Forms of manifestation of deviant behavior. Deviant personality behavior

No society is able to force all its individuals to act according to its norms all the time, in other words, in any society there is deviant behavior.

Deviant (deviant) behavior is an act, activity of the subject that does not correspond to the officially established or actually established norms, stereotypes, and patterns in a given society. Deviation takes various forms. Terrorist criminals, hermits, ascetics, hippies, sinners and saints - all these are deviations from the norms accepted in society.

Signs of deviant behavior

1) Deviant behavior of a person is behavior that does not correspond to generally accepted or officially established social norms.

2) Deviant behavior and the person who displays it cause a negative assessment from other people (social sanctions).

3) Deviant behavior causes real damage to the person himself or to the people around him. Thus, deviant behavior is destructive or self-destructive.

4) Deviant behavior can be characterized as persistently repeated (repeated or prolonged).

5) Deviant behavior must be consistent with the general orientation of the individual.

6) Deviant behavior is considered within the medical norm.

7) Deviant behavior is accompanied by phenomena of social maladaptation.

8) Deviant behavior has a pronounced individual and age-gender identity.

The term "deviant behavior" can be applied to children at least 5 years old.

« The core" of deviant behavior in the classification of F. Pataki are:

Crime

Alcoholism

Addiction

Suicide

- "pre-deviant syndrome" - a complex of certain symptoms that lead a person to persistent forms of deviant behavior. Namely:

1. affective type of behavior;
2. family conflicts;
3. aggressive type of behavior;
4. early antisocial behaviors;
5. negative attitude towards learning;
6. low level of intelligence.

Forms of deviant behavior.

Violence means the use by one or another subject of various forms of coercion (up to armed action) against other subjects (classes, social and other groups, individuals) in order to acquire or maintain economic and political dominance, gain rights and privileges, achieve other goals.

The forms of manifestation of violence are varied.

• Physical violence
• mental abuse
• sexual abuse
• emotional abuse

Drug addiction, substance abuse

Withdrawal is a condition that occurs as a result of a sudden cessation of the intake (introduction) of substances that cause substance abuse.

Drunkenness is interpreted as immoderate consumption of alcohol, which, along with a threat to the health of the individual, violates its social adaptation.

Alcoholism is characterized by a pathological craving for alcohol, accompanied by social and moral degradation of the individual.

Offenses are one of the forms of antisocial behavior directed against the interests of society as a whole or the personal interests of citizens.

All offenses are divided into crimes and misdemeanors.

Crime is the most dangerous form of deviant human behavior, expressing conflict in the form of antagonism between individual, group and public interests.

Offenses in the form of a misdemeanor are manifested in a defiant demeanor, foul language, pugnacity, petty theft, drunkenness, and vagrancy. Misdemeanors are regulated by the norms of various branches of law: administrative, civil, labor, etc.

Crime is one of the most pressing problems modern Russian society.

To correct behavioral disorders in children of middle school age, it is necessary to determine the type and causes of behavioral disorders, while it is necessary to take into account the age characteristics of children,

Age features of children 13-15 years old

The importance of this period in a person's life is explained by the fact that at this time the foundations of the moral and social attitudes of the individual are laid.

1) there are numerous qualitative shifts that are in the nature of a breakdown of the former: features, interests and relationships (this breakdown occurs most often rapidly, unexpectedly, transiently);
2) changes at this age are accompanied by:

a) subjective difficulties of a teenager (internal experiences, confusion, physiological difficulties),
b) difficulties for parents and teachers in educating teenagers (stubbornness, rudeness, negativism, irritability, etc.).

Psychologists call this age - "time 5 NOT"

They don't want to learn as much as they can.
They don't want to listen to advice.
DO NOT clean up after themselves.
Do NOT do household chores.
DO NOT come on time.

Biological factor in the development of a teenager.

During this period, the following changes occur: endocrine changes, a growth spurt, restructuring of the motor apparatus, an imbalance in the growth of the heart and blood vessels (the heart grows faster than the circulatory system as a whole and this sometimes leads to malfunctions in the cardiovascular system).
Consequently:
- Sexual attraction develops
- abrupt changes in states, reactions, mood (imbalance, irritability, agitation, periodic lethargy, apathy, asthenic - weakness),
- awkwardness, angularity, lack of coordination of movements, fussiness, violent and direct expression of emotions.

The main need of this age is the need to communicate with peers. Communication is the knowledge of oneself through others, the search for oneself, attention to one's inner life, self-affirmation of the personality. Since communication prevails, there is a colossal decrease in the motivation for learning. Teenagers are interested in everything but not in educational activities.

Sex differences in communication:
- boys are less sociable,
Girls are drawn to older boys.

Emotions and feelings of a teenager.

The emotional sphere is of great importance in the life of a teenager. The mind recedes into the background. Sympathies for people, teachers, subjects, life circumstances are formed exclusively on the wave of emotions, both negative and positive. At this age, they like to "bathe" in their own emotions - sadness, loneliness, anger, guilt, euphoria. Adolescents express their emotions exceptionally violently and directly, they are often extremely unrestrained.

Relationships with adults.
a) “alienation” from adults occurs: less closeness and trust in relations with parents, they noticeably try not to participate in family affairs;
b) demonstrative behavior: scandals, whims, rudeness towards adults. All this is a hidden demand to recognize their adulthood and rights. A teenager understands that his adulthood is still unsteady, but through demonstrativeness he compensates for this uncertainty.
c) upholding justice. Adolescents in everyday life accuse adults of injustice - adults demand what they themselves do not fulfill. This is due to the fact that at this age moral development acquires a new meaning that goes beyond real life (justice, love, friendship, sincerity). The way out of this situation for parents is not to passively agree with the claims of children, but to express and reasonably defend their own position.

A person becomes deviant gradually. Milestones

formation of deviant behavior are:

The emergence of a contradiction between social norms and personality;

Manifestation of disagreement, denial of social demands by the child;

Manifestation of illegal actions (petty hooliganism, deceit, theft, etc.);

Recurrence of illegal actions;

Accumulation of experience of antisocial behavior (violence, hooliganism, prostitution, etc.);

Inclusion in a group with antisocial behavior;

Violation of laws;

Commission of crime

Family as a factor of negative personality formation:

a) immoral situation in the family: drunkenness, quarrels, fights, rudeness in relationships, dishonesty, etc., which creates a negative role model, forms an appropriate worldview;

b) problems of family composition: single-parent families, families with one child, families with many children, distant families, etc., which leads to a lack of pedagogical influence on the child, the formation of his personality on the part of only one of the parents, or to excessive attention and connivance in the process education.

These negative factors of influence of the family contribute to the creation of a negative attitude towards the home, family, parents in the child, encourage him to strive to leave home and spend a significant part of his time outside of it. Under these conditions, a category of “street children”, neglected and homeless, is being formed.

This is facilitated by: aggressive environment in the house, rudeness towards the child; prolonged inattention to his interests and problems, weaning him to deal with something to the parent (parents), to see in him (in them) support, unwillingness to communicate with him (them); switching parents to their personal problems and leaving the child to himself for a long time; shifting the upbringing of a child to grandparents without their appropriate support (with age, older people are unable to provide the necessary educational impact on their grandchildren, which leads to their neglect); deficiencies in upbringing, the child’s lack of healthy interests, hobbies, perseverance, etc.

Factors of environmental (streets, cities, "flocks", etc.) impact on a person in the process of his development.

Negative hobbies at home, non-pedagogical use of the possibilities of the game in the development of the child, etc.

The negative influence of the immediate environment, and above all the anti-pedagogical behavior of parents, adults, peers, etc.

The negative impact of the media, especially television, video products.

There are other environmental factors that negatively affect the upbringing of a person.

D. Disadvantages in raising a child:

a) errors of family education;

b) greenhouse conditions, the removal of the child from any life problems, any vigorous activity, contributing to the formation of callousness, infantilism and inability to empathize with human difficulties and tragedies, to overcome life's difficulties in a critical situation;

c) mistakes and omissions in the process of education and upbringing in an educational institution, especially in kindergarten and school;

d) negative moral guidelines of education;

e) teaching the child certain negative models of life and activity (self-realization in life). Under these conditions, a person begins to identify himself with the heroes of various adventures, "try on" various activities.

This is especially facilitated by television, cinema, video films, which act as a kind of “textbooks” for various forms of criminal activity;

f) environmental negative "expectations" in relation to a child, a teenager from a dysfunctional family, who has a negative comradely environment, violates discipline, etc. Such expectations often directly or indirectly provoke a child to delinquency;

g) introducing a child, teenager to alcohol, drugs, smoking, gambling;

h) lack of unity and coherence in the educational activities of parents in the family, in the interaction of the family and the school, family, school and administrative bodies working with children and adolescents, etc.;

i) shortcomings in the system of re-education, correction of offenders and their subsequent adaptation in everyday life (social environment).

Negative personal position of the child himself:

a) deviations in the self-esteem of a teenager: overestimated - leads to excessive ambition and self-mobilization, which, combined with the immoral ability of self-expression, leads to offenses; understated - gives rise to self-doubt, behavioral dualism, split personality and creates problems for her

in a team, restrains self-expression;

b) indifference to moral values ​​and self-improvement. Often this is due to the lack of a moral example and the unformed need to be better;

c) a negatively realized need for self-assertion and rivalry in adolescents with behavioral deviations, unhealthy rivalry. These needs, their orientation in adolescence predetermine the adolescent's aspiration for self-activity;

d) the complexity of the formation in a child, adolescent, young man of the need and active desire for self-correction;

Having described the main groups of factors that determine the formation of negative, deviant behavior in children, it is necessary to determine the most important areas of pedagogical activity for their prevention and overcoming.

Drunkenness and alcoholism. There are differences between these concepts. Alcoholism is characterized by a pathological craving for alcohol and subsequent social and moral degradation of the individual. Drunkenness is the immoderate consumption of alcohol, which, along with a threat to the health of the individual, violates its social adaptation.

The formation of alcoholism is influenced by social, genetic, physiological (Group 1) and psychological (Group 2) factors. These are heredity, character, individual personality traits, environmental features, low level of financial situation and education. The latter always have a cumulative effect on the former.

Alcoholization of adolescents is facilitated by the following factors: the alcoholic environment and the stable alcohol traditions associated with it; characterological features (unstable and epileptoid types of accentuations and psychopathy); age-specific tendency to imitate and unite with peers, when an informal group becomes the main regulator of behavior. There are also congenital alcohol syndromes, when infants experience a physiological dependence on alcohol as a result of the mother drinking alcohol during pregnancy.

Reasons: curiosity (what effect will alcohol have on me?) - to prevent this phenomenon, systematic parental control over the child's behavior and an explanation of the harm of alcohol to the human body, especially children's; joining a youth group, the purpose of which is the acquisition and systematic drinking of alcoholic beverages, the use of drugs - these are mainly adolescents with a low level of mental development, deprived of useful collective activities and entertainment, insecure, passive. To distract all these schoolchildren from addiction to alcohol, it is necessary to involve them in the activities of a healthy group of peers, where they would develop spiritually and assert themselves.

Another motivation for drunkenness is associated with the entry of some schoolchildren into criminal groups. It is initiated by young people, for whom alcohol and drugs are the basis of all entertainment and a necessary condition for spending leisure time. They are imitated by less determined and strong-willed teenagers. This is done out of a sense of solidarity. Intoxication is required for such schoolchildren not by itself, but to assert themselves as an independent adult person. It is important for these students to reveal the truly valuable qualities of a modern person and to arouse a desire to follow them, forming their character and developing their abilities, asserting themselves in their work.

The drunkenness of girls indicates a significant deformation of the personality. In such cases, comprehensive control of leisure activities should be established and persistent and continuous work should be carried out to restore their moral attitudes and values.

Teenage alcoholism is spoken of when its first symptoms appear before the age of 18. The disease at this age is characterized by a malignant course, which means the rapid progression of the main symptoms, the development of drunkenness, drunkenness with large doses of alcohol, low treatment efficiency, the breakdown of social and family ties, the occurrence of psychoses.

Society provides for certain legal measures against drinking teenagers. The sale and consumption of alcoholic beverages is prohibited. The appearance of schoolchildren in a drunken state entails a fine for parents. The soldering of minors leads to administrative responsibility, and the same influence in case of official dependence leads to criminal punishment.

Drug addiction and substance abuse. Substance abuse is a disease caused by the consumption of toxic substances, i.e. tranquilizer tablets, caffeine obtained from strong tea - chifir, by inhalation of surfactants (psychotropically active substances). In a state of "intoxication", in addition to euphoria, there are visual hallucinations.

Drug addiction is understood as painful cravings, addictions to the systematic use of drugs, which lead to severe impairment of mental and physical functions.

The path of young people to drug addiction begins with neglect on the part of society and family, when a teenager falls under the influence of the authority of an informal group. Drugs are an opportunity to stand out or, conversely, to dissolve in the gray mass of their own kind. Forbidden fruit is sweet: even the danger of contracting AIDS is perceived as heroism, bragging about large expenses for acquisition or terrible painful consequences is also pride. Drug addiction has social consequences: poor health, reduced mental abilities; falling into the "risk group" of contracting AIDS. For criminal elements, this is the easiest way to make money. The acquisition of drugs becomes the cause of a number of crimes against the person: theft, robbery, robbery. Drug abuse leads to an increase in mortality, the development of somatic and mental illness. The drug addict, as the disease develops, degrades as a person, because the slavish dependence on drugs makes him commit immoral acts.

Prostitution. Prostitution refers to the systematic activity of providing sexual services for payment. It is especially dangerous to involve minors in prostitution. The main reason for prostitution among adolescent girls and boys is their desire to earn money, combined with the desire for a “beautiful life”, followed by social reasons, a low level of culture, including sexual culture, promiscuity and trouble in the family.

Factors holding back prostitution could be an increase in the living standards of the population, the implementation of a sex education program, and the smoothing of social inequality. Society should instill in a woman a sense of female pride, repel rudeness, rudeness, theft, drunkenness, protect a woman from aggression and violence.

The growth of prostitution is leading to the spread of AIDS. According to scientists, in 10-15 years this epidemic will become problem number 1. At present, specialized units have been created in Russia that control prostitution and pornography in the structure of internal affairs departments in each region. However, administrative-legal and criminal-legal sanctions for activities related to prostitution are practically not applied. The social worker needs to show a real negative picture of the life of people involved in prostitution, dispel the myth about their "beautiful life", referring to specific examples, classical literature and cinematography.

Suicidal behavior. Suicide is the intentional taking of one's life or an attempt to commit suicide. Suicide is a type of destructive self-destructive behavior, which includes drunkenness, drug use. The number and rate of suicide increases during periods of economic crisis and unemployment. The flow of information, stresses and superstresses, conflicts, low social status are quite frequent phenomena, all this often serves as an impetus for suicide. Recently, the number of suicides has increased in Russia: the peak for young people is 16-19 years old, the older generation is 40-50 years old. Today there is a surge in teen suicide. In the first place among the problems typical for adolescents (up to 70%) are relations with parents. On the second - difficulties with school, on the third - the problem of relationships with friends. Reasons are also common: the loss of a loved one or a rejected feeling of love; wounded self-esteem; alcohol abuse, drug use. Suicidal behavior in adolescents is often explained by the lack of life experience and the inability to determine life guidelines. Teenage suicide is a way to influence other people. Girls most often resort to poisoning, boys - to self-hanging, cutting veins, less often - to poisoning. The rate of suicide attempts is 10 times higher than the rate of completed suicides. For people with suicidal behavior, social and psychological assistance services and hotlines are organized. Preventive work with children is very important: education of character, optimism, vitality. Suicide prevention is a whole science: the displacement of pain, stress relief, change of orientation, replacement of values, the revival of spirituality and morality. For early detection of signs of suicidal behavior, the following are of particular importance:

1. Accounting for past illnesses or brain injuries.

2. The influence of complex family relationships on the child's psyche as an additional stress factor.

3. Analysis of the reasons for the increase in irritability, increased susceptibility, the appearance of timidity, feelings of inferiority, exaggeration of one's shortcomings, belittling successes and merits.

Deviant behavior on the basis of sexual diseases. There are two types of deviant behavior on the basis of sexual diseases - pathological and non-pathological deviations. The first appear in the form of all kinds of sexual perversions, which are the subject of research in medicine and psychiatry. Non-pathological deviations mean deviations within the normal range and are the subject of socio-psychological research, since they include deviations from social and moral norms in the sexual behavior of a healthy person. Below is an analysis of one of the sexual deviations - homosexuality.

Homosexuality is an expression of personality, often formed as a result of an inborn predisposition. The discovery of an atypical attraction in a teenager leads to a personality crisis, depression, a neurotic state, massive alcoholism, and unjustified medication. The number of suicides is 5-7 times higher among underage homosexuals than among heterosexual persons. Often children and adolescents are drawn into homosexual relationships through deceit or violence. In such cases, we are talking about the corruption of minors, which is punishable by law. The circle of actions that seduce and corrupt children is quite wide: attention to the nakedness of children, demonstration of the child's genitals or inducing him to do so, sexual games, showing pornographic postcards, offering sexual relations. These actions come not only from the mentally ill or criminals, but also from ordinary people who do not know how to establish relationships with peers or are not confident in their sexual capabilities.

Offenses. Offenses are one of the forms of antisocial behavior that is directed against the interests of society as a whole or the personal interests of citizens. All offenses are divided into crimes and misdemeanors. Crimes - a socially dangerous act, provided for by criminal law, committed with intent or through negligence by a sane person who has reached the age of criminal responsibility. A misdemeanor is also an unlawful and guilty act, but it does not pose a great public danger. Offenses in the form of a misdemeanor are manifested in adolescents in a defiant manner of behavior, foul language, pugnacity, petty theft, drunkenness, and vagrancy. Adolescents are inherent in both mercenary and violent motivation for illegal behavior. Selfish offenses are committed because of mischief, curiosity, unmotivated aggression. To date, teenage offenses include car theft, possession of youth fashion items. Violent offenses are caused by the needs of self-affirmation, lack of education, especially in families where drunkenness, rudeness, and cruelty were the norm of behavior. Violence means the use by one or another subject of various forms of coercion, up to armed influence, against other subjects in order to acquire or maintain economic and political dominance, gain rights and privileges, achieve other goals. The following social forms of violence are distinguished: physical, including bodily harm; emotional or mental: in the form of verbal abuse, aggressive attacks, deliberate terror; sexual, carried out both within a group of young people and by representatives of older ages; neglect, indifference, deliberately inattentive attitude to the needs, interests of an individual or to young people in general in a particular social group.

In the role of rapists, people with low intelligence, alcoholics, and the mentally ill most often act. The abused child is usually in a state of acute fear and arousal. He needs support and reassurance from adults. It is best to ensure that he quickly returns to normal family life. Protect the victim from excessive curiosity. A decisive place among the measures of social protection is occupied by social control in terms of the content and overcoming of manifestations of aggression and violence. Crisis centers are being created, telephone and face-to-face counseling for victims of violence, hotlines, psychological relief departments, and consultation departments in social services are operating.

So, there is a real need to implement an interdepartmental approach to the rehabilitation process, which will ensure continuity in working with children of deviant behavior from the moment they are discovered to full and comprehensive recovery (psychosomatic, social, legal, intellectual). The organization of systematic social work with the child and his environment will contribute to his return to society.

Deviant behavior is divided into two large groups - this is behavior that deviates from the norms of mental health, implying the presence of overt or covert psychopathology; - this is antisocial behavior that violates some social, cultural and, especially, legal norms. When such acts are minor, they are called offenses, and when they are serious and punishable under criminal law, they are called crimes.

According to S.A. Belicheva can present the following classification of social deviations in deviant behavior:

Selfish orientation: offenses, misdemeanors associated with the desire to obtain material, monetary, property benefits (theft, theft, fraud);

Aggressive orientation: actions directed against a person (insults, hooliganism, beatings, murder, rape);

Socially passive type: the desire to get away from an active lifestyle, evade civic duties, unwillingness to solve personal and social problems (avoidance of study, work, vagrancy, alcoholism, drug addiction, prostitution, suicide).

As we already know, at present there is no single approach to the study and explanation of deviant behavior. The main types of deviant behavior are crime, alcoholism, drug addiction, suicide, prostitution.

Deviations include various forms of deviant behavior - this is a type of behavior that goes beyond individual variations that are considered "normal", accepted, acceptable in society. Typical manifestations of deviant behavior are situationally determined adolescent behavioral reactions, such as: demonstration, aggression, challenge, unauthorized and systematic deviation from school, work, systematic leaving home and vagrancy, drunkenness and alcoholism, early drug addiction and associated asocial actions, antisocial acts of a sexual nature, suicide attempts.

Delinquent behavior is characterized as repetitive antisocial misconduct of adolescents, which develop into a certain stable stereotype of actions that violate legal norms, but do not entail criminal liability due to their limited social danger or the child not reaching the age at which criminal liability begins. Delinquent behavior is expressed not only in the external behavioral side, but also in the internal, personal, when a teenager experiences a deformation of value orientations, leading to a weakening of the control of the internal regulation system.

Addictive behavior - is expressed in the desire to escape from reality by changing one's mental state by taking certain substances or constantly fixing attention on certain objects or activities, which is accompanied by the development of intense emotions. The process of using one or another substance (substance) that changes the psychological state, attachment to an object or participation in activity, also takes on dimensions that begins to control a person’s life, makes him helpless, deprives him of the will to counteract addiction.

Antisocial behavior - the main feature of such behavior is the commission of actions that are contrary to ethics and morality, irresponsible disregard for laws and the rights of other people.

Criminal behavior is defined as an unlawful act, which, upon reaching the age of criminal responsibility, serves as the basis for initiating a criminal case and is qualified under certain articles of the criminal code.

Suicidal behavior - expressed in an increased risk of committing suicide.

Conformist behavior - characterized by a lack of originality, originality in habits, views, principles, adherence to official points of view, opportunism, uncritical following the instructions of persons in power.

Fanatic behavior - is expressed in blind adherence to any idea, doctrine, intolerance to any other views, which may be accompanied by violent actions; neutral or friendly actions of other people are often judged as hostile or deserving of contempt.

Narcissistic behavior - the most significant features of this behavior are the concept of grandiosity, which manifests itself in fantasies and actions, increased sensitivity to the assessments of other people, lack of sufficient empathy.

Autistic behavior - characterized by difficulties in social contacts, isolation from reality, immersion in the sphere of dreams.

Social outsiders are people who, due to a number of objective and subjective reasons, could not find a worthy place in society and ended up in its lowest strata. Those who failed to succeed in life.

Let's take a closer look at some of them.

Addiction.

For many years in our country, drug addiction was considered a phenomenon belonging exclusively to the Western way of life. Today, no one denies that drug addiction exists in our country, everyone understands the severity of its consequences for the individual and for society as a whole, but the problem of the effectiveness of the fight against it remains just as acute.

The results of sociological research show that the main motives for drug use are the desire for pleasure, the desire to experience thrills, and euphoria. And since in most cases we are talking about young people, these motives are reinforced by social immaturity, carelessness, and frivolity. Most of the surveyed drug addicts (77.1%) became addicted to the drug under the influence of other people, mainly drug users from among friends and acquaintances, and often the initiation took place in the company of hedonistic youth. Drug use among young people very often has a group character. Many addicts take drugs in public places (streets, yards, cinemas, cafes, beaches), some can do it "anywhere". Most drug addicts are clearly aware of what awaits them next, although they are no longer able to give up this habit.

The fight against drug addiction can be facilitated by measures of a social, economic, cultural nature, including those that are used to eradicate alcoholism. But, given the specifics of the development of drug addiction, in the fight against this form of deviant behavior, special measures should be used - medical, legal, etc.

Suicide - the intention to take one's own life, an increased risk of committing suicide. This form of deviant behavior of the passive type is a way of avoiding unsolvable problems, from life itself.

For many countries of the world, differing from each other in their socio-political structure, ethnic composition of the population, level of cultural development, the problem of suicide has become one of the medical and social problems that require the development and implementation of a number of measures for its solution. Suicide is among the first causes of death among the working-age population, attempted suicide often leads to irreversible health problems, disability, it leads to temporary or permanent disability. The economic damage to the country is made up of the loss of human resources - the main productive force of society, the cost of keeping suicide victims in the hospital, paying sick leave, and disability benefits.

The causes of suicide are diverse and are rooted not only in the socio-economic and moral organization of society, but, above all, in the personality deformations of the subject and the psycho-traumatic environment surrounding him. In our country and abroad, to prevent suicide, special suicidological services, "helplines", crisis psychotherapy centers have been created.

The presence of an unfavorable social environment is usually the main reason that prompts a teenager to commit a suicide attempt. It is in the immediate environment that he can find or lose the support that supports him in life. An analysis of the causes of teenage suicide from this point of view made it possible to group them around three main factors:

Relationships with parents depend on the degree of understanding of their children, empathy, normative relations;

Problems at school are related to the personality of the teacher (authoritarian, conniving and collaborating), the sociometric status of the teenager in the class (leader, outcast, etc.) and personal attitudes towards academic performance, a factor in life prospects;

Relationships with peers - communication with friends (having a close friend, belonging to an informal association), intersexual communication (love, conflicts with the opposite sex).

Prostitution.

The term "prostitution" itself comes from the Latin word for "exhibit in public" (prostituere). Usually, prostitution is understood as extramarital sexual relations for a fee, which are not based on sensual attraction. Prostitution is not identical with either mercenary marital relations or extramarital sexual relations, if they are based on personal sympathies. Prostitution began to emerge along with the social division of labor, the development of monogamy, the emergence of cities. It is noteworthy that even in medieval Europe, the church was forced to put up with this phenomenon, recognizing, if not the usefulness, then, in any case, the inevitability of the existence of prostitution.

The level of prostitution rose sharply with the development of capitalist relations, which caused great public concern. In the last third of the nineteenth century. methods of regulation (methods of medical and police supervision) were developed in order to streamline and, if possible, limit this kind of relationship. However, the prohibition policy proved ineffective. However, since the early 1920s there is a marked decline in prostitution in both Europe and North America. The reasons for this trend, according to researchers, were the improvement of the economic situation of women, her moral emancipation. The majority of young people have stopped using the services of prostitutes, and their clients are mainly men of older age groups.

The results of the research began to be published in the open press quite recently. They showed that in comparison with the 1920s, the social base of prostitution has changed significantly. At that time, hunger and poverty led many women to the path of vice. The bulk of prostitutes were recruited from among people with a low level of education, people from the village. Today there is a sharp expansion of the social and age base. Among the prostitutes are students of schools, vocational schools, technical schools, universities. It is not hunger that pushes the “girls from the bar” into the arms of customers, but the desire for speedy material well-being and a “beautiful life”.

Society has always been looking for ways and means to combat prostitution. In history, there were three main forms of policy in relation to prostitution: prohibitionism (prohibition), regulation (registration and medical supervision), abolitionism (preventive, explanatory and educational work in the absence of prohibitions and registration). Prohibitions turned out to be powerless, repressions were in principle ineffective in the fight against prostitution. As historical experience has shown, neither legal nor medical regulation directed against representatives of this ancient profession can completely solve the problem. Practice shows that social and spiritual transformations in society radically change the situation.

Alcoholism.

Alcohol entered our lives, becoming elements of social rituals, a prerequisite for official ceremonies, holidays, some ways of spending time, and solving personal problems. However, this socio-cultural situation is costly for society. According to statistics, 90% of cases of hooliganism, 90% of rape under aggravating circumstances, almost 40% of other crimes are associated with intoxication. Murder, robbery, robbery, infliction of grievous bodily harm in 70% of cases are committed by persons in a state of intoxication; About 50% of all divorces are related to drunkenness. For 5 years, the number of adolescents who drink alcohol has increased 7 times.

The study of various aspects of alcohol consumption and its consequences is very difficult. As a rule, three groups of sociological indicators of the acuteness of the alcohol problem and the extent of drunkenness in the country are used: first, the level of alcohol consumption per capita and the structure of consumption; secondly, the characteristics of mass behavior resulting from alcohol consumption; thirdly, the damage caused to the economy and society by drunkenness.

In the history of society's struggle with alcoholism, two directions can be found. First, limiting the availability of alcoholic beverages, reducing their sale and production, raising prices, tightening punitive measures for violating prohibitions and restrictions. Secondly, efforts aimed at reducing the need for alcohol, improving social and economic conditions of life, the growth of general culture and spirituality, calm, balanced information about the dangers of alcohol, and the formation of non-alcoholic stereotypes of behavior among the population. The problem of overcoming drunkenness and alcoholism is the most difficult, it includes economic, social, cultural, psychological, legal and medical aspects. Only taking into account all these aspects, perhaps its successful solution.

The above forms of deviations are a social pathology, they disorganize the system, undermine its foundations and cause significant damage, first of all, to the personality of the teenager himself.

Depending on the type of norm being violated, deviant behavior is classified according to the following characteristics:

Types of crime (criminal, administrative) and immoral offenses (drunkenness, prostitution),

The level or magnitude of the deviation (individual, mass),

The internal structure of the deviation (belonging to a group, gender and age characteristics),

The orientation of the deviation to the external environment (family quarrels, violent crimes) or to oneself (suicide).

Two ideal types of deviations can also be distinguished:

1. Individual deviations, when an individual rejects the norms of his subculture;

2. Group deviation, considered as conformal behavior of a member of a deviant group in relation to its subculture.

In real life, deviant personalities cannot be strictly divided into these two types. Most often, these two types of deviations intersect.

Thus, summing up the characteristics of various types of deviant behavior, it must be emphasized that these types are just a certain representation of a certain moment or stage of deviation and cannot fully reflect its real characteristics, dynamics; as well as deviant behavior is always determined by a variety of reasons, circumstances, which in each specific situation are deeply individual and specific.

The concept of deviation, deviant and delinquent behavior. Types and forms of deviation.

In contrast to conformist, there is deviant (deviant) behavior. Such behavior is understood not only as offenses, but also as any behavior that violates the rules and norms prevailing in a given society. There are culturally approved (positive) and culturally unapproved (negative) types of deviant behavior. Culturally approved include heroic deeds, genius, sports achievements, leadership abilities. In traditional societies, accepted deviations may include religious fanaticism, hermitism, and an ascetic lifestyle.

Such deviations can be explained not only by the peculiarities of the process of socialization, but also by the psychological qualities of the individual. Culturally unapproved deviations include those actions and those types of social activities that are detrimental to society and at least cause condemnation. In a broad sense deviant is any person who has gone astray or deviated from the norm. With such a formulation of the question, it is necessary to stipulate the forms and sizes of deviations from insignificant to maximum forms. In a narrow sense, deviant behavior is understood as such deviations that do not entail criminal punishment. These are deviations associated with non-compliance with the norms of expectation. The totality of illegal acts received a special name in sociology delinquent (criminal) behavior. It is associated with the violation of rules and regulations.

Both the norms themselves and the behavior that deviates from them are not homogeneous, but differ significantly in their social significance. If the moral norms, traditions, customs, rules of communication that exist in society are violated, then these violations are called antisocial behavior, these are antisocial acts. These forms of behavior are characterized by a small degree of social danger. If legal norms are violated, then this is illegal behavior and is regarded as causing great harm to society.

Given the dependence on the degree of harm caused to the interests of the individual, social group or society as a whole, as well as on the type of violated norms, the following types of deviant behavior are distinguished:

1) destructive that causes harm to the person himself and does not correspond to generally accepted social and moral standards (alcoholism, suicide, drug addiction, masochism);

2) asocial , harms both individuals and social communities, that is, primary groups (family, friendly company, neighbors) and manifests itself in violation of labor discipline, petty hooliganism, and so on

3) illegal behavior - behavior that violates both moral and legal norms and leads to serious negative consequences for society. It can be expressed in robbery, terrorism and so on.

Deviant behavior can be perceived in the form of:

— deed;

— activities , that is, the constant occupation of a species condemned by society

activities

— in lifestyle (belonging to criminal structures).

— The main types of deviant behavior.

The essence of deviant behavior. Deviant behavior and its prevention. 1) The essence of deviant behavior. 2) The main types of deviant behavior. 3) Prevention and overcoming of deviant behavior. Deviant behavior is called behavior that deviates from ... [read more].

The very first theories on this subject were of a biological nature: some people are bad from birth, have innate personality flaws that stimulate their antisocial behavior, do not make it possible to restrain base needs. At the end of the last century, an Italian psychologist Cesare Lombroso proposed the theory of the congenital offender.

Years of careful observation and measurement in prisons convinced the scientist that the most serious, vicious and persistent criminals (up to one-third, he estimated) were innate criminals, that is, underdeveloped people directly related to our primitive ancestors. Born criminal- an atavistic creature, ĸᴏᴛᴏᴩᴏᴇ reproduces in his personality the ferocious instincts of a primitive person, for example, killing his own kind, cannibalism. C. Lombroso was convinced that, due to genetic characteristics, congenital criminals cannot curb their instincts. Fixing these people is almost impossible. Society can protect itself from them only by locking them up.

C. Lombroso and his students presented a huge amount of evidence in support of their theory. But C. Lombroso's mistake was that he did not measure ordinary people. This was done by a British doctor Charles Goring and found the same physical abnormalities in people who had never been criminals.

At the same time, attempts to bring a biological basis under the general theory of crime continued throughout almost the entire twentieth century. American doctor William Sheldon emphasized the importance of studying the structure of the human body to predict its behavior.

At the same time, most sociologists and psychologists do not support the idea that the tendency to deviant behavior, the commission of crimes, is rooted in genetics. A spider must be programmed to spin a web, but no human is born with burglar or killer instincts.

In the 60s. there have been studies of people with extremely aggressive behavior. A person who systematically robs has been found to have a very poor sense of self-esteem. The slightest criticism and remark, especially in the presence of strangers, cause him indignation. This stems from the fear of losing prestige. It is worth saying that they are characterized by a strikingly low level of common sense. Another reason for the increased aggressiveness of the personality should be too much control. Very passive, mild-tempered people who keep their anger in check for a long time, especially when provoked, may eventually explode.

Causes and forms of deviant behavior

If such people had less control over themselves, they would simply let off steam earlier and things would not go to the extreme. As they say, "in still waters, there are devils".

Moreover, most of all offenses are impulsive acts. Biological theories are of little help when it comes to crimes involving conscious choice.

Interest in deviant behavior is not random. The reasons for the origin of various types of deviation and their characteristic features are studied in psychiatry, criminology, and sociology.

Among the social theories of deviant behavior, a special place is occupied by theory of anomie . The origins of the concept of anomie are already in antiquity. The ancient Greeks understood the word ʼʼanomiyaʼʼ as lawless, lawless, uncontrollable. This term is found in Euripides and Plato, as well as in the Old and New Testaments and in the works of historians and philosophers, starting from the 16th century, but the concept of anomie was classically defined in the writings of Emile Durkheim. He defined it as follows: ʼʼAnomie is a social condition characterized by the weakening or collapse of norms, its content is the social disorganization of society, when social ties are either absent or become unstable and contradictoryʼʼ.

Anomie can be considered both at the social and at the individual psychological level. Anomic Man is a skeptic who is guided by a philosophy of denial, focused only on the present, not recognizing the past and the future. Researchers believe that a certain degree of anomie is not only not dangerous, but to a certain extent necessary for freedom in society.

Durkheim believed that deviation is as natural as conformism, and deviation from the norm carries not only a negative, but also a positive beginning. For example, deviation confirms the role of norms and values, gives a more complete picture of the diversity of norms, reveals an alternative to existing ones, leads to the improvement of social norms and ensures social unity.

Everything that violates stability leads to the instability of social ties, the destruction of the collective consciousness (crisis, migration, and so on), creates a violation of public order, disorganizes people, due to which various types of deviations appear. In the case of dogmatism in the observance of norms, individual development should be limited, but the excessive development of anomie leads to chaos, when people violate rules and norms with their behavior, ignore the rights of others and public interests. The most widespread classification of types of deviant behavior of anomie in sociology was developed by Robert Merton, who identified five models of social adaptation to social norms developed in society, based on whether a person recognizes and follows the rules for achieving value benefits. In fact, it type of individual adaptation of a person in society:

The sociological theory of M. Weber arose on the wave of antipositivism. M.

Deviant behavior

Weber proceeded from the fact that if in the natural sciences understanding is mediated by explanation (the inexplicable is incomprehensible), then in the social sciences understanding immediately precedes explanation (without understanding human behavior, it is impossible to explain it). In his opinion, sociology is "understanding", because it studies the behavior of an individual who puts a certain meaning into his actions. Observing the real actions of people, the sociologist must explain them on the basis of understanding the internal motives of these actions, the meaning that is invested in the actions by the acting individual himself, and not by the observer. If one animal signals danger to others, risking its own life, then this behavior can be preserved by selection, since it gives advantages to related individuals, and the genes of an altruistic individual are preserved in them. So, the sting of worker bees remains in the body of the enemy, but the bee itself also dies. African termites in the battle with enemies spew a special secret, from which both their opponents and themselves perish. Populations in which individuals exhibit self-sacrifice for the benefit of others are in more favorable conditions than those whose members primarily care about their own well-being.

The word deviation

The word deviation in English letters (transliteration) - deviatsiya

The word deviation consists of 8 letters: a in de i and c i

Meanings of the word deviation. What is deviation?

Deviation

deviance - social behavior that deviates from what is considered "normal" or socially acceptable in society or in a social context.

Big explanatory sociological dictionary. — 2001

DEVIATION Deviation from some norm.

Deviant behavior: concept and features. Types of deviant behavior

The term is used to refer to deviations in behavior, relationships and statistics. In behavior it usually refers to disorders or clinical syndromes.

Oxford Dictionary of Psychology.

Deviation is a deviation from what is considered normal. For example, deviation in behavior, in relation to someone or something from the average.

Zhmurov V.A. Big explanatory dictionary of terms in psychiatry

DEVIATION (from lat. deviatio - evasion) - deviation of a sea vessel from the established (by agreement) or usual route. Standard cases of D. - saving people, ships, providing medical assistance to persons on board, etc.

Dictionary of legal terms. — 2000

Deviation - a. A sharp change in the price of securities under the influence of unforeseen events or circumstances. B. Changing the course of a sea vessel due to one of the following reasons: saving people, ships and cargo ...

Dictionary of business terms. — 2001

Deviation (from late Latin deviatio - deviation) (biological), a type of phylembryogenesis, in which a change in the development of an organ occurs at the middle stages of its formation and leads to a change in the structure of this organ in an adult organism ...

TSB. - 1969-1978

Compass deviation, deviation of the compass moving system from the position that fixes the direction to the Earth's magnetic pole (for a magnetic compass) or to the geographic pole (for a gyrocompass).

TSB. - 1969-1978

Deviation 1) of the compass, deviation of the compass needle from the magnetic meridian, under the influence of the ship's iron; to eliminate D. there are special devices.-2) Artillery., see.

Brockhaus and Efron. - 1907-1909

Deviation - deviant behavior - social behavior that deviates from the accepted, socially acceptable in a particular society or social context.

Sociology / Ed. Yu.Yu. Petrunina. — 2006

DEVIATION (from late Latin deviatio - deviation), deviation in development, evolution. change in morphogenesis to.-l. organ on one of the cf. stages; one of the forms" (modes) of phylembryogenesis.

Biological dictionary

Deviance (in sociology) (deviance), a form of behavior that violates, or is recognized as violating, social rules. In decomp. about-wah and within themselves about-in D. understand differently. For example, in some societies D. the presence of more than one wife in men can be considered ...

Peoples and cultures. — 2002

compass deviation

Compass deviation is the deviation of its needle from the direction of the magnetic meridian under the influence of the ship's iron. Since this iron is magnetized by terrestrial magnetism differently at different positions of the ship relative to the magnetic meridian ...

Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron. - 1890-1907

Compass deviation COMPASS DEVIATION, compass deviation. arrows from the direction of the magnet. meridian, caused by the influence of the courts. iron. During construction or will continue. parking in one direction...

Military encyclopedia. - 1911-1914

Compass deviation - deviation of the moving system of the compass from the direction - to the magnetic pole of the Earth (at the magnetic compass); or - to the geographic pole of the Earth (at the gyrocompass).

Frequency deviation

Frequency deviation - the largest deviation of the instantaneous frequency of a modulated radio signal during frequency modulation from the value of its carrier frequency.

en.wikipedia.org

Frequency deviation, deviation of the oscillation frequency from the average value. In frequency modulation, frequency modulation is usually referred to as the maximum frequency deviation. The composition and values ​​of the amplitudes of the spectrum components significantly depend on its value ...

Frequency deviation - the largest deviation of the frequency of the modulated signal from the value of the carrier frequency during frequency modulation

Glossary of communication terms

Russian language

Deviation, -i.

Orthographic dictionary. - 2004

Qigong Deviations

Qigong deviations Word formation. Comes from whale. qi - the energy of the gong - movement and lat. deviatio - deviation. Category. Deviations in the normal course of the process of learning Chinese qigong gymnastics.

Qigong deviations (from Chinese qi - energy + gong - movement and Latin deviatio - deviation) - deviations in the normal course of the process of learning Chinese qigong gymnastics.

Psychological dictionary. — 2000

depending on the ways of interacting with reality and violation of certain norms of society Deviant behavior is divided into five types:

1 —delinquent - deviant behavior, in its extreme manifestations, are actions that entail criminal punishment.

Characteristic for people:

- with an unstable inner world; a person commits a crime under the influence of circumstances or surrounding persons;

- with a high level of legal awareness, but a passive attitude towards other violators of legal norms;

- can only accidentally commit a crime

For these people, within the limits of volitional conscious action, due to individual psychological characteristics, the process of predicting the future result of a delict (misdemeanor) is violated or blocked - it does not have a significant sus of general danger.

For such people, the strength of the incentive motive inhibits the analysis of its negative consequences. Often delinquent actions are mediated by situational-impulsive or affective motives. These motives are implemented without the stage of preliminary planning and selection of adequate objects, goals, methods and programs of action to meet the current needs.

Delinquent behavior can manifest itself, in particular, in mischief and a desire to have fun (for example, a teenager, out of curiosity and for company, can throw heavy objects or food from passers-by from the balcony, receiving either pleasure from the accuracy of hitting the “victim”; a person can call the airport control room and warn about an alleged bomb in the plane; to attract attention, the young man can try to climb the television tower).

2 —addictive behavior - one of the forms of deviant behavior with the formation of a desire to escape from reality by artificially changing one's mental state through the use of certain substances or constant fixation of attention on certain types of activity, aimed at developing and maintaining intense emotions.

The main motive of individuals prone to addictive forms of behavior is an active change in mental state, which does not satisfy them and is considered by them as “gray”, “boring”, “monotonous”, “apathetic”

Such a person fails to discover in reality any areas of activity that can attract his attention for a long time, captivate, cause some significant and pronounced emotional reaction.

She sees life as uninteresting because of its routine and monotony. A person does not perceive what is considered normal in society: the need to do something, to do something, to adhere to the traditions and norms accepted in the family or society.

addictive activity is selective in nature - in those areas of life that, at least for a while, but bring satisfaction to a person and pull him out of the world of emotional insensitivity (stagnation), she can be more active in order to achieve goals.

Features of people with addictive behaviors: I:

- reduced endurance to the difficulties of everyday life along with good endurance in crisis situations;

- a hidden inferiority complex, which is combined with an advantage that is outwardly manifested;

- external sociability, which is combined with a fear of persistent emotional contacts;

- the desire to tell a lie;

- the desire to blame others, knowing that they are innocent;

- the desire to escape from responsibility in decision-making;

- stereotyping, repeatability of behavior;

- addiction;

- anxiety

Predictability, predetermination of one's own destiny is a teasing moment of an addictive personality.

Types of deviant behavior

Crisis situations with their non-transferability, risk and pronounced affects are for them the ground on which they gain self-confidence, self-esteem, a sense of superiority over others. The phenomenon of "thirst for thrills" is noted (V. A. Petrovsky .. Petrovsky).

E. Bern identified six types of hunger in humans:

- for sensory stimulation;

- by recognition;

- for contact and physical stroking;

- sexy;

- structural, or structuring time;

- for incidents

Within the framework of the addictive type, the types are aggravated - a person does not find the satisfaction of hunger in real life and seeks to relieve discomfort and dissatisfaction with reality, the stimulation of certain types of activity. She tries to achieve an increased level of sensory stimulation (prefers intense exposure, loud sound, pungent odors, bright images), recognition of extraordinary actions (including sexual ones), fullness of time with events.

Poor endurance to the difficulties of everyday life and grief in the unfitness and lack of love for life on the part of loved ones form a hidden "inferiority complex" in addictive individuals - they suffer, differ from others, are able to "live like people" This complex returns with a hypercompensatory reaction - from an underestimated self-esteem a person goes immediately to overestimated (bypassing adequate) there is a feeling of superiority over others, this is a protective psychological function that helps maintain self-esteem in adverse microsocial conditions (for example, confrontation with a family or a team with a team).

An addictive person is greatly influenced by society, she has to adapt to the norms of society, she learns to formally fulfill those social roles that society imposes on her (an intelligent son, an attentive interlocutor, a decent colleague.

External sociability, ease of setting up emotional contacts is accompanied by manipulative behavior and superficiality of emotional ties

Such a person is afraid of persistent and prolonged emotional contacts through a rapid loss of interest in the same person or type of activity, due to fear of responsibility for some business (for example, the motive of behavior of a "hardened bachelor", when addictive forms of behavior predominate, may be the fear of responsibility for a possible wife and children and dependence on them).

Trying to hide his "inferiority complex", a person shows a desire to tell a lie, deceive others, blame others for his own mistakes and mistakes.

One of the main features in the behavior of an addictive personality is the desire to escape from reality.

The "escape" is that instead of harmonious interaction with all aspects of reality, activation occurs in one direction, while the person focuses on a narrowly focused area of ​​activity (often inharmoniously and such that destroys the personality), ignoring the final Reshta.

Peseschkian identifies four types of "escape" from reality:

- "escape to the body" - reorientation to activities aimed only at one's own physical or mental improvement; hyper-compensatory is the capture of recreational activities ("health paranoia"), sexual interactions with them, one's own appearance, the quality of relaxation and relaxation methods;

- "escape to work" - disharmonious fixation on affairs;

- “escape to contacts or loneliness” - communication becomes either the only desirable way to satisfy needs, replacing others, or the number of contacts is reduced to a minimum;

- "flight into fantasy" - a tendency to reflect and lack the desire to bring to life

3 —pathocharacterological type of deviant behavior - behavior, due to pathological changes in character that were formed in the process of education: personality disorders (psychopathy), pronounced accentuation of character, neurotic development of special toast.

disharmony of character traits leads to the fact that the whole structure of human mental activity changes

The most characteristic motives:

- the desire to implement an inadequately high level of claims;

- a tendency to dominance and power;

- stubbornness;

- resentment;

- impatience to resist;

- a tendency to self-accusation and search for reasons to discharge affective tension;

- egocentrism;

- thirst for recognition;

- high self-esteem;

- the desire to manipulate others and control them (the environment is considered only as a means, should serve to satisfy the needs of this person)

According to the neurotic development of the personality, deviations manifest themselves in the form of neurotic obsessions and rituals that permeate the entire life of a person and aim to relieve the state of emotional tension and anxiety (for example, a person with obsessive rituals can perform stereotypical actions for a long time and to the detriment of his plans: open and close doors , skip a trolley bus a certain number of times, and walk to a stop.

4 —psychopathological type of deviant behavior - is based on psychopathological symptoms or syndromes that are manifestations of certain mental illnesses. As a rule, the motives of the behavior of a mentally ill person remain incomprehensible until the main signs of mental disorders are identified.

A person may exhibit deviant behavior through:

- disturbance of perception - hallucinations or illusions (for example, covering your ears with something, listening to something, looking for a non-existent object, talking to yourself)

- violations of thinking (for example, expresses, defends and tries to achieve the goal based on an inadequate interpretation of reality, actively limit the scope of their communication with the outside world through obsessions and fears)

- violation of volitional activity (performs unreasonable and incomprehensible actions or is inactive for months, performs stereotypical movements, freezes in a monotonous position for a long time)

A variety of pathocharacterological and psychopathological types of deviant behavior are self-destructive (self-destructive) behavior - a system of human actions that is not aimed at development and personal growth, and not at harmonious interaction with reality, but at the destruction of personalities.

Aggression is directed at oneself, reality is seen as something oppositional, which does not make it possible to fully live and satisfy existing needs.

Autodestruction manifests itself in the form of suicidal and parasuicidal behavior, drug and alcohol addiction, and other types of deviations.

Motives for self-destructive behavior:

- addictions, inability to manage everyday life;

- pathological changes in character;

- psychopathological symptoms and syndromes

5 —deviations due to human hyperabilities - a person whose abilities significantly exceed the average is considered as going beyond the normal (this is a manifestation of giftedness, talent, genius in one of the activities of the ini people.

Deviation towards giftedness in one area is often accompanied by deviations in everyday life. Such a person often turns out to be unfit for "everyday, mundane" life. She is unable to correctly understand and evaluate the actions and behavior of other people, turns out to be naive, dependent and ready for the difficulties of everyday life.

If with delinquent behavior there is a confrontation with reality, with addictive behavior - an escape from reality, with pathocharacterological and psychopathological - a painful confrontation, then with the behavior associated with hyperabilities - ignoring reality.

A person exists in reality (“here and now”) and at the same time, as it were, lives in his own reality, without thinking about the need for “objective reality”, in which other people around him act.

She regards the ordinary world as something important, insignificant and therefore does not take any part in interacting with it, does not produce a style of emotional attitude to the actions of others, takes any event aloof.

Forced contacts are perceived as optional, temporary, and not as significant for his personal development.

Outwardly, in everyday life, the actions of such a person may be strange (for example, she may not know how household appliances are used, how household activities are carried out; all interest is focused on activities related to extraordinary abilities.

The type of deviant behavior determines the form of its detection (one form may be due to different types)

Sociological theories explain the occurrence of deviation through the search for social and cultural factors that affect people. Durkheim's theory of anomie is the first sociological explanation of deviation. Durkheim explored the essence of one of the types of deviation - suicide.

He considered the main cause of suicide to be a phenomenon called "anomie" (disregulation, lack of norms). Social rules play an important role in regulating people's lives. Norms govern people's behavior, they know what to expect from others and what is expected of them. During crises or radical social changes, people's life experience ceases to correspond to the ideals embodied in social norms. As a result, people experience a state of confusion and disorientation. Statistics show that during sudden ups and downs, the suicide rate is higher than usual. Durkheim believed that unexpected decline and prosperity were due to the disruption of the "collective order". Social norms are being destroyed, people are losing their bearings - all this contributes to deviant behavior.

R.Merton's theory of anomie.

Types of deviant behavior

Merton believes that deviation increases when there is a gap between the goals approved in a given culture and the socially approved ways of achieving them. For example, the generally accepted measure of success in American society (and more recently in Ukrainian society) is the achievement of wealth. Socially approved means of achieving this goal include traditional methods such as getting a good education, getting a job and building a career. But not all people can get a good education, the best firms employ a fairly limited number of specialists. When people are faced with the inability to achieve financial success through socially approved means, they may resort to illegal means (drug trafficking, fraud, etc.).

As part of his concept, Merton developed a typology of deviant actions:

In Merton's system, conformity implies agreement with both the goals of society and the means to achieve them. An example would be a young person who gets an education, finds a prestigious job and is successfully promoted. conformism-occurs when members of a society accept as cultural goals to achieve material success, as well as the means approved by society to achieve them. Innovation presupposes agreement with the goals of society, but denies socially approved means to achieve them. Examples of innovation are blackmail, robbery, embezzlement of other people's money, etc. This type of deviant behavior occurs when an individual is faced with limited access to resources, on the one hand, and a strong desire to look successful in the eyes of society, on the other. ritualism involves ignoring the goals of a given culture, but agreeing (sometimes to the point of absurdity) to use socially approved means. An example would be a bureaucrat who is fanatically dedicated to his work, who carefully fills out the forms, checks their compliance with all instructions, regularly files them to the case, etc., but does not realize what all this is for. retreatism implies a denial of both the goals of a given society and the means to achieve these goals. In other words, a person distances himself from society. This type of deviation includes monks, hermits, on the one hand, and drug addicts, alcoholics and suicides, on the other. Riot It is also expressed in the denial of both the goals of society and the means to achieve them. But unlike the retreatists, the rebels do not move away from society, but try to offer it new goals and new means to achieve them. This type of deviants include reformers and revolutionaries.

Cultural theories put emphasis on the analysis of cultural values. According to these theories, deviation occurs when an individual identifies with a subculture whose norms contradict those of the dominant culture. Identification with a subculture occurs in the course of communication with the carriers of this culture. An important role is played not by contacts with impersonal organizations or institutions (legislative bodies, the church, etc.), but by everyday communication - at school, at home, "on the street". The intensity of a person's assimilation of deviant values ​​is influenced by the frequency of contacts with deviants, as well as their number and duration. Age also plays an important role: the younger a person is, the more readily he learns patterns of behavior imposed by others.

Evaluation of cultural transfer theory The theory of cultural transfer shows that socially disapproved behavior can be caused by the same processes of socialization as socially approved. This theory allows us to understand why the number of cases of deviant behavior varies from group to group and from society to society. However, it cannot explain some forms of deviant behavior, especially those offenders who could not borrow from others either methods or suitable definitions and views. Examples of this include persistent breaches of financial agreements; counterfeit check makers; people who accidentally broke the law; unprofessional shoplifters; people who commit crimes "on the basis of love." Individuals may find themselves in the same situations but perceive them differently, with different results.

Theory of stigmatization (branding). Deviant behavior is explained by the ability of powerful groups to label the behavior of less protected groups as deviants. A person can be treated as if they broke a rule, even if they didn't, just because others claim they did. Most people break some social rules. A teenager can smoke cigarettes with marijuana, an administrator can make additions to the account, a clerk can appropriate stationery. As long as others do not pay attention to this, a person who breaks the rules does not consider himself a deviant. As soon as others find out about this, the person will be labeled a deviant. He will be treated as a deviant, gradually he will get used to consider himself a deviant, to behave in accordance with the role. Unlike concepts that pay attention to the characteristics of individuals that contribute to deviation, the theory of stigma explains how people are treated as deviants.

conflict approach. This theory is not interested in why people break laws, but is concerned with the analysis of the essence of the legislative system itself. From this point of view, laws and law enforcement are the tools that the ruling classes, who own the means of production, use against those who do not have them. Moreover, supporters of this theory see deviants not as violators of generally accepted rules, but rather as rebels who oppose a capitalist society that seeks to "isolate and place in psychiatric hospitals, prisons and juvenile colonies many of its members who are supposedly in need of control."

Assessing the theory of conflict Much is true in conflict theory. It is quite obvious that the laws are made and enforced by individuals and social groups vested in power. As a result, laws are not neutral, but serve the interests of a particular social group and express its core values. However, firstly, according to critics of the conflict theory, such intuitive guesses do not meet the requirements of scientific research. For example, according to sociologist Stanton Wheeler, the development of the theory of conflict and the rediscovery of Marx set a new direction for our understanding of deviance, but there is "a strong impression that all these achievements are nothing more than rhetorical."

Many formulations of conflictologists require clarification. Thus, it is not always clear what specific individuals or groups are meant when one speaks of the "ruling elite", "ruling classes" and "the interests of those in power". Second, the conflict theory needs to be tested. For example, William J. Shambliss and Robert Seedman state: "The most severe sanctions tend to be imposed on people of the lower social classes." However, the results of studies do not always agree with this statement: some studies find little or no relationship between the status of lawbreakers and the punishment assigned to them; in other studies, this relationship is clearly traced; some studies show that this relationship depends on the specific circumstances. While corporations often seek to influence justice and public policy, their interests do not necessarily dominate those of other groups. It is clear that more research is needed. The premises of conflict theory cannot be taken for granted without rigorous scientific research.

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Introduction

2. Types of deviant behavior

Conclusion

Bibliographic list

Introduction

deviant behavior alcoholism crime

At all times, society has tried to suppress undesirable forms of human behavior. Geniuses and villains, the very lazy and overworking, the poor and the rich, were almost equally undesirable. Sharp deviations from the average norm, both positively and negatively, threatened the stability of society, which at all times was valued above all else. Sociologists call deviant behavior deviant. It implies any deeds or actions that do not correspond to written or unwritten norms. In some societies, the slightest deviation from tradition, not to mention serious misconduct, was severely punished. Everything was under control: hair length, dress code, demeanor. So did the rulers of ancient Sparta in the 5th century BC. e. and Soviet party organs in the 20th century. In the 1960s and 1970s, teachers at school fought against the "long-haired", seeing in their appearance an imitation of the "Beatles", planted a school uniform in the manner of a military man.

Deviant behavior, understood as a violation of social norms, has become widespread in recent years and has put this problem at the center of attention of sociologists, social psychologists, doctors, and law enforcement officers. The social norm finds its embodiment (support) in laws, traditions, customs, i.e. in everything that has become a habit, firmly established in everyday life, in the way of life of the majority of the population, is supported by public opinion, plays the role of a “natural regulator” of social and interpersonal relations.

In any case, deviations are a natural part of social life. Their condemnation, regulation and prohibition, moral improvement do not reduce deviations, as more stringent norms of behavior arise. Specific deviations may disappear, while others appear.

1. Essence and concept of deviant behavior

Deviant behavior is understood as one that is not consistent with the norms, does not meet the expectations of the group or the whole society.

Deviation (deviation) in the consciousness and behavior of people usually matures gradually. Moreover, in sociology there is the concept of “primary deviation”, when others turn a blind eye to certain deviations, and a person who ignores certain rules does not consider himself a violator. Such deviations border on minor offenses or immoral actions and for the time being may not be noticed (say goodbye, ignored), such as drinking alcohol with random people, leading to a violation of public morality.

But there is a second level of deviant behavior (secondary deviation), when a person is openly recognized as a violator of moral and legal norms by the surrounding social group or official organizations, which is always associated with a certain reaction to his actions.

When considering deviant behavior, it is important to distinguish between individual and collective forms of deviation, if the former are understood as violations of moral requirements, then in the second case, deviant behavior is a reflection of the activities of a certain social group - a criminal gang or a savage sect, which create some semblance of their "culture" (subculture) and openly confront accepted norms.

At the same time, as follows from a number of studies, it is impossible to consider any deviation as deviant behavior. In this case, all social groups and all people will fall under this definition, because there is not a single person and social group in society who would absolutely correspond to the norms and rules in all cases of life.

Deviant behavior means:

1) an act, actions of a person that do not correspond to the officially established or actually established norms (standards, templates) in a given society;

2) a social phenomenon expressed in mass forms of human activity that do not correspond to the officially established or actually established norms (standards, templates) in a given society. Konchanin T.A., Podoprigora S.N. Sociology. Textbook for universities. - Rostov-on-Don, 2003

In the first sense, deviant behavior is predominantly the subject of psychology, pedagogy, and psychiatry. In the second meaning - the subject of sociology and social psychology. Of course, such a disciplinary distinction is relative.

The concept of “norm” serves as the starting point for understanding deviations.

In the theory of organization, a single understanding of the norm as a limit, a measure of what is permissible (in order to preserve and change the system) has developed for the natural and social sciences. The social norm determines the limit, measure, interval of permissible (permissible or mandatory) behavior, activities of people, social groups, social organizations that has historically developed in a particular society. In contrast to the natural norms of physical and biological processes, social norms are formed as a result of an adequate or distorted reflection in the minds and actions of people of the objective laws of the functioning of society. Therefore, they either correspond to the laws of social development, being “natural”, or are not sufficiently adequate to them, or even come into conflict due to a distorted - class-limited, religious, subjectivist - reflection of objective laws. In this case, the “norm” becomes abnormal, while deviations from it become “normal”.

That is why social deviations can have different meanings for society. Positive ones serve as a means of progressive development of the system, raising the level of its organization, overcoming outdated, conservative or reactionary standards of behavior. This is social creativity: scientific, technical, artistic, socio-political.

Negative ones are dysfunctional, disorganize the system, sometimes undermining its foundations. This is a social pathology: crime, alcoholism, drug addiction, prostitution, suicide.

The boundaries between positive and negative deviant behavior are mobile in time and space of societies. In addition, various “normative subcultures” simultaneously exist (from scientific communities and artistic “bohemia” to communities of drug addicts and criminals).

2. Types of deviant behavior

Depending, firstly, on the degree of harm done to the interests of the individual, social group, society as a whole, and, secondly, on the type of violated norms, the following main types of deviant behavior can be distinguished.

destructive behavior. Causing harm only to the personality itself and not corresponding to generally accepted social and moral norms - hoarding, conformism, masochism, etc.

Antisocial behavior that harms the individual and social communities (family, company of friends, neighbors) and manifests itself in alcoholism, drug addiction, suicide, etc.

Illegal behavior, which is a violation of both moral and legal norms and is expressed in robberies, murders and other crimes.

Deviant behavior can be expressed in the form:

a) an act (hit a person in the face);

b) activities (permanent extortion or prostitution); c) lifestyle (criminal lifestyle of the organizer of a mafia group, a robbery gang, a community of counterfeiters). Kharcheva V.G. Fundamentals of sociology: a textbook for students of higher educational institutions. - M., 2007

3. Causes of deviant behavior

There are common causes of deviant behavior for all "risk" groups:

1. Social inequality. This finds expression in the low, sometimes beggarly standard of living of the majority of the population, especially young people; in the stratification of society into rich and poor; unemployment, inflation, corruption, etc.

2. The moral and ethical factor of deviant behavior is expressed in the low moral and moral level of society, lack of spirituality, the psychology of materialism and alienation of the individual. The life of a society with a market economy resembles a bazaar where everything is sold and everything is bought, the trade in labor and the body is an ordinary event. The degradation and decline of morals find their expression in mass alcoholism, vagrancy, the spread of drug addiction, "corrupt love", an explosion of violence and delinquency.

3. An environment that is neutral-favorable to deviant behavior. Young deviants are mostly from dysfunctional families. Unfavorable conditions of life and upbringing in the family, problems of mastering knowledge and related failures in studies, inability to build relationships with others and conflicts arising on this basis, various psychophysical deviations in the state of health, as a rule, lead to a crisis of the spirit, loss of the meaning of existence. Zmanovskaya E.V. Deviantology: (Psychology of deviant behavior). - M.: Academy, 2004.

4. Main forms of deviant behavior

The main forms of deviant behavior in modern conditions include crime, alcoholism, prostitution, drug addiction. Each form of deviation has its own specifics.

Alcoholism

Drunkenness, alcoholism, substance abuse are social vices that are "inscribed" in public life quite thoroughly. So, in the 20th century, the volume of alcohol consumption increased, which in the 90s amounted to 15 liters of alcoholic beverages per capita.

Sociologists talk about several types of drinkers:

1) Social. Drink on special occasions.

2) Heavy. Drink significantly more and more often

3) Alcoholics. Drinkers too much.

Most of the latter are chronic. Live to drink and drink to live. Leads to nervous and physical illness, and sometimes to death. Social relationships are destroyed. An alcoholic is sick, but also a deviant. He cannot properly fulfill his social roles.

To say that drunkenness and alcoholism are inherent in one social group to a greater extent than another would be incorrect: representatives of all groups and strata of the population were involved in these forms of deviant behavior. However, studies back in 1965 revealed the particular perniciousness of the spread of alcoholism among the low-income segments of the population.

This disease became more and more aggravated, covering all segments of the population and especially young people. By the early 1980s, the situation had become completely intolerable.

It was recognized as necessary to prevent this terrible phenomenon, resulting in early death, death at work, broken families, handicapped children.

Out of the best of intentions, in 1985 the famous anti-alcohol campaign was launched, which relied on the power of prohibition, order, external control and all kinds of restrictions.

At first, it brought results. The production of wine and vodka products and beer in 1987 decreased compared to 1984 by 617 million decaliters, or 44%. The total amount of losses due to absenteeism, downtime and absenteeism decreased in industry by 30%, and in construction - by 29%.

Demographic indicators have improved. The birth rate per one thousand inhabitants (20 people) slightly increased. For the first time in the past ten years, there has been an increase in life expectancy. Mortality directly related to alcoholism decreased by 52%. Since 1986, there has been a trend towards a decrease in the incidence of alcoholism in the population. The blow inflicted on drunkenness also affected the state of the criminal situation. The number of criminal investigation crimes committed while intoxicated has decreased.

However, as a deeper analysis shows, these measures did not bring any serious changes. Moreover, they caused a number of severe, negative consequences.

First, drunkenness, forced out of production, has moved into the family and household sphere, as a result of which it has become less accessible to control. On the territory of the former USSR, there were still 5 million alcoholics.

Secondly, the haste and ill-conceivedness of many measures to combat drunkenness contributed not to the reduction, but to the dew of moonshine, speculation. So, if in 1985 more than 80 thousand citizens were brought to responsibility for moonshine, then in 1986 - 150 thousand.

But the moonshine boom could have been foreseen by referring at least to historical experience (in 1923, during the period of the Prohibition, there were 10 million moonshine stills in the villages of Russia). it is also known that with the weakening of the functions of money as an equivalent of exchange in the conditions of commodity-money relations, vodka often takes over their role: they will build, repair, and deliver for it.

Thirdly, the primitivism of measures to combat drunkenness has led to perverted forms of alcohol consumption: to surrogates, to substance abuse. Only from the use of chemicals and liquids in 1987, about 11 thousand people died. In total, 20 thousand people die from alcoholism every year.

The situation in the country did not change, if not worsened, in the 1990s. The number of alcoholics has not decreased, but has increased in a number of indicators. If the cost of bread from 1990 to 1996 increased by an average of 15 thousand times, then vodka - by an average of 3 thousand. Vodka became the most affordable commodity. And the country was again covered by a shaft of drunkenness and alcoholism, especially since, in addition to domestic ones, an uncontrolled flow of alcohol and vodka from all European countries poured into the country.

There is no doubt that this process has and will continue to have serious consequences. One of them (along with other reasons) explains the fact that mortality among men has become below the retirement age, reaching 57.8 years.

Obviously, a comprehensive solution to the problems of alcoholism depends on the unification of both social and medical measures, both legal and moral regulation, administrative efforts and the responsibility of the person himself. Samokhina A.A. Socio-psychological deformation as a cause of delinquent behavior // Applied Psychology. - 2000. - No. 3.

Addiction

Drug addiction is a disease that is expressed in physical or psychological dependence on drugs, an irresistible craving for them, which gradually leads the body to physical and psychological exhaustion.

Drug addiction has social consequences. For criminal elements, this is an easy way to make money. Drug abuse leads to an increase in mortality, especially among young people, and the development of a whole "bouquet" of somatic and mental illnesses.

On the basis of drug addiction, crimes are committed, since in a state of "breaking" a drug addict is capable of any crime. The acquisition of drugs becomes the backdrop for committing a number of crimes against the person: theft, robbery, robbery.

Drug addiction negatively affects offspring. Children are born with serious physical and psychological abnormalities, which in turn leads to the breakup of the family. The drug addict degrades as a person, as the slavish dependence on drugs makes him commit immoral acts.

One of the psychological subjective causes of drug addiction is dissatisfaction with life due to a variety of circumstances: personal difficulties, shortcomings in the socio-cultural sphere, unsettled leisure, social injustice, unsettled life, failures in school or at work, disappointment in people.

A significant place in the ethnology of the causes of drug addiction is occupied by the personality of the drug addict. This refers to demographic, age and socio-medical aspects. Men predominate among drug addicts. Another important circumstance is that this disease affects mainly young people.

1. Satisfaction of curiosity about the action of a narcotic substance;

2. Testing a sense of belonging in order to be accepted by a certain group;

3. Expression of independence, and sometimes hostility towards others;

4. Knowledge of a pleasurable new, exciting or dangerous experience;

5. Achieving "clear thinking" or "creative inspiration";

6. Achieving a feeling of complete relaxation;

7. Avoiding something oppressive.

The microenvironment is the breeding ground for drug addiction. The family, the street environment is of great importance. The appearance of at least one drug addict in the yard, on the street, at school at work, adversely affects others. Initially, drugs are given as a treat, for free, then on credit, then they demand money.

Prostitution

The term "prostitution" comes from the Latin word prostitution - desecration. Prostitution is understood as a form of extramarital sexual relations that is not based on personal inclination or sensual attraction, while for one of the parties (the woman) an important incentive is earnings.

Scientists distinguish in prostitution, the following essential features:

1. occupation - satisfaction of the sexual needs of clients;

2. the nature of the occupation - systematic fishing in the form of sexual relations with different persons, without sensual attraction and aimed at satisfying the sexual passion of clients in any form;

3. The motive of employment is a pre-agreed reward in the form of money or material values, which are the main or additional source of the prostitute's livelihood.

An analysis of many negative aspects of society's life convincingly shows that prostitution is the result of profound social, economic and moral deformations of social development. Prostitution is at the same time one of the causes of not only antisocial, but also illegal behavior of individuals, the reason for the commission of quite a few types of crimes.

These include brothel maintenance, pandering, involvement in prostitution of minors, infection with venereal diseases. More indirectly related to prostitution are the commission of such dangerous crimes as extortion, violation of the rules on foreign exchange transactions, theft, robbery, robbery, etc.

Thus, prostitution is by no means a dead end or isolated social situation in illegal behavior. In other words, this social phenomenon can and should be considered as a link in the chain of various manifestations of social pathology.

Crime

A crime is an unlawful, guilty, punishable, socially dangerous act that encroaches on social relations protected by law and brings them significant harm.

In practice, crimes are classified on the following grounds:

1. according to the degree of severity: serious, less serious and not representing a great public danger;

2. according to the form of guilt: on intentional and negligent;

3. according to the object of encroachment on goals and motives: anti-state mercenary violent, etc.

4. on socio-demographic and criminological grounds: adult and youth crimes, juvenile crimes, primary, repeated and recurrent crime.

According to the researchers, the development of crime in our country is approaching global trends in terms of the main qualitative indicators.

Although the recorded crime rate is still lower in our country than in industrialized countries, the growth rate of crimes is very high. In this regard, it should be taken into account that crime has a threshold of quantitative and qualitative saturation, beyond which it turns from a criminological, law enforcement problem into a political problem. Nagaev V.V., Tolstov V.G., Tolstov V.V. The main directions of socio-psychological, psychotherapeutic and legal rehabilitation of deviants // Bulletin of psychosocial and correctional and rehabilitation work. - 2001. - No. 3.

Conclusion

The struggle with deviations often degenerates into a struggle with a variety of feelings, thoughts, and actions.

As history shows, the fight against diversity is ineffective: after some time, deviations are reborn, and, as a rule, in an even more striking form.

In the late 1980s, Soviet youth imitated Western models of behavior so openly that the state was unable to fight it. The removal of social and ideological prohibitions has enriched public life with creativity and diversity.

In most societies, the control of deviant behavior is not symmetrical: deviations in a bad direction are condemned, and in a good direction they are approved. Depending on whether the deviation is positive or negative, all forms of deviations can be placed on a certain continuum:

At one extreme, there will be a group of people displaying the most disapproved behavior: revolutionaries, terrorists, non-patriots, political émigrés, traitors, atheists, criminals, vandals, cynics, vagabonds, dystrophics.

At the other extreme, there will be a group with the most acceptable deviations: national heroes, outstanding artists, sportsmen, scientists, writers, artists and political leaders, missionaries, labor leaders, very healthy and beautiful people.

Although most people most of the time behave in accordance with the laws, they cannot be considered absolutely law-abiding, i.e. social conformists

Bibliographic list

1. Zmanovskaya E.V. Deviantology: (Psychology of deviant behavior). - M.: Academy, 2004.

2. Labkovskaya E.B. Legal psychology: Theories of deviant behavior: Proc. allowance. - St. Petersburg: Publishing House of St. Petersburg. un-ta, 2000.

3. Nagaev V.V., Tolstov V.G., Tolstov V.V. The main directions of socio-psychological, psychotherapeutic and legal rehabilitation of deviants // Bulletin of psychosocial and correctional and rehabilitation work. - 2001. - No. 3.

4. Samokhina A.A. Socio-psychological deformation as a cause of delinquent behavior // Applied Psychology. - 2000. - No. 3.

5. Konchanin T.A., Podoprigora S.N. Sociology. Textbook for universities. - Rostov-on-Don, 2003

6. Kharcheva V.G. Fundamentals of sociology: a textbook for students of higher educational institutions. - M., 2007

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