Political ideologies: the concept, characteristic of liberalism, conservatism, socialism. Modern political ideologies: conservatism, liberalism, socialism

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Dniprodzerzhinsky powered technicia university

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Control work on political science № 6

Political theories of the XIX CH.: Conservatism, Liberalism, Socialism

Student: Denisyuk Yu.V.

Course: 4.

GROUP: PZ-06-1Z

Plan

Bibliography

Introduction

Conservatism, liberalism and socialism are "main" political worldviews 19-20 centuries. This means that any political doctrine of the designated period can be attributed to one of these ideologies - with a greater or lesser degree of validity; That is, any political concept or party platform, any socio-political movement can be understood through a certain combination of liberal, conservative and socialist ideas.

The "main" ideology of the 19-20 centuries were formed in the process of gradually blurring traditional political worldviews - realistic, utopian and theocratic, which were a form of existence and development of specific political concepts from the II millennium BC. 18th century. This erosion and, accordingly, the formation of new worldviews occurred during the 17-18 centuries during the period of bourgeois revolutions.

The concepts of liberalism, conservatism and socialism are meaningful. As the worldview, each of them has a certain philosophical basis and represents some way of understanding the world as a whole, above all, society and methods of its development. As political ideology, liberalism, conservatism and socialism draw a picture of the desired future and the basic ways to achieve it. In other words, each ideology invites some model of the development of society, which its creators and supporters seems to be optimal. It should be emphasized that the political ideology is not a system of views in the strict sense of the word. This is a more or less interdependent set of concepts, principles and ideas, usually underlying political parties.

There is a certain compliance between one or another ideology on the one hand, the interests of some classes and social layers on the other. However, this compliance is neither tough or unchanged. Conservatism usually expresses the aspirations of large owners, as well as the broad layers of the population, the stability of the social position of which was threatened as a result of some occurrect or impending changes. Socialism represents the interests of the most disadvantaged part of the society or those who earn a living mainly. Liberalism is the ideology of a political centerman. As a rule, the liberal views of the bourgeoisie - medium and shallow layers are adhered to. In a modern post-industrial society, where class affiliation ceases to determine the person's place in life, the most wealthy are often conservatives, and less secured sharing the principles of socialism. At the same time, all modern political parties usually declare that they express the interests of the people as a whole, offering a constructive program of rapid economic development and universal well-being.

Conservatism

political liberalism Socialism conservatism

The concept of "conservatism" comes from the name of the literary magazine "Conservative", which began to produce in 1815 a French writer - Romantic F. R. Shatubin. Conservatism is the protection of specific societies from the devastating effects of revolutionary and rationalistic ideas based on the values \u200b\u200bof the past and present. It follows that the conservatives always oppose the revolutions destroying the existing society, and against radical reforms, the negative impact of which in some cases may be comparable to the effects of revolutions. Therefore, in contrast to liberalism, the essence of which is always unchanged, conservatism is historically changeable. The specific content of conservative concepts varies depending on what ideas these concepts are opposed to one or another historical period. However, it would be incorrect to think that conservatism opposes all kinds of changes at all. According to the famous German politician of the conservative orientation of R. Wezzekker, the conservatives are progress, because "the one who closes the way to progress becomes a reactionary." But changes in society should occur naturally, and reforms - to help manifest themselves to the urgent changes, while maintaining everything is valuable, which has been achieved in the process of preceding historical development. The preservatives include patriotism, discipline, solid family and religion, discipline, solid fiction and development of any society, which are necessary for the normal functioning and development of any society. These values, as well as those historically formed in specific societies, sustainable and tested forms of the organization of life of people, customs, traditions, characteristics of culture and mentality should not be destroyed in the process of inevitable changes in society, but to reproduce in new conditions, ensuring stability and continuity.

The first historical type of conservative ideology was classic conservatism (the end of the 18th century is the first half of the 19th century). His founder is considered an English political thinker and the statesman Edmund Burk, who received European fame due to his essay "Reflections on the French Revolution", published in 1790. The fundamental provisions of classic conservatism were also formulated in the works of French emigrant writers Louis De Bonald and Josefa de Meset, German political thinkers Karl Ludwig von Galler and Adam Müller.

The philosophical basis of classic conservatism is a realistic postulate that the total is above one. (This refers to medieval realism - direction in scholasticism, approversing the real existence of common concepts and the secondaryness in relation to individual objects). Accordingly, it is argued that the interests of society and the state are higher than the interests of the individual, which is not a fiction of a common interest, but a reality that has more value, than the interest of a separate person who must be subordinated to the interest to the general and public. It should be emphasized that in practice, any state and society is guided by this principle, even if it is officially considered otherwise.

The idea that the unit is always subordinated to the general amounts to him a single whole reflected in the concept of society as a living holistic organism, no element of which cannot be arbitrarily eliminated or replaced without harmable for the organism itself. Such changes lead to the disease of society, and maybe to his death, especially if the source of the body's vital energy is will be held - his soul.

This concept opposed the ideologists of the Enlightenment, revolutionaries and liberals. Representation of society as a mechanism that can be improved, arbitrarily replacing individual details, eliminating unnecessary by adding new, useful.

The mechanism does not have its own history, self-development. The body, on the contrary, is constantly evolving, varies naturally. It follows that the attempts of revolutionaries and statesmen to realize the abstract models of society created by the mind are doomed to failure and dangerous. It is possible to reform society only gradually, while maintaining its features that have arisen as a result of previous historical development, and the main values \u200b\u200binherent in this society. The ideas of the founders of classical conservatism about society as a holistic structure based on the organic relationship and the interdependence of its elements, the complexity of the successful reform of society and the basic principles of such reform are correct and relevant to all societies that are in the process of active restructuring.

Only a strong state can successfully resist the revolutions and requirements of radical reforms, therefore such a state was viewed by the founders of classic conservatism as a value. Some of them, for example, Joseph de Mestra, recognized the possibility and feasibility of the widespread use of state violence for the sake of preserving the integrity of the public organism. But for most Western European conservative thinkers of the end of the 18th - the first half of the 19th century, this is not characteristic.

The undoubted merit of the conservatives of the end of the 18th - the first half of the 19th century is. that they drew attention to the integrative role of religion in society. Unlike the ideologues of the Enlightenment, which considered religion only as ideological coverage of the existing socio-political system and means of ensuring the humility of the people, representatives of classical conservatism emphasized that the qualitative peculiarity of one or another society is largely determined by the dominant religious system that form the mentality of the population and, The most, uniting individual people into the people, a nation.

Thus, in the works of representatives of classic conservatism, the main values \u200b\u200bwere formulated, which began since then are characteristic of conservative ideology at all. This is a strong state, patriotism, discipline and order in society, a solid family, an important role of religion and church.

In the middle of the 19th century, based on the adoption by the conservatives of a market economy, private property and competition, as well as the liberal principles of parliamentarism and political pluralism, classic conservatism went into the past and formed the second historical type of conservative ideology - conservatism of the second half of the 19th - first decades of the 20th century.

Conservatism

Definition 1.

Conservatism is a political ideology focusing on the preservation and support of historically formed forms of public and public life, primarily the moral and legal bases, which are embodied in religion, nation, property, family.

The key in the understanding of conservatism in the form of political ideology is reflected in the installation on the protection of traditional lies of society. Formed at the end of the 18th century in the form of a negative reaction of the European Aristocracy on the Great French Revolution and its idea, conservatism today is associated with those in politics, who is more falling under the concept of "right", those who are famous from previous moral installations And the norms, having oppose the radical reformity, makes attempts to preserve the procedure for things.

Note 1.

At the same time, it would be incorrect to identify conservatism and reaction. The reactionary is to those who want to return the past, while the conservative is of interest to preserve the present, without eliminating the possibility of changing what matured for them.

In such a connection, it is important to understand the formula of conservatism: "One hand change what should change, in other ways to maintain what is still possible."

Modern varieties of conservatism assigned:

Traditionalism;
Libertarism;
Neoconservatism.

Essence of liberalism

Definition 2.

Liberalism is a combination of ideological and political flows, economic and political programs that make the goal of mitigation or liquidation of various forms of public and state coercion regarding individual.

Finding out the creature and the main principles of liberalism, it is necessary to take into account that, like conservatism, liberalism is also in a historically, there is also a connection with the epoch of bourgeois revolutions of the 17-18 centuries, but in the form of an ideological substantiation of the value new class - commercial and industrial bourgeoisie, who went to the change of aristocracy .

This circumstance determined the main idea of \u200b\u200bliberalism, presented by the idea of \u200b\u200bimplementing freedom of personality, which is represented as universal, total value and valuable increasing benefit.

The fundamental signs of liberalism are reflected in:

individual freedom;
compliance and respect for human rights;
freedom of entrepreneurship and property;
priority equal opportunities in front of the equality of society;
legal equality of citizens;
contractual system of education of statehood (separation of the state from civil society);
separation of power branches, ideas of free elections of all power institutions;
non-accurate state in privacy.

But following the classical model of liberal ideology led to public polarization. No restrained liberalism in politics and the economy did not provide harmony and justice in society.

Free, not limited to anything compete contributes to the absorption of weaker strongest competitors. In any sectors of the monopoly economy were dominant. Such a situation has developed in politics. The ideas of liberalism began to enter the crisis process. Researchers even began to talk about the "sunset" of the ideas of liberalism.

In the first half of the 20th century, separate basic principles of classical liberalism were subjected to revision in the first half of the 20th century, and a new concept of "social liberalism" was developed, referred to as neoliberalism.

Based on the Neoliberal Program, such ideas are laid as:

consensus managed and managers;
participation of masses in the political procession;
the democracy of the procedure for making political decisions, we are talking about the principle of "political justice";
the limited state regulation of social and economic spheres;
restriction at the level of the state of the monopolies;
the guarantee of certain social rights, since, the right to education, for work, on the height in old age, etc.

In addition, neoliberalism suggested the defense of the personality from the abuse and negative consequences of the market type system.

The main values \u200b\u200bof neoliberalism borrowed other ideological trends. He attracted the fact that it would serve as an ideological basis for the legal equality of individuals and legal statehood.

The dual essence of political conservatism

On the one hand, political conservatism is represented by a system of protective consciousness in relation to the tested practice of history, which has proven its own reliability to the public device and power institutions. Since for any historical epoch is characteristic of its own established power system, conservatism sometimes takes a need to change its own ideological and political orientation. In this regard, it is called "ideological chameleon", changing its own political color depending on what kind of socio-political device and the interests of which control class it protects in any historical time period.

From the other side, conservatism is a system of traditional moral and social security and values, which he considers the unchanged and main criteria and guidelines of progress in society. The environment of such values \u200b\u200bconservatives allocated: nation, family, religion, strong state, continuity, morality, loyalty to traditions, order, property, elitism, etc.

It should be noted that if liberalism considers the main value of law and freedom, socialism and communism, social justice and equality, then conservatism by these values \u200b\u200bfinds a strong family, traditional religion, a cohesive nation and public morality, an inviolable ownership and a strong state. This, from a conservative point of view, the fundamental traditional values \u200b\u200bof any society, as of which one can only judge the effectiveness of its political device.

1. Compare the political views of conservatives, liberals, and the Socialists of the X1X - the beginning of the XX W.: Highlight the general and special

Conservatism, liberalism and socialism are "main" political worldviews 19-20 centuries. All of them were formed in the process of gradually blurring traditional political worldviews - realistic, utopian and theocratic, which were a form of existence and development of specific political concepts with the II millennium BC. 18th century. This erosion and, accordingly, the formation of new worldviews occurred during the 17-18 centuries during the period of bourgeois revolutions.

Conservatism

The concept of "conservatism" comes from the name of the literary magazine "Conservative", which began to produce a French writer in 1815 - Romantic F.R. Shatubin. Conservatism is the protection of specific societies from the devastating effects of revolutionary and rationalistic ideas based on the values \u200b\u200bof the past and present. It follows that the conservatives always oppose the revolutions destroying the existing society, and against radical reforms, the negative impact of which in some cases may be comparable to the effects of revolutions. Therefore, in contrast to liberalism, the essence of which is always unchanged, conservatism is historically changeable. The specific content of conservative concepts varies depending on what ideas these concepts are opposed to one or another historical period. However, it would be incorrect to think that conservatism opposes all kinds of changes at all. According to the famous German politician of the conservative orientation of R. Wezzekker, the conservatives are progress, because "the one who closes the way to progress becomes a reactionary." But changes in society should occur naturally, and reforms - to help manifest themselves to the urgent changes, while maintaining everything is valuable, which has been achieved in the process of preceding historical development. The preservatives include patriotism, discipline, solid family and religion, discipline, solid fiction and development of any society, which are necessary for the normal functioning and development of any society. These values, as well as those historically formed in specific societies, sustainable and tested forms of the organization of life of people, customs, traditions, characteristics of culture and mentality should not be destroyed in the process of inevitable changes in society, but to reproduce in new conditions, ensuring stability and continuity.

This is the least conceptual, most pragmatic of all varieties of conservative ideology, although conservatism is generally considered much less conceptual and more pragmatic than liberalism and socialism. In this historic period, the conservatives advocated the preservation of the existing state of affairs, that is, freedom of entrepreneurship and unlimited competition, state non-interference in relations between hired workers and employers, counteracting the introduction of state regulation of the economy and state social programs, expressing the expansion of the circle of voters, then against the introduction universal suffrage.

This historical type of conservatism failed to win in the fight against the social reformity, the initiative of which proceeded from Liberals, and from the late 19th century - from Social Democrats. Therefore, at the beginning of the 20th century, a new type of conservatism arose - revolutionary conservatism (the beginning of 20 is the first half of the 40s of the 20th century), presented by two species - Italian fascism and German national socialism.

Conservative ideology and her party holds are currently developing. Conservative Parties periodically come to power, competing with Social Democrats, and conservative ideology has a significant impact on liberalism and socialism, on the practical policy of socialist and liberal parties.

Liberalism

The concept of "liberalism" appeared in the early 19th century. Initially, the liberals called the nationalist deputies group in Cortes - Spanish Parliament. This concept then entered all European languages, but in a slightly different value.

The essence of liberalism remains unchanged throughout the history of its existence. Liberalism is a statement of the value of the human person, its rights and freedoms. From the ideology of Enlightenment, liberalism borrowed the idea of \u200b\u200bnatural human rights, so in the number of the inalienable personal rights of the individual, liberals included and include the right to life, freedom, happiness and property, and the most attention is paid to private property and freedom, since it is believed that property provides freedom that in its own The queue is the background of success in the life of a separate person, the prosperity of society and the state. Freedom is inseparable from responsibility and ends where the freedom of another person begins. The "Rules of the game" in society is recorded in the laws taken by the democratic state, in which political freedoms (conscience, words, meetings, associations, etc.) are proclaimed. Economy Market, based on private property and competition. Such an economic system is the embodiment of the principle of freedom and the condition of the successful economic development of the country.

The first historical type of worldview containing the ideas designated above was classic liberalism (the end of the 18th - 70s and 190s of the 19th century). No wonder the "Father of Liberalism" is called John Locke, and the creators of classical liberalism of Jeremiah Bentam and Adam Smith are considered the largest representatives of the late enlightenment in England. During the 19th century, the liberal ideas developed John Stewart Mill (England), Benjan Konstan and Alexis de Tokville (France), Wilhelm von Humboldt and Lorenz Stein (Germany). Classic liberalism is distinguished primarily by the lack of communication with revolutionary processes, as well as a negative attitude towards revolutions in general and to the Great French Revolution in particular. Liberals accept and justify the social reality that pretended in Europe after the Great French Revolution, and are actively striving to improve it, believing in unlimited public progress and the power of the human mind.

Classic liberalism includes a number of principles and concepts. His philosophical basis is the nominal postulate about the priority of one before the general. Accordingly, the principle of individualism is the principle of individualism: the interests of the personality above the interests of society and the state. Therefore, the state cannot teach human rights and freedoms, and the personality has the right to defend them against encroachments by other persons, organizations, society and the state.

If we consider the principle of individualism in terms of its compliance with the actual position of things, its falsity should be asked. None of the state the interests of a separate person may not be higher than social and state. The inverse situation would mean the death of the state. It is curious that for the first time, one of the founders of classical liberalism I. Bentam drew attention to it. He wrote that "natural, inalienable and sacred rights never existed", as they are incompatible with the state; "... Citizens, demanding them, asked only anarchy ...". Nevertheless, the principle of individualism played a highly progressive role in the development of Western civilization. And in our time, he still gives the personality legitimate right to defend its interests in the face of the state.

The principle of utilitarianism is the further development and concretization of the principle of individualism. I. Bentam formulated by I. Bentam believed that society was a fictitious body consisting of individual personalities. The overall good is also a fiction. The actual interest of society is nothing more than the amount of interests of the components of its individuals. Therefore, any actions of politicians and any institutions should be evaluated solely from the point of view to which extent they contribute to the reduction of suffering and an increase in the happiness of individual people. Designing a model of an ideal society, according to I. Bentama, not necessary and dangerous from the point of view of possible consequences.

Nevertheless, based on the principles of individualism and utilitarianism, classical liberalism proposed as an optimal particular model of society and the state. The core of this model leaves the concept of public self-regulation developed by A. Smith. According to A. Smith, in the conditions of a market economy based on private property and competition, individual individuals pursue their egoistic interests, and as a result of their collision and interaction, public harmony is formed, involving the effective economic development of the country. The state should not interfere in socio-economic relations: it can rather break harmony rather than to assist its establishment.

The concept of public self-regulation in the field of politics meets the concept of a legal state. The purpose of such a state is the formal equality of the possibilities of citizens, the means - the adoption of relevant laws and ensuring their strict implementation by all, including government officials. At the same time, the material well-being of each individual is considered his personal matter, and not the sphere of state concern. Mitigation of the extremes of poverty is assumed at the expense of private charity. The essence of the Legal State is briefly expressed by the formula: "The law is above all."

Programs of liberal parties typically included the following requirements: the separation of the authorities; approval of the principle of parliamentarism, that is, the transition to such forms of the organization of the state in which the government is formed by Parliament; proclamation and implementation of democratic rights and freedoms; Department of the Church from the state.

Since the end of the 18th century, and for the first two decades of the 20th century, the initiative of the social reformity in the countries of Western civilization belonged to liberals. However, in the late 19th and early 20th century, the crisis of liberalism began.

Then liberalism has changed significantly and began the second stage of its development, associated with the advent of social liberalism as a new historical type of liberal ideology. Social liberalism (the end of 19-70s of 20 centuries) has absorbed some social democratic ideas, and, as a result, there has been a refusal of the postulates of classical liberalism. The creators of social liberalism became such political thinkers like J. Gobbson, T. Green, L. Hobhaz (England), V. Rake, V. Okegen (Germany), B. Croce (Italy), L. Ward, J. Crowley, J. . Dewey (USA).

First of all, social liberalism included a social-democratic idea of \u200b\u200bstate regulation of the economy in a liberal doctrine (the economic concept of state regulation was developed by J.M. Keynes and Socialist, although it was also used by Social Democrats), since in the conditions of domination of monopolies, the requirement of unlimited freedom Competition was torn to military monopolists and acquired the function of protecting the interests of the preferred segments of the population. Already at the end of the 19th century, the liberal governments of European countries one after another began to take antimonopoly laws, prohibiting an excessive concentration of property. The global economic crisis of the end of the 20s - mid-30th anniversary of the 20th century finally made the possession of the past, the idea of \u200b\u200bthe possibility of an effective economy without regulatory state intervention.

The second idea borrowed by social liberalism from Social Democracy is the idea of \u200b\u200bsocial justice understood as the right of everyone to a decent life. A specific way to implement its implementation has also become broad social programs proposed by Social Democrats, which implies the redistribution of profits from the rich to the poor through the system of state taxes. Social inspection on illness, unemployment, in old age, insurance medicine, free education, etc. - All these programs, gradually introduced and expandable in Western civilization throughout the 19th-70s of the 20th century, existed and continue to exist thanks to the introduction of a progressive tax scale. Such a tax collection system suggests that people who have greater income or capital pay a greater percentage of this income or capital than people with less tools for life. Social programs simultaneously contribute to the development of the economy, since they expand solvent demand.

Currently, the influence of liberalism as a political worldview is growing. This is due to both the resurrection of the neoconservatives of a number of fundamental provisions of classical liberalism and the collapse of the USSR, the global system of socialism, with the transition of European countries to the liberal economic model and the political democracy of the Western sample, in the statement of which liberalism and liberal parties played a decisive role. At the same time, the crisis of liberal parties continues.

Socialism

The concept of "socialism", which entered into universal use in the third decade of the 19th century, was intended to designate the direction of public thought, seeking to develop a fundamentally new model of the Company's device as a whole on the basis of transformation of socio-economic relations. It is difficult to give a brief meaningful definition of this ideology, since the concept of socialism combines a large number of strongly different concepts that can be divided into two large groups: actually socialist and communist.

The concepts of the first group assume that a decent life of workers can be achieved in a society based on a combination of public and private ownership of the means of production, and universal absolute equality is not necessarily and not desirable. The concepts of the second group are proposed to create a society based exclusively on social forms of ownership, which implies the full social and property equality of citizens.

The characteristic of the socialist ideology, which takes into account the existence of two directions of the socialist thought designated above, can be given as follows. Socialism suggests the criticism of the bourgeois society from the standpoint of some ideal, "located" on the thought of socialists in the future. The formulation of the main features of the future society is given from the standpoint of the most disadvantaged part of the population earning their lives. The Social Justice Society itself implies a significant role of social forms of ownership, bringing the extremes of wealth and poverty, replacing solidarity competition, mutual assistance. The new society is thinking as capable of providing faster and most comprehensive public progress than bourgeois.

The first historical type of socialist ideology is the humanistic socialism of the first half of the 19th century, also called utopian socialism (at present, the second name is unreasonable, as Marxism also turned out to be utopia, although in a different sense). His founders and the largest representatives are Henri de Saint-Simon and Charles Fourier (France), Robert Owen (England). Humanistic, this socialism is called because its creators, formulating the main features of a social justice society, proceeded from the interests of a person at all, and not a representative of any class or layer, although the greatest winning the implementation of the proposed model was to bring people labor.

Specific views of the founders of the founders of humanistic socialism were different, but in general, the society of social justice thought as based on the combination of public and private forms of ownership, on collaboration classes. The preservation of public and property inequalities associated with the inactivity of the contribution - financial and labor - in the development of the enterprise, with different roles of representatives of various social layers in society. The transition to a new public organization thought as gradual and exclusively occurring in peaceful way. In the quality of the transition media, it was proposed: appeal to the power of the property, to representatives of large business, the creation on new principles of exemplary enterprises, propaganda positive experience. It was the designated means of transition to society social justice caused the name "Utopic Socialism".

In the 40s of the 19th century, Marxism arose, also called workers or economic socialism, as well as scientific communism. This ideology appeared on the basis of the analysis of the economic relations of the bourgeois society implemented by Karl Marx in the conditions of the growth of the labor movement. The main provisions of Marxism are.

Capitalist society will inevitably lose its economic efficiency due to its characteristic contradiction between the social character of production and the private form of assignment. To eliminate this contradiction and discover the development of productive forces, one should eliminate private property to the means of production. Accordingly, the future society of social justice will be at the same time economically most effective. It will have public ownership of the means of production, it will not become class, the operation will disappear, the full public and property equality will be approved, the state will cease to exist as the political organization of the economically dominant class (it will replace public self-government), creative self-realization of each person will be possible.

The transition to a new society is possible only by class struggle and the social revolution, which is carried out by the working class headed by the Communist Party, armed knowledge of the laws of social development. Immediately after the victory of the revolution, the dictatorship of the proletariat will approve, which will become a new, higher form of democracy, because by that time the majority of the population will be in society.

The development of Marxism in the second half of the 19th - early 20th century led to the emergence of two modern types of socialist ideology: Marxism-Leninism and the ideology of Social Democracy.

Marxism-Leninism, also called Bolshevism and scientific communism, arose as an adaptation of Marxism to the conditions of Russia and to the practice of socialist construction after the victory of the Russian revolution of 1917. The party who accepted this ideology is usually called communist.

An attempt to implement the Marxist model carried out in the USSR and other countries of the global system of socialism led to the emergence of society in which the state economy was managed from a single center in the absence of political democracy. It was another attempt to overcome the crisis of liberalism and the liberal economic model. However, the established society did not become more humane, no more cost-effective than capitalist, in the long run, and therefore left with historical arena.

The ideology of the Social Democracy, which formed in the 1990s of the 19th century, arose as criticism, revision of Marxism. Its main provisions were developed by the German Social Democrat Eduard Bernstein and gradually adopted by the International Social Democracy, although not without an acute struggle of opinions. There was a refusal to such fundamental provisions of Marxism as a social (socialist) revolution, the dictatorship of the proletariat, the complete replacement of private ownership of the means of producing public property.

The revision of Marxism was possible and inevitable, since in recent decades of the 19th century it became apparent that the position of the working class does not deteriorate with the development of capitalism, as K. Marx predicted, but improves. From this fact, E. Bernstein made far-reaching conclusions that did not lose their importance today, and developed a program for the construction of democratic socialism.

Since economic development in the conditions of capitalism leads to an increase in the material welfare of workers, the task of social democratic parties should be improved by an existing society, and not in its liquidation and replacement to another, fundamental different from the bourgeois.

A prerequisite for such improvement is political democracy. E. Bernstein drew attention to the fact that the consistent implementation of the main liberal principles of the political structure leads to the elimination of the political domination of the bourgeoisie if the working class is able to organize and will constantly maintain his part in the elections.

At the beginning of the 21st century, solidarity, freedom, equality, political democracy, a market mixed economy, and social security of the population continue to be the main values \u200b\u200bof international social democracy. A gradual increase in the public sector of the economy is no longer considered appropriate.

Currently, despite the fact that the Social Democratic Party periodically comes to power in European countries, replacing neoconservatives, the crisis of social democratic ideology cannot be considered overcome, since new constructive ideas capable of updating the program and practice of democratic socialism, in the international social There is no democracy.

2. Finance and politics. The role of the state in the formation of economic relations

Finance and politics

Government finances have an impact on international life in two directions.

First, they can affect the international structure. The dimensions of the necessary government spending encourage States to unite their financial forces, to be grouped into international corporations, etc., which changes the structure of international communication.

Secondly, the possibilities and role of all international organizations are largely determined by their financial capabilities. Finance disposal makes it possible to implement policies. The most striking example is the formation of the Customs Union of Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan, which is the investigation of the market for the sale of goods and services produced in these states.

Finance can affect international organizations in two directions. First of all, international financial relations have now gained such importance that this entailed the creation of international financial institutions, such as an international development and reconstruction bank, a bank of international settlements, the International Monetary Fund, etc. The existence and development of these organizations proves the growing importance of finances in international relations. These international organizations with financial competence are regulated mainly by international law.

The impact of finances on international organizations can be expressed in another way. All international organizations, whatever they do, need, like the state itself and government organizations within the country, in cash in order to fulfill their functions. From here there is a problem of finance of international organizations. This problem relates more to financial law than to international. Therefore, it will be considered in two aspects: from the point of view of the nature of the finance of international organizations and from the point of view of relations between financial independence.

Like all public organisms, an international organization to function should make certain costs, to cover which it needs certain income. These costs and revenues are financed by international organizations.

Expenses of international organizations are two species. First of all, these are expenses to perform their functions similar to the costs of institutions that operate within the state. These are expenses that include employee employees, purchase, hiring and the content of the necessary premises and, finally, those amounts without which the administrative apparatus of the organization could not function.

In addition, there are costs associated with the implementation of activities. They are found in most international organizations and give them the opportunity to better fulfill the mission. Examples of this can serve as expenses for scientific research and investments carried out by the European Association of Atomic Energy, to promote scientific and technical research, guarantees of interest on loans, modernization assistance implemented by the European Association of Coal and Steel, the costs associated with the operations of the International Armed Forces of the Organization United Nations. And in order to make all these expenses, international organizations must be provided with funds.

The role of the state in the formation of economic relations

1. The state participates in the economy almost everywhere, becoming more and more active participants in market relations. It uses various methods for regulating economic life:

A) legal methods

It is that the state takes laws designed to streamline the relationship between the participants of the market game. A special place among these laws is the so-called antitrust law, laws aimed at supporting small and medium-sized businesses, thus maintaining a variety of production structure.

B) financial and economic methods

These include primarily taxes. Increasing or reducing the amount of taxes, the state or contributes to the development of production, or inhibits it. The state has a certain impact on the economy when conducting its monetary policy. Under the monetary policy, the state policy on monetary management and loans is understood. The main responsibility for its conduct, as a rule, bears the state bank of the country, which regulates the bank interest rate. With its help, the bank either limits or expands the possibilities of obtaining credit entrepreneurs for the development of production.

The state can also help commodity producers, introducing customs duties. A duty is a special state tax on goods purchased abroad. It is introduced so that imported goods are more expensive than domestic and consumers choose the latter. Thus, the state, on the one hand, holds back imports, and on the other, it protects the relevant domestic industries (for example, the Government of the Russian Federation comes with the protection of domestic car manufacturers). The same group includes taxes, budget, public investment, etc.

C) economic programming

It is that the state is exemplary plans for the development of the economy for some period. But unlike the command economy, where such plans are mandatory and implemented with the help of orders from above, in a market economy they are advisory and in practice usually have a certain impact on private producers.

3. Show the order and principles of formation (election) of the state authorities of the Russian Federation (President of the Russian Federation, the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, the Russian government, the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation)

liberal State Power Conservative

Activities of any state is implemented primarily through the system of its state bodies. The state body is a separate state of the mechanism of the state, which has its own structure, strictly certain functions and the necessary state-powerful powers.

The structure of state bodies may be different. The higher the place of the organ in the vertical hierarchy, the usually more difficult than its structure. Each state authority is created in accordance with the Constitution, laws or other regulatory acts.

State authority is endowed with powerful powers. Its decisions are mandatory for all citizens, officials and organizations on which the competence of this state authority is applied.

According to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, state power in the Russian Federation is carried out on the basis of separation on legislative, executive and judicial. These power branches are independent and do not interfere with each other's operational activities. The implementation of the principle of separation of their relationship guarantees society from hazardous concentration

the authorities in the hands of any one body or an official capable of leading to the dictatorship and the establishment of totalitarian regime.

Russian legislative authorities include the Federal Assembly (Federation Council and the State Duma) and legislative (representative) bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The main task of these bodies is to adopt the laws governing the most important public relations. All legislative bodies are elected, i.e. Elected directly by the population on the basis of universal, equal and direct election law during a secret ballot.

The executive authorities of Russia carry out state power in the form of organizing the execution of laws. These include the Government of the Russian Federation, federal ministries, state committees, federal services, federal commissions, Russian agencies, heads of administrations of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

Russian judicial authorities are the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation and the courts in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The judiciary is an independent and independent branch and acts through constitutional, criminal, civil and administrative proceedings.

There are also state authorities that do not enter into any of the three branches of government. These include the prosecutor's office of the Russian Federation, the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation, the Central Election Commission of the Russian Federation.

President of Russian Federation

The presidential post in the Russian Federation was established by a common referendum on March 17, 1991. On June 12, 1991, the first general presidential elections took place, on which the President of the Russian Federation was elected a born for a period of five years. Yeltsin. The election of the first Russian president was carried out on the basis of the RSFSR law on April 24, 1991 "On the elections of the President of the RSFSR". After the adoption of the 1993 Constitution, the effect of this law was discontinued.

Currently, the order of election of the President of the Russian Federation is enshrined in the Federal Law of January 10, 2003. "On the elections of the President of the Russian Federation"

The President of the Russian Federation is elected for four years by citizens of the Russian Federation on the basis of universal equal and direct election law during a secret ballot. The participation of a citizen of the Russian Federation in the presidential elections is voluntary.

President of the Russian Federation can be elected citizen of the Russian Federation at least 35 years permanently residing in the Russian Federation for at least 10 years. It has no right to elect the president of the Russian Federation and to be elected President of the Russian citizen of the Russian Federation, recognized by the court incapacitated or contained in the field of imprisonment by the court sentence.

The election of the President of the Russian Federation is held at a single federal electoral district comprising the entire territory of the Russian Federation. Voters living outside the territory of the Russian Federation are considered attributed to the federal electoral district.

The election of the President of the Russian Federation is appointed by the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly. The decision to appoint elections must be taken no earlier than 100 days and no later than 90 days before the voting day. The Day of Voting in the election is the second Sunday of the month, which conducted a vote in previous elections of the President of the Russian Federation.

In the event that the Federation Council does not appoint the election of the president, the elections are appointed and held by the Central Election Commission.

Upon termination by the President of the Russian Federation, the execution of its powers before the expiration of the Federation Council of the Federation no later than 14 days appoints early elections. In this case, voting day in this case is the last Sunday before the day, when they expire for three months from the date of early termination by the President of the Russian Federation, the fulfillment of their powers.

The same person cannot occupy the presidency of the Russian Federation more than two times in a row.

Preparation and elections are carried out by election commissions, which are independent of state authorities and local governments.

State bodies, their officials are obliged to assist the election commissions in the implementation of their powers.

To carry out voting and counting votes, polling stations are formed on the basis of data on the number of voters registered in the territory of municipalities (no more than 3,000 voters per polling station).

Political parties, electoral blocks, as well as citizens in self-nomination, can nominate a candidate for the presidency of Russia. To support the self-nomination of the candidate, it is necessary to create a group of voters in the amount of at least 500 citizens of the Russian Federation with active election law. In support of the nominated candidacy, initiators should raise at least 2 million signatures of the voters, and no more than 50 thousand signaties of the voter should have to one register of the Russian Federation.

In the case of early or repeated elections of the President of the Russian Federation, the number of signatures is reduced by half.

The determination of the election results is made according to the majority system of the absolute majority. The chosen is the candidate for the position of President of the Russian Federation, who received more than half of the votes of voters who took part in the voting.

The election of the President of the Russian Federation is recognized as soon as more than half of the voters took part.

In the event that more than two candidates for the position of President of the Russian Federation and not one of them was elected, the Central Election Commission of the Russian Federation in 21 days appoints a repeated vote on the election of the President of the Russian Federation for two registered candidates who received the greatest number of votes.

The elected President of the Russian Federation takes office on the 30th day from the date of the official announcement by the Central Election Commission of the Election Results. Upon joining the position, the president brings the text of which is contained in Art. 82 Constitution of the Russian Federation. From the moment of the involvement of the oath, the President of the Russian Federation starts fulfilling his duties.

Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation

The Federal Assembly - Parliament of the Russian Federation is a representative and legislative body of the Russian Federation.

The Federal Assembly consists of two chambers of the Federation Council and the State Duma. The composition of the chambers, as well as the principles of their acquisition, differ.

The Federation Council includes two representatives from each subject of the Russian Federation: one by one of the legislative (representative) and executive bodies of state power of the subject of the Russian Federation. Since Russia includes 89 subjects, the total members of the Federation Council 178.

A member of the Federation Council can be elected (appointed) citizen of the Russian Federation at least 30 years old, which possesses in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the right to elect and be elected to state authorities.

The representative of the legislative (representative) state authority of the subject of the Russian Federation is elected by the legislative (representative) authority of the state power of the constituent entity for the term of office of this body. The representative of the two-chamber legislative (representative) authority is elected alternately from each chamber for half the term of office of the relevant chamber.

A group of deputies with a number of at least 1/3 of the total number of deputies of the legislative (representative) state authority of the subject of the Russian Federation may apply to this body alternative candidates for the election of a representative to the Federation Council.

The representative of the Federation Council on the executive officer of the state power of the subject of the Russian Federation is elected for the term of its powers.

The powers of a member of the Federation Council begins from the date of the entry into force of the decision to elect (appointment) and terminate from the date of entry into force of the decision to elect (about the appointment) of the Federation Council, respectively, respectively, by the legislative (representative) authority of the public authority of the subject of the Russian Federation or the highest official Subject of the Russian Federation.

The powers of a member of the Federation Council may be discontinued by ahead of schedule elected (appointed) by his state authority of the subject of the Russian Federation in the same order in which its election is carried out (appointment).

The State Duma consists of 450 deputies and is elected for a period of four years. They are elected on various systems. One half of the chamber, i.e. 225 deputies of the State Duma, elected on a single-mandate (one district - one deputy) of electoral districts - a majoritarian system. Another half of the chamber, i.e. Also 225 deputies, elected by the federal electoral district in proportion to the number of votes filed for the federal lists of candidates for deputies, nominated by political parties, electoral blocks, is a proportional system.

The first elections to the State Duma were held on December 12, 1995. On the basis of the Special Federal Law of June 21, 1995. "On the elections of deputies of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation".

Currently, the legislation on the elections of the State Duma deputies are constituted by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Federal Law of June 12, 2002 "On Basic Guarantees of Election and Rights to Participation in the Referendum of Citizens of the Russian Federation", Federal Law of December 20, 2002 "On the Election Deputies State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation ", other federal laws.

A citizen of the Russian Federation reached on the day of vote 21 years can be elected a deputy.

The election of the deputies of the State Duma appoints the President of the Russian Federation. The decision to appoint elections must be taken no earlier than 100 days and no later than 90 days before the voting day. Day of voting is the second Sunday of the month, when the constitutional period expires to which the State Duma of the previous convocation was elected.

Elections are considered to be held if 25% of voters took part in them.

To carry out the election of deputies of the State Duma, elected at single-member constituencies, 225 single-member constituencies are formed on the territory of the Russian Federation on the basis of the executive and central election commission by the executive bodies of the state authorities of the constituent data on the number of voters.

Single-mandate constituencies are formed in compliance with the following requirements:

the approximate equality of single-member constituencies in the number of voters registered in their territories should be observed. The deviation from the average norm within one subject of the Russian Federation should be no more than 10%, but in remote areas no more than 15%;

the formation of the district from the territories of two or more subjects of the Russian Federation is not allowed;

at least one single-member constituency should be formed on the territory of each subject;

within the territory of the subject of the Russian Federation, the formation of a single-member constituency from the territories that do not bordering among themselves, with the exception of territories, enclave for the subject of the Russian Federation, the municipality, other administrative-territorial unit.

no more than 3,000 voters can be registered on the territory of each polling station;

it is unacceptable intersection of the boundaries of electoral districts by the boundaries of polling stations.

The preparation and holding of elections of the State Duma deputies provide election commissions: the Central Election Commission of the Russian Federation, election commissions of the subjects of the Russian Federation; District election commissions, territorial (district, city and other) election commissions and precinct election commissions.

Candidates for the deputies of the State Duma can be nominated directly, as well as as part of the federal list of candidates. The direct nomination of candidates can be carried out by self-nomination, as well as by nominating the political party, the electoral block.

Electoral blocks are formed voluntarily for the period of elections of deputies of the State Duma from two or three political parties. The electoral unit may also be the voluntary union of one or two political parties with respectively, no more than two or one all-Russian public association established in the form of a public organization or social movement, whose charter provides for participation in the elections. Electoral blocks are registered in the Central Election Commission.

The federal list of candidates for deputies of the State Duma for ballotting in the elections to the federal electoral district is put forward by a political party at the congress. The decision to be taken by secret ballot. The total number of candidates should not exceed 270 people.

All candidates have equal rights and carry equal duties.

After receiving certified copies of the federal list of nominated candidates from the Central Election Commission, the collection of signatures in their support begins. In single-member constituency, in support of each candidate, it is necessary to obtain at least one percent of the total number of voters registered in the territory of the relevant constituency, and if there are less than 100 thousand voters in the polling district - at least 1000 signatures. The political party or the electoral bloc that nominated the federal list of candidates is obliged to collect at least 200 thousand signatures of voters in its support. At the same time, for one subject of the Russian Federation should have no more than 14 thousand of the necessary number of signatures. In the case of early elections, the specified number of signatures is reduced by half.

After registration, all candidates acquire the rights necessary for them to conduct an election campaign (exempt from work with compensation, free use by transport, etc.). The candidate for deputies after registration cannot be attracted to criminal responsibility, arrested or subjected to measures of administrative recovery imposed in court, without the consent of the Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation.

Pre-election campaign begins from the date of registration of the candidate, the federal list of candidates and stops at 00:00 local time per day before the voting day. On the day of the vote and the previous day, any election campaign is prohibited.

The costs of preparing and conducting elections of the State Duma deputies are made at the expense of the federal budget. Candidates for deputies, political parties and electoral blocks form their own electoral funds to finance election campaigning.

The counting of votes produces a local election commission, which transmits the protocol to the higher commission and so - right up to the Central Election Commission, which establishes and declares the results of the elections.

The candidate who received the greatest number of votes who took part in the vote is recognized as elected at a single-member district.

The distribution of deputy mandates for the federal constituency on federal lists is carried out between those parties and electoral blocks, which scored 7% and more votes who came to the elections (in the elections of deputies to the State Duma in 2003, for the distribution of deputy mandates it is necessary to gain five or more percent of votes votes). They receive deputy mandates into the State Duma in proportion to the number of votes received. Inside the list, first of all, the mandates receive those candidates who stand in the upper part of it.

The Federation Council elects from its composition Chairman of the Federation Council and his deputies. The State Duma also elects the chairman of the State Duma and his deputies from its composition. The specific procedure for electing managers is established in the regulations of each chamber.

The State Duma is going to first meeting for the thirtieth day after election.

The Federation Council and the State Duma form committees and commissions. Currently in the State Duma 28 committees. In the Federation Council 11 committees.

The State Duma and the Federation Council may themselves make decisions on the liquidation, reorganization of individual committees or the formation of new committees. Committees can form subcommittees. Each Committee has a competence approved by the Rules.

The Council of the Duma is created in the State Duma, which includes the chairman, leaders of factions and deputy groups.

The internal structure and organization of the activities of the Chambers, the Federal Assembly is determined by their regulations.

The competence of the Federation Council includes:

appointment to the position of all senior officials of the state, which represent the judiciary: Judges of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation and the Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation;

appointment and exemption from the post of Deputy Chairman of the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation and half of the composition of its auditors;

approval of changes in the boundaries between the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;

approval by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation on the introduction of military situation;

solving the issue of the possibility of using the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation outside the territory of the Russian Federation;

appointment of elections of the President of the Russian Federation;

decision of the President of the Russian Federation from office.

The competence of the State Duma includes:

current consent to the President of the Russian Federation for the appointment of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation;

solving the issue of confidence in the Government of the Russian Federation;

appointment and liberation from the post of Chairman of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation;

appointment and exemption from the post of Chairman of the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation and half of the composition of its auditors;

appointment and exemption from the position of the Commissioner for Human Rights in the Russian Federation;

annisten's announcement;

the prosecution against the President of the Russian Federation to reject him from office.

Government of the Russian Federation

The Government of the Russian Federation is the government authority of the Russian Federation and implements the executive power in the Russian Federation.

The Government of the Russian Federation is a collegial body leading to a unified system of executive authority of the Russian Federation. It consists of the chairman of the government, his deputies and federal ministers.

The Government of the Russian Federation ensures the fulfillment of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal laws, regulations of the President of the Russian Federation.

The President of the Russian Federation is appointed by the President of the Russian Federation with the consent of the State Duma on the following dates:

no later than two weeks after joining the post of newly elected president of the Russian Federation;

no later than two weeks after the resignation of the Government of the Russian Federation;

during the week from the date of rejection by the President of the Russian Federation, the candidacy of the Government Chairman for consideration by the State Duma.

The newly appointed Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation submits his proposals to the President of the Russian Federation under the structure of federal executive bodies and candidates for the posts of his deputies and federal ministers.

The system of federal executive bodies includes ministries and other federal executive authorities: state committees, federal commissions, federal services, Russian agencies, federal supervisors, other federal executive bodies.

The Ministry of Russian Federation is the Federal Executive Authority, conducting public policy and management in the established field of activities, as well as coordinating in cases established by laws, decrees, decrees, activities in this area of \u200b\u200bother federal executive bodies. The ministry is headed by the Russian Federation of the Russian Federation (federal minister).

The State Committee of the Russian Federation, the Federal Commission of Russia - the federal executive bodies, carrying out on a collegial basis, intersectoral coordination on issues related to their maintenance, as well as functional regulation in a certain field of activity. The State Committee of the Russian Federation, the Federal Commission of Russia is headed by the Chairman of the State Committee of the Russian Federation and the Chairman of the Federal Commission of Russia.

Federal Service of Russia, Russian Agency, Federal Supervision of Russia - Federal Executive Authorities, carrying out special (executive, control, permits, regulating, etc.) functions in the established areas of reference. The Federal Service of Russia is headed by the head (director) of the Federal Service of Russia, the Russian Agency - the Director General of the Russian Agency, the Federal Supervision of Russia - the head of the Federal Supervision of Russia.

In May 2000, the structure of the federal executive authorities was reorganized, as a result of which the number of ministers was 23, state committees - 6, federal commissions - 2, federal services - 12, agencies - 7, federal supervisors - 2.

The presidential decrees are created, ministries and departments merge and divided. In each ministry and agency, a board is formed as part of the Minister (Chairman of the Board), his deputies, as well as other managers of the central office of the ministry.

The Russian government for the implementation of its powers can create its territorial bodies and appoint relevant officials.

The main directions in the activities of the Government of the Russian Federation are determined in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal laws, decrees of the President of the Russian Federation.

The Constitution of the Russian Federation does not establish the term of government office, but provides for the possibility of resigning the government. This may be in cases when:

The government is making his authority to the newly elected President of the Russian Federation;

The government itself is resigned, which is accepted or rejected by the president;

President independently sends the government to resign;

The State Duma expresses distrust to the Government of the Russian Federation;

The Chairman of the Government sets the issue of confidence in the government before the State Duma. If the State Duma refuses to confidence, the President for seven days decides on the resignation of the government or the dissolution of the State Duma.

In the event of a resignation or addition of powers on behalf of the President of the Russian Federation, the government continues to operate before forming a new government of the Russian Federation.

Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation

Under the judicial system of the Russian Federation means a combination of all courts of Russia. The judicial system is established by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal constitutional laws.

The Federal Constitutional Law of December 31, 1996 "On Judicial System of the Russian Federation" consolidated the unity of the judicial system

The federal courts include:

Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation;

Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, Supreme Courts of the republics, regional and regional courts, the courts of the cities of the federal significance, the courts of the autonomous region and autonomous districts, district courts, military and specialized courts that make up a system of federal courts of general jurisdiction;

Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation, federal arbitration courts of districts, arbitration courts of the subjects of the Russian Federation, which make up a system of federal arbitration courts.

The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation was established by the decision of the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR on December 19, 1990. Its predecessor can be considered the Committee of the Constitutional Supervision of the USSR, which has existed from 1989 to 1991 in the USSR there was no such kind of institutions.

The procedure for the organization and activities of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation is determined by the Federal Constitutional Law of July 24, 1994 "On the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation".

The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation consists of 19 judges appointed by the Federation Council for the Presidential Presentation of the Russian Federation.

The judge of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation may be appointed a citizen of the Russian Federation, which has reached the day of appointment of age at least 40 years old, with an impeccable reputation that has a higher legal education and work experience at the legal profession at least 15 years, which has a recognized high qualification in the field of law.

The judge of the Constitutional Court is appointed for a position for a period of 15 years. Ultimate age for staying as a judge of 70 years. Appointment for the second term is not allowed.

The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation from its composition for a period of three years elects the Chairman, Deputy and Judge of the Secretary of the Constitutional Court.

The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation makes a conclusion on compliance with the established procedure for nomination against the president of the Russian Federation.

Bibliography

1. Baburin S.N. Jurisprudence. "Norm", 2003. - 592 p.

Komarov S.A. Laws of "Lawyer", 2003. 526 p.

Constitution of the Russian Federation - M. 1993.

Kutafin O.E. Jurisprudence. "Lawyer", 2002.-398 p.

Larionova I.L. Political ideology of the XIX-XX centuries. Liberalism. Conservatism. Socialism: method. Recommendations for "Political Science", "Global Conflicts of the New and Newest Time", "Patriotic Story" // Mosk. State Ins-t Electronics and Mathematics - 2004

Chicherin B.N. History of political teachings. // SPb., Russian Christian Humanitarian Academy - 2006

Chicherin B.N. Various types of liberalism // Society. Science and modernity - 2003.

World practice has developed many different ideological systems. We will consider only the largest of them: liberalism, conservatism, socialism and fascism.

All these ideological flows are undoubtedly related to the activities of certain political parties and state structures. But none of them are in tight form directly can be attributed to a particular party or government course. The formation and approval of each of these ideological flows occurred in various socio-historical and socio-cultural conditions. Therefore, in their content there are many diverse shades and even contradictions.

Liberalism. One of the most common ideological flows is liberalism. What are its fundamental principles? Liberalism was formed at the end of the XVII-XVIII centuries. As the ideology of the ascending class of the bourgeoisie on the basis of the ideas of the Epoch of Enlightenment. In its origins, the works of Sh.L. Montesquieu, D. Kka, T.GBBS, A. Smita, T.Jeperson, J.S. Mill and others. The foundation of liberalism laid the principle of individual freedom, its intrinsicity towards all public institutions, personality responsibility both before himself and the society, recognition of the right to self-realization of all people. Therefore, liberalism in all its species consistently defended the demand of individual freedom, the advantages of the human person and tolerance to the views and beliefs of other people.

Under the influence of the development of social processes, the inner evolution of liberalism took place. Without the opportunity to trace all the peripetics of this evolution, we will focus on the characteristics of the current stage of development of liberalism - neoliberalism.

The ideology of neoliberalism is formed in the 1930s of the XX century. Researchers bind the beginning of neoliberalism with the "new course" of the American president, a representative of the Democratic Party F.D. Roosevelt. Neoliberalism adjusted a number of important political and economic attitudes of his ideology. This adjustment is associated with the rethinking of the economic and social role of the state. Neoliberals recognize the necessary state participation in the regulation of economic relations, conducting an active social policy. They advocate the restriction of the power of monopolies, the redistribution of material goods through the tax system and government social programs in favor of the lower sections of society. Under the flag of the ideology of liberalism, the so-called model of the "positive state" was created, which they called the state of "universal benefits." Neoliberalism remains the ideological and theoretical basis of the activities of the Democratic Party of the United States.

Conservatism. Opponent of liberalism for a long period of history serves conservatism. Liberalism was a banner of bourgeois revolutions, shocked European countries in the XVIII-early XIX centuries. Conservatism appeared as an anti-revolutionary feudal-clerical ideology, defending the idea of \u200b\u200bthe inviolability of orders established by God. The creators of the ideology of conservatism are the English thinker and politician E.Berk, the French public figures of J. De Mester and L. Bonald.

As noted above, historically conservatism is associated with the feudal public device and is an expressive of the interests of secular and church feudalists. But the social base of conservatism is much wider. As a rule, conservatism expresses ideas and installations of those classes and social groups, the position of which threaten the objective trends in social and historical and socio-political development. Often, conservatism is a refuge of various sectors of society who experience fear of future due to its uncertainty and unpredictability. The inhabitants of the village, small entrepreneurs are most susceptible to him.

The ideology of conservatism is based on the recognition of the inviolability of a naturally established order of things. Therefore, conservatism is based on traditionalism - the idea of \u200b\u200bpreserving the traditional values \u200b\u200bassociated with family, religion, class distinctions. Based on this installation, conservatives approve priority in the social development of continuity before innovations. one

Socialism. The third influential course in the modern world is the socialist ideology. The ideas of socialism arose in deep antiquity. In accordance with these ideas, the life of the early Christian communities was built. But he received its theoretical and ideological design only in a new time in the works of the classics of the utopian socialism of T.Mor, T. Makpanelli, R.Onen, Sh. Fourier, A. Sen Simon. French enlighteners made a certain contribution to the development of these ideas, and first of all J.J. Rousseau.

In the middle of the XIX century, an attempt to give a scientific substantiation of the ideology of socialism was taken by German thinkers K. Marks and F. Engels. On the basis of the teachings, K. Marx and F. Engels, a large ideological course of Marxism was formed, which proclaimed himself the ideology of the proletariat. For a long time, Marxism was associated with the working movement.

At the beginning of the 20th century, Marxism split into two branches opposing each other: Leninism (Bolshevism) and Social Democracy. Thus, in the framework of the socialist ideology, two new ideological flows were formed. These flows associate common genetic roots and a number of value installations: the idea of \u200b\u200bequality and fraternity of all people, based on equality, social justice, the priority of public over personal, recognition of the need for the vigorous state intervention in regulation of public relations.

However, in specific socio-political and economic programs between Leninism and Social democratism, a deep abyss runs.

Leninism. Leninism - Teaching V.I. Lenin and his supporters - formed in Russia. Refusing a fundamental principle of Marxism about the simultaneous transition to socialism of the most developed countries of the world, V.I. Lenin nominated the idea of \u200b\u200b"weak link" in the chain of capitalist countries - Russia, demanding the immediate violent seizure of power, the broom of the bourgeois state vehicle, the expropriation of private property and transformation into public (state) property. The ideology of Leninism has become the ideological basis of the Great October Socialist Revolution and the construction of socialism in the USSR and other countries of the Socialist Commonwealth. On the basis of this ideology, the production of production occurred, the collectivization of the village, a powerful totalitarian system was formed. However, this system turned out to be ineffective and ceased to exist in the early 90s of the XX century.

The social democrats are adhered to fundamentally different socio-political attitations. The founders of Social Democratic are German thinkers and public figures K. Kautsky and E. Termstein. Social-democratic ideology is formed on the basis of rethinking the teachings of Marxism in line with the refusal of its revolutionary-violent installations and the approval of the values \u200b\u200bof humanism and democracy. At the heart of Social Democraticism is the doctrine of "Democratic Socialism", or socialism "with a human face." From the point of view of Social Democrats, socialism is not a specific social system, but the process of introducing social justice in social life. This process does not have specific economic and political limiters and lasts forever. The basis of such an understanding of socialism is the formula E. Kornstein "Movement - everything, the goal is nothing."

Social Democrats approve the priority of peaceful, evolutionary means of achieving equality and social justice. The idea of \u200b\u200bthe gradual reform of the bourgeois society is inextricably linked in this ideological course with the refusal of violent forms of class struggle and propaganda of the concept of social partnership, smoothing socio-economic contradictions. They are implementing these facilities with active state intervention in the economic life of society, the redistribution of income in favor of the poor, the development of the public sector of the economy and numerous state social programs.

On the basis of the social democratic ideology, various "models of socialism" was formed. The greatest fame received the Swedish and German model. As a result of the practical embodiment of the political and economic installations of social democratism during the reign of social democratic parties in West Germany and Sweden, a relatively high level and quality of life were achieved. However, in 1980-1990, there were negative trends in the economy of these countries related to state monopolism and bureaucracy, a decrease in incentives for private entrepreneurship. These trends led to a slowdown in the development pace of countries. As a result, the Social Democrats lost support for most voters and were forced to transfer the power to representatives of conservative ideology.

Fascism. In the 1920s and 1930s, the National Socialist ideology, or fascism, was formed. The priests of the fascism are the former leader of the left wing of the Italian Social Democrats B.Mussolini and the German politician A.Gitler (A. Shiklgruber). The theoretical basis of the national-socialist ideology is the ideas of racism and elitarism. Fascism has put forward the theory of the superiority of certain peoples over others. one

The most popular philosophical and socio-political flows in modern science. For the 20th century, anarchism and Marxism also used very popularity, but now they find less and less supporters.

At the same time, it is necessary to know and be able to distinguish all these social and political flows to understand philosophy, sociology, social studies and prurience.

Liberal exercises

Socialism, liberalism, conservatism - social and political trends, whose representatives today are most in the parliaments of countries around the world. Consider them in more detail.

Much popularity in the XX century scored a liberal course. Liberalism unequivocally stands for the rights and freedoms of any person, regardless of his nationality, religion, belief and social status. At the same time puts these rights and freedoms above all, proclaiming them with the main value. Moreover, in liberalism, they represent the basis of economic and public life.

The influence of the church and the state into public institutions is strictly monitored and limited in accordance with the Constitution. The main thing is that liberals are achieved, permits to speak freely, choose religion or abandon her, freely vote on honest and independent elections for any candidates.

In economic life, socialism, liberalism, conservatism make a bet on different priorities. Liberals advocate full free trade and business entrepreneurial activities.

In the field of jurisprudence, the mainstream of the law over all branches of government is the mainstream. Before the letter of the law, everything is equal, regardless of social and financial status. A comparison of liberalism, conservatism, socialism help to remember and realize what is different from each other from these currents.

Socialism

Socialism at the head of the corner puts the principle of social justice. As well as equality and freedom. In the broad sense of the word Socialism is a public stop, which lives on the above principles.

The global goal of socialism is the overthrow of capitalism and construction in the future of a perfect society - communism. This social system must complete the background of mankind and become the beginning of his new, genuine history, say the founders and ideologues of this flow. All resources are mobilized to achieve this goal.

Socialism, liberalism, conservatism differ in their main principles. Socialists have a refusal of private property in favor of public, as well as the introduction of public control over the use of natural subsoil and resources. Everyone in the state is perceived as common - this is one of the fundamental principles of teachings.

Conservatism

The main thing in conservatism is to follow the traditional, well-minded values \u200b\u200band orders, as well as religious doctrines. The preservation of traditions and existing public institutions is the main thing for what conservatives are.

In the internal policy for them, the main value is the existing state and public order. Conservatives are categorically against radical reforms, compare them with extremism.

In foreign policy, adherents of this ideology pay focus on improving security when exposed to from outside, allow the use of force to solve political conflicts. At the same time, friendly relationships are supported with traditional allies, with distrust treating new partners.

Anarchism

Speaking about liberalism, conservatism, socialism, anarchism should not be mentioned. This is based on absolute freedom. Its main goal is to destroy any possible way of exploitation of one person to others.

Instead of power, the anarchists offer to introduce mutually beneficial cooperation of individuals. Power, in their opinion, should be abolished, as it is based on suppressing the rich and status people of all others.

All relations in society should be based on the personal interest of each person, as well as on its voluntary consent, maximum mutual assistance and personal responsibility. At the same time, the main thing is to eliminate any manifestations of power.

Marxism

In order to thoroughly learn conservatism, liberalism, socialism, Marxism also need to know and understand. This teaching imposed a serious imprint on most public institutions of the 20th century.

It is based on the philosophical teaching in the XIX century Karl Marx and, at the same time, different parties and political movements often interpreted this teaching in their own way.

In fact, Marxism is one of the species of socialism, they have a lot in common in all areas. The key in this theory has three components. Historical materialism, when the history of human society is understood as a particular case of natural also the doctrine of about when the final price of the goods is not determined by the rules of the market, but depends on the efforts spent for its production. In addition, the basis of Marxism is the idea of \u200b\u200bthe dictatorship of the proletariat.

Comparison of scientific theories

In order to thoroughly deal with each of theories, it is best to apply questions for comparison. Liberalism, conservatism, socialism in this case will be presented as clear and clear concepts.

The main thing is to deal with, - the role of the state in economic life with each of these teachings, the position on the decision of social social problems, and also, in which each system sees the limits of a citizen's personal freedom.