Fachwerk frame. Half-timbered houses: photo, construction technology

Fachwerk is a technology for building houses, in which the capital load of the building is carried by vertical supports - racks of timber in the walls of the building. Unlike traditional frame walls, the space between the supports is occupied by dense heavy material - brick, wood, concrete, adobe, clay. At the same time, the load-bearing racks made of timber are not masked in the wall, but remain visible, creating a characteristic appearance of the structure, a special “European” flavor.

Half-timbered buildings have proven their durability. The first peak of their popularity came in the Middle Ages. Built several centuries ago, these buildings still perform their functions. Today, technology is experiencing the peak of fashion for the second time. Wide design possibilities and reliability of houses make them popular among customers of frame construction.

History of occurrence

The history of half-timbered buildings began in the 11th century. Fachwerk became widespread in the 14th and 15th centuries in the northern coastal regions, where timber was available and shipbuilding was developed. The ability to carpentry and build ships allowed the craftsmen to easily build strong wooden frames for future buildings.

German style.

In the 15th century, half-timbered buildings spread throughout Europe - northern countries, Holland, England, France, Switzerland. The following factors served as the reason for the popularization:

1. The buildings made it possible to save expensive wood, use it only for the construction of the frame, and not the entire mass of the wall.
2. The level of carpentry skill increased, which ensured the reliability of the frames and the strength of future walls.

The peak of the popularity of technology falls on the period - from the 15th to the 18th century. During this period, hundreds of thousands of buildings were built in Europe. half-timbered houses in Germany they were called Fachwerk, which in translation into Russian means “wall of cells” (Fach is a section, cell, panel, “Werk” is a structure).

Modern style.

In England, buildings with a wooden frame were called "half-timber", and in France the technology was called "columbage". In one of modern options fachwerk received another name - Post & Beam or the technology of racks and beams. Her main feature- use of hand-cut logs.

On a note

According to the conclusions of psychologists, an open demonstration load-bearing frame inside the walls instills a sense of confidence in a person.

Fachwerk buildings with a frame visible from the outside have become the hallmark of northern Europe. Today, the technology is experiencing a second wave of popularity. With some modifications, it extends beyond Western Europe, to Canada, America and Russia.

Fachwerk and frame technology

At its core, a half-timbered house is a frame structure with a wooden frame of load-bearing racks and floor beams that hold the main load of the walls and roof. Unlike traditional modern frame houses, the gaps in the distance between the beams are filled not with synthetic insulation, but with wall material - brick, stone, concrete, clay, which can be found at the link. The wall filling material "half-timbered" and "framework" determines the differences in construction technology and in the characteristics of finished buildings.

comparison factors.	Fachwerk.	Frame.
Service life of the building.	Long service life - several hundred years. This is confirmed by hundreds of houses built in the 15th-16th centuries in Europe.	- several decades.
Energy efficiency.	Average.	High.
Construction speed.	Average.	Minimum terms - the building can be erected in a few months.
The lightness of the walls and the cost of the foundation.	The walls are heavy, a strong deep foundation or a columnar base is required.	The walls are light, you can get by with a small foundation of shallow depth.
Construction cost.	The price of a half-timbered house is minimal, the walls are based on the cheapest building material - clay.	Medium - requires the purchase of good insulation and high-quality wall cladding.
Environmental friendliness.	High - built from natural materials.	Low - built from artificial insulation.
Fire safety.	The walls are 80% non-flammable and do not emit smoke. Can only burn wooden poles and roofing.	All materials are combustible, in the process of burning they emit acrid poisonous smoke.
The complexity of self-construction.	Fachwerk is simpler than frame technology, especially if you use ready-made house kits half-timbered houses.	More difficult to implement, but also available as a ready-made frame building house kit.
The possibility of restoring the walls.	Without removing the roof and disassembling the frame, the wall material can be replaced with another, new one.
Design interior spaces.	Any layout is possible, since the internal walls do not carry capital loads. It is possible to equip large areas spacious rooms.

Comparative characteristics of half-timbered and frame buildings clearly show the main differences between the two technologies. The technology of half-timbered houses is a structure made of natural materials, environmentally friendly and durable. Frame construction is a new prefabricated structure partially made of synthetic materials. At the same time, their construction is equally accessible. It is possible to build a half-timbered house with your own hands, as well as from a house kit.

Fachwerk in the forest.

In modern technologies, half-timbered houses are acquiring more and more features of traditional frame buildings. Supports are often masked with panels, the walls themselves are sheathed with insulation for better energy efficiency or replaced with a layer of heat insulator. Which leads to a mixture of styles, the creation of a new construction option using the features of a half-timbered house and a frame house at the same time. This is how it is being done.

Construction of half-timbered houses

The design features of half-timbered houses determine their differences from frame buildings. Here are the projects and prices for half-timbered houses, what elements and features are their features:

1. Each subsequent floor protrudes above the previous one. This is due to the need to protect the wooden beams of the lower floors from getting wet. The ledges of the floors are provided only from the front side. The side walls are deaf and even. This is due to the history of construction. The density of buildings in the Middle Ages was so high that only the facades of buildings remained open. The ends fit snugly against each other, without passages and the ability to build protruding floors or suspended structures.
2. Visible beams in the walls of the building.
3. Inexpensive affordable wall filler - clay, lightweight concrete.

On a note

Today, outdoor frame elements are often decor. They are traditionally used in construction, but do not always carry a semantic load, more often they are a sign of style. Such a structure turns into a traditional frame building.

Sometimes style elements are used as external design for brick walls. Bars are attached on top of the brick, which imitate the frame of the structure. At first glance, houses with such decor differ little from how half-timbered houses look in the photo. They have the same appearance, but a different construction technology.

Projects and prices

Projects of half-timbered houses are very diverse interior design. Since walls and piers do not carry load-bearing loads, their location is subject to design requirements, and not technological necessity.

Building frame.

The design of half-timbered houses often involves large spacious rooms and huge windows. Glazing often takes up most of the exterior walls. The use of glued beams makes it possible to reduce the dimensions of its cross section without compromising strength. Due to the small massiveness of the load-bearing elements and the sufficient glazing area of ​​half-timbered houses, the walls became panoramic. In such buildings is born unique decor, in which the outdoor garden is part of the design of the premises of the house.

The price of a turnkey half-timbered house does not exceed the cost of frame construction. Therefore, elite panoramic walls have become available to the majority. Thanks to the technology of half-timbered houses, exclusive buildings have become the property of the middle class. A real design that transforms half-timbered houses, the video allows you to see all the intricacies of construction.

Fachwerk house technology

Today, the technology of building half-timbered houses is experiencing a second peak in popularity. Based on this technology, one-, two- and three-story houses are being built. At the same time, the technology itself is used in a modified and improved form.

Instead of solid wooden logs, glued and profiled timber is used. They are additionally impregnated with antiseptics and flame retardants - to prevent decay and increase resistance to fire.

Panoramic glazing of the house.

The gaps between the vertical supports are filled with insulation, multi-chamber double-glazed windows are installed. Energy-efficient glazing of half-timbered houses, along with insulation, ensures their heat capacity and reduces energy costs during the heating period.

In order for the outside walls of the house not to be completely transparent, they use surface spraying on the glass - lamination. From the inside and outside, such a house looks like a spacious, fabulous palace.

Step-by-step technology of half-timbered houses

1. Foundation: UWB + its surface waterproofing.
2. Frame:, vertical columns, top trim, rafters. One-story half-timbered house - the rafters are placed on top of the strapping of the first floor. In a two- or three-story building, a second floor piping is constructed, supports are attached, and after that - the second upper piping, rafters. The overhang of the roof is provided for quite large - up to 1.5 m. This protects the walls and the wooden frame from getting wet.
3. Roof: traditional choice for frame houses, light metal profiled sheets, flexible roofing.
4. Filling cells: double-glazed window, brick, wood concrete blocks (lightweight concrete with wood shavings, wood chips), foam concrete, clay concrete, multi-layer cake with insulation and wall cladding.

Frame features

The frame of a modern half-timbered house is not only a supporting structure, but also decorative element. It divides the wall into segments and gives the appearance of the building clarity and expressiveness.

Two-story frame house.

The frame of a half-timbered house consists of vertical, horizontal, inclined elements. Vertical supports withstand the main bearing loads. Horizontal - distribute the pressure of vertical load-bearing elements, make it uniform over the entire area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe walls of the house. Inclined - create additional strength, strengthen the structure, make it stable for lateral loads.

Frame elements are connected to each other using metal studs. One of the options for half-timbered construction uses studs along with a notch at the joints - the so-called groove.

This system was called Herrenbald. It differs from the traditional frame in the absence of jibs. The stability of the frame is ensured by an accurate selection of wood at the junctions, as a result of which adjacent elements fit snugly together and are additionally fastened with through metal studs.

Building from flat roof.

The technology of half-timbered houses does not require time for shrinkage. However, it is necessary to make allowances for the mentality. If the timber is solid and dry, no shrinkage is needed. It is also not needed for glued beams. If the beam is solid and fresh, damp, it is necessary to firmly fasten the frame (on metal studs, nails, with grooves cut at the joints) and hold it for at least several months. Turnkey half-timbered houses can be completed when the frame walls are insulated and remain Finishing work.

The frame is laid on an insulated foundation. The ideal combination is an insulated Swedish slab or UWB, which provides both strength, rigidity and heat loss insulation of the base of the house.

Interior of half-timbered houses

The construction of half-timbered houses ends with the creation of an internal design, which can be anything. Traditional classics, medieval Provence or modern minimalism - any style will have its place in a real European home.

Often used as a modern direction - minimalism, hi-tech, brick style - not plastered walls. On the territory of Russia, natural wood has retained its popularity.

Half-timbered houses are a kind of symbol of the Middle Ages, which found its second birth in the 20th century. Their architecture invariably amazes with the uniqueness of the image, economy and thoughtfulness of the design scheme. A characteristic feature of the facades is not hidden behind the cladding, but, on the contrary, a wooden frame exposed for display. Such ancient streets are very romantic, and modern buildings are a reflection elite style life, striving for freedom and originality.

The current trend in luxury housing today is a combination openwork wooden elements and large glazed surfaces:

History of half-timbered construction

Thousands of years ago, ancient architects noticed that the most efficient and economical use of wood is to use it not for building solid walls, but for building spatial frame of vertical, horizontal and inclined elements, which will serve as a support for the roof. Such a scheme has gained particular popularity in areas characterized by a shortage of wood. It was known in antiquity to the Greeks, Romans, Egyptians, Chinese. In particular, most of the population of Pakistan and India currently lives in such houses.

Interesting! The oldest timber-frame building that has survived to this day is a temple in Japan, built from cedar over 1,300 years ago.

Fachwerk in European countries

The improvement of carpentry skills, the accumulation of building experience, the desire for cheap housing led in the 15th century to the emergence of half-timbered building construction technology in Germany. Such houses have become widespread throughout Europe, in particular in its northern regions, from Poland to Brittany. The name of the structural scheme fully reflects its essence and comes from the German "Fach" (panel) and "Werk" (structure).

Medieval buildings on Römberg square in Frankfurt am Main, Germany:

In Europe in the Middle Ages, structures were made of solid wood, and free space the planes of the walls were filled with a mixture of clay with straw, branches and other debris. The combination of uprights, beams and braces, left in their original form, and plastered surfaces gave a special originality to the narrow facades. Wealthy citizens could afford to use expensive wooden panels decorated with carvings. At the moment, such houses have been preserved, whose age exceeds 500 years.

Since 1995, the historical part of the German city of Quedlinburg, where more than 1300 objects of colorful architecture have been preserved, has been protected by UNESCO:

Interesting! A characteristic feature of old buildings is the overhang of the upper floors over the lower ones. This is due to the abundance of precipitation in Germany and strong winds, as well as the narrowness of the streets at the birth of half-timbered houses. As a result, the upper floors protect the lower tiers from getting wet, which prolongs the life of the buildings.

The revival of the half-timbered popularity

Traditional fachwerk designs made of modern materials look no less impressive than the medieval ones.

The era of mass individual construction in the 1970s gave a new birth to technology, but in a rethought, futuristic form, in which the famous German Bauhaus school played a significant role. Instead of wood at this time, architects began to use reinforced concrete and steel. Large glass planes, which replaced blank walls, gained popularity. The invention of laminated timber a few decades later made it possible to re-implement the ancient construction technology. This material is more durable and perfect compared to traditional timber. At the moment, such houses in an updated form are very prestigious and popular in Sweden, Switzerland, Germany and many other countries, and the USA and Canada are no exception.

Thanks to the development of technology and changing architectural tastes, the style has now acquired new variations:

• frame without diagonal elements;
• large panoramic windows , providing excellent lighting and having good thermal insulation qualities;
• fachwerk imitation, performed using overhead wooden elements mounted on pre-plastered walls - this option is purely decorative.

Advice! Panoramic glazing is recommended by cottage owners on facades facing the courtyard and garden, or in the case of a significant depth of the building relative to the street - this way you get a magnificent view outside the window, a feeling of unity with nature and good lighting. Otherwise, there may be some discomfort caused by the need to constantly keep the curtains down to protect yourself from prying eyes.

The Kager house has a beautiful view of the surroundings with its display windows.

Features of the structural scheme of the house

The main characteristic of half-timbered houses is the performance of load-bearing functions by the frame, while the walls serve exclusively to enclose the premises. The use of frame-frame technology allows you to simultaneously save building materials and reduce the weight of the building, which makes it possible to build lightweight, ensure the stability and rigidity of the structure, and minimize construction time.

Frame construction

The load-bearing elements of the walls and roof are made of, mainly pine. Racks and horizontal runs form the frame of the walls. Diagonal braces provide frame rigidity and seismic resistance of the structure. bar bottom strapping fastened to the foundation, covered with a layer of waterproofing, by means of anchor bolts. The floor is insulated with expanded polystyrene.

Internal partitions are frame structure and are made of timber, fixed to the bearing elements with the help of frame dowels and filled with soundproofing material.

The installation of load-bearing parts is traditionally carried out by means of fairly complex and precise connections - cuts, dovetails, countersunk spikes, and the like. At the moment, it is allowed to use metal corners, plates, brackets in especially critical fasteners. It is desirable to arrange them in places inaccessible to the eye.

Important! All wooden elements must be impregnated to increase strength and protect against rot and insects. special oils. Treatment with flame retardants significantly reduces the flammability of the material.

External cladding

The filling of the frame cells is carried out after the installation of window and door blocks. For this purpose, almost any plate materials are used:

• antiseptic pine wood;
• polymer panels - the most common and budget option;
• cement-bonded particle boards (DSP);
• lining;
• gypsum fiber boards (GVL);
• waterproof plywood.

A variety of finishing options allows you to create both strict and elegant facades, for which the blanks are pre-painted with moisture-resistant compounds or colored cladding is chosen. Then the material is attached to the frame of the structure with the help of screws. Insulate your home with mineral wool from basalt or quartz fiber.

Exterior finishing options:

A currently popular solution is stained-glass glazing made of heat-saving low-emission double-glazed windows based on argon fillers. They reduce heat loss and therefore heating costs. Most of the glazing is deaf, packages with opening transoms are mounted in separate cells. Windows are inserted directly into the frame with a pre-selected quarter.

Interesting! Since ancient times, the facades of half-timbered houses were decorated with amulets:

• imitation of the letter "S" on the corners - lightning protection;
• rosettes, symbolizing the sun, attract abundance and prosperity;
• creepy masks on the corners ward off evil spirits;
• a symbol resembling "Ж" protects from fire.

Facade decorated with rosettes

Engineering Communication

Wiring electrical cables and water supply is performed inside the pie floors. All communications are laid in corrugated hoses. Polyethylene pipelines are used for plumbing. In houses, especially stained-glass windows, practical solution- device of heat-insulated floors. Wiring to sockets, switches, lighting devices is carried out inside the partitions. Often arranged a complex system forced ventilation.

Roof construction and covering

The roof of the house is traditionally trussed with two or four slopes, but there are also modern architectural solutions with flat roof. A characteristic feature is the absence of an attic and an attic, the presence of wide overhangs that protect the walls from precipitation.

As a roof covering, metal tiles, ondulin, various types of soft roofs can be used. The use of natural tiles or slates with significant weight is undesirable - they increase the load on the supporting structures. The concept of stained glass can be extended to part of the roof. Modern technologies offer electrochromic translucent fillings for this purpose, which provide automatic shading and high coating strength.

At the moment, the roof can have quite bizarre configurations with the preservation of the traditional overhanging levels and a large overhang.

Features of interior design

The most common styles of forming the internal space of the house correspond to its external appearance - these are country, provence, eco-style, Scandinavian, minimalism, which are characterized by an abundance of light, free layouts, some asceticism and light shades. Less often you can find classics or postmodernism. The high-tech interior with its minimalism and abundance of metal looks perfect.

Advice! When decorating a room, you should not consider frame elements solely as a decoration - beams can be used for installation lighting fixtures, hanging shelves and cabinets, implementation of other original ideas.

Structural elements in the interior:

The minimalist bedroom interior is shaped by dark ceiling beams contrasting with light shades of finishes:

Ultra-modern high-tech interior, built on the contrast:

Forest view:

Option living room with a panorama of the river:

The tree in the interior sets its style:

Pros and cons of fachwerk technology

The buildings delight the eye with accuracy and airiness, and from a practical point of view, they are characterized by the convenience of the construction process - it is similar to the assembly of the designer and is carried out in short time with minimal labor costs. At the same time, the buildings differ long term operation and durability - the three-hundred-year-old buildings are still preserved in excellent condition.

The advantages of houses include:

• the possibility of designing premises of any size without the construction of internal load-bearing walls;
• aesthetic appeal;
• high construction speed relative to brick, stone and timber houses;
• environmental friendliness;
• lack of shrinkage and ease of construction, allowing the use of lightweight foundations;
• ample opportunities for the implementation of design ideas;
• resistance to deformation and seismic activity;
• the possibility of using panoramic glazing due to the fact that there is practically no shrinkage;
• ease of disguising engineering communications;
• the possibility of overlapping beams of large spans.

The style allows you to implement the most daring architectural ideas, creating spectacular exteriors - light outdoor stairs are perfectly combined on facades with structural elements and a roof of an unusual configuration:

Unfortunately, mankind has not invented the ideal style of construction, but most of the problems have been solved over several centuries of building half-timbered houses. Walls made of adobe significantly lost to brick buildings in their ability to retain heat, but at the moment the situation has changed with the emergence of new innovative heaters.

Attention! Majority thermal insulation materials should be replaced approximately every 25-30 years.

The disadvantages of technology include:

• high construction cost:
• low fire safety, which is typical for all wooden houses;
• the need for regular processing by special means to protect wood from damage by insects, fungi, mold.

Impressions of people living in half-timbered houses

From cozy country house with stained-glass windows on the ground floor overlooking the lawn and the surrounding forest, which makes it possible to feel unity with nature.

Reviews of cottage owners are varied, but mostly they are positive or neutral. The owners emphasize that it is desirable to build them, especially projects involving panoramic glazing, outside the city. Such houses are distinguished by increased comfort, excellent natural light, sound insulation and heat-saving qualities. But when choosing the option with large glazed planes, even in middle lane In Russia, heating costs are 30% higher than in the operation of ordinary buildings.

The reviews separately emphasize the spaciousness of the rooms and the fact that all communications are hidden in the floor and do not spoil the look of the interior. The versatility of architecture is noted - issue inner space possible in any current modern style. The most popular at the moment is country music, minimalism, hi-tech.

Some who want to become the owner of a half-timbered cottage are scared away by the high cost of its construction. Then people resort to tricks - they build an imitation of the style, which is much cheaper.

The reviews also note such inconveniences of buildings that are inherent in all wooden houses. This is the need for strict adherence fire safety and regular treatment of structures to protect against mold and insects.

Project options

Buildings can be built according to ready-made drawings or individual projects. The main difficulty in their development is the required maximum detail of all structural elements. For example, if 1000 of them are needed for their construction, then each of them must be separately calculated and drawn. The same applies to all nodes, connections, and so on.

The project of the house "Davinci-haus" with an area of ​​579 m 2 on the slope and on the river bank from the company Leadwood House LLC is original and harmoniously fits into the surrounding landscape:

Building interior:

The interior of the pool overlooking the river:

Lower tier layout with pool, bar and gym:

The second tier with a spacious living room:

Upper tier:

"Copenhagen" with an area of ​​381 m2 with panoramic glazing from the company "freeDomHaus" in the village of Liikola Club, located in the Leningrad region:

Plan of the 1st floor with an office and a SPA area:

Plan of the 2nd floor with 4 bedrooms and a spacious dressing room:
Project "Accord 162" with an area of ​​241 m 2, developed by the Finnish company "Lumi Polar":

1st level with two terraces, a veranda and a flowing space of the common area:

2nd level with second living room light and internal balcony:

A mansion with an area of ​​224 m 2 with a partial panoramic filling of the planes with double-glazed windows from the ASPDOM studio:

Level 1 Plan:

Four-Bedroom Attic Floor Plan:

The project of the Good Wood company with an area of ​​184 m 2

Layout of the 1st floor:

layout attic floor:

Option unusual cottage with an area of ​​244 m 2 with a flat roof from the Fachwerk studio:

Living room - wooden beams create comfort in the room:

Plan of the 1st floor with spacious terraces and free connection of zones:

Plan of the 2nd floor with the second light of the living room and gallery:

The Euro-House project with an area of ​​259.47 m 2 is the development of the Drevgrad studio. Dark wood and panoramic glazing harmoniously fit into the forest landscape:

Layout of the 1st floor with a garage, two terraces, a common area and an office:

Layout of the 2nd floor with two bedrooms and a second light above the living room:

One-story cottage from the company "Modern Wooden Houses" - painted in White color wood is combined with large glass planes:

Plan of a cottage with a free flow of the common area, 4 bedrooms and a sauna:

Mansion "Hannover" with an area of ​​234 m2 from the company "INTEK" with a roof of cement-sand tiles:

1st floor plan with common area, garage and guest room:

3 bedroom attic floor plan:

The project of a cottage with an area of ​​118 m 2 with walls filled with ceramic blocks and a tiled roof from the Z500 company:

1st level with common areas, office and terrace:

Attic level with 3 bedrooms:

Modern half-timbered houses

Historically, such houses in different countries differed depending on the actual architectural style during the construction and according to national features. Currently, the most elite option is the presence of panoramic glazing that fills the frame. A comfortable microclimate in the premises is created through the use of modern technical equipment of the dwelling. Traditional bricks can also be used to fill the walls, concrete blocks, sandwich panels.

Fachwerk architecture - non-standard approach:

The originality of "village romance" in a modern version:

Cottage-castle from a childhood fairy tale:

Terraced half-timbered structure - the best solution for the southern regions:

Examples of German half-timbered houses

There are close to 2 million buildings in modern Germany of this type. There are several styles of German buildings, but their general trend is the desire for original decor facades.

Modern application of structures for the bridge in Berlin:

Another interpretation of half-timbered architecture in high-rise architecture in Germany:

Option to preserve historical buildings in Kramerburg:

Half-timbered buildings with stained-glass windows

Glazing can reach 60% of the external wall area, which today is a sign of luxury construction. Such a decision "blurs" the boundaries of the house, contributing to the unity of man and the surrounding landscape.

Panoramic glazing in the modern variation of the house is, first of all, the possibility of merging the interior and the surrounding landscape, an opportunity for a person to feel oneself with the world, without delimiting oneself with it:

For example, while in the house, stay on the shore:

The forest is also not bad, despite the radically modern approach to architecture:

Notice! Outside, the landscape can also be reflected, but your personal life remains hidden from prying eyes:
And this is an office - a half-timbered structure filled with innovative double-glazed windows:

One-story half-timbered houses

This is the most affordable option cottages of this type, despite the use of modern materials and technologies. The height of one floor, without an attic, provides an extremely light construction, which saves on the construction of the foundation and the entire building. The area of ​​such houses, not exceeding 100 m 2, makes it easy to place them in small areas and provide comfortable conditions for a family of 3 people.

Cottage "Kova Fahverk" made in the traditional style with the addition of a spacious terrace and large windows on the facade, illuminating the living room:

A compact house with an unusual shape with sun protection details is ideal for privacy:

The cottage with an area of ​​122 m 2 provides comfortable conditions for a family:

An unusual implementation of technology from a "wild" log:

Price and turnkey construction time

Due to the specifics constructive solutions, the cost of designing and erecting a half-timbered building is significantly higher than that of a conventional frame house. The final amount depends on the complexity of the architectural, structural, engineering parts of the project, the materials used. The construction of the supporting frame of the house costs an average of about $ 300. The rest of the funds - filling wall structures, erecting partitions, roofing, finishing work, laying engineering communications.

Important! Construction price square meter cottage "turnkey" domestic production is about 500-1000 dollars, imported - 1400-2000 dollars.

The choice of a project depends only on your needs, taste preferences and financial capabilities:

The full construction period, which can be carried out at any time of the year, is from 3 to 6 months. When the project is completely ready, the manufacture of the frame at the factory takes up to 2 weeks, the same amount - its assembly on the site. The rest of the work can be completed in 2 months.

Important points of DIY construction

Fachwerk is one of the most complex frame technologies, so the construction of such a building is best trusted by specialists. Self erection a cottage requires serious skills and experience with wooden structures, thorough knowledge of calculating the rigidity of spatial schemes. negative example exists now near Petersburg - a large number of half-timbered buildings were soon destroyed due to a violation of technology, although in Europe they have been standing for centuries.

Not the most technologically difficult option for do-it-yourself construction:

Important! If you have certain building skills, you can still build such a structure on your own - in this case, it is advisable to use a factory-made kit made according to the project, where all the elements are carefully calculated and made in strict accordance with the drawings. As a result, the installation work resembles the assembly of the designer according to the instructions.

The manufacturer delivers ready-made wooden structures, pre-treated with insect and rot repellents and having grooves for connecting parts. When assembling a house with your own hands, you need to take into account the technological sequence of work:

• the first stage is the construction of the foundation, as a rule, of a lightweight type, up to 0.5 m wide;
• waterproofing device and laying the strapping with fixing the timber with anchors;
• assembling the frame from glued laminated timber exactly according to the schemes provided by the manufacturer;
• construction of internal partitions from a beam of a smaller section with their fastening to the floor with frame dowels;
• installation of roof rafters;
• mounting wall panels so that the frame elements remain outside;
• implementation of thermal insulation;
• laying wiring of engineering communications in the floor and frame;
• when using panoramic glazing - installation of underfloor heating systems;
• roof covering flooring;
• exterior and interior decoration.

Even such, at first glance, a complex project can be realized with your own hands:

The choice of half-timbered style is an excellent option for demonstrating your own originality and at the same time a certain commitment to the classics. It is especially relevant at the present time, when people, thanks to modern technologies, are practically independent of climatic conditions. Today, there are ample opportunities to replace the simple copying of style with the introduction of new extraordinary elements into it.

The process of assembling a half-timbered house

In the video below, the order of assembly of a half-timbered house is simulated in dynamics, which allows you to understand the essence and features of the construction of a building in a few minutes.

The word "half-timbered" comes from the German words "Fach" - panel, section and "Werk" - construction. Fachwerk is frame technology construction of houses, assuming in the composition of the structures a rigid massive wooden frame and various materials as filling its openings. The history of the appearance of these houses dates back to Medieval Germany. Subsequently, fachwerk became popular throughout Europe. Half-timbered buildings that are over 500 years old are still preserved.

House projects

Modern fachwerk

The ideal material for the frame of a half-timbered house is glued wood. Production technology this material endows him special properties that favorably distinguish it from solid wood - high strength, durability, lack of warping and cracking, aesthetics. Structural laminated timber up to 12 meters long allows you to design houses with complex architecture and design.

In glued wood, when changing temperature and humidity, the stability of the structure is maintained, unlike solid wood. The fire resistance of glued wood, not treated with fire retardant impregnations, is 2-4 times higher than that of metal.

The special connection of the frame elements gives it stability even during earthquakes of medium strength. Upon completion of construction, the half-timbered house does not shrink and is ready for finishing work.

Accuracy, quality, experience

TAMAK has more than 10 years of experience in the design and production of half-timbered houses from glued wooden structures. Details of houses are made on high-precision woodworking centers Hundegger K2 (Germany).
Lumber undergoes triple control: upon receipt at the warehouse, after drying and before gluing, when unacceptable defects are removed.

Drying of raw materials in special chambers to the required moisture level of 10 ± 2% relieves wood from fungus and insects and prevents their appearance during operation.
TAMAK's own laboratory tests control samples for compliance with Russian and European standards.

Every year since 2000, the production technology, as well as TAMAK wooden glued structures, are certified by the authoritative German Otto-Graf-Institut, which allows the company to build houses based on glued wood not only in Russia, but also in Europe.

Wood

For the manufacture of wooden elements of a half-timbered house on TAMAK, environmentally friendly wood of the Ural spruce and Siberian larch is used. Trees growing in the northern regions are distinguished by a special density and fine-layered rings. Due to harsh climatic conditions, the tree grows more slowly than in the southern regions, and the wood is cleaner, healthier, denser, stronger and more durable. Sometimes it is called "iron" wood.

Space for imagination

The wooden frame of a half-timbered house bears the entire load, so the filling of the openings between the racks can be made of a variety of materials - stone, brick, blocks, glued beams, panels with mineral wool insulation, modern double-glazed windows. A wide choice of materials gives freedom in choosing the finishing of the house and, accordingly, its final exterior.

The architecture of the German half-timbered house has its own unique style. A wooden frame, usually painted dark, visually separates light walls into many fragments of various shapes and makes the half-timbered house easily recognizable. The technology makes it possible to create glued beams of large cross section and up to 12 m in length, which opens up wide opportunities for designing large-span premises and implementing the most daring design ideas. Fachwerk is great for the construction of not only individual houses, but also public buildings.

For special connoisseurs

Half-timbered houses carry the image of a house with history, respectable and colorful, and attract people who prefer houses in an unusual architectural style. The wooden frame, deliberately uncovered by the decoration, creates a feeling of stability, security and majesty of the building, and the walls made of materials of different types and colors satisfy the different stylistic tastes and preferences of the owners.

Particular attention has recently been paid by architects to the so-called "glass fachwerk". In this type of fachwerk, double-glazed windows are used as wall filling. Floor-to-ceiling glazing, excellent natural light, spaciousness and the fusion of the space of the house with the surrounding nature attract more and more connoisseurs. German half-timbered houses are the choice of those who do not just want to build their own house, but create a real family nest, a house for several generations.

Today we want to tell you about the features and construction technology of a half-timbered house, appearance and performance properties. We will talk about the history of the emergence and spread of half-timbered housing construction, as well as about the advantageous differences from other types of country houses.

Fachwerk, Fachwerk, from Fach- panel, section, beam and Werk- building.

Recognizable at first glance, the half-timbered architecture is the first visual association with the houses of Europe and Germany, covered with a tiled roof. This canonical view of ordinary residential buildings is used and imitated today as a design refinement. On the other hand, it symbolizes the famous German quality. However, this is not just a symbol - in the homeland of technology, such houses built in the 15-16th centuries have been preserved, which are still in use today.

History of creation

Any fact or event always has a historical justification. Half-timbered houses also appeared not by chance. Wooden structures are typical not only for wooded areas, but also for coastal areas, where shipping is developed. In Denmark, Holland, Germany, Great Britain and other countries of the North and Baltic Seas there were always plenty of skilled carpenters who built ships. The craftsmen knew a lot about reliable structures, and the wood for shipyards was perfect for building residential buildings.

Initially, racks (pillars) were dug directly into the ground, and connecting beams, rafters were laid on top and the roof was covered. Of course, the poles rotted relatively quickly, in 15-20 years. Therefore, they began to be installed on the prototype of a stone foundation - boulders dug into the ground. The service life of the poles has increased tenfold (up to hundreds of years), but the lack of attachment to the ground had to be compensated for by a multitude of transverse rods, slopes, ties, puffs.

It was not a problem for ship carpenters to skillfully and quickly connect the elements. All methods and methods of connection were originally naval. Today they are being replaced by simpler and more technologically advanced steel fasteners (brackets, anchors, screws and threaded rods).

The principle of the formation of a half-timbered structure

In simple terms, a half-timbered house is wooden frame from elements of medium (from 80x80 mm to 120x120 mm) and large (from 120x120 mm and more) sections with filled sinuses of the external temperature circuit. The remaining elements of the house - the foundation, roof, windows, partitions - can be like any other houses.

Creating a reliable frame for a carpenter is not a problem. But the filling of the sinuses, that is, the formation of the wall as such, turned out to be a more difficult task and determined the fate of the entire half-timbered architecture. The sinuses were filled with adobe material or adobe - clay mixed with reeds or straw. This ancient building material has been used on every continent. Today he is returning to green building with cordwood technology.

To fill the sinuses in the beams, grooves were cut into which a lattice woven from rods, sometimes paired, was inserted. Then adobe was applied to the grate. Today, reinforced concrete walls are created in this way, reinforced steel frame. It was possible to fill the sinus only to the thickness of the beam.

Sheet materials were not invented then, and the outer cladding with boards was unthinkably expensive. Even rich burghers were in no hurry to sheathe the outside of their houses, because innate frugality did not allow such irresponsible disposal natural resources for your whim. As a result, the sinuses were plastered, but it was not possible to plaster the wooden beam. So the walls with visible beams remained, which later became the hallmark of coastal Europe.

Another feature of half-timbered houses

Old buildings built using this technique have one distinctive feature, which makes it clear that the house was built a relatively long time ago. Each subsequent floor hangs over the lower one. It looks rather strange and unusual. However, the builders of the past, unlike those of today, never did anything for nothing or out of delusion. Each element or technique has its own, often combined, purpose.

The explanation for this design is quite mundane. It often rains in coastal areas. Water, flowing down the facade or gable, invariably falls on the lower walls and they get wet. The upper floors dry faster due to the wind and sun, while the lower floors remain wet longer, respectively, they can begin to rot. And this is unacceptable, because the whole house rests on them. So the upper floors were carried forward, along the way, slightly increasing the space.

This technology has ceased to be relevant in new construction with the invention of effective and affordable waterproofing, with its mass production and distribution. Today's facades, walls, foundations and wooden structures are reliably protected from moisture and frost. Therefore, new houses built using half-timbered technology or imitating it have walls that are completely even in plane. Heavy roofing material, which did not allow the visor to be carried even half a meter, is also in the past. He was replaced by light sheets, which make it possible to divert water from the walls by a meter or more.

The connection of half-timbered architecture with new construction technologies

You can call half-timbered architecture the basis of all frame housing construction. The system of supports, cross beams and slopes is completely repeated in modern frame construction. Only their thickness has changed - they have become thinner. It is believed that the technology is Canadian, but the houses themselves are often called German or Finnish. And this is more true, since in European countries the frame method of construction was used even before the discovery of America and, accordingly, Canada.

In today's "skeletons" it is impossible to recognize the old European facades, because they received an important addition, which they lacked so much in previous centuries. It's a sheathing sheet material(OSB) and complete outdoor protection thanks to technological finishes (siding, PVC panels). The construct and nature only benefited from this. Sheathing with a solid sheet gave strength, rigidity and reliability - there was no need to install powerful racks and beams. OSB and exterior finish now completely protect the frame from external influences - weathering, freezing and solar burnout. This protection extended the life of the frame material. As a result, everyone benefited, and nature in the first place, since the consumption of material (especially whole trunks for racks) was reduced several times.

Facades with visible fachwerk (framework) elements today are no more than stylistic decision Houses. Of course, adobe walls are a thing of the past. Sinuses today are filled with high-performance mineral wool and ecowool, straw-filled walls are in vogue.

Finishing such a bosom has become as easy as a wall inside the house thanks to modern facade putties. At the same time, the frame itself remained a model of reliability, and steel elements simplified and accelerated its installation. A successful design serves us today, because its strength is justified by the requirements of 300 years ago - to withstand the load from the floors plus a few extra tons from clay tiles. At the same time, exposed areas of the tree are protected from any bad weather if they are covered with a protective compound.

In general, it remains to add that the construction of a half-timbered house today is no more difficult than any other. Anyone who has conceived the idea of ​​building their own home or summer house can fulfill the dream of many - to live in a house that at least looks like a European one from the outside. In any case, it will definitely stand out from the usual country landscape with its remarkable originality.

The technology of building half-timbered houses came to us from the Middle Ages. Although the first buildings of this type appeared as early as the 12th century AD, they were most widespread in Germany in the 15th century, and then became popular throughout Northern Europe. Until now, many countries use this technology in the construction of buildings. It has stood the test of time for centuries. If you decide to build a half-timbered house with your own hands, then in this article we will describe many of the nuances that you need to know before making a final decision.

Peculiarities

The German word Fachwerk is translated as "frame, lattice structure", which already gives an idea of ​​the design features of this structure. The technology for building such a house is the construction of a frame from wooden beams, which is the supporting structure. Vertical and horizontal racks are combined with beams at different angles, which gives the structure rigidity and strength. Monolithic walls are not erected, as they are obtained by filling the space between the beams various materials. During the Middle Ages, adobe, clay were used for this, later - stone, brick.

The load-bearing beams of such buildings are not hidden, they face the facade and look like a decorative element, which gives half-timbered houses their unique and recognizable individuality. Frame elements intentionally highlighted in color create a bizarre ornament on the facade of the building.

Modern reading

Reliability and durability are confirmed by the fact that buildings that are already about five hundred years old have been preserved. Interest in this style began to revive at the end of the last century, especially since modern technologies helped to reinterpret the classic examples of such buildings.

Using glued laminated timber instead ordinary tree for the manufacture of the frame provides many advantages. Its strength superior to wood, greater water resistance, higher ignition temperature, resistance to mold and fungus allow you to get rid of the disadvantages inherent in wooden houses.

Modern technologies have made it possible to create, while respecting all the advantages of half-timbered construction, " glass House", when the planes between the frame elements are filled with especially strong double-glazed windows.

Technology Benefits

• Undoubtedly, the attractiveness of such houses in aesthetic terms - they are original, unlike the buildings we are used to.
• Such buildings do not require a strong foundation, which leads to a reduction in construction time and cost.
• The buildings have a very slight shrinkage, which is associated with the low weight of the frame. This allows you to proceed to the exterior and interior decoration immediately after the end of its installation.
• Since the main vertical load is carried by the building frame, the layout of the interior is not constrained by the need to build load-bearing walls.
• The construction time is several times higher compared to buildings built using traditional methods.

The nuances of building a house

It may seem that building a half-timbered house can be easy and fast, but it is not. You can often hear advertisements that such construction is carried out by one person in a short time, but do not flatter yourself with this half-truth, since the rapid construction of such a house is possible only if a team of specialists has taken up the matter. Moreover, they assemble the frame from parts pre-prepared at the factory. In this case, indeed, your house can be built in just 2 weeks.

If you take on independent execution this work, it is important to be aware of the limits of your capabilities in order to bring the work you have begun to the end. To do the job correctly, you need not only to be able to handle the tool, you must have it. In addition, you will need competent execution numerous calculations. Such qualities as accuracy and scrupulousness are needed, because then it will not be possible to redo it, and it will not be possible to cover the flaws with panels. The mood has not changed, and are you ready to build on your own? Then take a look at the to-do list.

Work sequence

• Depending on the climatic and landscape conditions of the area in which the house will be built, an appropriate project is being developed.
• As with any other building, a half-timbered house needs a foundation. Given the small mass of the house, let's stop at a shallowly recessed strip foundation 50 cm wide, having performed calculations on our online calculator. You can also make a different type of foundation, as for an ordinary frame house.
• For the manufacture of load-bearing structures we will use glued beams, the size of which should be specified in the project. Nowadays, acquiring such building material will not be a problem. You can also use a regular, only guaranteed dry timber, of the same dimensions.
• If there are no skills for such work, but you want to do everything yourself, then it is better to find or order a project in accordance with your needs, order blanks from an enterprise specializing in the manufacture of half-timbered houses, and then, using the drawings, proceed with the assembly.

• A layer of waterproofing is laid on the foundation, and the bars of the lower trim are laid on top of it.
• Metal anchors are used to fasten the beams to the foundation.

• When assembling the frame, it is important to ensure that the parts are fully inserted into the grooves. The joints of the frame parts, which will bear a large load, must be further strengthened, for which metal plates, corners or brackets can be used.
• In that part of the building where the walls will be deaf, care must be taken to ensure that the frame frame depth is sufficient for the cellulose fiber insulation.

• Interior partitions are assembled from a smaller beam, about 50 × 50 mm. For their fastening to the floor, frame dowels are used.
• over vertical bars longitudinal runs are being installed, to which floor boards will need to be attached.
• If provided for by the project, then crossbars are installed above the interfloor piping.
• The frame of the house in the corners is reinforced with braces, which can be either closed or open.
• Now you can start making the roof.

We briefly described the stages of the frame assembly so that you can imagine what you have to do. Why is a list of work performed, and not step-by-step instructions provided? Because structurally, each house will have its own differences, and there are several assembly technologies. To learn more about the construction, we suggest watching the video.

Video: building a half-timbered house

As you can see, the process of assembling a house cannot be called simple, and it will not be possible to build such a structure alone.

Another distinctive feature is the extensive glazing, so the building differs in its appearance from its predecessors, built centuries ago. Often, speaking of buildings erected using half-timbered technology, people call them glass houses.

Video: more about glass houses

Glazing a house is a separate issue, but due to the design features, a special technology has been developed, which is described in the following story.

Video: half-timbered glazing

So, we can conclude that the construction of a modern glass house can only be performed by a team of specialists.

If it is a small village house with small windows, then the rigidity of the structure will be provided by numerous struts, and the openings will be sealed with improvised materials - just like our great-grandfathers did.