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Grade 8 Biology Lesson Presentation
- V.V. Beekeeper
- The textbook by D.V. Kolesov, R.D. Mash, N.I. Belyaev
Lesson topic: HUMAN SKELETON AXIAL SKELETON
- to form an idea of the structure of the human musculoskeletal system;
- to identify the features of the human skeleton associated with upright posture and work,
- by comparing the skeletons of humans and other mammals; show the connection between the structure and functions of the musculoskeletal system.
From the list of substances (1-10), select the correct answers to questions (A-M). Encrypt the answer: Letter - Number.
1. Minerals 6. Bone without cavity
2.Organic substances 7. Tubular structure
3. Water 8. Pituitary gland
4. Spongy structure 9. Red bone marrow
5. Periosteum 10. Connective tissue
A. Give the bone elasticity G. Features of the structure of flat bones
B. Give the bone hardness H. Dissolve in acid
B. Gives lightness to bones I. Burn in fire
D. Strengthen the bone K. Space in the cancellous substance
and the elasticity is filled ..
D. Growing layer of bone L. Growth hormone is formed in ..
E. Structural features M. Bone types by structure
long bones
(spongy substance)
Organic
substances
Mineral
substances
Periosteum
Bone marrow
middle part
(compact substance)
Skeleton (skeletos - dried) is a set of hard tissues in the body that support the body or its individual parts and protect it from mechanical damage.
- Bones
- Cartilage
- Ligaments
- Motor(provides movement of the body and its parts in space).
- Protective(creates body cavities to protect internal organs).
- Shaping(determines the shape and size of the body).
- Support(the supporting skeleton of the body).
- Hematopoietic(red bone marrow is the source of blood cells).
- Exchange(bones are a source of Ca, F and other minerals).
Head skeleton
Torso skeleton
Departments Skeleton
Axial
Upper limb skeleton
Lower limb skeleton
Additional
Belt top
limbs
Rib cage
Skeleton free
upper limb
spine
Belt bottom
limbs
Skeleton free
lower limbs
Frontal bone
Nasal bone
Parietal bone
Ethmoid bone
Lacrimal bone
Upper jaw
Occipital bone
Lower jaw
Temporal bone
Sphenoid bone
Cheekbone
Body divisions
Head
Skeleton departments
Skeleton bones
Scull
Facial section of the skull
Cerebral section of the skull
Paired bones: Maxillary, zygomatic, nasal, palatine. Unpaired: Mandibular, prelingual
Bone type
The nature of the connection of bones
Flat (wide)
Paired bones: parietal, temporal
Unpaired: frontal, occipital, wedge-shaped, ethmoid
Features of the human skeleton
Fixed, except for the lower jaw
Flat (wide)
Development of the chin ridge due to articulate speech
Fixed (seams)
The cerebral section of the skull is more developed than the facial
Cerebral
Body divisions
Torso
Skeleton departments
Skeleton bones
Spine
Rib cage
33-34 vertebrae
7-cervical, 12-thoracic, 5-lumbar, 5-sacral, 4-5 coccygeal
Bone type
The nature of the connection of bones
Short
12 thoracic vertebrae, 12 pairs of ribs, sternum - sternum
Features of the human skeleton
Semi-movable
Short, long spongy
S-shaped curvature of the spine (lordosis - cervical, lumbar; kyphosis - thoracic and sacral); enlargement of the vertebral bodies in the lower spine
Semi-movable
The chest is compressed from front to back; broad sternum
( 7 )
( 12 )
( 5 )
( 5 )
( 4-5 )
The spine has
4 bends:
2 lordosis
2 kyphosis
True ribs
Sternocostal
half-joints
Cartilaginous parts
ribs
False ribs
Costal arch
Oscillating ribs
Consolidation of what has been learned
- Consider drawing. .
- Consider drawing. Name the sections of the skeleton and main bones indicated by signs .
Homework
- Paragraph 11
Answer the questions after the paragraph
Bone (os, ossis) is an organ, the main element of the skeleton of vertebrates.
Red bone marrow - soft tissue
filling the spongy substance of bones, a hematopoietic organ.
The periosteum is the top layer of bone capable of division (growth).
Lesson topic: HUMAN SKELETON AXIAL SKELETON Objectives: to form an idea of the structure of the human musculoskeletal system; to identify the features of the human skeleton associated with upright posture and work activity, by comparing the skeletons of humans and other mammals; show the connection between the structure and functions of the musculoskeletal system.
From the list of substances (1-10), select the correct answers to questions (A-M). Encrypt the answer: Letter - Number. 1. Mineral substances 6. Bone without a cavity 2. Organic substances 7. Tubular structure 3. Water 8. Pituitary gland 4. Spongy structure 9. Red bone marrow 5. Periosteum 10. Connective tissue A. Give the bone elasticity G. Features of the structure of flat bones B. Give the bone hardness H. Dissolve in acid C. Gives bone lightness I. Burn in fire D. Give bone strength K. The space in the spongy substance and elasticity is filled .. E. The growing layer of the bone L. Growth hormone is formed in .. E Structural features of M. Bone types according to the structure of long bones
Motor (provides movement of the body and its parts in space). Protective (creates body cavities for the protection of internal organs). Shaping (determines the shape and size of the body). Supporting (supporting skeleton of the body). Hematopoietic (red bone marrow is a source of blood cells). Metabolic (bones are a source of Ca, F and other minerals).
Sections of the body Sections of the skeleton Bones of the skeleton Bone type The nature of the connection of bones Features of the human skeleton Head Skull Facial section of the skull Paired bones: Maxillary, zygomatic, nasal, palatine. Unpaired: Mandibular, pre-lingual Flat (wide) Fixed, except for the lower jaw Development of the chin protrusion in connection with articulate speech. the skull is more developed than the facial
Sections of the body Sections of the skeleton Bones of the skeleton Bone type Nature of bone connection Features of the human skeleton Trunk Vertebrae of the vertebrae 7-cervical, 12-thoracic, 5-lumbar, 5-sacral, 4-5 coccygeal , lumbar; kyphosis - thoracic and sacral); enlargement of the vertebral bodies in the lower parts of the spine Chest 12 thoracic vertebrae, 12 pairs of ribs, sternum-chest bone Short, long spongy Semi-movable Chest compressed from front to back; broad sternum
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Slide captions:
Human skeleton, its structure and meaning. Grishina Marina Anatolyevna, biology teacher. 1 qualification category MBOU "Vasilyevskaya cadet school No. 1" Zelenodolsk district of the Republic of Tatarstan
Musculoskeletal system of an elephant
The human skeleton consists of the same sections as the skeleton of mammals
EXCURSION INTO HISTORY
Democritus Collected the remains of skeletons, visiting cemeteries Ancient Greek philosopher
Claudius Galen Ancient Roman physician and naturalist Traveled to Alexandria, where he studied the only fully assembled human skeleton
Andrey Vesaliy Anatom At night he stole the corpses of people who were hanged
Described the structure of the skeleton and its role in the life of the organism Johann Wolfgang Goethe German poet and scientist
Peter the Great I bought anatomy collections
SKELETON - (from the Greek. Skeletos - lit. - dried), a set of hard tissues in the body of animals and humans, giving the body support and protecting it from mechanical damage.
The human skeleton consists of: - 206 bones Paired bones 85 Unpaired bones 36
Classification of bones by shape: - long - short - wide or flat - mixed
Bone joints Fixed Movable - joints Sedentary
Skeleton Axial Peripheral Skeleton of the head Skeleton of the trunk Skeleton of the limbs Upper Lower Shoulder girdle Skeleton of the limbs Pelvic girdle Skeleton of the limbs
Head structure Cerebral section of the skull Facial section of the skull 23
Head structure (skull) Facial region Brain region
Parietal bone Temporal bone Frontal bone Occipital bone Nasal bone Maxillary bone Mandibular bone Skull Zygomatic bone
Torso skeleton 33 - 34
Trunk skeleton Cervical region Thoracic region Lumbar region Sacral region Coccygeal region 7 12 5 5 4-5
Spinal bends Cervical lordosis Thoracic kyphosis Lumbar lordosis Sacral kyphosis
Spinal cord in the vertebral canal
Rib cage Rib Sternum Cartilage
Skeleton of the upper limb Clavicle Scapula Humerus Ulna Radius bones of the wrist Bones of the metacarpus Phalanges of the fingers Belt of the upper limbs Bones of the forearm Hand
Skeleton of the lower limb Pelvic bone Femur Tibia Tibia Tibia Metatarsus Phalanges of the toes Calcaneus
Functions of the human skeleton Motor Protective Form-forming Support Hematopoietic Exchange
Assignment: build a table
one . Skeleton functions Supporting, protective, hematopoietic, exchange of minerals. 2. Head skeleton - skull Paired - parietal, temporal, zygomatic, nasal. Unpaired - frontal, occipital, maxillary, mandibular. 3. Skeleton sections Trunk, skull, shoulder girdle, upper limb, pelvic girdle, lower limb 4. Shoulder girdle Scapula and collarbone 5. Upper limb bones Shoulder, forearm, hand 6. Lower limb girdle (pelvic) Pelvic bones 7. Lower limb bones Thigh, lower leg, foot
Do you know?
A giant skeleton has been excavated in a little-known part of the desert in India
One of the best-preserved skeletons, lying in the sand for 6 thousand years, looks like it was buried very recently. The position of the skeleton suggests that the person was buried in the sleeping position.
Archaeologists are examining the skeleton of a woman who died at the age of twenty.
TEST TEST TEST
Homework In the textbook p. 98 - 105, tasks in a notebook on a printed basis No. 90, No. 100-102
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!
- Human Skeleton ("dried") - Aggregate bones , the passive part musculoskeletal system... Serves as a support for soft tissues, a point of muscle application (lever), a receptacle and protection of internal organs. The skeleton develops from mesenchyme .
- The human skeleton consists of two hundred and a half separate bones, and almost all of them are connected into one whole using joints , ligaments and others connections .
During life, the skeleton is constantly undergoing changes. During intrauterine development, the cartilaginous skeleton of the fetus is gradually replaced by bone.
This process also continues for several years after birth.
A newborn baby has almost 270 bones in its skeleton, which is much more than an adult.
This difference arose due to the fact that the children's skeleton contains a large number of small bones, which grow together into large bones only at a certain age.
These are, for example, the bones of the skull, pelvis and spine. The sacral vertebrae, for example, grow together into a single bone (sacrum) only at the age of 18 to 25 years. And that leaves 200 - 213 bones, depending on the characteristics of the organism.
The human skeleton is arranged according to the principle common to all vertebrates. The bones of the skeleton are classified into two groups: axial skeleton and accessory skeleton .
The axial skeleton includes bones lying in the middle and forming the skeleton of the body;
it's all bones heads and neck , spine, ribs and sternum ... Accessory skeleton make up clavicle , shoulder blades , upper limb bones , pelvic bones and lower limb bones .
- All bones of the skeleton are divided into subgroups:
- Axial skeleton
- Scull- the bone base of the head, is the receptacle of the brain, as well as the organs of vision, hearing and smell. The skull has two sections: cerebral and facial.
- Rib cage- has the shape of a truncated compressed cone, is the bony base of the chest and a receptacle for internal organs. Consists of 12 thoracic vertebrae, 12 pairs of ribs and a sternum.
- The spine, or vertebral column- is the main axis of the body, the support of the entire skeleton; the spinal cord runs inside the spinal canal.
- Upper limb belt- ensures the attachment of the upper limbs to the axial skeleton. Consists of paired shoulder blades and collarbones.
- Upper limbs- are maximally adapted to perform labor activities. The limb consists of three sections: the shoulder, forearm and hand.
- Lower limb belt- ensures the attachment of the lower limbs to the axial skeleton, and is also a receptacle and support for the organs of the digestive, urinary and reproductive systems.
- Lower limbs- adapted to support and move the body in space in all directions, except vertically upward (not counting the jump).
The skeleton has two functions: mechanical and biological. Mechanical function includes:- support function - bones, together with their joints, constitute the support of the body, to which soft tissues and organs are attached; - the function of movement (albeit indirectly, since the skeleton serves to attach skeletal muscles);- spring function - due to articular cartilage and other structures of the skeleton (arch of the foot, bends of the spine), softening shocks and concussions; - protective function - the formation of bone formations to protect important organs: the brain and spinal cord; heart, lungs. The genitals are located in the pelvic cavity. The bones themselves contain red bone marrow.
Biological function is understood as: - hematopoietic function - the red bone marrow located in the bones is a source of blood cells;- storage function - bones serve as a depot for many inorganic compounds: phosphorus, calcium, iron, magnesium and therefore participate in maintaining a constant mineral composition of the internal environment of the body.
- Incorrect body position for a long time(for example, sitting at a table with a constantly tilted head, incorrect posture, etc.), as well as some hereditary causes (especially in combination with poor nutrition and poor physical development) lead to poor posture.
- Poor posture can be prevented by developing a correct seating position at the table, as well as by playing sports (swimming, special gymnastic complexes).
- Another common skeletal disorder is flat feet - a deformity of the foot that occurs under the influence of diseases, fractures or prolonged overload of the foot during the growth of the body.
- With flat feet, the foot touches the floor with the entire area of the sole. As a preventive measure, it is recommended to choose shoes more carefully, apply a special set of exercises for the muscles of the lower leg and foot.
