nature ...
The concept of society embraces not only living people, but also all past and future generations, i.e. all mankind in its history and perspective. The unification of people into an integral system occurs and is reproduced regardless of the will of its members ...
The life of society is not limited to the life of its constituent people. Society creates material and spiritual values that cannot be created by individual people... Society is a single social organism, the internal organization of which is a set of certain diverse connections characteristic of a given system, which are ultimately based on human labor. The structure of human society is formed by: production and the production, economic, social relations, including class, national, family relations; political relations and, finally, the spiritual sphere of the life of society - science, philosophy, art, morality, religion, etc.
People constantly carry out the process of social production of their lives: the production of material goods, the production of people as social beings, the production of the appropriate type of relations between people, the very form of communication and the production of ideas. In society, economic, economic, state, family relations, as well as a number of ideological phenomena are intertwined in the most intricate way ...
It is society that is the main condition for a more or less normal existence and development of people ... "
1) Find in the text and write out two sentences in which the author lists the main elements of society.
2) Scientists call society a dynamic system. Find in the text three other words by which the author characterizes society as a system.
4) Based on the content of the text and knowledge of the social science course, give three proofs that society is “ultimately based on human labor”.
C9. Read the text and do the tasks for it.
It seems to me that today, when mankind has come close to an ecological catastrophe, when all the terrible consequences of utopian claims to total control of social processes are extremely clear, the fate of the humanistic ideal is connected with the rejection of the idea of mastery, suppression and domination. The new understanding of the relationship between nature and humanity corresponds not to the ideal of anthropocentrism, but to the idea of co-evolution, the joint evolution of nature and humanity, developed by a number of modern thinkers, in particular, the idea of co-evolution, the joint evolution of nature and humanity, which can be interpreted as a relationship of equal partners, if you like, interlocutors in an unprogrammed dialogue...
This can and should be understood in a broader sense. Freedom, as an integral characteristic of the humanistic ideal, is conceived not as mastery and control, but as the establishment of equal partnerships with what is outside of a person: with natural processes, with another person, with the values of a different culture, with social processes, even with unreflexible and " opaque” processes of my own psyche.
In this case, freedom is understood not as an expression of a projective-constructive attitude to the world, not as the creation of such an objective world that is controlled and managed, but as such an attitude when I accept the other, and the other accepts me. (It is important to emphasize that acceptance does not mean simply contentment with what is, but involves interaction and mutual change.) In this case, we are talking ... about free acceptance based on understanding as a result of communication. In this case, we are dealing with a special kind of activity. This is not the activity of creating an object in which a person tries to capture and express himself, that is, an object that seems to belong to the subject. This is a mutual activity, the interaction of equal partners freely participating in the process, each of which considers the other and as a result of which both of them change.
(V.A. Lektorsky)
1) What two realities of modern society require, in the author's opinion, a new understanding of the humanistic ideal? What does he see as the essence of this new understanding?
2) Give any two phrases that reflect the author's understanding of freedom.
3) Explain why the humanistic ideal present stage anthropocentrism (the idea of mastery and domination) ceased to correspond. Give three explanations based on social science knowledge and the facts of social life.
4) The author writes about the need to “establish equal partnership relations with what is outside of a person.” Based on the content of the text and knowledge of the social science course, guess what these relationships with any three of the partners named by the author might be. (First name the partner with whom the partnership is being established, and then make a guess.)
Answers
Part 1 Level A
| job number | answer |
Part 2 Level B
| job number | answer |
| natural | |
| regression | |
| A B C D | |
| C;A;D;B | |
| V;G;F | |
| C;A;B;G | |
| spiritual | |
| 2,3,4 | |
| spiritual | |
| 1,3,4,5,6 | |
| 1,2,4,6 | |
| manual | |
| 1,2,4,6 | |
| 3,5,6 | |
| WVABG | |
| Public | |
| BVA | |
| 3,4,2,1,5 | |
| Spheres, spheres | |
| Social Progress | |
| B;A;D;C | |
| 1-a, b, e, h, k, l, o, p, t, c, u, i; 2-in, e, i, m, n, s, y, f; 3-g, f, r, f, x, h, w, w, e | |
| G;C;B;D;A | |
| 1)2,3,7,8,9,12; 2)4,6,8,11; 3)1,5,10 | |
| 1,3,4.7,9 | |
| 5,10,12,13,14 | |
| 3,4,5,7,8,9 |
Part 3. Level C
C1.The correct answer may contain the following characteristics:
Integrity;
Consists of interconnected elements;
Elements change over time;
The nature of the relationship between systems is changing;
The whole system is changing.
Other characteristics may be given.
C2. Correct answer:
Primitive
slaveholding
feudal
capitalist (bourgeois)
socialist (communist)
NW. Traditional (pre-industrial), industrial, post-industrial.
Signs:
Pre-industrial society: basis - Agriculture;
Industrial society: basis - large-scale industry;
Post-industrial (technotronic, technological) society: the basis is information.
C4. The correct answer may contain the following items:
Society and nature are interconnected;
Nature - habitat community habitat;
The purpose of production is to satisfy the fundamental human needs for food and clothing;
For centuries, man has used the riches of nature, polluting the atmosphere, cutting down forests, extracting minerals, contaminating water, destroying soil;
As a result, there was a threat of a global ecological catastrophe - irreversible changes natural conditions life on Earth, threatening degradation and even death of a person;
The current Criminal Code of the Russian Federation provides for serious liability for such environmental crimes as violation of the rules of protection environment in the production of works, water pollution, illegal hunting, etc.
Other positions may be given.
C5. Any three examples of the interconnection of global problems of our time can be given, for example:
The threat of an ecological crisis affects the economy: the developed countries seek to transfer "harmful" production to the countries of the "third world", which exacerbates the problem of "North - South";
The threat of international terrorism is intertwined with the problem of the threat nuclear war in connection with the desire of terrorists to access technologies for the production of weapons of mass destruction;
demographic problem in modern world acts primarily as a problem of rapid demographic growth in third world countries, which widens the gap in economic terms with developed countries.
C6. The content of the correct answers to the tasks to the text.
1) Problems highlighted:
- limited resources;
Uneven development (problem "North - South");
Demographic;
Consequences of NTR.
2) Assumptions can be made:
The presence of mankind scientific knowledge and technical means poses a threat to life on Earth itself for global transformations;
The formation of a consumer society makes speed and comfort priority values.
Other assumptions can be made that do not distort the meaning of the judgment.
3) Can be specified, for example:
communist utopias;
Belief in the omnipotence of scientific and technological progress;
Faith in the ideals of freedom and justice in the understanding of the figures of the Enlightenment.
Other examples can be given that do not distort the meaning of the judgment.
4) If a negative answer is given, then arguments are given:
the demographic situation in poor countries exacerbates their lagging behind rich countries;
as a result - weak participation in the world division of labor;
as a result - one-sided development of the economy and dependence on rich countries. Other arguments may be given.
C8. Text.
1) The correct answer must contain the following elements:
1) realities modern society:
- “Humanity has come close to an ecological catastrophe”;
- "all the terrible consequences of utopian claims to the total control of social processes are extremely clear";
2) the essence of the new understanding humanistic ideal:
"the idea of co-evolution, the joint evolution of nature and humanity, which can be interpreted as a relationship of equal partners, if you like, interlocutors in an unprogrammed dialogue."
These elements can be given in other formulations that are close in content.
2) The response may include the following phrases:
1) “Freedom as an integral characteristic of the humanistic ideal is conceived ... as the establishment of equal partnership relations with what is outside of a person: with natural processes, with another person, with the values of a different culture, with social processes, even with non-reflective and “opaque” processes my own psyche";
2) "freedom is understood ... as such an attitude when I accept the other, and the other accepts me";
3) "free acceptance based on understanding as a result of communication."
3) The following explanations can be given:
1) The establishment of human dominance over nature has led to irreversible changes external environment.
2) Irreversible changes in the external environment have a negative impact on human health, the functioning of society.
3) Significantly reduced the amount of resources that can be used for its development by rapidly growing humanity.
4) The installation of domination has also extended to the attitude of a person towards his own kind, to public interests.
Other explanations may be given.
4) The correct answer may contain the following assumptions:
1) "relations with natural processes": the use of nature-saving and resource-saving technologies by a person, limiting consumption;
2) “relationship with another person”: recognition of the unconditional value of the personality of another person, respect for his freedom;
3) "relations with the values of another culture": a tolerant attitude towards the values of a different culture and the bearers of these values;
4) "relations with social processes": rejection of the installation of personal and group egoism, consumerism, striving for social peace;
5) “relationships with non-reflexible and “opaque” processes of my own psyche”: attentive attitude to one’s own psychological state, sparing its adjustment if necessary, maximum use of one’s own mental abilities and states in activity.
Other hypotheses may be made.
C9.Text.
1) The correct answer must contain the following items:
1) “people, the forms of their joint activity, first of all, labor, products of labor, various forms of property and the age-old struggle for it, politics and the state, a combination of various institutions, a refined sphere of the spirit”;
2) “production and the production, economic, social relations that develop on its basis, including class, national, family relations; political relations and, finally, the spiritual sphere of the life of society - science, philosophy, art, morality, religion, etc.”
2) The correct answer may contain the following characteristics:
1) a living system;
2) complete system;
3) self-organized system.
3) The correct answer may contain the following arguments:
1) only in relations with other people can a person reveal and develop his qualities (socially significant), which distinguish him from animals;
2) society performs numerous functions that ensure physical survival and a relatively comfortable existence of a person;
3) only in society are the social and spiritual needs of a person satisfied.
Other valid arguments are possible.
4) The correct answer may contain, for example, the following explanations:
in the labor process
1) according to the theory of evolution, human ancestors acquired and developed their human qualities;
2) many social and prestigious human needs are realized;
3) the material needs of society are satisfied;
4) a certain social organization;
5) spiritual institutions are being formed.
