Louise Hay - one of the first masters of our time began to talk about ...
What are the three forms of citizen participation in political governance named in the text? Using facts from public life and personal social experience, provide examples of how citizens can use each of the forms of participation in political governance outlined in the text.
Read the text and complete assignments 21-24.
The humanities have developed many definitions of the state. However, they all boil down to the following: the state is a universal political organization with special public power and a specialized apparatus of regulatory influence, expressing primarily the interests of the dominant social stratum and performing tasks common to society.
Territory is the space within which the sovereign state power operates. The territory of the state is limited by the state border - a plane that determines the limits of action state power as sovereign.
The next feature of the state is its population. It is a collection of individuals, united not by consanguinity or ethnicity, but territorially and citizenship - a legal relationship between a person and a state, including mutual rights, duties and responsibilities. The state is obliged to provide its citizens with support and patronage, including abroad. Only citizens have the right to participate in public administration. This participation is expressed in the implementation of electoral rights, public service, participation in referendums, local self-government.
Citizenship and the general territory of residence are formal legal factors that unite individuals into a population. In addition, people in the state are connected by a common language, religion, traditions, historical development, spiritual, cultural and ethnic factors, etc. Another important element of the state is the state apparatus. The state is characterized by a special apparatus of control and coercion, which extends its imperious influence over the entire population and over the entire territory of the state. The state is a politically organized society.
Power is the ability and ability to control the behavior of third parties, to influence their behavior, to impose their will, including forcibly.
At the same time, the state does not coincide with society, it is a special political organization within it, managing public affairs. This power is called public.
In the state, managerial labor is separated from production. The official is engaged only in management, realizing the power functions of the state.
Thus, state power is exercised by an authorized group of persons - the ruling elite, which implements both general social functions and its own, group interests in management.
(According to V.V. Dyakonov)
Explanation.
Answer: 1. Implementation of the electoral right;
2. Public service;
3. Participation in referendums, local government.
The correct answer should name three forms of citizen participation in political governance:
1) participation in elections (for example, citizens elect deputies to representative bodies of power, in presidential and mixed republics - the head of state);
3) participation in local self-government (for example, participation in citizens' gatherings, in the work of representative bodies of local self-government);
4) civil service(for example, citizens can enter the service of the authorities government controlled, to be elected to elective positions in representative and executive bodies of state power).
Other examples of citizen participation in political governance can be cited.
Everyone, most likely, has already realized that the world is sliding into a zone of "global turbulence." This is the time when the future of countries and humanity as a whole is not determined, and therefore depends on the position of each a specific person... How can people express their opinion? Here it should be remembered that this is done through the participation of a citizen in Only not everyone in our country and in other states has the necessary minimum of information on this issue. We are not particularly interested in such abstract topics when everything is stable. And how a crisis looms on the horizon, we are lost in conjecture, trying to figure out how exactly we can influence it. Should one rely only on the rulers? Or you can join in general work to overcome it? Let's take a look at our rights and responsibilities.
What will it be about?
It is proposed to consider the expression “participation of a citizen in political life", Defining its semantic load. It has two interrelated concepts. They cannot exist separately and cover the described process comprehensively. Let us specifically highlight two terms: "citizen" and "politics". The first describes a person who has certain rights. The second is the process of their implementation in the field of state governance. It turns out that we are investigating a system that allows each person to influence events in their country according to their own convictions. Say, is this impossible? However, one should first study the laws, then only draw conclusions.
Your vote is decisive
We will try to understand where the levers are laid down by law, allowing each person to influence the general situation. To begin with, citizen participation in political life is a rather “bureaucratic” process. It is laid out on the shelves in the constitution of any. In addition, there are also a number of laws and other acts detailing this process. Yes, you yourself, most likely, have already taken part in it, just did not qualify it as a citizen's participation in political life. If you have already reached the age of majority, then went to vote (or had such an opportunity). You were provided with information about various parties wishing to gain power, explained, asked questions, and so on. Maybe you did not pay any attention to these events, but a citizen participates in the political life of his state in precisely this form (but not only). Through the system of elections, his right to take part in governing the country is exercised.
Let's go to practice
Citizen participation in politics is not limited to plebiscites. After all, voting is already the result of a rather long process. It is preceded by political struggle... Namely, those parties that wish to guide the development of the country and society are trying to attract as many citizens as possible to their side. To do this, they clarify their views and goals. They try to involve citizens in this work as much as possible so that they exercise their right to freedom of opinion. At this time, any person can choose the force that most fully reflects his own position. Of course, some people think it's best to stand up for your beliefs alone. However, in a democratic society, a more rational mechanism has been invented, based on the long-standing principle: "Together we are strength!" Therefore, political parties are formed. They are the spokesmen for the aspirations and hopes of certain groups and segments of the population.
About political parties
Now we come to the other side of the citizen's participation in government. Anyone can become a member of a political force that matches their beliefs. And when he turns twenty-one, to be elected to one or another And this is a completely different level of participation in political life. Working in a self-government body allows you to directly influence decision-making. After all, laws are passed in them. It should be said here that a deputy of any level does not vote "according to his own understanding." He is the spokesman for the opinions of his constituents. This means that when voting, he must proceed from the interests of the latter. This is the second level, so to speak, of citizens to participate in the first - participation in the choice of political force, the second - it acts in his interests.
Is it that simple?
Not really. The fact is that the process of governing the country is rather complicated. You can, of course, "chop with a sword" and declare the most popular ideas among the people. And when it comes to their implementation in practice, then inevitably the deputies and parties run into obstacles and barriers. On the one hand, they have an opposition, a political force that expresses the interests of other groups of the population, sometimes of a confrontational nature. It is necessary to negotiate with them, find a consensus. But there is also legislation, that is, the adopted "rules of the game." You can't jump over them. For example, many are unhappy with high utility rates. To reduce them, it is necessary to change many laws, the first of which will be the budget for the current year. And besides him, there are also other acts of a general federal and local character. The work is difficult and long.
Should I become a deputy?
Of course, a person with an active civic position wants to more closely influence the life of society. Many seek to be elected to this or that body. Is it just everyone who can handle such a responsibility? The person on whom the well-being of the country and the entire population depends must have a large stock of knowledge. He also needs experience, the ability to analyze facts, perceive information deeply and voluminously. Of course, he works on any legislative act a large number of specialists. Ultimately, the one who voted is responsible for its implementation. Therefore, it is necessary that these people be comprehensively educated, wise, far-sighted. So it turns out that a citizen participates in politics when he carefully looks at who he is going to vote for.
Participation in peaceful assemblies
We sorted out the officialdom. But the political life does not end there. Indeed, besides elections, there are other forms of the people expressing their opinion. Thus, the Constitution guarantees the right to freedom of peaceful assembly. This means that people can express their opinion through rallies, demonstrations or other actions held in public places. The exercise of this right is governed by its own laws, which describe the methodology for organizing such events. That is, they cannot be spontaneous. Would you like to celebrate? Welcome to the council settlement with a statement specifying the goals, organizers and approximate number of participants. This is not discrimination at all. Local authorities are responsible for the lives of citizens. She is obliged to ensure the safety of order during the action. There are exceptions, though. One person can hold a picket without approval.
About responsibility
This is the most important question on the one hand and the least popular question on the other.
Our people love to look for someone to blame. However, a citizen in politics has not only rights, but also obligations. He is required to exercise his rights thoughtfully and carefully. Otherwise, we vote for the one who is "prompted", and then we grab our heads from what is happening in the country. And more often we skip elections or rallies altogether. Everyone has their own affairs, more important from his point of view, are available. We remember that we are also citizens, and not just people, when we need something from the authorities. And also - when prices rise or other "trouble" develops before our eyes. But you had the right to influence the formation of this very power! Did they use it? Now ask yourself why the "wrong" people run the country.
Workbook on Society Grade 9 Kotov Liskov
1)
A citizen can take part in political life by taking part in elections, referendums and working in legislative bodies.2) Basic principles of electoral law in a democratic society.
Universal suffrage- a right belonging to all citizens who have reached the age of 18.Equal suffrage- the right when the voter has only one vote.
Direct elections- the right to elect the President, deputies of the State Duma.
Secret ballot- when other voters do not know who the voter voted for.
3) Differences between government elections and referendum:
An election is when a candidate or a list of candidates for a particular position is chosen by vote. A referendum is a form of adoption of laws or the solution of the most important issues of public life by universal suffrage.4) Read the data of social surveys and answer the questions.
1) What choices do citizens think affect their lives?Local government elections because people are worried about problems in their city. These are household-level problems that they face in Everyday life... All these problems can be solved, but you only need to make efforts on the part of self-government.
What elections, according to citizens, affect the life of the country?
Presidential elections, because the president is the head of state who has more powers compared to other positions, such as deputies.
How do citizens assess the impact of elections on their life and on the life of the country differently?
Presidential elections affect political system state, and elections to local government bodies significantly affect the life of the city in which citizens live.
Can we conclude that a significant part of citizens do not see the impact of elections on their lives and the life of the country?
Yes, I agree. If we add up the answers of the citizens (I find it difficult to answer, none of them influence), then the overwhelming majority comes out.
2) Imagine what explains the opinion of the surveyed citizens.
Politicians during electoral campaigns promise changes in better side for citizens, but actions are not.
5) Answer the questions.
1 - This gives the people freedom of choice. The people make their own decisions, that is, they influence the formation of the state (participate).2-3
- underline contrary to the Constitution Russian Federation, cancellation or ... of such rights and freedoms.
Citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to participate ... from other circumstances.
4 - This norm means that the equality of citizens, where every citizen of the Russian Federation has the right to participate in a referendum.
5 - According to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the state does not have the right to influence citizens and force them. Each citizen has the right to decide for himself whether to participate or not, and for which item to vote.
6) What question would you turn to government authorities?
I would ask a question about repairing bad roads and raising wages teachers and healthcare professionals.An example of such a call:
I AM, Full name, I permanently reside at: THE ADDRESS, I contact the city administration TOWN with a request to repair the asphalt pavement down the street WE WRITE THE STREET... I ask you dear Administration to take action. Sincerely, NAME
The political process involves various forms participation of citizens in the political life of society.
Active forms of participation:
- - participation in elected bodies, such as presidential elections;
- - mass actions, such as rallies, demonstrations, strikes, in which the masses are coordinated, dissatisfied with any actions of the government;
- - single actions, noticeable enough to have political weight;
- - participation in political parties and organizations, participation in governing the country, in the adoption of laws;
- - citizen participation in surveys;
- - appeals and complaints to higher structures of individuals or groups of citizens;
- - lobbying activities;
- - network participation - blogs, electronic newspapers, and other Internet resources.
Passive forms of participation:
- - social apathy as a factor of citizens' distrust of the government and, accordingly, any non-participation in elections;
- - ignoring social events, such as subbotniks, rallies and demonstrations, when invited or strongly recommended to come to them;
- - failure to do something, caused by dissatisfaction with certain actions of the government. For example: a small payment provided to an individual, which he considers offensive for himself and does not go to receive it, they say, no thanks.
The basis of the form of participation of the population in the political life of society is the participation of the majority of citizens in elections, which are held regularly, after a certain time stipulated by law.
V democratic countries elections are held on the basis of general and equal suffrage. For the conduct of elections, constituencies are created so that each deputy is elected by an equal number of residents or voters. And only then is the real equality of suffrage ensured.
A very important political event is the nomination of candidates for elective office. To identify them and campaign for them, an election campaign is organized. Candidates can be nominated by public organizations, parties or own initiative applicants. Of course, candidates from political parties... The principles of democratic politics require parties and candidates to campaign on an equal footing. It is not easy to implement this requirement in practice.
The pre-election campaign ends the day before the vote, the procedure for which is strictly regulated by law. It must be secret. The voter alone in the booth fills out the ballot paper and must put it into the ballot box himself. Special attention paid to the counting of votes. To avoid violations and fraud when opening the ballot box and counting votes, the presence of outside observers is allowed. The urns themselves are sealed.
Votes are counted based on certain rules... The collection of such rules is called an electoral system. The most common are two electoral systems: Majority system (majority) and proportional representation system.
- 1) Under the majoritarian system, the candidate who receives the majority of votes is considered elected, and it has two varieties: an absolute majority and a relative majority. Under the majoritarian system of absolute majority, the candidate wins, for whom 50% of the voters who took part in the elections voted. If the winner is not identified, a second round of elections is held, in which two candidates who have received greatest number votes in the first round. Under the majoritarian system of the relative majority, victory is given to the candidate who receives more votes than each of his rivals individually, even if he was supported by less than half of those who came to the polling stations.
- 2) Under the proportional system, each party nominates lists of candidates for elections. In accordance with them and the number of votes cast for a given party, the number of deputies is determined. This system allows even small parties to have their representatives in the government. To prevent this from happening in the legislation of many countries, including Ukraine and Russia, a protective clause is established, which does not give the opportunity to receive parliamentary powers for those parties that received less than 4-5% of the vote.
The next form of political participation is a referendum. A referendum is a vote of the population on a foreign policy issue. In elections, voters determine which of the candidates will represent their interests in the legislature or will take an elective office. At a referendum, they themselves make decisions on a constitutional or legislative issue put to the vote.
Currently, the constitutions of many states provide for the possibility or obligatoryness in a number of cases of holding referenda. The initiative for its holding is given to the head of state, parliament, public organizations, to the people. The most important issues of the country's political life are submitted to a national referendum: the adoption of the constitution and amendments to it, the change in the form state structure or form of government, adoption of new or abolition existing laws, the country's entry into an international organization, etc. The results of the referendum have no legal force, but the opinion of the people has a huge political force and is accepted by the government and the president for execution. For example, when the Supreme Council of Russia was unable to adopt a constitution, the president turned to the people. No electoral districts are created in preparation for the referendum. The decision for which the majority of citizens who participated in the referendum voted is considered adopted. In order for the referendum to more accurately express the will of the people, it should be preceded by a broad and comprehensive discussion of the issue put to the vote. The form of political participation of the people in government is also a plebiscite. Like the referendum, it is intended to determine the opinion of voters by voting. In the sphere of interstate relations, a plebiscite is used to poll the population about the belonging of the territory in which it lives to a particular state. In the internal political life, the plebiscite acts as one of the types of referendum on the issue of confidence in the head of state and the policy he implements. The demand for a plebiscite can come not only from the people dissatisfied with the political leadership, but also from the leadership itself. Thus, a plebiscite is a direct expression of the will of the people. But history shows that people can be deceived and with the help of them people can come to power, who then betray their interests. Depending on the level of economic and political culture, the mentality of the people this state, the political participation of the people in the life of society can lead either to the stability of political life or, conversely, to political conflicts and instability of the political system.
In political life, changeable and dynamic, various subjects of politics participate: people, social groups, ruling elites, etc. When they interact with each other, the subjects of politics on the conquest, retention and use of state power gives rise to various political processes in society.
Political process is a chain of political events and states that change as a result of the interaction of specific subjects of politics (some political leaders of the government are being replaced by others). Political scientists classify political processes in different ways. By scale: internal political and foreign policy processes. Internal political processes can develop at the national, regional, local levels (for example, the electoral process). And according to their importance for society, they are divided into basic and private.
The basic political process characterizes the action of the entire political power as a mechanism for the formation and implementation of political power. It determines the content of private processes: economic and political, political and legal, cultural and political, etc.
Both basic and private processes are characterized by:
A) representation of interests to authorities
B) decision making
C) implementation of solutions
The political process is aimed at solving a political problem. For example, the state of the education system in the country as a whole. These are the problems that are on the political agenda. Their decision becomes object - the goal of the political process that leads to certain results. However, a political one can take place only if there is subjects - participants in the process. These include initiators and performers.
By initiators of political processes in a democratic society, citizens, interest groups, political parties and movements, trade unions, etc. act. Solution political issues belongs performers- primarily government institutions and empowered officials, as well as specially designated individuals from non-governmental bodies.
Political actors choose means, methods and resources to implement it. Resources can be knowledge, science, technical and financial resources, public opinion, etc.
The result of the political process largely depends on the totality of internal and external factors... Among internal factors refers, for example, the competence and ability of the authorities to correctly assess the situation, choose adequate means and methods, to achieve implementation decisions taken in strict accordance with the rules of law. Different interests intersect in the political process when solving problems social groups, causing sometimes intractable contradictions and conflicts.
Political processes, from the point of view of the publicity of decision-making, are also divided into open and hidden (shadow).
In an open political process, the interests of groups and citizens are revealed in the programs of parties, in voting at elections, etc. In the hidden - the political process is characterized by closedness and lack of control government decisions... They are accepted by officials and authorities under the influence of unrecognized structures.
Political participation- these are the actions of a citizen with the aim of influencing the adoption and implementation of government decisions, the choice of representatives to government institutions. This concept characterizes the involvement of members this society into the political process.
The extent of possible participation is determined by political rights and freedoms. In a democratic society, these include: the right to elect and be elected to government bodies, the right to participate in public affairs directly and through a representative, etc. But the exercise of these political rights can be limited, for example, the right to gather for rallies or demonstrations - by indicating that they must be held without weapons, peacefully, after prior notification to the authorities. And it is forbidden, for example, the organization of parties, the program
which is a violent change in the constitutional order. Such prohibitions are introduced on the basis of the safety of the individual, society, and the state.
Political participation happens indirect(sequential) and direct(direct).
Direct participation is through elected representatives. Direct participation is the impact of a citizen on power without intermediaries. It manifests itself in the following forms:
Citizens' reactions to impulses from the political system
Periodic participation in actions related to the election of representatives, with the transfer of powers to make decisions
Participation of citizens in the activities of political parties, social and political organizations and movements
Impact on political processes through appeals and letters, meetings with politicians
Direct actions of citizens
Activities of political leaders
Forms political activity may be group, mass and individual. The most developed and important form political participation are democratic elections. This is the necessary minimum guaranteed by the constitutions. political activities... Within the framework of the institution of elections, each citizen performs his individual action by voting for a party, candidate or political leader. Thus, it directly affects the composition of representatives, and therefore on political course... Referendums are adjacent to elections - voting on legislative or other issues.
Political participation can be permanent (participation in a party), periodic (participation in elections), one-time (appeal to the authorities).
But, some residents still try to avoid participating in politics. This position, in practice, is called absenteeism.
Political participation is sometimes frustrating because of the rational whether the given political action or irrational. Rational - deliberate and planned actions, with an understanding of the means and goals, and irrational - actions that motivate mainly emotional state people (irritation, indifference, etc.).
Political culture presupposes: versatile political knowledge, orientation in life to the rules of a democratic society, mastery of these rules.
Political knowledge Is a person's knowledge of politics, political system, about various political ideologies, about its institutions and procedures through which the participation of citizens in the political process is ensured. Knowledge can be presented as everyday or scientific. Scientific knowledge are the result of studying political science, and everyday life can be represented, for example, by a vision democratic regime how limitless is it possible to do whatever you want.
Political values Is a person's idea of the ideals and values of the reasonable or the desired social order... They are formed under the influence of knowledge about politics, personal and emotional attitude to political phenomena. The weakness of the political positions of citizens is one of the reasons that make it difficult to reach an agreement in society.
Practical political actions are patterns and rules of political behavior that determine how you can and how you should do. Many scholars call them models of political participation of a citizen, since any form of citizen participation implies analysis and assessment from the standpoint of certain requirements of election programs and personal qualities for power. Political consciousness predetermines political behavior. Democratic political culture manifests itself in real, and political behavior.
Thus, the democratic type of political culture has a pronounced humanistic orientation, it embodies best samples political experience of many countries of the world.
