Novosibirsk cooperative technical school

Novosibirsk Regional Potrebsoyuz

ESSAY

On the topic: "The ecological crisis and its signs"

Students

3 courses, groups RK-71

Novosibirsk 2008

Plan

Introduction …………………………………………………………………………..3

1.1. concept ecological crisis………………………………4

1.2. Signs of the ecological crisis, their characteristics ............... 5

1.2.1. Dangerous pollution of the biosphere……………………...5

1.2.2. Depletion of energy resources ....................................6

1.2.3. Reduction of species biodiversity…………….7

2.1. Global warming………………………………………….8

2.2. Water shortage……………………………………………………8

Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………….9

Bibliography …………………………………………………………….10

Introduction.

The contradictions in the relationship between society and nature in the second half of the twentieth century became threatening. A thorough analysis of the causes of the destruction of the ozone screen, acid rain, chemical and radioactive pollution of the environment was required. It became clear that, as a biological species, man, by his vital activity, affects the natural environment no more than other living organisms. However, this influence is incomparable with the enormous impact that human labor has on nature. According to V. I. Vernadsky, human activity has become a powerful force that transforms the Earth, comparable to geological processes.

The transforming impact of human society on nature is inevitable, it intensifies with the growth of the population, the development of scientific and technological progress, the increase in the number and mass of substances involved in economic circulation.

As you know, the whole world around us, inhabited by living organisms, which is called the biosphere, has undergone a long historical development. People themselves are generated by the biosphere, are part of it and obey its laws. Unlike the rest of the living world, man has a mind. He is able to assess the current state of nature and society, to know the laws of their development.

According to Academician N. N. Moiseev (1998), a person has learned the laws that allowed him to create modern machines, but so far he has not learned to understand that there are other laws, which, perhaps, he still does not know that in his relationship with nature "there is a forbidden line that a person has no right to cross under any circumstances ... there is a system of prohibitions, violating which he destroys his future."

AT last years through the fault of man, environmental crises caused by chemical and radioactive contamination become frequent. Catastrophic consequences arise as a result of pollution by industrial emissions and exhaust gases of cars and the formation of poisonous fogs - smogs in large cities.

Due to the rapid modern pace and significant scale of crisis situations in the relationship between human society and nature, the biosphere is entering a global ecological crisis.

Chapter 1. Ecological crisis and its signs.

1.1. Concept of ecological crisis.

An ecological crisis is a tense state of relations between mankind and nature, characterized by a discrepancy between the development of productive forces and production relations in human society, and the resource and economic possibilities of the biosphere.

The ecological crisis can also be viewed as a conflict in the interaction of a biospecies or genus with nature. In a crisis, nature, as it were, reminds us of the inviolability of its laws, and those who violate these laws perish. So there was a qualitative renewal of living beings on Earth. In more broad sense The ecological crisis is understood as a phase of the development of the biosphere, in which a qualitative renewal of living matter takes place (the extinction of some species and the emergence of others).

The modern ecological crisis is called the "crisis of decomposers", i.e. its defining feature is the dangerous pollution of the biosphere due to anthropogenic activity, and the associated violation of the natural balance. The concept of "environmental crisis" first appeared in scientific literature in the mid-1970s. According to its structure, the ecological crisis is usually divided into two parts: natural and social .

natural part indicates the onset of degradation, destruction of the natural environment. social side The ecological crisis lies in the inability of state and public structures to stop the degradation of the environment and improve it. Both sides of the ecological crisis are closely interconnected. The onset of the ecological crisis can be stopped only with a rational state policy, the existence of state programs and state structures responsible for their implementation.

1.2. Signs of the ecological crisis, their characteristics.

Signs of the modern ecological crisis are:

1. Dangerous pollution of the biosphere

2. Depletion of energy reserves

3. Reduction of species biodiversity

1.2.1 Dangerous pollution of the biosphere.

Dangerous pollution of the biosphere is associated with the development of industry, agriculture, the development of transport, and urbanization. A huge amount of toxic and harmful emissions enters the biosphere economic activity. A feature of these emissions is that these compounds are not included in natural metabolic processes and accumulate in the biosphere. For example, when burning wood fuel, carbon dioxide is released, which is absorbed by plants during photosynthesis, and as a result, oxygen is produced. When oil is burned, sulfur dioxide is released, which is not included in the natural exchange processes, but accumulates in the lower layers of the atmosphere, interacts with water and falls to the ground in the form of acid rain.

Used in agriculture a large number of pesticides and pesticides that accumulate in the soil, plants, and animal tissues. Dangerous pollution of the biosphere is expressed in the fact that the content of harmful and toxic substances in its individual components exceeds the maximum permissible standards. For example, in many regions of Russia, the content of a number of harmful substances (pesticides, heavy metals, phenols, dioxins) in water, air, soil exceeds the maximum allowable standards by 5-20 times.

According to statistics, among all sources of pollution, vehicle exhaust fumes are in first place (up to 70% of all diseases in cities are caused by them), emissions from thermal power plants are in second, and the chemical industry is in third.

1.2.2. Depletion of energy resources .

The main sources of energy used by man are: thermal energy, hydropower, nuclear energy. Thermal energy is obtained by burning wood, peat, coal, oil and gas. Companies that generate electricity from chemical fuels are called thermal power plants. Oil, coal and gas are non-renewable natural resources and their reserves are limited.

The calorific value of coal is lower than that of oil and gas, and its extraction is much more expensive. In many countries, including Russia, coal mines are closed because coal is too expensive and difficult to mine. Despite the fact that forecasts of energy resources are pessimistic, new approaches are being successfully developed to solve the problem of the energy crisis.

First, reorientation to other types of energy. Currently, in the structure of world electricity production, 62% is accounted for by thermal power plants (TPPs), 20% - by hydroelectric power plants (HPPs), 17% - by nuclear power plants (NPPs) and 1% - by the use of alternative energy sources. This means that the leading role belongs to thermal energy. While hydroelectric power plants do not pollute the environment, they do not need the use of combustible minerals, and the world's hydro potential has so far been used by only 15%.

Renewable energy sources- solar energy, water energy, wind energy, etc. - use on Earth is impractical (in spacecraft solar energy is indispensable). "Environmentally friendly" power plants are too expensive and they produce too little energy. Relying on wind energy is not justified; in the future, it is possible to rely on the energy of sea currents.

The only real source of energy today and in the foreseeable future is nuclear power . Uranium reserves are quite large. With proper use and serious attitude, nuclear energy is also out of competition from an environmental point of view, polluting the environment much less than burning hydrocarbons. In particular, the total radioactivity of coal ash is much higher than the radioactivity of spent fuel from all nuclear power plants.

Secondly, mining on the continental shelf. The development of fields on the continental shelf is now topical issue for many countries. Some countries are already successfully developing offshore deposits of fossil fuels. For example, in Japan, coal deposits are being developed on the continental shelf, through which the country provides 20% of its needs for this fuel.

1.2.3. Reduction of species biodiversity.

In total, since 1600, 226 species and subspecies of vertebrates have disappeared, and over the past 60 years - 76 species, and about 1000 species are endangered. If it persists modern trend extermination of wildlife, then in 20 years the planet will lose 1/5 of the described species of flora and fauna, which threatens the stability of the biosphere - an important condition for the life support of mankind.

Where conditions are unfavorable, biodiversity is low. Up to 1000 species of plants live in the rainforest, in the deciduous forest temperate zone- 30-40 species, pasture - 20-30 species. Species diversity is an important factor that ensures the stability of the ecosystem to adverse external influences. The reduction in species diversity can cause irreversible and unpredictable changes in global scale, so this problem is solved by the entire world community.

One way to solve this problem is to create reserves. There are currently 95 reserves in our country.

Chapter 2. Global problems of ecology.

The environmental crisis is characterized by the presence of a number of problems that threaten sustainable development. Let's consider some of them.

2.1. Global warming.

Global warming is one of the most significant impacts on the biosphere associated with anthropogenic activity. It appears in climate change and biota: the production process in ecosystems, shifting the boundaries of plant formations, changing crop yields. Especially strong changes concern the high and middle latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. According to forecasts, it is here that the temperature of the atmosphere will increase the most. The nature of these regions is especially susceptible to various impacts and is extremely slowly restored. The taiga zone will move to the north by about 100-200 km. In some places this shift will be much smaller or not at all. The rise in the ocean level due to warming will be 0.1-0.2 m, which may lead to flooding of the mouths of large rivers, especially in Siberia.

Some developed countries and countries with economies in transition have made commitments to stabilize greenhouse gas production. The countries of the EEC (European Economic Union) have included in their national programs provisions to reduce carbon emissions.

2.2. Water shortage.

Many scientists attribute it to a continuous increase in air temperature over the past decade due to an increase in the content of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. It is not difficult to stretch the chain, where one problem causes another: a large energy release (solution of the energy problem) - the greenhouse effect - lack of water - lack of food (crop failures).

One of the greatest rivers China, the Huang He, no longer reaches the Yellow Sea, as before, with the exception of some of the wettest years. major river Colorado in the USA does not reach every year Pacific Ocean. The Amu Darya and Syr Darya no longer flow into the Aral Sea, which has almost dried up because of this. The lack of water has sharply worsened the ecological situation in many regions and caused the beginning of a food crisis.

Conclusion.

End of the 20th century characterized by an aggravation of the relationship between human society and nature. It is caused by the growth of the world's population, the preservation traditional ways economic management with increasing rates of natural resource consumption, environmental pollution and handicapped biosphere to its neutralization. These contradictions begin to slow down the further scientific and technological progress of mankind, becoming a threat to its existence.

Only in the second half of the twentieth century. Thanks to the development of ecology and the dissemination of environmental knowledge among the population, it became obvious that humanity is an indispensable part of the biosphere, therefore the conquest of nature, the uncontrolled and unlimited use of its resources and the growing pollution of the environment is a dead end in the development of civilization and the evolution of man himself. The most important condition development of mankind - a careful attitude to nature, comprehensive care for the rational use and restoration of its resources, the preservation of a favorable environment.

However, many do not understand the close relationship between economic activity, population growth and the state of the environment. Broad environmental and environmental education should help people in the assimilation of such environmental knowledge, ethical norms and values, the use of which is necessary for the sustainable development of nature and society.

Bibliography.

Arustamov E.A., Levakova I.V., Barkalova N.V. Ecological foundations of nature management: Textbook for educational institutions of consumer cooperation. - Mytishchi, TSUMK, 2000. - 205 p.

Konstantinov V.M., Chelidze Yu.B. Ecological bases of nature management: Proc. allowance for students. medium institutions. prof. education. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy"; Mastery, 2001. - 208 p.

Since the middle of the XX century. the growth of human needs and its production activity has led to the fact that the scale of the possible human impact on nature has become commensurate with the scale of global natural processes. As a result of human labor, channels and new seas are created, swamps and deserts disappear, huge masses of fossil rocks move, new chemical materials are synthesized. The transformative activity of modern man extends even to the bottom of the ocean and outer space. However, the ever-increasing influence of man on the environment gives rise to complex problems in his relationship with nature. Uncontrolled and unpredictable human activity began to have a negative impact on the course of natural processes, causing sharply negative irreversible changes in both the environment and the biological nature of man himself. This applies to literally the entire environment - the atmosphere, hydrosphere, subsoil, fertile layer; animals and plants die, biocenoses and biogeocenoses are destroyed and disappear; the incidence of people is growing. At the same time, the population is steadily increasing. the globe. The conclusion suggests itself: humanity is inexorably heading towards an ecological catastrophe - the depletion of energy, mineral and land resources, the death of the biosphere, and possibly the human civilization itself. Therefore, it became necessary to protect the human environment from its own impact on it.

So, modern civilization is in a state of deepest ecological crisis. This is not the first environmental crisis in human history, but it could be the last.

An ecological crisis is a severe transitional state of ecological systems and the environment as a whole. The ecological crisis implies the presence of significant structural changes in the environment. It essentially differs from an ecological catastrophe, which means the complete destruction of the social system: in the event of an ecological crisis, the possibility of restoring the disturbed state remains.

Greater concern in almost all countries of the world is caused by the threat of environmental pollution - one of the manifestations of an irreversible imbalance between man and nature. Impact material production on nature has become so intense that it fails to compensate for violations of the ecological balance at the expense of its own forces and mechanisms.

The pollution of the atmosphere and water by industrial emissions is threateningly growing. The main sources of emissions into the atmosphere are the production and consumption of energy. For 1970-2000 the growth rate of total emissions has somewhat decreased, but their absolute size is growing and reaching huge volumes - 60-100 million tons of suspended particles, nitrogen oxides, sulfur, 22.7 billion tons of carbon dioxide (1990 - 16.2 million tons). In this regard, in recent decades, the concentration of gases, particulate matter in the atmosphere, as well as chemical elements that reduce the ozone layer, has significantly increased. The concentration of gases causing the greenhouse effect - methane, nitrogen, carbon compounds - has increased significantly. Before the industrial revolution, the concentration of greenhouse gases remained relatively stable (0.0028% of the volume of the atmosphere). Recently, it is 0.036%, which is caused by various types of production activities. It is believed that greenhouse gases persist in the atmosphere for a hundred years or more.

A serious environmental problem is the risk of climate change. The climate of the Earth was relatively stable, temperature changes during the century did not exceed 1 ° C. In the twentieth century. compared with six centuries, the climate has warmed - the temperature has risen by 0.5 °. Terrestrial and aquatic ecological systems, socio-ecological systems (agriculture, fisheries, forestry and water resources) are vital for human development, and they are all sensitive to climate change. Rising temperatures could lead to further sea level rise, which has risen by 10-25 cm over the past century. But with more than a third of humanity living within 60 km of the coastline, the number of people who find themselves in the position of migrants could reach unprecedented proportions.

There was a threat of destruction of the ozone layer in the lower layers of the atmosphere. Water systems and soil are polluted. In recent years, about 150 million tons of mineral fertilizers and over 3 million tons of pesticides have been scattered on the fields a year. With the increase in the number of people in the environment various kinds chemical compounds, there is a real threat of their joint action as a result of mutual reactions involving unforeseen catalysts. According to experts, even at low concentrations, the accumulation of negative effects from the action of various chemical compounds is possible.

For the development of man and his production activities, it is vital plain water. It is also of particular importance for the normal life of nature. In many parts of the world, there is a general shortage, gradual destruction and increasing pollution of sources fresh water. This is caused by an increase in untreated sewage, industrial waste, the loss of natural water intake areas, the disappearance of forest areas, poor management practices, etc. Only 18% of the population have access to clean water (in 1970 - 33%), 40% of the population suffers from its shortage. In developing countries, approximately 80% of all diseases and 1/3 of deaths are caused by the consumption of contaminated water.

Modern production poses a threat of destruction of the initial conditions of human life on Earth, and in some cases it has crossed a possible boundary. An example of this is the destruction of valuable objects of nature, the disappearance of a number of varieties flora and some wild animals. According to estimates, after 1600 more than 100 species of birds, invertebrates, mammals, about 45 species of fish, 150 species of plants disappeared. Decrease biodiversity poses a serious threat to the development of human society. The availability of needed goods and services depends on the diversity and variability of genes, species, populations and ecosystems. Biological resources feed and clothe a person, provide housing, medicines, spiritual food. Thus, about 4.4% of US GDP is obtained from wild species. The greatest economic benefit from biodiversity is found in medicine.

An important impact on the state of the environment and nature management is exerted by technogenic emergencies and industrial disasters. In 1984 in India, 2,500 people died and tens of thousands were poisoned when a toxic gas was released from a nearby densely populated area in Bhopal by an American chemical corporation Union Carbide. Two years later, the nuclear reactor at Chernobyl exploded. 135 thousand people were evacuated, and radioactive contamination affected a large area. Some time later, another incident at a chemical plant in Sandoz, Switzerland caused an environmental disaster in Western Europe.

Military operations and the use of weapons of mass destruction cause enormous damage to the environment. During the Vietnam War, American aircraft dropped over 15 million liters of defoliants. The affected area is 38 thousand square meters. km for several decades turned into a lifeless desert, over 2 million people were affected by toxic substances.

Let us characterize the main crisis directions in the development of the ecological situation.

Disappearance of plant and animal species, species diversity, the gene pool of the flora and fauna of the Earth, and animals and plants disappear, as a rule, not as a result of their direct extermination by humans, but due to changes in the habitat. Early 1980s. one species of animal dies out every day, and one plant species per week. Extinction threatens thousands of animal and plant species. Every fourth species of amphibians, every tenth species of higher plants is under the threat of extinction. And each of the species is a unique, unique result of evolution that has been going on for many millions of years.

Mankind is obliged to preserve and pass on to the descendants of the biological diversity of the Earth, and not only because nature is beautiful and delights us with its magnificence. There is an even more significant reason: the conservation of biological diversity is an indispensable condition for the life of man himself on Earth, since the stability of the biosphere is the higher, the more its constituent species.

Depletion of natural resources. Every year, more than 100 billion tons of various rocks are extracted from the bowels of the Earth. For the life of one person in modern civilization, 200 tons of various solid substances are needed per year, which he, with the help of 800 tons of water and 1000 W of energy, turns into products of his consumption. At the same time, humanity lives off not only the exploitation of the resources of the modern biosphere, but also the non-renewable products of the former biospheres (oil, coal, gas, ores, etc.). According to the most optimistic estimates, the existing reserves of such natural resources will not last long for mankind: oil for about 30 years; natural gas for 50 years; coal for 100 years, etc. But renewable natural resources (for example, wood) become non-renewable, since the conditions for their reproduction change radically, they are brought to extreme depletion or complete destruction, i.e. All natural resources on Earth are finite.

Continuous and rapid growth of human energy costs. Energy consumption (in kcal / day) per person in a primitive society was about 4,000, in a feudal society - about 12,000, in an industrial civilization - 70,000, and in developed post-industrial countries it reaches 250,000 (i.e. 60 times higher and more than our Paleolithic ancestors) and continues to increase. However, this process cannot continue for a long time: the Earth's atmosphere is warming up, which can have the most unpredictable adverse consequences (climatic, geographical, geological, etc.).

Pollution of the atmosphere, water, soil. The source of air pollution is primarily ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises, thermal power plants, motor transport, burning of garbage, waste, etc. Their emissions into the atmosphere contain oxides of carbon, nitrogen and sulfur, hydrocarbons, metal compounds, dust. About 20 billion tons of CO 2 are emitted into the atmosphere every year; 300 million tons of CO; 50 million tons of nitrogen oxides; 150 million tons O 2 ; 4-5 million tons of H 2 and other harmful gases; more than 400 million tons of soot particles, dust, ash.

An increase in the content of CO 2 in the atmosphere causes the formation of "acid rain", causing an increase in the acidity of water bodies, the death of their inhabitants.

Exhaust gases from vehicles cause great damage to the life of animals and plants. The components of car exhaust gases are carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxide, lead compounds, mercury, etc.

Hydrosphere pollution. Water is widely, although not universally, distributed on our planet. The total water supply is about 1.41018 tons. The bulk of the water is concentrated in the seas and oceans. Fresh water accounts for only 2%. Under natural conditions, a constant cycle of water is carried out, accompanied by the processes of its purification. Water carries huge masses of dissolved substances into the seas and oceans, where complex chemical and biochemical processes take place that contribute to the self-purification of water bodies.

At the same time, water is widely used in all areas of the economy and in everyday life. In connection with the development of industry, the growth of cities, water consumption is constantly increasing. At the same time, water pollution by industrial and domestic waste is increasing: about 600 billion tons of industrial and domestic wastewater, over 10 million tons of oil and oil products are annually discharged into water bodies. This leads to a violation of the natural self-purification of water bodies.

Radioactive contamination of the environment as a result of nuclear tests, accidents at nuclear power plants ( Chernobyl disaster 1986), accumulation of radioactive waste.

All these negative trends, as well as the irresponsible and incorrect use of the achievements of civilization, have a detrimental effect on the human body and create another set of environmental problems - medical and genetic. Previously known diseases become more frequent and completely new, previously unknown diseases appear. A whole complex of "diseases of civilization" has developed, generated by scientific and technological progress (increase in the pace of life, the number of stressful situations, physical inactivity, malnutrition, abuse of pharmaceuticals, etc.) and the environmental crisis (especially pollution of the environment by mutagenic factors); Drug addiction is becoming a global problem.

The scale of pollution of the natural environment is so great that the natural processes of metabolism and the diluting activity of the atmosphere and hydrosphere are not able to neutralize the harmful effects of human production activities. As a result, the ability for self-regulation of the systems of the biosphere that have developed over millions of years (in the course of evolution) is undermined, and the biosphere itself is destroyed. If this process is not stopped, the biosphere will simply die. And humanity will disappear with it.

The main thing, however, is not in the completeness of the list of these problems, but in understanding the causes of their occurrence, nature and, most importantly, in identifying effective ways and means to resolve them.

The true prospect of a way out of the ecological crisis is in changing the production activity of a person, his way of life, his consciousness. Scientific and technological progress creates not only "overloads" for nature; in the most advanced technologies, it provides a means to prevent negative impacts, creates opportunities for environmentally friendly cleaner production. There was not only an urgent need, but also the opportunity to change the essence of technological civilization, to give it an environmental character.

One of the directions of such development is the creation of safe industries. Using the achievements of science, technological progress can be organized in such a way that production waste does not pollute the environment, but re-enters the production cycle as a secondary raw material. Nature itself provides an example: the carbon dioxide emitted by animals is absorbed by plants, which release oxygen, which is necessary for the respiration of animals.

Waste-free is a production in which all the raw materials are ultimately converted into a particular product. Given that 98% of the feedstock modern industry converts into waste, then the need for the task of creating waste-free production will become clear.

Calculations show that 80% of the waste from the heat and power, mining, and coke industries are suitable for use. At the same time, the products obtained from them are often superior in quality to products made from primary raw materials. For example, ash from thermal power plants, used as an additive in the production of aerated concrete, approximately doubles the strength of building panels and blocks. Of great importance is the development of nature restoration industries (forestry, water, fisheries), the development and implementation of material-saving and energy-saving technologies.

Some alternative (in relation to thermal, nuclear and hydroelectric power plants) energy sources are also environmentally friendly. We need to quickly find ways practical use energy of the sun, wind, tides, geothermal sources.

The ecological situation makes it necessary to assess the consequences of any activity related to interference with the natural environment. An environmental review of all technical projects is required.

Even F. Joliot-Curie warned: “We must not allow people to direct those forces of nature that they have managed to discover and conquer to their own destruction.”

General ways to solve environmental problems:

1. instead of declarations - environmentally sound and economically secure projects within the global framework;
   

   - integration of intellectual forces, technology and finances of all countries of the world for the implementation of these projects;
   

   - regulation of population growth and people's needs, their environmental education;
   

   - introduction of economic activity within the capacity of ecosystems based on the widespread introduction of energy and resource-saving technologies;
   

   - transition to waste-free production technologies; development of agriculture based on environmentally progressive technologies adapted to local conditions.

   2. HISTORY OF RUSSIAN ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION
   

   The supreme legal force and direct effect of the Constitution
   of the Russian Federation creates the foundations for all branches of Russian legislation, including those on environmental protection and environmental safety which by the end of the last century had become a global problem modern world. In the 21st century, the ecological crisis is aggravated and manifests itself in an increase in the deficit drinking water, the struggle for explored mineral deposits, the search for clean air in metropolitan cities and even the possibility of selling it to other countries.
   

   The first constitutions of our country contained only norms on the exclusive state ownership of land and other basic natural resources, on the obligations of land users to increase soil fertility.
   

   Russia was one of the first states to adopt in 1960 the Law "On Nature Protection in the RSFSR", which proclaimed the foundations of legal relations
   "man is nature". Many of the provisions contained in it justified themselves and found further development - for example, on teaching nature conservation in educational institutions and promoting it by publishing houses, museums, television, newspaper and magazine editorial offices, on public environmental expertise of major construction projects, on the need for the rational use of natural resources and state protection of natural objects, on the responsibility of heads of departments and enterprises, as well as citizens for violations of environmental regulations. But many legislative provisions turned out to be too declarative and not supported by by-laws.
   

   At the constitutional level environmental theme was reflected in
   The Constitutions of the USSR of 1977 and the RSFSR of 1978, when Art. 18 (after the international Stockholm conference in 1972), the principle was enshrined, according to which, in the interests of present and future generations in Russia, the necessary measures are taken to protect and scientifically based rational use of the land and its subsoil, water resources, flora and fauna, to preserve in clean air and water, ensure the reproduction of natural resources and improve the human environment.
   

   The constitutional institution of environmental protection had a pronounced economic, social, political character, although even then science set and justified the promising tasks of transferring priority to social goals related to ensuring human health, its habitat and life; involvement in environmental control of the public, a person whose right to a favorable environment was assumed, but not guaranteed; transformation of citizens from objects into subjects of environmental management.
   

   The 1993 Constitution of the Russian Federation, ten years since its adoption, contains more specific environmental regulations and principles that must be applied throughout the country, and all legal acts adopted in the Russian Federation must not contradict them. This increases the fundamental nature of the influence of the Constitution both on the development of environmental legislation - federal and regional, and on the adoption and application of other regulatory legal acts on the territory of the Federation[?].
   

   The federal law adopted by the State Duma of the Russian Federation and approved by the Federation Council in December 2001 on environmental protection is the latest regulatory legal act that exists in this moment. Overview of current regulatory legal acts in the field of protection and (or) environmental protection
   

   The Constitution of the Russian Federation is a normative legal act with the highest legal force. The constitution contains many articles in which, in one way or another, public relations in the field of the environment are regulated. For example, Art. 9:
   

   "one. Land and other natural resources are used and protected in
   of the Russian Federation as the basis for the life and activities of the peoples living in the respective territory
   

   2. Land and other natural resources may be in private, state, municipal and other forms of ownership”
   

   In Art. 42 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation clearly defines that everyone has the right to a favorable environment, reliable information about its condition and compensation for damage caused to health or property by an environmental offense. The Constitution fixes only the foundations of the state and social structure, and specific mechanisms are prescribed in lower-level regulatory legal acts, or in international treaties and agreements. As in other states, this constitutional thesis seems to be too general and needs to be specified, supported by other acts and law enforcement. Claims of citizens based on this article of the Constitution of the Russian Federation either remain unsatisfied, and if satisfied, they remain unfulfilled, as happened in the Moscow region, where municipalities were unable to comply with court decisions on the resettlement of citizens living in adverse noise conditions near the airport Bykovo.
   

   Article 58 defines the obligations for the conservation of nature and the environment, obliges to treat natural resources with care. In Art. 41 refers to the promotion of activities that contribute to environmental and sanitary-epidemiological well-being. The formation of the foundations of federal policy and federal programs in the field of state, economic, environmental, social, cultural and national development of the Russian Federation is stated in paragraph "e" of Art. 71. In paragraph 1 "c" of Art. 114 The government of the Russian Federation ensures the implementation of state policy in the field of culture, science, education, healthcare, social security, and ecology. And finally, Art. 72 contains this wording: “In the joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and the subjects
   Russian Federation are:
   

   ... e) nature management; environmental protection and ensuring environmental safety; specially protected natural areas; protection of historical and cultural monuments…”.
   

   In addition to the constitution, which outlines the general provisions, there are codes and laws aimed at more specific and clear regulation of the mechanisms and ways of implementing the rules of law, in addition, they contain many interpretive and clarifying rules:
   

   – Land Code of the Russian Federation;

It is possible to single out a number of global environmental problems that humanity faced in the last decades of the 20th and early 21st centuries Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems, Volume 2. Knowledge of sustainable development / Editor E.E. Demidova [and others] . - M.: MAGISTR-PRESS, 2005. - S. 915..

1. Consumption of primary biological products (consumption growth: 40% - on land, 25% - global).

2. Change in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere (an increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases from tenths to a few percent annually).

3. Depletion of the ozone layer; an increase, and in the last 23 years, a decrease in the ozone hole in Antarctica.

4. Reducing the area of ​​forests, especially tropical ones.

5. Desertification, expansion of the area of ​​deserts (60 thousand km 2 ), the growth of technogenic desertification.

6. Land degradation, increased erosion (25 billion tons annually), reduced fertility, accumulation of pollutants, acidification, salinization.

7. Ocean level rise, ocean level rise by 1-2 mm/year.

8. Rapid extinction of species of organisms.

9. Qualitative depletion of land waters, an increase in the volume of wastewater, point and area sources of pollution, an increase in the radioactivity of the environment.

10. Deterioration of human living conditions, growth of genetic diseases and diseases associated with environmental disturbances, the emergence of new diseases, increasing poverty, food shortages, high infant mortality, high morbidity, lack of clean drinking water in developing countries; living in areas of high pollution, growth of genetic diseases, high accident rate, increase in large-scale man-made disasters, growth in drug consumption, growth allergic diseases in developed countries, pandemic, AIDS in the world.

Starting from the 50s of the 20th century, all of humanity began to feel the first symptoms of the impact of industrial emissions, which at first glance did not threaten with serious complications. However, the tension in the relationship between humanity and nature, which arose in natural ecosystems, not only did not weaken, but also constantly intensified.

In the second half of the 20th century, humanity was forced to introduce a new concept of modern ecology - ecological crisis. The ecological crisis is currently understood as a critical state of the environment caused by the activities of mankind and characterized by a discrepancy between the development of productive forces and production relations in human society and the resource and ecological capabilities of the biosphere. It is now obvious to everyone that the ecological crisis is a global and universal concept that concerns each of the people inhabiting the Earth.

The overall economic burden on ecological systems depends, in simple terms, on three factors: population, average level of consumption and wide application of various technologies. The environmental damage caused by the consumer society can be reduced by changing agricultural patterns, transport systems, urban planning methods, intensity of energy consumption, reviewing existing industrial technologies, etc. However, with a change in technology, the level of material demands can and should be reduced, which is what happens in all developed countries of the world during the ongoing economic crisis, increasing unemployment, rising cost of living, including those associated with environmental problems.

All minor crises generated by human activity (not only technogenic) and its attitude to nature eventually led to a comprehensive, global biosphere crisis. With continuing rates of impact on the environment, in the near future it will be possible to speak not so much about the digression of individual elements of the biosphere, but about an irreversible process - a change in its geologically established organization. There will be (or has already been) the danger of the collapse of a very fragile system of life support on the planet.

However, despite the apparent root cause of the adverse consequences of human economic activity, many scientists emphasize that the protection of the natural environment should begin not with the fight against anthropogenic factors, but with the causes that give rise to them, primarily socio-economic ones. The impact of environmental degradation on the life and health of people is observed in every society, and the causes and effects can be different.

At present, the point of view seems to be justified, according to which the population density of the Earth is approaching a critical one. At the beginning of our era, there were 250 million people on Earth. It took 1.5 thousand years before it doubled. By the beginning of the nineteenth century. the population of the planet has reached 1 billion. The current growth rates are such that in order to ensure even those conditions of existence that are now on Earth, each newly emerging generation is obliged to build (and, therefore, consume the corresponding amount of biosphere resources) a new technostructure equal to that which in the present moment exists on Earth. There are very optimistic statements that the Earth can feed up to 700 billion people. But most scientists believe that the optimal number of inhabitants of the planet should not exceed 12 - 20 billion. Some demographers believe that more than the optimal "golden billion" Popkov, N.V. Global problems of the present and technological development / N.V. Popkova // Bulletin of Moscow University. Ser. 7, Philosophy. - 2005. - No. 1. - S. 104. .

The problem of an unprecedented increase in the pressure on the biosphere of the growing population of the planet is becoming more acute. The picture is especially complex and sad at the level of individual regions and countries, where millions of people die of hunger every year.

Raising the standard of living of the population of these areas, which are often characterized by the highest rates of population growth, is one of the main tasks of mankind, the difficulty of which is explained, if only by the fact that even with the preservation of the current population of the planet, a hundredfold an increase in the material benefits received and a multiple increase in food production. At the same time, in other areas of the Earth, characterized by a high level of pressure on the biosphere, too little population growth or even its decline is a concern.

A characteristic feature of our time is the globalization of human impact on the natural environment, which is accompanied by an unprecedented intensification and globalization of the negative consequences of this impact. And if earlier mankind experienced local and regional ecological crises that could lead to the death of any civilization, but did not prevent the further progress of the human race as a whole, then the current ecological situation is fraught with a global ecological collapse, since modern man destroys the mechanisms of the integral functioning of the biosphere in the planetary scale. There are more and more crisis points, both in the problematic and in the spatial sense, and they turn out to be closely interconnected, forming a kind of network that is becoming more and more frequent. It is this circumstance that makes it possible to speak about the presence of a global ecological crisis and the threat of an ecological catastrophe.

More recently, it seemed that the main goal of mankind is to make people rich and well-fed. Now this is not enough. Currently, no country in the world can autonomously solve the entire range of environmental problems that accompany a person in his daily life. However, a way out of the ecological crisis is possible. It is only necessary to unite the efforts of all countries for the implementation of international cooperation in this matter.

According to the simplified morphological concept of species, natural populations that are morphologically distinct from each other are recognized types.

It is more accurate and more correct to define species as natural populations within which the variability of morphological (usually quantitative) characters is continuous, separated from other populations by a gap. If the differences are small, but the continuity of distribution is broken, then such forms should be taken for different species. In aphoristic form, this is expressed as follows: the criterion of the species is the discreteness of the boundaries of the distribution of features.

When determining species, difficulties often arise due to two circumstances. Firstly, the cause of difficulties may be strong intraspecific variability, and secondly, the presence of so-called twin species. Let's consider these cases.

Intraspecific variability can reach a large scale. First of all, these are differences between males and females of the same species. Such differences are clearly manifested in many birds, diurnal butterflies, German wasps, some fish and other organisms. Similar facts were used by Darwin in his work on sexual selection. In a number of animals, sharp differences are observed between adults and immature individuals. Similar facts are widely known to zoologists. Therefore, samples from populations of species at different stages of their life cycle are very useful. The theoretical basis for intraspecific variability (individual or group) is set out in a number of manuals. Here we will consider only the characters that are most often used in establishing the species status of individuals from the sample.

Morphological features is the general external morphology and, if necessary, the structure of the genital apparatus. The most important morphological features are found in animals with an external skeleton, such as arthropods or mollusks, but they can be found in many other animals without shells or shells. These are all kinds of differences in the coat of animals, the plumage of birds, the pattern of butterfly wings, etc.

In many cases, the criterion for distinguishing closely related species is the structure of the genitalia. This is especially emphasized by proponents of the biological concept of the species, since differences in the shape of the chitinized or sclerotized parts of the genital apparatus prevent interbreeding between males of one species and females of another. In entomology, Dufour's rule is known, according to which, in species with chitinized parts of the male genitalia and the copulatory organs of females, such a ratio is observed as that of a key and a lock. Sometimes it is called that - the "key and lock" rule. However, it should be remembered that the genitalia characters, like other morphological characters, also vary in some species (for example, in leaf beetles of the genus Altica), which has been repeatedly shown. Nevertheless, in those groups where the systematic significance of the structure of the genitalia has been proven, it is a very valuable feature, since with the divergence of species, their structure should be one of the first to change.

Anatomical features, such as details of the skull structure or the shape of teeth, are commonly used in supraspecific taxonomy of vertebrates.

environmental signs. It is known that each animal species is characterized by certain ecological preferences, knowing which, it is often possible, if not quite accurately, to decide which species we are dealing with, then at least greatly facilitate identification. According to competitive exclusion rule(Gause's rule), two species cannot exist in the same place if their ecological requirements are the same.

In the study of gall-forming or mining phytophagous insects (midge flies, gall wasps, mining larvae of butterflies, beetles and other insects), the main features often turn out to be forms of mines, for which a classification has even been developed, or galls. So, on rosehips or oaks, several types of galls develop, causing the formation of galls on the leaves or shoots of plants. And in all cases, the galls of each species have their own characteristic shape.

The food preferences of animals have reached a large scale - from strict monophagy through oligophagy to polyphagy. It is known that silkworm caterpillars feed exclusively on mulberry leaves, or mulberry. Caterpillars of white butterflies (cabbages, turnips, etc.) gnaw the leaves of cruciferous plants without moving to plants of other families. And a bear or a wild boar, being polyphages, feed on both animal and plant foods.

In groups of animals where a strict choice of food is established, it is possible to establish their species affiliation by the nature of the gnawing of a certain plant species. This is what entomologists do in the field. It is better, of course, to collect for further study the herbivorous insects themselves. An experienced naturalist who knows the natural conditions of a certain area well can predict in advance what set of animal species can be encountered when visiting certain biotopes - a forest, a meadow, sand dunes, or a river bank. Therefore, on the labels accompanying collection fees, it is imperative to indicate the conditions under which certain species were collected. This greatly facilitates further processing of the collection and identification of species.

Ethological signs. A number of authors point to the taxonomic value of ethological features. The well-known ethologist Hynd considers behavior to be a taxonomic feature that can be used to clarify the systematic position of species. To this it should be added that the most useful are stereotyped actions. They are as characteristic of each species as any morphological features. This should be kept in mind when studying closely related or twin species. Even if the elements of behavior may be similar, the expression of these elements is specific to each species. The fact is that behavioral features in animals are important isolating mechanisms that prevent interbreeding between different species. Examples of ethological isolation are cases where potential marriage partners meet but do not mate.

As shown by numerous observations in nature and experiments in the laboratory, the otological features of the species are primarily manifested in the characteristics of mating behavior. These include the characteristic postures of males in the presence of a female, as well as vocal signals. The invention of sound recording devices, especially sonographs, which make it possible to represent sound in graphic form, finally convinced researchers of the species-specificity of the songs not only of birds, but also of crickets, grasshoppers, leafhoppers, as well as the voices of frogs and toads.

But not only the poses or voices of animals are ethological species features. These include the features of building nests in birds and insects from the Hymenoptera order (bees and wasps), the types and nature of egg-laying in insects, the shape of spider webs in spiders, and much more. Species-specific ootheca of praying mantises and capsules of locusts, light flashes of firefly beetles.

Sometimes the differences are quantitative, but this is enough to recognize the species of the object of study.

Geographic features. Often geographic features are a convenient means of distinguishing between populations, more precisely, deciding whether two populations under study are the same or different species. If a number of forms replace each other geographically, forming a chain or ring of forms, each of which differs from its neighbors, then they are called allopatric forms. Allopatric forms are considered to be a polytypic species, consisting of several subspecies.

The opposite picture is presented by cases where the ranges of forms partially or completely coincide. If there are no transitions between these forms, then they are called sympatric forms. This nature of distribution indicates the complete species independence of these forms due to the fact that sympatric (joint) existence, not accompanied by crossing, is one of the main criteria of the species.

In taxonomy practice, it is often difficult to assign a specific allopatric form to a species or subspecies. If allopatric populations are in contact, but do not interbreed in the zone of contact, then such populations should be considered as species. In contrast, if allopatric populations are in contact and interbreed freely in a narrow zone of contact or are connected by transitions in a wide zone of contact, then they should almost always be considered subspecies.

The situation is more complicated when there is a gap between the ranges of allopatric populations, due to which contact is impossible. In this case, we can deal with either species or subspecies. A classic example of this kind is the geographic dispersal of blue magpie populations. One subspecies (C. c. cooki) inhabits the Iberian Peninsula, and the other (C. c. cyanus) - south Far East(Primorye and adjacent parts of China). It is believed that this is the result of a break in the former continuous range that arose in the Ice Age. Many taxonomists are of the opinion that questionable allopatric populations are more appropriately considered subspecies.

Other signs. In many cases, closely related species are easier to distinguish by chromosome morphology than by other characters, as has been demonstrated in species of the genus Drosophila and in bugs of the family Lygaeidae. The use of physiological characters by which closely related taxa can be distinguished is gaining more and more scope. It has been shown that closely related species of mosquitoes differ significantly in growth rate and duration of the egg stage. The conclusion that the main part of proteins is specific for each species is gaining increasing recognition. The conclusions in the field of serosystematics are based on this phenomenon. It also turned out to be useful to study specific secretions that form a certain pattern on the body or wax structures in the form of caps, like in scale insects or mealybugs from the class of insects. They are also species specific. It is often necessary to use the entire set of characters of a different nature to solve complex taxonomic problems. AT contemporary works on zoological systematics, as the acquaintance with the latest publications shows, the authors are not limited to morphological features. Most often there are indications of the chromosomal apparatus.

Kaliningrad branch

Federal State Educational Institution

Higher professional education

St. Petersburg State Agrarian

university

For nature management

GLOBAL PROBLEMS OF ENVIRONMENT. SIGNS OF AN ENVIRONMENTAL CRISIS

Introduction

I. Global problems of ecology

II. Signs of an ecological crisis

Conclusion

List of used literature

INTRODUCTION

Environmental issues… Pollution… No cars! We often hear these words today. Really, ecological state our planet is deteriorating by leaps and bounds. There is less and less fresh water left on earth, and the water that is still available is already of very poor quality. In some countries, the quality of drinking water that flows from a water tap does not even meet the requirements for bathing water.

What about air? What do we breathe? Many cities are downright covered with fog, but this is not fog, but real smog, which is not only unpleasant, it is incredibly dangerous for people's lives.

In the 1980s, people for the first time became seriously concerned about the state of their natural environment. Such fears concerned both the present of our planet and the future of those people who will live on our planet in a few centuries. In addition, scientists, biologists began to worry about the issue of ecology. Today, ecology has become a very popular word. Ecology is a science that studies the relationships between all forms of life on our planet and in the environment. The word ecology comes from the Greek word "oikos" (oikos), which means "home". Caring for "home" in this case includes our entire planet, all the creatures living on the planet, as well as the atmosphere of our planet. Quite often the word ecology is used to describe the environment and the people who live in that environment. However, the concept of ecology is much broader than just the environment. Ecologists consider people as a link in a rather complex chain of life, including the food chain. This chain includes mammals, amphibians, invertebrates and protozoa, as well as plants and animals, including humans. Today, the word ecology is often used to describe the problems of environmental pollution. This use of the word ecology is not entirely correct.

I. GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS

Every hour, day and night, the population of our planet increases by more than 7,500 people. The population size significantly affects the environment and, in particular, its pollution, since with an increase in the population, the amount of everything that is consumed, produced, built by man and discarded increases.

In general terms, “a crisis is a violation of the equilibrium of a system and, at the same time, a transition to its new equilibrium.” Thus, the crisis is the stage at which the functioning of the system reaches its limits. A crisis can be characterized by a situation where obstacles arise in the development of the system, and the task of the system is to find an acceptable way out of this situation.

Mankind has repeatedly faced the emergence of environmental crises and quite confidently overcame them. It is known that the main source of life on earth is the energy of the Sun. From the Sun to the Earth comes a huge amount of energy, including heat. Its annual amount is approximately ten times greater than the amount of all thermal energy contained in all the proven fossil fuel reserves of the planet. The use of only 0.01% of the total amount of light energy entering the Earth's surface could fully meet the world's energy needs. However, the amount of solar energy assimilated by the Earth is negligible. Its increase is facilitated by the presence in the atmosphere of the so-called "greenhouse" gases and, above all, carbon dioxide, the release of which is noticeably increasing. He freely passes Sun rays, but delays the reflected thermal radiation of the Earth. The atmosphere also contains other gases that have the same effect: methane, fluorochlorocarbons (freons). An increase in these gases in the air, as well as ozone, which pollutes the lower atmosphere, can lead to the fact that the Earth will absorb more solar energy. This, as well as an increase in heat emissions from human activities, leads to an increase in air temperature on Earth.

According to forecasts for 2050, the probable global increase in temperature will be 3--4 ° C, and the precipitation regime will change. In this regard, continental ice can melt in high latitudes; the water level in the seas and oceans will rise not only due to the melting of ice, but also as a result of an increase in the volume of water due to an increase in its temperature.

It is suggested that the summer heat in recent years in many parts of the world is the result of the greenhouse effect. To reduce the threat of global warming, it is necessary to reduce emissions of "greenhouse" gases, as well as reduce the combustion of various types of fossil fuels.

The causes of pollution and ways to prevent or reduce the level of environmental pollution are quite an important part in the study of ecology, however, this is not the whole subject of study. Equally important in terms of the use of our environment are ways that safeguard the heritage of fertile soil, clean air, fresh clean water and forests for those who will live on our planet after us. Ever since the first ancient people appeared a long time ago, nature has given man everything he needs - air in order to breathe, food in order not to die of hunger, water in order to quench his thirst. , wood, in order to build houses and heat the hearth. For many thousands of years, man lived in harmony with his natural environment, and it seemed to man that the natural resources of the planet were inexhaustible. But then came the twentieth century. As you know, the twentieth century was a time of scientific and technological progress. Those achievements and discoveries that a person could make in the mechanization and automation of industrial processes, in the chemical industry, the conquest of space, the creation of stations capable of generating nuclear energy, as well as steamships that could break even the thickest ice - all this is truly amazing. With the advent of this industrial revolution, the negative impact of man on the environment began to increase exponentially. This industrial progress has caused a very serious problem. Everything on our planet - soil, air and water has become poisoned. Today, in almost all corners of the planet, with rare exceptions, you can find cities with large quantity machines, plants and factories. The by-products of human industrial activity affect all beings living on the planet.

Recently, a lot has been said about acid rain, global warming, and the thinning of the planet's ozone layer. All these negative processes are caused by tons of polluting harmful substances that are emitted into atmospheric air industrial enterprises.

Big cities suffer from smog, they are downright suffocating. The situation is complicated by the fact that in big cities, as a rule, there is practically no greenery, trees, which, as you know, are the lungs of the planet.

II. Signs of an ecological crisis

The modern ecological crisis is characterized by the following manifestations:

Gradual change in the planet's climate due to changes in the balance of gases in the atmosphere;

General and local (above the poles, separate areas of land) destruction of the biospheric ozone screen;

Pollution of the World Ocean with heavy metals, complex organic compounds, oil products, radioactive substances, saturation of waters with carbon dioxide;

Breaking the natural ecological links between the ocean and land waters as a result of

construction of dams on rivers, leading to a change solid drain, spawning ways.

Atmospheric pollution with the formation of acid precipitation, highly toxic substances as a result of chemical and photochemical reactions;

Pollution of land waters, including river waters used for drinking water supply, with highly toxic substances, including dioxides, heavy metals, phenols;

Desertification of the planet;

Degradation of the soil layer, reduction of the area of ​​fertile land suitable for agriculture;

Radioactive contamination of certain territories in connection with the disposal of radioactive waste, man-made accidents, etc.;

Accumulation on the surface of the land of household garbage and industrial waste, in particular, practically non-degradable plastics;

Reduction of areas of tropical and boreal forests, leading to an imbalance of atmospheric gases, including a reduction in the concentration of oxygen in the planet's atmosphere;

Pollution of underground space, including groundwater, which makes them unsuitable for water supply and threatens the still little-studied life in the lithosphere;

Massive and rapid, avalanche-like disappearance of species of living matter;

Deterioration of the living environment in populated areas, primarily urbanized areas;

General depletion and lack of natural resources for human development;

Changing the size, energy and biogeochemical role of organisms, reshaping food chains, mass reproduction of certain types of organisms;

Violation of the hierarchy of ecosystems, an increase in systemic uniformity on the planet.

Transport is one of the main environmental pollutants. Today, automobiles, with their petrol and diesel engines, have become the main sources of air pollution in industrialized countries. Huge areas of forests that grew in Africa, South America and Asia, began to be destroyed, providing for the needs of various industries in Europe and the United States of America. This is very scary, because the destruction of forests disrupts the oxygen balance not only in these countries, but throughout the planet as a whole.

As a result, some species of animals, birds, fish and plants disappeared almost overnight. Many of the animals, birds and plants today are on the verge of extinction, many of them are included in the "Red Book of Nature". Despite everything, people still continue to kill animals so that some of the people can wear coats and furs. Think about it, today we do not kill animals in order to finish off our food and not die of hunger, as our ancient ancestors did. Today people kill animals for fun, in order to get their fur. Some of these animals, such as foxes, are in real danger of disappearing forever from the face of our planet. Every hour, several species of plants and animals disappear from the face of our planet. Rivers and lakes dry up.

Another global environmental problem the so-called acid rain.

Acid rain is one of the most serious forms of environmental pollution dangerous disease biosphere. These rains are formed due to the entry into the atmosphere at a great height from the burning fuel (especially sulfurous) sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. The weak solutions of sulfuric and nitric acid thus obtained in the atmosphere can fall out in the form of precipitation, sometimes after several days, hundreds of kilometers from the source of release. It is not yet technically possible to determine the origin of acid rain. Penetrating into the soil, acid rain disrupts its structure, adversely affects beneficial microorganisms, dissolves natural minerals such as calcium and potassium, carrying them into the subsoil and taking away their main source of nutrition from plants. The damage caused to vegetation by acid rain, especially sulfur compounds, is enormous. An external sign of exposure to sulfur dioxide is the gradual darkening of the leaves on the trees, the reddening of pine needles.

Pollution air environments heating plants, industry and transport, scientists believe, has led to a new phenomenon - the defeat of some species of deciduous trees, as well as to the rapid reduction in the growth rate of at least six species of conifers, which can be traced in the annual rings of these trees.

The damage caused in Europe by acid rain to fish stocks, vegetation cover, architectural structures, is estimated at 3 billion dollars a year.

Acid rain, various harmful substances in the air of large cities, also cause destruction industrial structures and metal parts. Acid rain is detrimental to human health. Harmful substances, which form acid rain, are transported with air currents from one country to another, which sometimes causes international conflicts.

In addition to climate warming and the appearance of acid rain, there is another problem on the planet. global phenomenon-- Destruction of the Earth's ozone layer. If the maximum permissible concentration is exceeded, ozone has a harmful effect on humans and animals. When combined with car exhaust gases and industrial emissions, the harmful effect of ozone is enhanced, especially when this mixture is exposed to sunlight. At the same time, the ozone layer at an altitude of H - 20 km from

The surface of the earth delays the hard ultraviolet radiation of the Sun, which has a destructive effect on the human body and animals. Excess solar radiation causes skin cancer and other diseases, reducing the productivity of agricultural land and the oceans. Today, about 1300 thousand tons of ozone-depleting substances are produced all over the world, less than 10% of them - in Russia.

To prevent the serious consequences associated with the destruction of the protective ozone layer of the Earth, the Vienna Convention on its protection was adopted at the international level. It provides for a freeze and subsequent reduction in the production of ozone-depleting substances, as well as the development of their harmless substitutes.

One of the global environmental problems- a sharp increase in the population of the planet. And for every well-fed person, there is another who barely manages to feed himself, and a third who is malnourished from day to day. The main means of agricultural production is land - the most important part of the environment, characterized by space, topography, climate, soil cover, vegetation, waters. During the period of its development, humanity has lost almost 2 billion hectares of productive land due to water, wind erosion and other destructive processes. This is more than currently under arable land and pastures. The rate of modern desertification, according to the UN, is about 6 million hectares per year.

As a result of anthropogenic impact, lands and soils are polluted, which leads to a decrease in their fertility, and in some cases to their withdrawal from land use. Sources of land pollution are industry, transport, energy, chemical fertilizers, household waste and other types of human activities. Land pollution occurs through sewage, air, as a result of the direct impact of physical, chemical, biological factors, industrial waste exported and dumped on land. Global soil pollution is created due to the long-range transport of a pollutant over a distance of more than 1000 km from any source of pollution. The greatest danger to soils is chemical pollution, erosion and salinization

CONCLUSION

The possibilities of using available natural resources increase to the limits of technical and economic rationality and are not automatically limited by the available natural resource (environmental) potential as a set of environmental benefits necessary for people's lives and their physical well-being. In this regard, the integral or sectoral exploitation of resources can lead (and usually leads) to the destruction of natural systems (directly or indirectly, indirectly). This destruction is perceived as an ecological crisis of a local, regional or global scale.

In communities that have been disturbed due to human impact, new species with unpredictable properties are already emerging in our time. It should be expected that this process will grow like an avalanche. When these species are introduced into the "old" communities, their destruction may occur and an ecological crisis may occur.

According to these forecasts, over the next 30-40 years, if existing trends continue in industrial countries and regions of the planet, the level of the relative impact of environmental quality on the health of the population will increase from 20-40 to 50-60%, and the cost of material resources, energy and labor will increase by stabilization of environmental conditions will become the largest item in the economy, exceeding 40-50% of GDP. This should be associated with a profound qualitative change in production, a socio-psychological transformation of the consumer society, a change in the stereotype of values, and the humanization of the economy. No matter how far such an idea would seem from today's realities, without a certain aspiration for a new ideology, for a new humanitarian and technological level of the relationship between man and nature, it is impossible to overcome the ecological crisis.

LIST OF USED LITERATURE

1) "Ecological foundations of nature management". Authors: V.G. Eremin, V.G., Safonov. M-2002

2) "Ecological foundations of nature management". Authors E.A. Arustamov, I.V. Levanova, N.V. Barkalova, M-2000