What are formal positive sanctions. Informal negative sanctions: examples

- maintenance mechanism public order through normative regulation, implying the actions of society aimed at preventing deviant behavior, punishing deviants or correcting them.

The concept of social control

The most important condition for the effective functioning of the social system is the predictability of social actions and social behavior of people, in the absence of which the social system is waiting for disorganization and collapse. Society has certain means by which it ensures the reproduction of existing social relations and interactions. One of these means is social control, the main function of which is to create conditions for the stability of the social system, maintaining social stability and, at the same time, for positive social change. This requires flexibility from social control, including the ability to recognize positive-constructive deviations from social norms, which should be encouraged, and negative-dysfunctional deviations, to which certain sanctions (from Latin sanctio - the strictest decree) of a negative nature should be applied, including including legal ones.

- this, on the one hand, is a mechanism of social regulation, a set of means and methods of social influence, and on the other hand, the social practice of their use.

In general, the social behavior of the individual proceeds under the control of society and the surrounding people. They not only teach the individual the rules of social behavior in the process of socialization, but also act as agents of social control, monitoring the correct assimilation of social behavior patterns and their implementation in practice. In this regard, social control acts as a special form and method of social regulation of people's behavior in society. Social control is manifested in the submission of the individual social group, in which he is integrated, which is expressed in a meaningful or spontaneous adherence to the social norms prescribed by this group.

Social control consists of two elements— social norms and social sanctions.

Social norms are socially approved or legislatively fixed rules, standards, patterns that regulate the social behavior of people.

Social sanctions are means of encouragement and punishment that encourage people to comply with social norms.

social norms

social norms- these are socially approved or legislatively fixed rules, standards, patterns that regulate the social behavior of people. Therefore, social norms are divided into legal norms, moral norms and proper social norms.

Legal regulations - These are norms formally enshrined in various kinds of legislative acts. Violation of legal norms involves legal, administrative and other types of punishment.

moral standards- informal norms functioning in the form of public opinion. The main tool in the system of moral norms is public censure or public approval.

To social norms usually include:

• group social habits (for example, "don't turn up your nose in front of your own");
• social customs (for example, hospitality);
• social traditions (for example, subordination of children to parents),
• public mores (manners, morality, etiquette);
• social taboos (absolute prohibitions on cannibalism, infanticide, etc.). Customs, traditions, mores, taboos are sometimes called the general rules of social behavior.

social sanction

Sanction is recognized as the main instrument of social control and represents an incentive for compliance, expressed in the form of encouragement (positive sanction) or punishment (negative sanction). Sanctions are formal, imposed by the state or specially authorized organizations and persons, and informal, expressed by unofficial persons.

Social sanctions - they are rewards and punishments that encourage people to comply with social norms. In this regard, social sanctions can be called the guardian of social norms.

Social norms and social sanctions are an inseparable whole, and if some social norm does not have a social sanction accompanying it, then it loses its social regulatory function. For example, in the 19th century in countries Western Europe the birth of children only in a legal marriage was considered a social norm. Therefore, illegitimate children were excluded from the inheritance of their parents' property, they were neglected in everyday communication, they could not enter into worthy marriages. However, society, as it modernized and softened public opinion regarding illegitimate children, gradually began to exclude informal and formal sanctions for violating this norm. As a result, this social norm ceased to exist altogether.

There are the following mechanisms of social control:

• isolation - isolating the deviant from society (for example, imprisonment);
• isolation - limiting the deviant's contacts with others (for example, placement in a psychiatric clinic);
• rehabilitation - a set of measures aimed at returning the deviant to normal life.

Types of social sanctions

Although formal sanctions appear to be more effective, informal sanctions are actually more important to the individual. The need for friendship, love, recognition, or the fear of ridicule and shame are often more effective than orders or fines.

In the process of socialization, forms of external control are internalized so that they become part of his own beliefs. An internal control system is being formed, called self-control. A typical example of self-control is the pangs of conscience of a person who has committed an unworthy act. In a developed society, the mechanisms of self-control prevail over the mechanisms of external control.

Types of social control

In sociology, two main processes of social control are distinguished: the application of positive or negative sanctions for the social behavior of an individual; interiorization (from the French interiorisation - transition from outside to inside) by an individual of social norms of behavior. In this regard, external social control and internal social control, or self-control, are distinguished.

External social control is a set of forms, methods and actions that guarantee compliance with social norms of behavior. There are two types of external control - formal and informal.

Formal social control based on official approval or condemnation, carried out by public authorities, political and social organizations, the education system, the media and operates throughout the country, based on written norms - laws, decrees, resolutions, orders and instructions. Formal social control may also include the dominant ideology in society. Speaking of formal social control, they mean, first of all, actions aimed at making people respect laws and order with the help of government representatives. Such control is especially effective in large social groups.

Informal social control based on the approval or condemnation of relatives, friends, colleagues, acquaintances, public opinion, expressed through traditions, customs or the media. The agents of informal social control are such social institutions as family, school, religion. This type of control is especially effective in small social groups.

In the process of social control, violation of some social norms is followed by a very weak punishment, for example, disapproval, an unfriendly look, a smirk. Violation of other social norms is followed by severe punishments - the death penalty, imprisonment, exile from the country. Violation of taboos and legal laws is punished most severely, certain types of group habits, in particular family habits, are most mildly punished.

Internal social control- independent regulation by the individual of his social behavior in society. In the process of self-control, a person independently regulates his social behavior, coordinating it with generally accepted norms. This type of control is manifested, on the one hand, in a sense of guilt, emotional experiences, "remorse" for social actions, on the other hand, in the form of an individual's reflection on his social behavior.

An individual's self-control over his own social behavior is formed in the process of his socialization and the formation of socio-psychological mechanisms of his internal self-regulation. The main elements of self-control are consciousness, conscience and will.

- it is an individual form of mental representation of reality in the form of a generalized and subjective model of the surrounding world in the form of verbal concepts and sensory images. Consciousness allows the individual to rationalize his social behavior.

Conscience- the ability of the individual to independently formulate his own moral duties and demand from himself their fulfillment, as well as to make a self-assessment of the actions and deeds performed. Conscience does not allow an individual to violate his established attitudes, principles, beliefs, in accordance with which he builds his social behavior.

Will- conscious regulation by a person of his behavior and activities, expressed in the ability to overcome external and internal difficulties in the performance of purposeful actions and deeds. The will helps the individual to overcome his inner subconscious desires and needs, to act and behave in society in accordance with his convictions.

In the process of social behavior, an individual has to constantly fight with his subconscious, which gives his behavior a spontaneous character, therefore self-control is the most important condition for people's social behavior. Typically, individuals' self-control over their social behavior increases with age. But it also depends on social circumstances and the nature of external social control: the tighter the external control, the weaker the self-control. Moreover, social experience shows that the weaker the individual's self-control, the tougher external control should be in relation to him. However, this is fraught with great social costs, since strict external control is accompanied by social degradation of the individual.

In addition to external and internal social control of the social behavior of an individual, there are also: 1) indirect social control based on identification with a reference law-abiding group; 2) social control, based on the wide availability of a variety of ways to achieve goals and satisfy needs, alternative to illegal or immoral.

Depending on the nature of the sanctions that are applied to the deviant, styles of formal social social control are distinguished.

1. Punitive (moralistic) style of social control .

This style is intended to punish deviants who have violated the foundations of society. Moreover, there is a maximum penalty. Applies to an offender who has committed an intentional act (most often a crime).

The peculiarity of this style is that it does not compensate the victim. deviant behavior. Justice is administered on the basis of moral justice.

Society has the main dominant values, the violation of which leads only to a punishing action (human life, property, etc.). But, in those societies where there are no clearly fixed core values, deviant actions do not entail punitive sanctions. For example, in archaic societies, the central values ​​are religious. Tough punitive sanctions follow for violations of taboos and family traditions. At the same time, there will be no punitive sanctions for murder for an attempt on property.

In highly developed societies, there is a very large concentration of values ​​- there are many of them.

Such a social institution as the state gravitates toward a punitive style of social control. The most terrible act in the state is considered treason or treason and entails the death penalty or life imprisonment.

The intensity of applying the punishing style of social control is the opposite of social distance.

social distance - the degree of closeness between people. The main characteristics of social distance are: the frequency of relationships, their type (formal or informal), the intensity of relationships (the degree of emotional inclusion) and their duration, as well as the nature of the connection between people (relationships prescribed or unprescribed).

The greater the social distance between the deviant and the agent of social control, the greater the role played by moral rules. For example, the relatives of a murderer tend to forgive his act, provided that this does not happen again in the future.

The punishing style of social control is inversely proportional to the relationship between the victim of the crime and the agent of social control.. If the victim is close in social distance to the agent of social control, then the response to the crime will be harsh (for example, in the USA, for killing a policeman, the criminal will most often be killed by the police during arrest).

Social control is usually of two types - top-down and bottom-up.

Top-down social control – from top to bottom, when a group occupying a higher social position controls a group occupying a lower position.

Upward social control – bottom to top - downstream supervise superiors (public opinion system in the West de).

The punishing style of social control is always top-down.. Misdemeanors against those higher on the social ladder are punished more severely.

The punishing style of social control is directly proportional to social inequality. How poorer man the harsher the punishment.

The punishing style of social control is subdivided in turn into several types:

1) Open punishment- the response of the authorized bodies to the act of the deviant in accordance with the rule of law.

2) Hidden Punishment(informal control) - the group itself can punish its member for any misconduct (especially common in criminal cultures).

3) Indirect response- Mental illness can be a response to an insult.

4) Suicide- self-punishment (self-control).

2. Compensatory style of social control.

Compensatory style - forced style of social control : the perpetrator compensates for the damage done to the victim. Most of the time, this is financial compensation. After compensation for material damage the situation is considered settled and the deviant is punished.

In this style, the main focus is on the result of the misdeed, and it does not matter whether the offense was intent or not. The focus of this style is always the victim and it is she who is given more attention..

In the compensatory style usually involves a third party which enforces compensation (arbitrator, lawyer, court, etc.).

The compensatory style is not used for murder, treason, terrorism - the punishing style is always used here. Sometimes a punishing style can be combined with a compensatory one (for example, a prison term for a crime committed with an additional penalty - with confiscation of property).

Compensatory style is used for medium and long social distance. Any kind of close relationship prevents compensatory style. For example, it is rare for neighbors to pay compensation for damages, since close ties that exist between people can be severed here, and if close ties are broken, they will never be renewed, especially if a third party is involved - the court. Compensation is rarely paid between friends.

With top-down control, the compensating style is very rare, since often the violator with a lower status does not have enough funds to pay compensation, besides, compensation, as it were, equalizes the superior with the inferior, so compensation is rare, or even impossible (for example, in a feudal society, if commoner killed the feudal lord, then a punishing style was used, since compensation equalized the feudal lord with the commoner). With upward social control, compensation is paid. (Rich and a famous person, going to prison loses his social status, so he pays off).

The modern world is more prone to a compensatory style of social control than to a punitive one (lawyers of two parties to a trial tend to agree before the trial and the responsible party pays damages to the victim, if there is no serious offense, then it rarely comes to imprisonment, which explains the development of the institution of lawyers in the West ).

In our country, this style is very weakly effective due to the legal illiteracy of citizens and the high fees for lawyer services.

3. Therapeutic style of social control.

This style is aimed not at punishment, but at changing the deviant's personality and consists of a psychotherapy procedure - this is, as it were, a symbolic change in the deviant's personality.

This style is valid only if the deviant agrees to therapy(violent therapy is a punishing style).

Here there is an attempt by a psychotherapist (or analyst) to resolve intrapersonal problems, help the individual to improve, reassess his behavior, return the person to society and teach him to live in accordance with the norms.

Agents of the therapeutic style are psychotherapists, psychoanalysts, religious figures. For example, in religion, guilt is completely removed from an individual for misconduct and this helps a person to adapt to the situation.

Within the framework of this style, the behavior of the deviant is of great importance.. If the behavior of a person cannot be explained, it is considered not quite normal and a therapeutic style of social control is applied to it. In the Criminal Code, there is such a thing as sanity: a mentally insane person at the time of the crime does not bear criminal responsibility.

Therapeutic social control is inversely related to social distance. If a father beats his family, they will think that he is sick. If parents beat their children, they are advised to see a psychiatrist, and not invited by law enforcement agencies. The greater the social distance between the deviant and the victim, the more they tend to consider the person a criminal, not a sick person.

4. Regulatory style of social control.

The purpose of the regulatory style is to regulate the relationship between the deviant and the victim of deviant behavior and bring them into harmony.. It is used in violation of relations between two parties: between two individuals, between an individual and an organization, between organizations. This style does not give any moral or material compensation to the injured party.

Nowadays, the regulatory style is quite widespread. It operates in the field of family relations; in cases of conflicts between students and teachers; between students and teachers; between employees in the enterprise, etc. It is used when both parties are rooted in a group where there is a long and intersecting relationship; when both parties belong to the same kindred group (if there are no vested interests); with a long stay of a group in one place (Russian peasant community).

The action of the regulating style is directly proportional to the equality of the sides. The two parties must be equal in social status; only the positional “husband-wife, children-parents” is allowed. It is practically impossible to regulate relations between representatives of different social groups.

Regulatory style is widespread among organizations. It is very difficult for an organization to punish they have multiple cross-links. At the beginning of the 20th century, trade unions arose in Europe. With their advent, the regulatory style among organizations has become dominant. Business owners can connect with unions without feeling humiliated.

Sanctions are the guardians of norms. Social sanctions - an extensive system of rewards for the implementation of norms, and punishments for deviation from them (ie, deviance).

Fig.1 Types of social sanctions.

There are four types of sanctions:

Formal positive sanctions- public approval by official organizations, documented with signatures and seals. These include, for example, awarding orders, titles, prizes, admission to high positions, etc.

Informal positive sanctions- public approval that does not come from official organizations: a compliment, a smile, fame, applause, etc.

Formal negative sanctions - punishments provided for by laws, instructions, decrees, etc. These are arrest, imprisonment, excommunication, a fine, etc.

Informal negative sanctions- punishments not provided for by laws - mockery, censure, notation, neglect, spreading rumors, feuilleton in the newspaper, slander, etc.

Norms and sanctions are combined into one whole. If a norm lacks an accompanying sanction, then it loses its regulatory function. Say, in the 19th century. in Western Europe, the birth of children in a legal marriage was considered the norm. Illegitimate children were excluded from the inheritance of their parents' property, they could not enter into worthy marriages, they were neglected in everyday communication. Gradually, as society modernized, it excluded sanctions for violation of this norm, and public opinion softened. As a result, the norm ceased to exist.

3. Mechanisms of action of social control

By themselves, social norms do not control anything. People's behavior is controlled by other people based on norms that are expected to be followed by everyone. Compliance with norms, like the implementation of sanctions, makes our behavior predictable. Each of us knows, and for a serious crime - imprisonment. When we expect a certain act from another person, we hope that he knows not only the norm, but also the sanction following it.

Thus, norms and sanctions are combined into a single whole. If a norm lacks a sanction that accompanies it, then it ceases to regulate real behavior. It becomes a slogan, an appeal, an appeal, but it ceases to be an element of social control.

The application of social sanctions in some cases requires the presence of outsiders, while in others it does not. The dismissal is formalized by the personnel department of the institution and involves the preliminary issuance of an order or order. Imprisonment requires a complex procedure of judicial proceedings, on the basis of which a judgment is issued. Bringing to administrative responsibility, say a fine for ticketless travel, involves the presence of an official transport controller, and sometimes a policeman. The assignment of a scientific degree involves an equally complex procedure for defending a scientific dissertation and the decision of the Academic Council. Sanctions against violators of group habits require a smaller number of persons, but, nevertheless, they are never applied to oneself. If the application of sanctions is committed by the person himself, directed at himself and occurs inside, then this form of control should be considered self-control.

social control- the most effective tool by which the powerful institutions of society organize the life of ordinary citizens. The instruments, or in this case the methods, of social control are of great variety; they depend on the situation, goals and nature of the particular group where they are used. They range from one-on-one showdowns to psychological pressure, physical abuse, economic coercion. It is not necessary that the control mechanisms were aimed at excluding an undesirable person and incentivizing the loyalty of others. “Isolation” is most often subjected not to the individual himself, but to his actions, statements, relations with other persons.

Unlike self-control, external control is a set of institutions and mechanisms that guarantee compliance with generally accepted norms of behavior and laws. It is divided into informal (intragroup) and formal (institutional).

Formal control is based on the approval or disapproval of official authorities and administration.

Informal control is based on approval or condemnation from a group of relatives, friends, colleagues, acquaintances, as well as from public opinion, which is expressed through traditions and customs or the media.

The traditional rural community controlled all aspects of the life of its members: the choice of a bride, the methods of resolving disputes and conflicts, the methods of courtship, the choice of the name of a newborn, and much more. There were no written rules. Public opinion, most often expressed by the oldest members of the community, acted as a controller. Religion was organically woven into a single system of social control. Strict observance of rituals and ceremonies associated with traditional holidays and ceremonies (for example, marriages, childbirth, reaching maturity, betrothal, harvest) brought up a sense of respect for social norms, instilled a deep understanding of their necessity.

In compact primary groups, extremely effective and at the same time very subtle control mechanisms, such as persuasion, ridicule, gossip and contempt, constantly operate to curb real and potential deviants. Ridicule and gossip are powerful tools of social control in all types of seed groups. Unlike formal methods of control, such as reprimands or demotions, informal methods are available to almost everyone. Both ridicule and gossip can be manipulated by any intelligent person who has access to their transmission channels.

Not only commercial organizations, but both universities and the church successfully use economic sanctions to keep their staff from deviant behavior, i.e., behavior that is regarded as beyond acceptable.

Crosby (1975) singled out four main types of informal control.

Social rewards, manifested as smiles, nods of approval, and measures that contribute to obtaining more real benefits (for example, promotion), serve to encourage conformity and indirectly condemn deviance.

Punishment, expressed as a frown, critical remarks and even threats of physical violence, is directly directed against deviant acts and is due to the desire to eradicate them.

Belief is another way to influence deviants. A coach can convince a baseball player who skips practice to keep fit.

The final, more complex type of social control is reassessment of norms- at the same time, behavior that was considered deviant is assessed as normal. For example, in the past, if a husband stayed at home doing housework and taking care of the children while his wife went to work, his behavior was considered unusual and even deviant. At present (mainly as a result of the struggle of women for their rights), roles in the family are gradually being revised, the performance of housework by a man has ceased to be considered reprehensible and shameful.

Informal control can also be performed by the family, circle of relatives, friends and acquaintances. They are called agents of informal control. If we consider the family as a social institution, then we should talk about it as the most important institution of social control.

Formal control historically arose later than informal - during the period of the emergence of complex societies and states, in particular, ancient Eastern empires.

Although, of course, we can easily find its forerunners in an earlier period - in the so-called identities, where the circle of formal sanctions officially applied to violators, for example, the death penalty, expulsion from the tribe, removal from office, as well as all kinds of rewards .

However, in modern society the importance of formal control has greatly increased. Why? It turns out that in a complex society, especially in a country of many millions, it is increasingly difficult to maintain order and stability. Informal control is limited to a small group of people. In a large group, it is ineffective. Therefore, it is called Local (local). On the contrary, formal control operates throughout the country. He is global.

It is carried out by special people - formal control. These are persons specially trained and paid for the performance of control functions. They are carriers of social statuses and roles. These include judges, police officers, psychiatrists, social workers, special church officials, etc.

If in a traditional society social control rested on unwritten rules, then in modern society it is based on written norms: instructions, decrees, decrees, laws. Social control has gained institutional support.

Formal control is exercised by such institutions of modern society as the courts, education, the army, industry, the media, political parties, government. The school controls thanks to examination marks, the government - with the help of a system of taxation and social assistance to the population. State control is exercised through the police, the secret service, state channels of radio, television and the press.

Control methods depending on the sanctions applied subdivided into:

• soft;
• straight;
• indirect.

These four control methods may overlap.

Examples:

1. The media are among the instruments of indirect soft control.
2. Political repressions, racketeering, organized crime - to tools of direct strict control.
3. The action of the constitution and the criminal code - to the instruments of direct soft control.
4. Economic sanctions of the international community - to the instruments of indirect strict control

Fig.2. Typology of methods of formal control.

4. Functions of social control

According to A.I. Kravchenko, an important role in strengthening the institutions of society is played by the mechanism of social control. The same elements, namely the system of rules and norms of behavior that fix and standardize people's behavior and make it predictable, are included in both a social institution and social control. “Social control is one of the most commonly accepted concepts in sociology. It refers to the various means that any society uses to curb its recalcitrant members. No society can do without social control. Even a small group of people randomly gathered together will have to develop their own control mechanisms so as not to fall apart in the shortest possible time.

Thus, A.I. Kravchenko highlights the following functions that performs social control in relation to society:

• protective function;
• stabilizing function.

Description

AT modern world social control is understood as the supervision of human behavior in society in order to prevent conflicts, restore order and maintain the existing social order. The presence of social control is one of the most important conditions for the normal functioning of the state, as well as compliance with its laws. An ideal society is a society in which each of its members does what he wants, but at the same time this is what is expected of him and what is required by the state at the moment. Of course, it is not always easy to force a person to do what society wants him to do.

Sanctions are not only punishments, but also incentives that contribute to the observance of social norms.

Sanctions are the guardians of norms. Along with values, they are responsible for why people strive to comply with norms. Norms are protected from two sides - from the side of values ​​and from the side of sanctions.

Social sanctions - an extensive system of rewards for the implementation of norms, i.e. for conformity, for agreeing with them, and punishments for deviating from them, i.e. for deviance.

Conformism is an external agreement with generally accepted norms, when an individual can internally maintain disagreement with them, but not tell anyone about it.

Conformity is the goal of social control. However, conformism cannot be the goal of socialization, because it must end with internal agreement with the generally accepted.

There are four types of sanctions: positive and negative, formal and informal. They give four types of combinations that can be represented as a logical square:

positive negative

FORMAL

INFORMAL

Formal positive sanctions (F+) - public approval from official organizations (government, institution, creative union): government awards, state awards and scholarships, bestowed titles, academic degrees and titles, construction of a monument, presentation of diplomas, admission to high positions and honorary functions (for example, election as chairman of the board).

Informal Positive Sanctions (H+) - public approval that does not come from official organizations: friendly praise, compliments, tacit recognition, benevolent disposition, applause, fame, honor, flattering reviews, recognition of leadership or expert qualities, a smile.

Formal negative sanctions (F-) - punishments provided for by legal laws, government decrees, administrative instructions, orders, orders: deprivation of civil rights, imprisonment, arrest, dismissal, fine, deprivation of bonuses, confiscation of property, demotion, demolition, deposition from throne, the death penalty, excommunication.

Informal negative sanctions (N-) - punishments not provided for by official authorities: censure, remark, ridicule, mockery, cruel joke, unflattering nickname, neglect, refusal to lend a hand or maintain relationships, spreading rumors, slander, unfriendly feedback, complaint, writing a pamphlet or a feuilleton, a revealing article.

So, social sanctions play a key role in the system of social control. Sanctions, together with values ​​and norms, constitute the mechanism of social control. Social sanctions are a system of rewards and punishments. They are divided into four types: positive and negative, formal and informal. Depending on the method of imposing sanctions - collective or individual - social control can be external and internal (self-control). According to the degree of intensity, sanctions are strict, or hard, and non-strict, or soft.

Regulations by themselves do not control anything. People's behavior is controlled by other people based on norms that are expected to be followed by everyone. Compliance with norms, like the implementation of sanctions, makes our behavior predictable. Each of us knows that for an outstanding scientific discovery an official award awaits, and for a serious crime - imprisonment. When we expect a certain act from another person, we hope that he knows not only the norm, but also the sanction following it.

Thus, norms and sanctions are combined into a single whole. If a norm lacks a sanction that accompanies it, then it ceases to regulate real behavior. It becomes a slogan, an appeal, an appeal, but it ceases to be an element of social control.

The application of social sanctions in some cases requires the presence of outsiders, while in others it does not. The dismissal is formalized by the personnel department of the institution and involves the preliminary issuance of an order or order. Imprisonment requires a complex procedure of judicial proceedings, on the basis of which a judgment is issued. Bringing to administrative responsibility, say, fining for ticketless travel, requires the presence of an official transport controller, sometimes a policeman. The assignment of a scientific degree involves an equally complex procedure for defending a scientific dissertation and the decision of the Academic Council.

Sanctions for violators of group habits require the presence of a smaller number of persons. Sanctions are never applied to oneself. If the application of sanctions is committed by the person himself, directed at himself and occurs inside, then this form of control should be considered self-control.

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examples. Sociology of Personality:: BusinessMan.ru

• Punishments.
• Reprimands.

The essence of social control

Self-control and dictatorship

Good intentions...

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Formal negative sanctions: concept, examples:: BusinessMan.ru

Formal negative sanctions are one of the tools for maintaining social norms in society.

What is the norm

This term comes from Latin. Literally means "rule of conduct", "sample". We all live in a society, in a community. Everyone has their own values, preferences, interests. All this gives the individual certain rights and freedoms. But we must not forget that people live next to each other. This united collective is called society or society. And it is important to know what laws govern the rules of conduct in it. They are called social norms. Formal negative sanctions make it possible to enforce them.

Types of social norms

Rules of conduct in society are divided into subspecies. It is important to know this, because social sanctions and their application depend on them. They are divided into:

• Customs and traditions. Pass from one generation to another for many centuries and even millennia. Weddings, holidays, etc.
• Legal. Enshrined in laws and regulations.
• Religious. Rules of conduct based on faith. Baptismal ceremonies, religious festivals, fasting, etc.
• Aesthetic. Based on a sense of beauty and ugliness.
• Political. Regulate political sphere and everything connected with it.

There are also many other rules. For example, the rules of etiquette, medical standards, safety regulations, etc. But we have listed the main ones. Thus, it is erroneous to assume that social sanctions only apply to the legal sphere. Law is only one of the subcategories of social norms.

Deviant behavior

Naturally, all people in society must live according to generally accepted rules. Otherwise, chaos and anarchy will ensue. But some individuals sometimes cease to obey generally accepted laws. They break them. Such behavior is called deviant or deviant. For this, formal negative sanctions are provided.

Types of sanctions

As it has become clear, they are called upon to restore order in society. But it is a mistake to think that sanctions have a negative connotation. That this is something bad. In politics this term positioned as a restrictive tool. There is a wrong concept, meaning a ban, a taboo. One can recall and cite as an example the recent events and the trade war between Western countries and the Russian Federation.

In fact, there are four types:

• Formal negative sanctions.
• Informal negative.
• Formal positive.
• Informal positive.

But let's take a closer look at one type.

Formal negative sanctions: examples of application

It was not by chance that they received such a name. They are characterized by the following factors:

• Associated with a formal manifestation, in contrast to the informal, which have only an emotional connotation.
• They are used only for deviant (deviant) behavior, in contrast to positive ones, which, on the contrary, are designed to encourage an individual for exemplary fulfillment of social norms.

Let's bring specific example from labor law. Let's say citizen Ivanov is an entrepreneur. Several people work for him. In the course of labor relations, Ivanov violates the conditions labor contract, concluded with workers, and delays their wages, arguing that the crisis in the economy.

Indeed, sales volumes have declined sharply. The entrepreneur does not have enough money to cover wage arrears to employees. You might think that he is not guilty and can detain with impunity cash. But actually it is not.

As an entrepreneur, he had to weigh all the risks in carrying out his activities. Otherwise, he is obliged to warn employees about this and start appropriate procedures. This is provided by law. But instead, Ivanov hoped that everything would work out. The workers, of course, did not suspect anything.

When the day of payment arrives, they find out that there is no money in the cash register. Naturally, their rights are violated in this case (each employee has financial plans for vacation, social security, and possibly certain financial obligations). Workers file a formal complaint with the state labor protection inspectorate. The entrepreneur violated in this case the norms of labor and civil codes. The inspection bodies confirmed this and ordered to pay wages soon. For each day of delay, a certain penalty is now charged in accordance with the refinancing rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. In addition, the inspection authorities imposed an administrative fine on Ivanov for violations of labor standards. Such actions will be an example of formal negative sanctions.

conclusions

But an administrative fine is not the only measure. For example, an employee was taken out for being late to the office severe reprimand. The formality in this case consists in a specific action - entering into a personal file. If the consequences for his lateness were limited only to the fact that the director emotionally, in words, made a remark to him, then this would be an example of informal negative sanctions.

But not only in labor relations they apply. Mostly negative formal social sanctions prevail in almost all spheres. The exception, of course, is moral and aesthetic norms, rules of etiquette. Their violations are usually followed by informal sanctions. They are emotional. For example, no one will fine a person for not stopping on the highway in forty-degree frost and not taking a mother with a baby as a fellow traveler. Although society may react negatively to this. A flurry of criticism will fall on this citizen, if, of course, this is made public.

But do not forget that many norms in these areas are enshrined in laws and regulations. This means that for their violation it is possible, in addition to informal ones, to receive formal negative sanctions in the form of arrests, fines, reprimands, etc. For example, smoking in public places. This is an aesthetic norm, or rather, a deviation from it. It is ugly to smoke on the street and poison all passers-by with tar. But until recently, only informal sanctions relied on this. For example, a grandmother may be critical of a violator. Today, smoking bans are a legal norm. For its violation, the individual will be punished with a fine. This is a prime example of transformation. aesthetic norm into a legal plane with formal consequences.

businessman.ru

Informal positive sanctions: definition, features :: BusinessMan.ru

The formation and functioning of small social groups is invariably accompanied by the emergence of a number of laws, customs and traditions. Them main goal becomes the regulation of public life, the preservation of a given order and concern for maintaining the well-being of all members of the community.

Sociology of personality, its subject and object

Such a phenomenon as social control takes place in all types of society. For the first time this term was used by the French sociologist Gabriel Tarde He, calling it one of the most important means of correcting criminal behavior. Later, social control began to be considered by him as one of the determining factors of socialization.

Among the instruments of social control are called formal and informal incentives and sanctions. The sociology of personality, which is a branch of social psychology, deals with questions and problems related to how people interact within certain groups, as well as how the individual personality is formed. This science under the term "sanctions" also understands encouragement, that is, this is a consequence of any act, regardless of whether it has a positive or negative connotation.

What are formal and informal positive sanctions

Formal control of public order is entrusted to official structures (human rights and judicial), while informal control is carried out by members of the family, collective, church community, as well as relatives and friends. While the former is based on state laws, the latter is based on public opinion. Informal control is expressed through customs and traditions, as well as through the media (public approval or censure).

If earlier this type of control was the only one, today it is relevant only for small groups. Thanks to industrialization and globalization, modern groups number great amount people (up to several million), so informal control is untenable.

Sanctions: definition and types

Sanctions sociology of personality refers to the punishment or reward used in social groups in relation to individuals. This is a reaction to the individual's going beyond the boundaries of generally accepted norms, that is, the consequence of actions that differ from those expected. Given the types of social control, there are formal positive and negative ones, as well as informal positive and negative sanctions.

Feature of positive sanctions (encouragement)

Formal sanctions (with a plus sign) are various types of public approval by official organizations. For example, the issuance of diplomas, awards, titles, titles, state awards and appointment to high positions. Such incentives necessarily provide for the conformity of the individual to whom they are applied to certain criteria.

In contrast, there are no clear requirements to merit informal positive sanctions. Examples of such rewards: smiles, handshakes, compliments, praise, applause, public gratitude.

Punishments or negative sanctions

Formal punishments are measures that are set out in legal laws, government regulations, administrative instructions and orders. An individual who violates applicable laws may be subject to imprisonment, arrest, dismissal from work, a fine, official punishment, reprimand, death penalty and other sanctions. The difference between such punishments and those provided for by informal control (informal negative sanctions) is that their application requires a specific prescription that regulates the individual's behavior. It contains the criteria related to the norm, the list of actions (or inaction) that are considered as violations, as well as the punishment for the act (or lack of it).

Types of punishments that are not fixed at the official level become informal negative sanctions. It can be ridicule, contempt, verbal reprimands, unfriendly reviews, remarks, and others.

Classification of sanctions by time of application

All existing species sanctions are divided into repressive and preventive. The former are applied after the individual has already performed the action. The amount of such punishment or encouragement depends on social beliefs that determine the harmfulness or usefulness of an act. The second (preventive) sanctions are designed to prevent the commission of specific actions. That is, their goal is to persuade the individual to the behavior that is considered normal. For example, informal positive sanctions in the school system are designed to develop the habit of “doing the right thing” in children.

The result of such a policy is conformism: a kind of "disguise" of the true motives and desires of the individual under the camouflage of instilled values.

The role of positive sanctions in the formation of personality

Many experts come to the conclusion that informal positive sanctions allow for more humane and effective control of the individual's behavior. By applying various incentives and reinforcing socially acceptable actions, it is possible to develop a system of beliefs and values ​​that will prevent the manifestation of deviant behavior. Psychologists recommend using informal positive sanctions as often as possible in the process of raising children.

businessman.ru

Formal positive sanctions: what is it, definition

The team of the company is a small social group, which means that the concepts of sociology, including sanctions, are applicable to it. This article will answer the question of what formal positive sanctions are and how they help regulate relations among employees.

What is a sanction

A sanction is a term that has already become rather hackneyed and, as a rule, is associated with something bad. This word is of Latin origin: sanctio means "the strictest decree."

A sanction is a part of a legal norm that provides for bad consequences for someone who violates established rules.

The term "social sanction" has almost the same meaning. Only the meaning of social sanctions includes not only punishment, but also encouragement. Social sanction controls a person not only with a "stick", but also with a "carrot". Consequently, social sanctions are an effective mechanism of social control. The goal is to subordinate a person to a social group so that he follows established norms and rules.

Types of social sanctions

Social sanctions are divided into formal and informal, positive and negative.

Negative social sanctions provide for punishment for a person who has committed undesirable actions, deviated from the norms generally accepted in a particular team. Positive sanctions, on the contrary, are aimed at supporting the individual in his desire to follow the rules.

Formal social sanctions operate at the official level, come from the management of the company. In contrast, informal sanctions are the reaction of members of the social group itself.

At the “crossing” of positive and negative, formal and informal, we get 4 more types of sanctions:

• formal positive;
• informal positive;
• formal negative;
• informal negative.

Formal positive sanctions

Formal positive sanctions are the encouragement of human actions by the company's management. For example, promotion, bonuses and certificates.

The main driving force behind formal positive sanctions is material.

Each employee is interested in increasing his wages. You work better, you fit into the team, which means that you move up the social ladder faster, you get recognition and respect from others. Formal positive sanctions work best when combined with informal ones.

Other types of sanctions

If the boss praises the employee in front of everyone, gives him a compliment - this is already an informal positive sanction. Of course, to informal positive sanctions should include the same elements of communication between the employees themselves.

For compliance with established norms and rules, a person should be encouraged, and for non-compliance, on the contrary, punished. Negative sanctions, both formal and informal, are responsible for punishment.

Formal negative sanctions that can be applied to an employee are a fine, a reprimand with and without entry in the work book, and, of course, dismissal from work under the article. Negative sanctions “put pressure” on a person’s fear of losing their job.

Informal negative sanctions include a complaint, ridicule, remarks, etc. Informal negative sanctions cause discomfort in a person, up to a feeling of guilt. Following such negative experiences comes the desire to improve, to follow the norms and rules adopted in the team.

Summarizing the above, we come to the conclusion that the team of a company or organization is, to some extent, a self-regulating system that rejects from its “body” individuals who “swim against the current”, not fitting into the generally accepted framework.

bizjurist.com

Informal negative sanctions: examples. Sociology of personality

Most social groups function in accordance with certain laws and rules that, to one degree or another, regulate the behavior of all members of the community. These are laws, traditions, customs and rituals.

The first ones were developed at the state or regional levels, and their observance is mandatory for absolutely all citizens of a particular state (as well as for non-residents located on its territory). The rest are rather advisory in nature and are irrelevant for modern man, although they still have considerable weight for the inhabitants of the periphery.

Conformity as a way of adaptation

The preservation of the usual state of affairs and the existing order is necessary for people, like air. Children from an early age are taught how it is desirable or even necessary to behave in the company of other people. Most educational measures are aimed at eliminating from their behavior actions that may be unpleasant for others. Children are taught:

• Restrain the manifestations of the vital activity of the body.
• Do not annoy people with loud speech and bright clothes.
• Respect the boundaries of personal space (do not touch others unnecessarily).

And, of course, this list includes a ban on acts of violence.

When a person lends himself to education and develops appropriate skills, his behavior becomes conformist, that is, socially acceptable. Such people are considered pleasant, unobtrusive, easy to communicate with. When the behavior of an individual differs from the generally accepted pattern, various punishment measures are applied to him (formal and informal negative sanctions). The purpose of these actions is to draw the attention of a person to the nature of his mistakes and correct the model of behavior.

Psychology of personality: a system of sanctions

In the professional lexicon of psychoanalysts, sanctions mean the reaction of a group to the actions or words of an individual subject. Various types of punishments are used to implement the normative regulation of social systems and subsystems.

It should be noted that sanctions are also incentives. Along with values, rewards encourage adherence to existing social norms. They serve as a reward for those subjects who play by the rules, that is, for conformists. At the same time, deviance (deviation from laws), depending on the severity of the offense, entails certain types of punishments: formal (fine, arrest) or informal (reprimand, condemnation).

What is "punishment" and "reprimand"

The application of certain negative sanctions is due to the severity of the socially disapproved offense and the rigidity of the norms. In modern society they use:

• Punishments.
• Reprimands.

The former are expressed in the fact that a fine, an administrative penalty may be imposed on the violator, or access to social services may be restricted. valuable resources.

Informal negative sanctions in the form of censure become a reaction of members of society to manifestations of dishonesty, rudeness or rudeness on the part of the individual. In this case, members of the community (group, team, family) may cease to maintain relations with the person, express public disapproval of him and point out the peculiarities of behavior. Of course, there are those who like to lecture with and without it, but this is a completely different category of people.

The essence of social control

According to the French sociologist R. Lapierre, sanctions should be divided into three main types:

In the implementation of all these types of sanctions, except for the guilty person, other people take part. This is social control: society uses the concept of norm to correct the behavior of all participants. The goal of social control can be called the formation of a predictable and predictable model of behavior.

Informal negative sanctions in the context of self-control

For the implementation of most types of social punishment, the presence of unauthorized persons becomes mandatory. For example, a person who breaks the law must be convicted in accordance with the law (formal sanctions). Trial may require the participation of five to ten people to several dozen people, because imprisonment is a very serious punishment.

Informal negative sanctions can be used by absolutely any number of people and also have a huge impact on the violator. Even if an individual does not accept the customs and traditions of the group in which he is located, hostility is unpleasant for him. After a certain resistance, the situation can be resolved in two ways: leaving a given society or agreeing to its social norms. In the latter case, all existing sanctions matter: positive, negative, formal, informal.

When social norms are embedded deep in the subconscious, the need for external punishment is greatly weakened, as the individual develops the ability to independently control his behavior. Personality psychology is a branch of science (psychology) that deals with the study of various individual processes. She pays quite a lot of attention to the study of self-control.

The essence of this phenomenon is that a person himself compares his actions with generally accepted norms, etiquette and customs. When he notices a deviation, he is able to determine the severity of the offense himself. As a rule, the consequence of such violations are remorse and a painful sense of guilt. They testify to the successful socialization of the individual, as well as his agreement with the requirements of public morality and norms of behavior.

The importance of self-control for the well-being of the group

A feature of such a phenomenon as self-control is that all measures to identify deviations from the norms and apply negative sanctions are carried out by the violator himself. He is the judge, the jury, and the executioner.

Of course, if the offense becomes known to other people, public censure can also take place. However, in most cases, even if the event is kept secret, the apostate will be punished.

According to statistics, 70% of social control is carried out with the help of self-control. Many parents, heads of enterprises and even states resort to this tool to one degree or another. Correctly designed and implemented guidelines, corporate rules, laws and traditions allow you to achieve impressive discipline with minimal time and effort spent on control measures.

Self-control and dictatorship

Informal negative sanctions (examples: condemnation, disapproval, suspension, censure) become a powerful weapon in the hands of a skilled manipulator. Using these techniques as a means of external control over the behavior of group members and at the same time minimizing or even eliminating self-control, the leader can gain considerable power.

In the absence of their own criteria for assessing the correctness of actions, people turn to the norms of public morality and a list of generally accepted rules. To maintain balance in the group, external control should be the tougher, the worse self-control is developed.

The reverse side of excessive control and petty guardianship of a person is the inhibition of the development of his consciousness, the muting of the volitional efforts of the individual. In the context of the state, this can lead to the establishment of a dictatorship.

Good intentions...

There are many cases in history when dictatorship was introduced as a temporary measure - its goal was called restoring order. However, the existence of this regime for a long time and the spread of strict coercive control of citizens hinder the development of internal control.

As a result, they were waiting for a gradual degradation. These individuals, not accustomed to and unable to take responsibility, are not able to do without external coercion. In the future, the dictatorship becomes necessary for them.

Thus, we can conclude that the higher the level of development of self-control, the more civilized the society and the less it needs any sanctions. In a society whose members are characterized by a high capacity for self-control, democracy is more likely to be established.

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Formal and informal positive sanction

One way or another, each of us depends on the society in which he exists. Of course, this is not manifested in the complete conformity of certain individuals, because everyone has their own opinion and view on a particular issue. However, very often the public is able to influence the behavior of the individual, to shape and change his attitude to his own actions. This phenomenon is characterized by the ability of certain representatives of society to respond to something with the help of sanctions.

They can be very different: positive and negative, formal and informal, legal and moral, and so on. To a large extent it depends on what exactly the act of the individual consists of.

For example, for many of us, the most enjoyable is an informal positive sanction. What is its essence? First of all, it is worth saying that both informal and formal sanctions can be positive. The first take place, for example, at the place of work of a person. The following example can be given: office worker concluded several profitable deals - the authorities issued a letter for this, promoted him in office and raised his salary. This fact was captured in certain documents, that is, officially. Therefore, in this case, we see a formal positive sanction.

Actually, an informal positive sanction

However, in addition to official approval from the authorities (or the state), a person will receive praise from his colleagues, friends, relatives. This will manifest itself in verbal approval, handshakes, hugs, and so on. Thus, an informal positive sanction will be given by society. It does not find a material manifestation, but for most of the individuals it is more significant than even an increase in wages.

There are a huge number of situations in relation to which informal positive sanctions can be applied. Examples will be given below.

Thus, it can be traced that this species Encouraging the actions of an individual is most often manifested in simple everyday situations.

However, as with wage increases, formal positive sanctions can coexist with informal ones. For example, a person received a medal for bravery during combat operations. Along with official praise from the state, he will receive approval from others, universal honor and respect.

So, we can say that formal and informal positive sanctions can be applied to the same act.

SANCTIONS INFORMAL

- English sanctions, informal; German Sanctionen, unformal. Spontaneous, emotionally colored reactions of the immediate environment (friends, neighbors, relatives) to the behavior of the individual, deviating from the social. expectations.

Antinazi. Encyclopedia of Sociology, 2009

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