Magnesium and manganese bomb. Magnesium, zinc and manganese for the prevention and treatment of allergic diseases

Phosphocoline Magnesium Manganese has a wide range of effects on the human body, the most important of which are improving brain function and of cardio-vascular system, and also - a positive effect on lipid metabolism. They improve memory and concentration, blood circulation, metabolic processes in nerve tissues, increase the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins, and have a calming effect.

Phosphatidylcholine:

• contributes to the preservation of the structural integrity of cell membranes;
• replenishes the deficiency of choline in the body;
• improves memory and ability to concentrate;
• normalizes blood lipid composition;
• effective for liver diseases;
• increases the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E and K.

Phosphocolin contains soy lecithin - one of the few food sources of phosphatidylcholine - the most abundant phospholipid in cell membranes.

Phosphatidylcholine is a unique protector of all cells, especially cells of the nervous system. It contributes to the structural integrity of cell membranes, which ensure the vital activity of cells: assimilation of nutrients, respiration, division, permeability to electrolytes, specific functions of intercellular interaction and the immune response.

V human body phosphatidylcholine is deposited in the liver and in cellular mitochondria; used to form bile and then to emulsify fats in the intestines. It prevents the formation of gallstones and regulates the level of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood, preventing the development of atherosclerotic vascular lesions. Phosphatidylcholine is essential for the prevention of cardiovascular disease. It lowers total cholesterol moderately, predominantly improving the ratio between "good" and "bad" blood lipids; acts as an emulsifier of cholesterol and triglycerides, reducing their ability to settle on the walls of blood vessels; contributes to the maintenance of a constant level of carnitine in the blood - the amino acid most essential for the nutrition of the heart.

Phosphatidylcholine is the main source of choline needed nervous system for the formation of acetylcholine - one of the most important neurotransmitters.

Acetylcholine is necessary for the nervous system in the implementation of memory functions, recognition, coordination of muscle contractions, response to stimuli. It affects behavior, mood, stress response, thinking ability, and ensures the interaction of the nervous system with the body. Clinical studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of acetylcholine in the later stages, manifested by improved orientation, learning ability and memory.

Choline- one of the most important substances, the main task of which is to process and transport fat molecules in the liver and other parts of the body. With its lack, cholesterol accumulates in the blood and atherosclerotic processes progress. It is essential for the metabolism of lipids in the liver, especially for the metabolism of cholesterol and triglycerides. Its lack in the body leads to disorders of fat metabolism - fatty degeneration of the liver (fatty hepatosis, cirrhosis), cholelithiasis,. Choline relaxes the blood vessels and helps lower blood pressure. It is involved in the production of myelin, the protective sheath that surrounds nerves and brain cells. Lecithin and choline supplementation can slow the deterioration of myelin (nerve fiber coating) when.

Until the early 90s, it was believed that the body was able to replenish the need for choline from its own reserves. However, in 1993, scientists proved that people under severe psychological stress sometimes consume twice as much choline than usual. Many people over 40 suffer from a lack of choline, which is manifested by mental fatigue, forgetfulness, irritability, depression,. Choline deficiency increases the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease, which causes memory loss and personality breakdown. Phosphatidylcholine supplements are good remedy provide the body's needs for choline.

Magnesium + Manganese:

• manganese acts as an activator of enzymes necessary for the absorption of lecithin;
• manganese is necessary for the maintenance of the functions of the nervous system;
• magnesium is required for the functioning of all cells;
• magnesium improves the functioning of the nervous system;
• magnesium is essential for the functioning of the cardiovascular system.

Manganese promotes maximum effective work brain. It is responsible for the synthesis and exchange of neurotransmitters in the central nervous system, is an important cofactor for the formation of intercellular contacts with the participation of integrins, which is especially important in the processes of cell growth (growth of dendrites and axons and the formation of neural networks). Manganese strengthens the tissues of the arteries, making them more resistant to the formation of sclerotic plaques, promotes, participates in the formation of the immune response, regulates the activity of antioxidant enzymes, insulin and lipid metabolism.

Magnesium known as an anti-stress mineral. It reduces arousal in nerve cells, relaxes the heart muscle, affects the tone of blood vessels. Magnesium acts as a regulator of cell growth, which is necessary at all stages of protein synthesis. It is a biological activator of many vital chemical reactions- activates great amount enzymes. The synthesis of all currently known neuropeptides in the brain occurs with the obligatory participation of magnesium. Magnesium is the most important mineral for the cardiovascular system. Deficiency of Mg in the body is a common occurrence for people suffering from

Manganese is an element of a secondary subgroup of the seventh group of the fourth period of the periodic system chemical elements DI Mendeleev, with atomic number 25. It is designated by the symbol Mn (lat. Manganum).

Manganese discovery history

Renowned natural scientist and writer ancient rome Pliny the Elder pointed out the wonderful ability of black powder to brighten glass. For a long time this substance, which gives a black powder when grinding, is called pyrolusite, or manganese dioxide. Vanochchio Biringuccio also wrote about the ability of pyrolusite to clean glass in 1540. Pyrolusite is the most important ore for the production of manganese, a metal used mainly in metallurgy.

From the word "magnesia" got their names manganese and magnesium. The origin of the name of two chemical elements from the same word is explained by the fact that pyrolusite was for a long time opposed to white magnesia and was called black magnesia. After the metal was obtained in its pure form, manganese was renamed. The name was based on the Greek word "manganese", which meant to cleanse (an allusion to its use in ancient times as a "cleaner" for glass). Some researchers believe that the name of the element comes from the Latin word "magnes" - a magnet, since pyrolusite, from which manganese is extracted, was considered in ancient times to be a kind of the substance that is now called magnetic iron ore.

Manganese was discovered in 1774 by the Swedish chemist Karl Wilhelm Scheele. True, Scheele isolated neither manganese, nor molybdenum, nor tungsten in pure form; he only indicated that the minerals he investigated contained these new elements. Element No. 25 was found in the pyrolusite mineral MnO 2 · H 2 O, known to Pliny the Elder. Pliny considered it a variety magnetic iron ore although pyrolusite is not attracted by a magnet. Pliny gave an explanation for this contradiction.

In the manuscripts of the famous alchemist Albert the Great (XIII century), this mineral is called "magnesia". In the XVI century. there is already the name "manganese", which, perhaps, was given by glassmakers and comes from the word "manganidzein" - to clean.

When Scheele was researching pyrolusite in 1774, he sent samples of this mineral to his friend Johan Gottlieb Hahn. Hahn, later a professor, an outstanding chemist of his time, rolled balls of pyrolusite, adding oil to the ore, and heated the px strongly in a crucible lined with charcoal. The result was metal balls weighing three times less than balls of ore. This was manganese. The new metal was called at first "magnesia", but since at that time white magnesia was already known - magnesium oxide, the metal was renamed "magnesium"; this name was adopted by the French Nomenclature Commission in 1787. But in 1808 Humphrey Davy discovered magnesium and also called it "magnesium"; then, to avoid confusion, manganese began to be called “manganum. "

In Russia, pyrolusite was called manganese for a long time, until in 1807 A.I. Scherer did not suggest calling the metal obtained from pyrolusite manganese, and the mineral itself was called black manganese in those years.

The abundance of manganese in nature

Manganese is the 14th most abundant element on Earth, and after iron it is the second heavy metal contained in earth crust(0.03% of the total atoms of the earth's crust). In the biosphere, manganese vigorously migrates under reducing conditions and is inactive in an oxidizing environment. Manganese is most mobile in the acidic waters of the tundra and forest landscapes, where it is in the form of Mn 2+. The content of manganese is often increased here and cultivated plants in some places suffer from an excess of manganese. The weight amount of manganese increases from acidic (600 g / t) to basic rocks (2.2 kg / t). It accompanies iron in many of its ores, but there are also independent deposits of manganese. The Chiatura deposit (Kutaisi region) contains up to 40% of manganese ores. Manganese dispersed in rocks washed out by water and carried away into the oceans. Moreover, its content in sea ​​water insignificantly (10 −7 -10 −6%), and in deep places of the ocean its concentration increases to 0.3% due to oxidation by oxygen dissolved in water with the formation of water-insoluble manganese oxide, which in a hydrated form (MnO 2 x H 2 O) and descends into the lower layers of the ocean, forming the so-called iron-manganese nodules at the bottom, in which the amount of manganese can reach 45% (they also contain admixtures of copper, nickel, cobalt). Such nodules may become a source of manganese for industry in the future.

This metal is about the same as sulfur or phosphorus. Rich deposits of manganese ores are found in India, Brazil, West and South Africa.

In Russia, it is a raw material in short supply, the following deposits are known: Usinskoye in the Kemerovo region, Polunochnoye in the Sverdlovskaya region, Porozhinskoye in the Krasnoyarsk region, Yuzhno-Khinganskoye in the Jewish Autonomous Region, Rogachevo-Taininskaya area and Severo-Taininskoye »Field on Novaya Zemlya.

Getting manganese

The first metallic manganese was obtained by reducing pyrolusite with charcoal: МnО 2 + C → Mn + 2CO. But it was not elemental manganese. Like its neighbors in the periodic table - chromium and iron, manganese reacts with carbon and always contains an admixture of carbide. This means that pure manganese cannot be obtained with the help of carbon. Nowadays, three methods are used to obtain metallic manganese: silicothermal (reduction with silicon), aluminothermic (reduction with aluminum) and electrolytic.

The most widespread is the aluminothermal method developed in late XIX v. In this case, it is better to use not pyrolusite as a manganese raw material, but manganese oxide-oxide Mn 3 O 4. Pyrolusite reacts with aluminum to release such a large number heat that the reaction can easily become uncontrollable. Therefore, before reducing pyrolusite, it is fired, and the already obtained nitrous oxide is mixed with aluminum powder and set on fire in a special container. The reaction 3Мn 3 O 4 + 8Аl → 9Мn + 4Аl 2 О 3 begins - fast enough and does not require additional energy consumption. The resulting melt is cooled, brittle slag is cleaved, and the manganese ingot is crushed and sent for further processing.

However, the aluminothermal method, like the silicothermal one, does not produce high purity manganese. Aluminothermic manganese can be purified by sublimation, but this method is inefficient and expensive. Therefore, metallurgists have long been looking for new ways to obtain pure metallic manganese and, naturally, first of all hoped for electrolytic refining. But unlike copper, nickel and other metals, the manganese deposited on the electrodes was not pure: it was contaminated with oxide impurities. Moreover, the resulting metal was porous, fragile, and inconvenient for processing.

Many famous scientists have tried to find optimal mode electrolysis of manganese compounds, but to no avail. This problem was solved in 1919 by the Soviet scientist R.I. Agladze (now a full member of the Academy of Sciences of the Georgian SSR). According to the technology of electrolysis developed by him, a rather dense metal is obtained from chloride and sulfuric acid salts, containing up to 99.98% of element No. 25. This method formed the basis for the industrial production of metallic manganese.

Outwardly, this metal is similar to iron, only harder than it. It oxidizes in air, but, like aluminum, the oxide film quickly covers the entire surface of the metal and prevents further oxidation. Manganese reacts quickly with acids, forms nitrides with nitrogen, and carbides with carbon. In general, a typical metal.

Physical properties of manganese

The density of Manganese is 7.2-7.4 g / cm 3; t pl 1245 ° C; bale t 2150 ° C. Manganese has 4 polymorphic modifications: α-Mn (body-centered cubic lattice with 58 atoms per unit cell), β-Mn (body-centered cubic with 20 atoms per cell), γ-Mn (tetragonal with 4 atoms per cell) and δ-Mn ( cubic body-centered). Transformation temperature: α = β 705 ° С; β = γ 1090 ° C and γ = δ 1133 ° C; α-modification is fragile; γ (and partly β) is plastic, which is important when creating alloys.

The atomic radius of Manganese is 1.30 Å. ionic radii (in Å): Mn 2+ 0.91, Mn 4+ 0.52; Mn 7+ 0.46. Other physical properties of α-Mn: specific heat(at 25 ° C) 0.478 kJ / (kg K) [t. e. 0.114 kcal / (g · ° C)]; temperature coefficient of linear expansion (at 20 ° С) 22.3 · 10 -6 deg -1; thermal conductivity (at 25 ° C) 66.57 W / (m · K) [t. e. 0.159 cal / (cm · sec · ° C)]; specific volumetric electrical resistance 1.5-2.6 mkom · m (ie 150-260 mkom · cm): temperature coefficient of electrical resistance (2-3) · 10 -4 deg -1. Manganese is paramagnetic.

Chemical properties of manganese

Manganese is quite active, when heated it vigorously interacts with non-metals - oxygen (a mixture of manganese oxides of different valence is formed), nitrogen, sulfur, carbon, phosphorus and others. At room temperature, manganese does not change in air: it reacts very slowly with water. It easily dissolves in acids (hydrochloric, dilute sulfuric), forming divalent manganese salts. When heated in a vacuum, manganese easily evaporates, even from alloys.

When oxidized in air, it is passivated. Powdered manganese burns in oxygen (Mn + O 2 → MnO 2). When heated, manganese decomposes water, displacing hydrogen (Mn + 2H 2 O → (t) Mn (OH) 2 + H 2), the resulting manganese hydroxide slows down the reaction.

Manganese absorbs hydrogen, and as the temperature rises, its solubility in manganese increases. At temperatures above 1200 ° C, it interacts with nitrogen, forming nitrides of various compositions.

Carbon reacts with molten manganese to form Mn 3 C carbides and others. It also forms silicides, borides, phosphides.

It reacts with hydrochloric and sulfuric acids according to the equation:

Mn + 2H + → Mn 2+ + H 2

With concentrated sulfuric acid, the reaction proceeds according to the equation:

Mn + 2H 2 SO 4 (conc.) → MnSO 4 + SO 2 + 2H 2 O

Manganese is stable in an alkaline solution.

Manganese forms the following oxides: MnO, Mn 2 O 3, MnO 2, MnO 3 (not isolated in the free state) and manganese anhydride Mn 2 O 7.

Mn 2 O 7 c normal conditions liquid oily substance, dark green, very unstable; mixed with concentrated sulfuric acid ignites organic matter... At 90 ° C, Mn 2 O 7 decomposes explosively. The most stable oxides are Mn 2 O 3 and MnO 2, as well as the combined oxide Mn 3 O 4 (2MnO · MnO 2, or Mn 2 MnO 4 salt).

When manganese (IV) oxide (pyrolusite) is fused with alkalis in the presence of oxygen, manganates are formed:

2MnO 2 + 4KOH + O 2 → 2K 2 MnO 4 + 2H 2 O

The manganate solution is dark green in color. Upon acidification, the reaction proceeds:

3K 2 MnO 4 + 3H 2 SO 4 → 3K 2 SO 4 + 2HMnO 4 + MnO (OH) 2 ↓ + H 2 O

The solution turns crimson due to the appearance of the MnO 4 anion - and a brown precipitate of manganese (IV) hydroxide precipitates from it.

Manganese acid is very strong, but unstable, it is impossible to concentrate it more than 20%. The acid itself and its salts (permanganates) are strong oxidants. For example, potassium permanganate, depending on the pH of the solution, oxidizes various substances, reducing to manganese compounds of various oxidation states. In an acidic environment - up to manganese (II) compounds, in a neutral - up to manganese (IV) compounds, in a strongly alkaline - up to manganese (VI) compounds.

When calcined, permanganates decompose with the release of oxygen (one of the laboratory methods for obtaining pure oxygen). The reaction proceeds according to the equation (for example, potassium permanganate):

2KMnO 4 → (t) K 2 MnO 4 + MnO 2 + O 2

Under the influence strong oxidants the Mn 2+ ion transforms into the MnO 4 - ion:

2MnSO 4 + 5PbO 2 + 6HNO 3 → 2HMnO 4 + 2PbSO 4 + 3Pb (NO 3) 2 + 2H 2 O

This reaction is used for the qualitative determination of Mn 2+

When alkalizing solutions of Mn (II) salts, a precipitate of manganese (II) hydroxide precipitates from them, which quickly turns brown in air as a result of oxidation.

The use of manganese in industry

Manganese is found in all types of steel and cast iron. The ability of manganese to give alloys with most of the known metals is used to obtain not only various grades of manganese steel, but also a large number of non-ferrous alloys (manganins). Of these, manganese-copper alloys (manganese bronze) are especially remarkable. It, like steel, can be quenched and at the same time magnetized, although neither manganese nor copper exhibit noticeable magnetic properties.

The biological role of manganese and its content in living organisms

Manganese is found in the organisms of all plants and animals, although its content is usually very small, on the order of thousandths of a percent, it has a significant effect on vital activity, that is, it is a trace element. Manganese influences growth, blood formation, and gonadal function. Beet leaves are especially rich in manganese - up to 0.03%, and also large amounts of it are found in the organisms of red ants - up to 0.05%. Some bacteria contain up to several percent manganese.

Manganese actively affects the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates and fats. The ability of manganese to enhance the action of insulin and maintain a certain level of cholesterol in the blood is also considered important. In the presence of manganese, the body uses fats more fully. Comparatively rich in this microelement are cereals (primarily oat and buckwheat), beans, peas, beef liver and many bakery products, which practically fill the daily human need for manganese - 5.0-10.0 mg.

Do not forget that manganese compounds can have a toxic effect on the human body. The maximum permissible concentration of manganese in the air is 0.3 mg / m 3. In severe poisoning, damage to the nervous system is observed with a characteristic syndrome of manganese parkinsonism.

Manganese ore production volumes in Russia

Marganetsky GOK - 29%

The manganese ore deposit was discovered in 1883. In 1985, on the basis of this deposit, the Pokrovsky mine began ore mining. With the development of the mine and the emergence of new quarries and mines, the Marganetsky GOK was formed.
The industrial structure of the plant includes two open-pit mines for manganese ore, five mines for underground mining, three processing plants, as well as the necessary auxiliary workshops and services, incl. repair and mechanical, transport, etc.

Ordzhonikidze GOK - 71%

The main type of manufactured products is manganese concentrate of various grades with a pure manganese content from 26% to 43% (depending on grade). By-products - expanded clay and sludge.

The enterprise produces manganese ore in the ore fields assigned to it. The ore reserves will last for over 30 years. The reserves of manganese ore in Ukraine in total at the Ordzhonikidze and Manganese ore mining and processing plants make up one third of all world reserves.

The invention relates to the field of metallurgy, in particular to compositions of thermally non-strengthened deformable aluminum alloys systems aluminum-magnesium-manganese with a magnesium content of more than 3% by weight. The alloy can be used in the production of mainly thin sheets used for subsequent stamping and bending for the production of products, such as container elements, can lids, can keys, as well as for welded and non-welded structural elements in shipbuilding, construction, and automotive. The proposed alloy based on aluminum and an article made from it, containing the following components, wt. %: magnesium 3.0-5.8, manganese 0.1-1.0, titanium 0.005-0.15, iron - up to 0.5, silicon - up to 0.4, chromium - up to 0.3, zinc - up to 0.4, copper - up to 0.25, at least one element selected from the group including nickel and cobalt, 0.0005-0.25, at least one element selected from the group including boron and carbon, 0.00001-0.05, aluminum and permissible impurities - the rest, while the total content of manganese, chromium, titanium and nickel and / or cobalt does not exceed 1.1. The technical result of the invention is that the claimed alloy and the product made from it have improved mechanical properties, as well as stampability and corrosion resistance, which makes it possible to increase the service life of products, expand the range of manufactured products, and reduce labor costs for their manufacture. 2 sec. and 6 c.p. f-ly, 3 tab.

The invention relates to the field of metallurgy, in particular to compositions of thermally non-strengthened wrought aluminum alloys of the aluminum-magnesium-manganese system with a magnesium content of more than 3% by weight. The alloy can be used in the production of mainly thin sheets used for subsequent stamping and bending into products, such as container elements, can lids, can keys, as well as for welded and non-welded structural elements in shipbuilding, construction, and automotive. systems aluminum-magnesium-manganese have relatively low strength values, but high plasticity and corrosion resistance in the annealed state, they weld well, they are used to make all types of semi-finished products (sheets, plates, profiles, stampings) and due to this combination of properties they are widely used in various branches of technology. The only way to harden these alloys is cold deformation (work-hardening), which increases strength but decreases ductility, stamping and corrosion resistance. Cold deformation also leads to the fact that during long-term aging of products or their low-temperature heating (for example, solar heating), the strength properties of these products decrease. ... In Russia, these are: H - work-hardened, H1 - a quarter work-hardened, H2 - semi-work-hardened, H3 - three-quarters work-hardened. Abroad - these are: H1 - hardened by deformation, H2 - hardened by deformation and partially annealed, H4 - deformation hardened and subject to thermal effects during varnishing, paint or drying Thin sheets of an alloy of the aluminum-magnesium-manganese system in cold-worked (H1) and cold-worked and partially annealed condition (H2 and H4) are widely used for the manufacture of various products and structures. Such alloys, first of all, include domestic alloys AMg3, AMg4, AMg4.5, AMg5. GOST 4784-97 discloses an alloy of the aluminum system -magnesium-manganese (AMg4) containing the following components, wt%: Magnesium 3.5-4.5 Manganese 0.2-0.7 Chromium 0.05-0.25 Iron Up to 0.5 Silicon Up to 0.4 Copper Up to 0.1 Zinc Up to 0.25 Titanium Up to 0.15 Aluminum The rest Thin cold-rolled sheets in the H1, H2, H4 state of this alloy have, on the one hand, insufficiently high strength values, and, on the other hand, low stamping ability, which does not allow stamping from it in this state products of complex shape. Patent RU 2156319 (C 22 C 21/08) discloses an alloy of the aluminum-magnesium-manganese system for the production of rolled or drawn materials, containing the following components, wt%: Magnesium 3.0-5.0 Manganese 0.5-1.0 Iron Up to 0.25 Silicon Up to 0.25 Zinc Up to 0.4 One or more elements from the group: Chromium Up to 0.25 Copper Up to 0.2 Titanium Up to 0.2 Zirconium Up to 0.2 Aluminum The rest is Mn + 2Zn> 0.75, and the volume fraction of material dispersoids more than 1.2%. Sheets of this alloy have high strength of the welded joint and good weldability. The disadvantages of this alloy include the fact that thin cold-rolled sheets of this alloy in the H2 and H4 state do not have enough high strength , low stamping capacity and corrosion resistance, and sheets of this alloy in the states H1, H2, H4, i.e. after autofrettage or after autofrettage and partial annealing, they lose strength properties during aging or low-temperature heating, which leads to the appearance of tears in the products during sheet stamping, as well as early destruction during storage of products from this alloy due to corrosion damage and a decrease in strength, which, in turn, reduces the service life of products, limits the range of manufactured products, increases the labor intensity of their manufacture. The objective of the invention is to increase the strength, stampability and corrosion resistance of thin sheets and products made from them, as well as to reduce the effect of loss of strength during prolonged aging (storage) of products. The problem is solved by the fact that the proposed aluminum-based alloy containing magnesium, manganese, titanium, iron, silicon, chromium, zinc, copper, aluminum and permissible impurities, additionally containing at least one element selected from the group including nickel and cobalt , and at least one element selected from the group PP, including boron and carbon, with the following ratio of components, wt%: Magnesium 3.0-5.8 Manganese 0.1-1.0 Titanium 0.005-0.15 Iron Up to 0.5 Silicon Up to 0.4 Chromium Up to 0.3 Zinc Up to 0 , 4 Copper Up to 0.25 At least one element selected from the group consisting of Nickel and cobalt 0.0005-0.25 At least one element selected from the group consisting of Boron and carbon 0.00001-0.05 Aluminum and permissible impurities The rest is total the content of manganese, chromium, titanium and nickel and / or cobalt does not exceed 1.1. In particular embodiments of the invention, the problem is also solved by the fact that the alloy additionally contains at least one element selected from the group including cerium, zirconium, vanadium, beryllium , hafnium, scandium and molybdenum up to 0.15 wt.% each and not more than 0.5 wt.% in total. The most favorable ratios for some elements in the alloy are as follows, wt.%: Magnesium 4.2-5.4 Manganese 0 , 2-0.6 Iron 0.1-0.3 Silicon 0.05-0.18 The content of permissible impurities in the alloy does not exceed, wt%: lead, cadmium, bismuth, tin, indium, gallium, sodium, potassium, calcium, barium, fluorine, nitrogen, oxygen, lithium - 0.05%, hydrogen - 2.510 -5, sulfur - 0.005, niobium, tungsten, tantalum - 0.03 , silver, yttrium - 0.15. The problem is also solved by a product made of a thin sheet of a thermally unhardenable aluminum-based alloy, made of the above alloy. The product can be an element of a container, in particular a can, for example a lid, a key, a body. The product can be made welded, for example, a part of a welded structure in shipbuilding, an element building structure in the form of cladding, etc. The product can be applied on one or both sides protective covering, for example, lacquered, or the product can be laminated with plastic or painted. The essence of the invention is as follows: In known alloys, strong cold deformation (auto-fretting) leads, during subsequent low-temperature heating (H2 and H4 states) to intense release of particles of the α-phase (Al 3 Mg 2 ) along the grain boundaries in the form of a continuous continuous mesh, this leads to a decrease in strength properties, stampability, technological plasticity, corrosion resistance, in addition, the instability of the solid solution leads to the process of its further decomposition during prolonged aging under storage conditions or during technological heating finished products and as a consequence - to a decrease in their properties, destruction and a reduction in service life. The composition of the proposed alloy is selected in such a way that Co and / or Ni increase the solubility of Mg in Al. In this case, the stability of the solid solution of Mg in Al increases, the stresses in crystal lattice decrease. Therefore, the volume fraction of the β-phase (Al 3 Mg 2) released during annealing, technological heating or aging (long-term storage) decreases, which leads to an increase in strength, corrosion resistance and increases the stability of properties during long-term aging. In addition, Co and / or Ni bind iron into more compact precipitates and more dispersed than Al 3 Fe particles of the AlFeCo and AlFeNi phases, which leads to an increase in manufacturability (stampability) during cold deformation of sheets. Additives B and / or C form carbides and / or borides with elements such as Ti, Ni, Co, Fe. These particles serve as the sites of nucleation of the phase (Al 3 Mg 2), which is released during the heating of the work-hardened sheet. The precipitation of the β-phase on these particles or at the particle / matrix interface reduces their amount released at the grain boundaries, which leads to an increase in the technological plasticity, the formability of sheets, and their corrosion resistance. The presence of one or more elements from the group in the alloy: cerium, zirconium, vanadium , beryllium, hafnium, molybdenum, scandium in the indicated amounts leads to an improvement in the weldability of the alloy due to additional modification of the structure and a decrease in the oxidizability of the liquid metal during fusion welding. (technological plasticity), corrosion resistance and reduces the effect of loss of strength during long-term aging (storage), which leads to an increase in the service life of products, expands the range of manufactured products, reduces labor costs for their manufacture. Examples. Flat ingots were cast with a cross section of 100 500 mm, chemical composition which is given in Table 1. The ingots were homogenized at a temperature of 480-500C for 6 hours. Hot rolling of the ingots was carried out at a temperature of 430-450C to a thickness of 6 mm, then the hot-rolled sheet was annealed at a temperature of 310-350C for 3-5 hours and rolled cold to a thickness of 1.8 mm, some of the sheets after additional annealing were rolled to a thickness of 0.3 mm, providing a cold-worked state. Partial annealing of all sheets with a thickness of 1.8 and 0.3 mm was carried out at a temperature of 100-150C for 5- 10 hours To simulate long-term storage of products and short technological heating, additional annealing of 0.3 mm sheets at 70C for 100 hours and aging at room temperature for 3000 hours was used. mechanical properties tensile strength, the technological plasticity of sheets was assessed by testing for bending (GOST 14019-80) and extrusion (stamping) by the Eriksen method (GOST 10510-80) and resistance to stress corrosion cracking in bending in accordance with GOST 9019-74. sheets are given in Tables 2 and 3. As can be seen from the data given in Table 2, the proposed alloy, in comparison with the known one, has strength properties higher by 20-60 MPa, while its technological plasticity and stampability are 1.5-2 times higher than the famous. The resistance to corrosion cracking is also 2-3 times higher for the proposed alloy. From Table 3 it can be seen that after prolonged aging at room temperature for 3000 hours or simulating heating 70C for 100 hours, the drop in strength properties of the known alloy is 50-80 MPa, and the proposed alloy has 10-25 MPa, which is 2-3 times less. Thus, the use of the proposed alloy makes it possible to increase the service life of products, expand the range of manufactured products, and reduce labor costs for their manufacture.

CLAIM

1. Alloy based on aluminum containing magnesium, manganese, titanium, iron, silicon, chromium, zinc, copper, aluminum and permissible impurities, characterized in that it additionally contains at least one element selected from the group including nickel and cobalt and at least one element selected from the group consisting of boron and carbon in the following ratio of components, wt%: Magnesium 3.0-5.8 Manganese 0.1-1.0 Titanium 0.005-0.15 Iron Up to 0.5 Silicon Up to 0 , 4 Chromium Up to 0.3 Zinc Up to 0.4 Copper Up to 0.25 at least one element selected from the group consisting of Nickel and cobalt 0.0005-0.25 at least one element selected from the group consisting of Boron and carbon 0.00001-0 , 05Aluminum and permissible impurities The rest, while the total content of manganese, chromium, titanium and nickel and / or cobalt does not exceed 1.1.2. The alloy according to claim 1, characterized in that it additionally contains at least one element selected from the group consisting of cerium, zirconium, vanadium, beryllium, hafnium, scandium and molybdenum up to 0.15 wt.% Each and not more than 0, 5 wt% in total 3. The alloy according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that it contains magnesium, manganese, iron and silicon in the following ratio, wt%: Magnesium 4.2-5.4 Manganese 0.2-0.6 Iron 0.1-0, 3 Silicon 0.05-0.184. An alloy according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the content of permissible impurities does not exceed, wt%: lead, cadmium, bismuth, tin, indium, gallium, sodium, potassium, calcium, barium, fluorine, nitrogen, oxygen, lithium 0.05%, hydrogen 2.510 -5, sulfur 0.005, niobium, tungsten, tantalum 0.03, silver, yttrium 0.15. 5. A product made of a thin sheet of a thermally unhardenable aluminum-based alloy, characterized in that it is made of an alloy according to any one of claims 1-4.6. Product according to claim 5, characterized in that it is a container element. The product according to claim 6, characterized in that the capacity is a can. 8. Product according to claim 5, characterized in that it is welded.

Magnesium deficiency is primarily found on old leaves. Light green spots appear between the veins, and the leaf edge retains its natural color for some time. Then the leaf between the veins will completely turn yellow and become covered with brownish-black specks, and subsequently part of such a leaf will die off.

Which element is missing: nitrogen, magnesium or manganese?

Sometimes it is difficult to distinguish signs of a lack of different nutrients, especially in the early stages of plant development. This concerns the lack of nitrogen, magnesium and manganese. In all three cases, the color of the plants will first become lighter. However, there are signs thanks to which they can still be distinguished. The lack of nitrogen is evidenced by the light, yellow-green color of the leaves of the whole bush. In the early stages, there is a lack of manganese, the same color change is visible only on the upper leaves. The lack of magnesium is manifested by the fact that the leaves turn yellow-light green, but only between the veins.

The photo shows early signs of magnesium deficiency.

Prevention of magnesium deficiency

Magnesium is vital for normal plant development. One of its functions is the production of chlorophyll. Magnesium deficiency is most often found in acidic sandy loam soils, as well as in calcareous heavy loamy soils, especially if these soils are poor in structure. Applying a large amount of potash fertilizers also often leads to a lack of magnesium. The normal magnesium content is 75 mg MGO per kilogram of light and sandy loam, and 60 - 120 mg MgO per kilogram of clay soil or chernozem.

Different varieties react very differently to magnesium deficiency. The early lack of magnesium, manifested in the first half of the season, is replenished with several foliar applications (spraying) of fertilizers containing magnesium. If there is a lack of magnesium in the light and sandy loam soil, it will be shown by soil analysis after harvesting the predecessor crop. In clay and black earth soils, magnesium is rarely enough.

Trace elements: watch out for manganese

Food and seed potatoes rarely show micronutrient deficiencies.
Sometimes we find manganese deficiency in calcareous-clayey and loamy ruts. The lighter the soil and the higher its pH, the more likely it is lacking in manganese.
Fungicides containing mancozeb and used to combat late blight also contain manganese.

The benefits of liquid organic fertilizer

The application of liquid organic fertilizer in the spring can significantly save on fertilization. However, in this case, you will have to make a thorough analysis of the composition of the liquid organic fertilizer in order to accurately calculate the additional amount of nitrogen, phosphate and potassium fertilizers that will need to be applied.

As a result of decomposition and separation of organic fertilizer, products are obtained best quality and consistency; these products are also easier to apply. Organic fertilizer should provide no more than half of the nitrogen requirement of potatoes, since organic fertilizer complicates the optimal nitrogen fertilization of seed potatoes from an undefined level of mineralization in the organic fraction.

To correctly calculate the dose of liquid organic fertilizer, find out how much nitrogen and phosphorus it contains. This issue should also be discussed with the supplier, although the nitrogen content of different organic fertilizer batches can vary greatly. Order a well-mixed fertilizer, preferably from one pit. A homogeneous product makes it possible to avoid many problems.

Liquid organic fertilization under seed potatoes?

Dirt on arable land should only be applied in spring. This is easy to do with growing ware potatoes. The least damage to the soil structure will be done if this fertilizer is applied between planting and hilling. Upper layer soils, and the base is usually dry enough by this time. There is a technical feasibility and economic feasibility to apply fertilizers in one step.

In sandy loam and peat soils, liquid organic fertilizer can also be applied before planting ridges, but this often delays the start of planting. The soil dries quickly to sufficient level for plowing and planting, but remains too wet for a long time to support the weight of the fertilizer tank and equipment for its spraying and digging.

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