Proverbs and sayings about May HORIZONTALLY: 2. May will deceive - in ... will leave.4 ....
Communicative component political system includes
1) ideological principles
2) forms of interaction between parties
3) political norms
4) political organizations
Explanation.
Answer: 2
Forms of interaction, communication, communication within the political system characterize its
1) normative component
2) communicative component
3) cultural component
4) organizational component
Explanation.
Communicative - a hint, this is precisely the interaction and connection of something.
The correct answer is number 2.
Answer: 2
Subject area: Politics. Political system
State, political parties, social and political movements form
Explanation.
All terms are components of the political system, institutions.
The correct answer is number 4.
Answer: 4
Subject area: Politics. Political system
Valentin Ivanovich Kirichenko
Elements of the political system:
1. organizational (state, political parties, social and political movements, pressure groups)
2. normative (norms, values, customs, traditions)
3. cultural (political culture - knowledge, value orientations, political psychology, methods of practical political activity+ ideology)
4. communicative (communications within the political system)
Political consciousness, political ideology form
1) the normative component of the political system
2) the communicative component of the political system
3) the cultural component of the political system
4) organizational component of the political system
Explanation.
All this forms the political CULTURE of the citizen.
Answer: 3
Subject area: Politics. Political system
What is an element of the cultural subsystem of a political system?
1) legal and political norms
2) established interactions social groups
3) state, political parties
4) political ideologies
Explanation.
Political culture is a set of views, ideas, ideas about the political system.
The correct answer is number 4.
Answer: 4
Subject area: Politics. Political system
Political ideology refers to
1) political institutions
2) political norms
3) political culture
4) political connections
Explanation.
Political ideology - 1) a system of ideas and views that expresses the fundamental interests, worldview, ideals of any subject of politics (class, nation, entire society, social movement, party); 2) expressed mainly in a theoretical, more or less ordered form, a system of ideas and views that protect collective values and interests, formulate the goals of group activity and justify the ways and means of their implementation with 5) the help of political power or influence on it; 3) theoretical substantiation of the system of values of certain subjects of politics.
The correct answer is number 3.
Answer: 3
Subject area: Politics. Political system
The communicative component of the political system includes
1) political parties and movements
2) relations between civil institutions and state bodies
3) political ideas and doctrines
4) ways political participation citizens
Explanation.
Political communication is the process of transferring political information, thanks to which it circulates from one part of the political system to another and between the political system and social system. L. Pai also includes in political communication "the whole range of informal communication processes in society that have the most diverse impact on politics" .
The correct answer is number 2.
Answer: 2
Subject area: Politics. Political system
The political system includes several subsystems. The communicative subsystem includes(s):
1) values and emotions that determine the political behavior of citizens
3) political parties and state bodies
Explanation.
The political system is a multifunctional mechanism that includes state and non-state social institutions who carry out political functions.
−institutional;
− normative;
− functional;
−communicative;
− cultural and ideological.
The communicative subsystem is a set of connections and interactions between the subsystems of the political system, between the political system and other subsystems. In this case, it is the interaction of civil organizations with state bodies.
Values and emotions that determine the political behavior of citizens - a cultural and ideological subsystem
Legislation on the election of senior officials is normative.
Political parties and state bodies - institutional.
The correct answer is numbered: 4.
Answer: 4
Subject area: Politics. Political system
The political system includes several subsystems. The cultural subsystem includes (are):
1) behavioral standards specific to political activity
2) legislation on the election of senior officials
3) TV channels and other mass media
4) interaction of civil organizations with state bodies
Explanation.
The political system - a multifunctional mechanism that includes state and non-state social institutions that carry out political functions.
Components (subsystems of the political system)
−institutional
−normative
− functional
−communicative
−cultural
Cultural covers political psychology, political ideology, political culture. Here, these are behavioral standards characteristic of political activity.
Allocate the main components included in this complex. The political system of society primarily includes an institutional component. It represents the state, public organizations, parties, authorities, and other formations. Without the above subjects, the political system of society is impossible, since it is they who enter into power relations.
The second element of the complex is the substantive component. It reflects the essence of the entire political system. The substantial element is a relationship that is formed about the implementation, retention or seizure of power in the state.
The political system of society includes a normative component. This element is the norms, customs, traditions and other contributing to the regulation of power relations in the state. It is designed to regulate the flow in society. As a rule, regulation is carried out with the help of the rule of law. At the same time, the political system of society is a rather complex complex. That's why so often great importance have traditional, established rules social behavior.
The political system of society contains a subjective element. It is a reflection of the attitude of people to power in the state. The subjective element contains political consciousness, which, in turn, is represented by psychological and ideological components. Political consciousness is an integral complex of feelings, assessments, ideas, views, attitudes, emotions. It reflects the subjective attitude of groups, individuals to the existing (current) or proposed (desired) leadership of the country, the behavior of government officials, and other phenomena of state reality. Political consciousness can be influenced various factors, including the behavior of leaders, the charisma of figures and other things.
Another element of the complex is objective. It includes objective national, social, economic, historical and other determinants that influence the course of political processes in the state. They do not depend on the consciousness or will of the people.
All of these components that make up the political system of society are considered significant, have an interpenetrating effect and, accordingly, are indivisible.
The functions of the complex are its main directions of influence on the people. They are determined by the national, social, economic and other conditions under which the political system exists.
There are the following main functions:
1. Implementation of political leadership of society.
2. Definition of landmarks. In conditions of political regulation, during the struggle for power ruling class, parties and other subjects (in accordance with one or another in the state) form the further path of development, the goals to be strived for. Thus, orientation of the masses to one or another variant of behavior is ensured.
3. The function of politicization is engagement maximum number citizens and their groups in the political processes taking place in the country.
4. The structure performs a regulatory function. It is the development and installation social norms in the realm of power.
The political system of society- a complex branched set of political institutions, socio-political communities, forms of interaction and relationships between them implemented through political power.
The political system of society can be considered narrow and wide sense.
In a narrow sense the political system of society is understood as a set of institutions (state bodies, political parties, movements, trade unions, economic structures etc.), within which the political life of society takes place and political power.
V broad sense the political system of society should be understood as the system (sphere) of all political phenomena that exist in society.
Theories of the political system of society:
Theory of T. Parsons. It lies in the fact that society interacts as four subsystems: economic, political, social and spiritual. Each of these subsystems performs certain functions, responds to requirements that come from inside or outside. Together they ensure the vital activity of society as a whole.
The economic subsystem is responsible for meeting people's needs for consumer goods.
The function of the political subsystem is to determine the collective interests, mobilize resources to achieve them. The maintenance of an established way of life, the transfer of norms, rules and values to new members of society, which become important factors in motivating their behavior, is provided by the social subsystem.
The spiritual subsystem carries out the integration of society, establishes and maintains links of solidarity between its elements.
D. Easton's theory. It considers the political system as a mechanism for the formation and functioning of power in society over the distribution of resources and values. Systems approach made it possible to more clearly define the place of politics in the life of society and to identify the mechanism social change in him. Politics is a relatively independent sphere, the main meaning of which is the distribution of resources and the incentive to accept this distribution of values between individuals and groups.
G. Almond's theory. characterizes the political system, on the one hand, as the ability to carry out transformations in society while maintaining stability; on the other hand, as a set of interdependent elements, while each element of the whole (the state, parties, elites) performs vital functions for the entire system. Pursuing comparative analysis political systems, G. Almond and D. Powell moved from the study of formal institutions to the consideration of specific manifestations of political behavior. From which they defined the political system as a set of roles and their interactions with each other, carried out not only by government institutions, but by all structures of society on political issues.
Theory of K. Deutsch(cybernetic theory). He considered the political system as cybernetic, in which politics was understood as a process of managing and coordinating the efforts of people to achieve their goals. The formulation of goals and their correction is carried out by the political system on the basis of information about the position of society and its attitude towards these goals: about the distance left to the goal; about the results of previous actions. The functioning of the political system depends on the quality of the constant flow of information coming from external environment, and information about her own movement.
Components of the political system of society:
1. Institutional (organizational)
a) states
c) political parties
2. Functional
a) forms and directions of political activity and political institutions
b) methods of political activity
3. Regulatory
a) political principles
b) political traditions
c) moral norms, norms of law
4. Cultural and ideological
a) political psychology
b) political ideology
c) political culture
5. Communicative - the totality of all connections between political institutions, subsystems and other spheres.
Functions of the political system of society:
1. Providing political power, defining a social group or all members of society
2. Identification and representation of the interests of various subjects of political relations
3. Satisfying the interests of various subjects of political relations
4. Integration of society, creation of conditions necessary for the implementation of political activities
5. Political socialization
The state occupies a central leading position in the political system of society, since it:
1) Acts as the only official representative of the entire people, associations within its territory, borders on the grounds of the state.
2) Is the sole bearer of sovereignty
3) Has a special apparatus (public authority), designed to manage society; has class structures
4) Has a monopoly on lawmaking
5) Owns a specific set of material assets; own budget, currency
6) Determines the main directions of development of society
Sources:
1. TGP textbook - L.P. Rasskazova 2. lectures by M.A. Makhotenko
Political parties: concept, functions, classification. The concept and types of party systems.
A political party is a continuously functioning organization, existing both at the national and local levels, aimed at gaining and exercising power and striving for this purpose to broad popular support.
Definition, according to Russian legislation. A political party is a public association created for the participation of citizens Russian Federation in the political life of society through the formation and expression of their political will, participation in public and political events, in elections and referendums, as well as in order to represent the interests of citizens in the bodies state power and local governments.
Signs.
They are public (non-state) organizations that set themselves the question of gaining, exercising and maintaining political power;
They are fairly stable political associations that have their own bodies, regional branches, ordinary members;
Unite individuals on the basis of a commonality of views;
They have their own corporate acts: program and charter;
Have a fixed membership (although, for example, US parties traditionally do not have a fixed membership);
Rely on certain social strata of the population.
Functions.
1. Social. The party generally expresses and defends the interests of a particular social group and brings it to the level of state power.
2. Ideological. Development of party ideology (concepts, programs); dissemination, propaganda of ideology.
3. Political. Gaining state power. Selection of a political leader, training of a specialist in various problems public life, nomination of candidates for elected and non-elected positions.
4. Managerial. Characteristic for parties in power: organize and direct the actions of the state, exercise leadership various areas public life.
5. Electoral. Active participation in elections, organize election campaigns, propaganda, and come up with election programs.
Party system- a set of political parties, the relationship between them.
KINDS
1. One-party (the monopoly of 1 party on power prevails. Typical for a totalitarian, authoritarian state. (Cuba)
2. Bipartisan (there is competition between two parties)
3. Multi-party (there is competition between many parties)
Political science distinguishes four main elements of the political system, sometimes called subsystems: institutional, communicative, normative and cultural-ideological.
TO institutional subsystem include political institutions (organizations), among which the state occupies a special place. Of non-governmental organizations, political parties and socio-political movements play an important role in the political life of society.
All political institutions can be conditionally divided into three groups.
To the first group, actually political include organizations whose immediate purpose of existence is the exercise of power or influence on it (the state, political parties and socio-political movements).
To the second group- not actually political - include organizations that carry out their activities in the economic, social, cultural spheres of society (trade unions, religious and cooperative organizations, etc.). They do not set themselves independent political tasks, do not participate in the struggle for power. However, their goals cannot be achieved outside the political system, and therefore such organizations must participate in the political life of society, defending their corporate interests, seeking to take them into account and implement them in politics.
To the third group include organizations whose activities have only a minor political aspect. They arise and function to realize the personal interests and inclinations of a certain stratum of people (interest clubs, sports societies), acquiring a political connotation as objects of influence from the state and other political institutions proper. They themselves are not active subjects of political relations.
Communication subsystem the political system of a society is a set of relations and forms of interaction that develop between classes, social groups, nations, individuals about their participation in the exercise of power, the development and implementation of policies.
Political relations are the result of numerous and varied connections of political subjects in the process of political activity. People and political institutions are motivated to join them by their own political interests and needs. Allocate primary and secondary(derivatives) political relations. The first ones are various forms interactions between social groups (classes, nations, estates, etc.), as well as within them, to the second - relations between states, parties, other political institutions that reflect in their activities the interests of certain social strata or the whole society.
Normative subsystem. Political relations are built on the basis certain rules(norms). Political norms and traditions that define and regulate political life societies that make up regulatory subsystem political system of society. The most important role is played by legal norms (constitutions, laws, other normative legal acts). The activities of parties and other public organizations are regulated by their charter and program norms. In many countries (especially in England and its former colonies), along with political norms fixed in the texts of legal acts, unwritten customs and traditions are of great importance.
Another group of social norms is ethical and moral norms, which enshrine the ideas of the whole society or its individual strata about good and evil, truth, and justice. Modern society came closer to realizing the need to return to politics such moral guidelines as honor, conscience, nobility.
Cultural and ideological subsystem the political system is a combination of political ideas, views, ideas, feelings of political life participants, different in their content. The political consciousness of the subjects of the political process functions at two levels - theoretical (political ideology) and empirical (political psychology). To the forms of manifestation political ideology include views, slogans, ideas, concepts, theories, and political psychology - feelings, emotions, moods, prejudices, traditions, but in the political life of society they are equal. In the ideological sub-system, a special place is occupied by political culture, understood as a complex of typical this society rooted patterns (stereotypes) of behavior, value orientations, political views.
Political culture is the experience of political activity passed down from generation to generation, in which knowledge, beliefs and patterns of behavior of a person and social groups are combined.
The political system is a holistic, ordered set of elements, the interaction of which generates a new quality that is not inherent in its parts.
The main elements of the political system are political institutions:
1.
state;
2.
political parties;
3.
public organizations and associations;
4.
institutions of direct democracy (elections, referendums, demonstrations, rallies, etc.).
30. Political system: concept, elements.
The political system of society is an integral, ordered set of political organizations, principles, norms, means, methods that ensure the functioning of political power.
The political system has a number of characteristic features:
It is within its framework and with its help that political power is exercised;
Depends on the nature of the social environment, the socio-economic structure of society;
It has relative independence.
In its structure, the political system of society consists of five elements, each of which characterizes different aspects of its life: 1) Institutional (or organizational) element. expresses external manifestations political system, it includes those organizations and associations of people who externally represent the political system. This element includes government agencies, public associations all organizational and legal forms (mass movements, public organizations, institutions, foundations, bodies of public initiative), political parties as a specific subject, etc. The organizational element is the main one in the political system, it gives stability to the political system, forms its normative basis and other means of influencing society . 2) Normative element represents the normative basis for the activity of the political system. The normative element includes: · Political norms (contained in charters, programs of political parties). · Rules of law (for example, the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Law of the Russian Federation "On public associations of the Russian Federation"). · Political customs and traditions (for example, the opening of the first session of parliament by the oldest deputy). 3) Functional element. Shows how the elements of the political system function in practice. It includes: · Political actions (rallies, demonstrations, strikes, meetings, gatherings, marches, pickets, etc.); · Political processes (the process of forming a parliament, the process of forming public opinion; processes are characterized by duration, length in time, consist of a series of successive actions); · Acts of implementation of the functions inherent in the structural elements of the political system (for example, one of the functions of a political party is the nomination of candidates for elected state bodies; the actual nomination of a candidate will be an act of implementing the functions of a political party). 4) Ideological element. It includes theories, ideas, concepts about society and the ways of its development, various political doctrines, as well as political culture and, above all, political consciousness in society. 5) Communicative element. Represents those channels through which information is brought to society about the activities of various components of the political system, about decisions made by certain bodies. The communicative element includes all types of media. It must be emphasized that the concept of a political system is formed by all the listed elements in the aggregate, in a complex.
According to other classifications, the components of the political system of society are:1) Political organization- a set of political associations (the state, political parties, socio-political organizations and movements). That is, with subjects of political life. This is, first of all, the political organization of society as a set of political associations of society that express its interests (the state, political parties, other public organizations and movements). During periods of active (revolutionary) social change, the subjects of political life can be the people, individual classes, nations, groups, which are at the same time the object of political power control.
Political organization of society covers stable political organizations and institutions of society that directly exercise political power (the state, parties, labor collectives, public organizations and mass movements, the media).
The leading element, the core of the political organization of society is state with all its constituent parts - legislative, executive, judicial authorities, armed forces, intelligence agencies, internal affairs, prosecutors, etc.
2) Political relations, developing between the structural elements of the system;
Political relations - the interaction of social groups, individuals, social institutions about the structure and management of society. They arise from the moment when the eternal need for management and imperious regulation of social processes and relations is carried out with the active participation of the state.
Characteristics of political relations:
◊ arising with the active participation of people's consciousness, political relations are expressed in actions, actions, processes, relationships between social groups, parties, states;
◊ influence many external and internal parameters of people's existence due to the active, active nature of political relations. The impact on the economic life of society is through the establishment of priorities for economic development; with the help of political measures, actions of the state mechanism, it is possible to support or hinder the development of culture, science, religion, support one system of moral values and suppress others;
◊ the main policy-specific tool for influencing various aspects of social life is power, coercion, authoritative influence using the power of the organization, which can be parties, unions, the state, movements and institutions that arise on the basis of combining the will and actions of many people who adhere to certain principles.
3) Political norms and traditions governing the political life of the country;
Political principles and norms, governing the political life of the country. Most political norms are legal form consolidation, for example, many constitutional norms have a pronounced political character. Political principles and norms are enshrined in Constitutions, Laws, codes (criminal, procedural, etc.). by-laws. They regulate political relations, giving them order, defining what is permitted and what is not permitted. Through political norms and principles, the formation of political consciousness and behavior of citizens, corresponding to the goals and objectives of the political system, takes place. Through principles and norms, political and power structures bring their goals to the attention of society, determine the desired model of behavior.
4) Political consciousness, reflecting the ideological and psychological characteristics of the system;
Political consciousness as a conscious reflection of the sphere of politics by subjects of political and, in general, social life (individuals, groups, classes, communities), which is a combination of relevant knowledge, assessments and attitudes. P political consciousness and political culture, which are also the leading elements of the political system. Being formed primarily under the influence of specific social and political practices, political culture, in turn, gives knowledge of the laws and the mechanism for implementing policies, and forms a person's attitude to political life. contributes to the understanding of the goals and content of state policy. However, the failures in the policy of perestroika and subsequent pseudo-reformism, unfulfilled expectations and, as a result, disappointment of the broad sections of society gave rise to fatigue in a significant number of people, a decrease in interest in political events.
The integrative function of political culture in society is that it serves support existing political system, contributes to the unity (or separation) of all segments of the population, thereby creating a broad social base to support the system of power or destabilize it.
5) Political activity, covering the actions of specific people as representatives or members of political associations.
Political activity is a systematic, conscious intervention of individuals or social groups in the system of socio-political relations in order to adapt it to their interests, ideals and values.
It is expressed in specific political actions, i.e. actions, actions of social subjects in order to achieve certain results. The response of those whose interests are affected is called reaction.
The goal of political activity is either to strengthen existing social relations, or to transform them, or to completely destroy and create a different socio-political system. The conquest and retention of political power is also considered as a goal. A specific political action may provide for a narrower task: the creation of a party or public organization, victory in elections, development and adoption various solutions etc. Sometimes the goal is to create an ideal socio-political device. Means and methods of political activity, i.e. its techniques and methods are very diverse. These include rallies, demonstrations, elections, referendums, speeches and appeals, meetings, meetings, negotiations, consultations, decrees, reforms, uprisings, revolutions, wars, etc. The choice of means and methods of political action depends on the characteristics of the political culture of society. Their use is usually prescribed by law.
The results of political activity are expressed in changes both in political situations and in the socio-political structure The functions of the political system are varied. Let's focus on the most important of them.· Control over the sphere of distribution of values as the leading function of the political system is provided by the state as the main component of the political system. Values can be material goods, social benefits, cultural achievements, and even forms of leisure. The distributive function of the political system determines the limits and meaning of political intervention in public life: it must begin with an impact on the sphere of distribution, not production. This function is a prerequisite for the implementation of the following function. · Social integration function. The political system is designed to ensure the interconnection and unity of action of various elements of the structure of society. The implementation of this function presupposes the presence of a developed ability of the political system in various ways to remove, smooth out the contradictions that inevitably arise in society, resolve conflicts, localize and extinguish the centers of social tension. · The function of streamlining political processes. This function is aimed at the implementation of contradictory, but interrelated goals: renewal, which is necessary in terms of taking into account and adapting to changing conditions, and stabilization, a factor in maintaining social integrity. An effective political power must ensure both the development and stability of the political system. The absence of such a combination causes numerous destructions in the political system. · The function of involving the population in political life This list of functions of the political system is not exhaustive. It is important to emphasize that the functions of the political system must be distinguished from the functions of individual institutions (parties, states) included in it.
