Cyclone for air purification from dust. What are dust collectors? Battery cyclones: principle of operation and features

Details Created on 08/10/2012 03:57 PM Updated on 08/13/2012 04:49 PM Author: Admin

To isolate solid particles from gases (air), which were used as a working fluid (for example, in pneumatic transport), and to avoid environmental pollution, mechanical dry cleaning in cyclones, cleaning with fabric filters, as well as electric and wet cleaning are used. .

Centrifugal cyclones used for cleaning gases with a dust content of 200-400 g/m 3 , with a minimum amount of precipitated. particles 5-10 microns. The productivity of cyclones in dusty air mixture, depending on their size, is 1500-15000 m 3 /h.

The principle of operation of the cyclone is shown in the scheme (IV). Dusty air is introduced into the upper cylindrical part of the housing tangentially. In the cyclone, the air moves in a downward spiral, for which a guide is provided - a fixed helical blade (or the cylinder cover is made along the helical surface). Under the action of centrifugal forces, the particles are thrown to the outer walls, slide down and are removed through a special gate through the cyclone. The purified air exits up the central pipe. The speed of the air mixture at the entrance to the cyclone is 15-25 m/s. The purification factor in centrifugal cyclones is 70-90%.

Small diameter cyclones provide better cleaning. Therefore, in order to achieve a high degree of purification and increase productivity, they are combined into groups (batteries). A diagram of such an installation is shown in the figure.

The air mixture enters through pipe 4 into distributor 3, from where it is fed into cyclones 5. The purified air exits through tubes 7 into collector 2 and is discharged through pipe 1 into the next purification cascade. The selected material settles in the collection 6, from where it is removed through special gates. The technical characteristics of the cyclones are given in the table.

A more complete purification of gases is achieved in cloth filterspax. The essence of gas purification in such filters is the passage of gases through porous partitions, on which small particles settle. Usually partitions are made in the form of sleeves of thick fabric. At gas temperatures above 100 ° C, the sleeves are made of fiberglass. The bag filter diagram is shown below.

Polluted air enters through pipe 1 into housing 2, in which sleeves 3 are installed on special hangers 4. Passing through the walls of the sleeves, the gas is cleaned of dust that settles on them and is removed through pipe 5. To ensure the operation of the filter, its sleeves are periodically shaken with a special mechanism 6.

At the moment of shaking, the outlet pipelines 5 are closed by a damper 5 locked with the shaking mechanism. The material deposited in the collection 9 is fed by the screw 7 than the sluice gate 10 into the bunkers. To better clean the fabric, clean air is periodically blown through the filter in the opposite direction.

The degree of purification in cloth filters reaches 96-98%, provided that dry gases are purified. Technical characteristics of bag filters are given in the table below. The most perfect is the electric method of gas purification.

The method is based on the ionization of particles suspended in a gas, when the latter is passed through a high voltage electric field. Particles that have received a charge move to the electrode, the charge of which is opposite in sign, and are deposited on it. Electrostatic precipitators capture particles up to 5 microns with a degree of purification up to 99%. Such filters successfully work on purification of hot (up to 350°C) gases. The aerodynamic resistance in them is small, how they differ from cloth ones. The energy consumption is about 0.3 kWh per 1000 m 3 of gas. The technical characteristics of electrostatic precipitators are given in Table. twenty.

To create an electric field between the electrodes of the filter, a high-voltage direct current (up to 75,000 V) is used. Dust particles are electrolyzed in an electrostatic field, with given electrodes, repelled from the corona electrode, and deposited on electrode 1 connected to the body.

The device of a horizontal electrostatic precipitator is shown below. The polluted gas enters through the inlet distributor 1 to the filter chamber 2, divided into two parallel sections. In each section, three cascades of an electrostatic precipitator are mounted, through which the gas passes in series. Each cascade consists of several rows of precipitating mesh flat electrodes and corona electrodes 49 consisting of rods mounted on insulators 5.

The collecting electrodes are periodically shaken by a cam mechanism 6 to free them from the dust that has settled on them. The dust collected in the receivers 8 is removed through the gates 9. The purified gas is discharged through the collection manifold. A detailed calculation of the electrical and design parameters of electrostatic precipitators is specific and is carried out by specialized design organizations. When designing enterprises using these filters, they are selected according to the catalog data; gov and reference books.

Equipment for wet cleaning polluted gases are used for the final purification of exhaust gases from rotary kilns and drying drums. Below is shown vertical scrubber.

The polluted gas through the branch pipe 6 enters the lower zone of the body 1 lined with ceramic tiles 2. Water is supplied to the upper zone of the scrubber through the sprinkler 3. 5 nozzles made of wooden slats are installed in the body. The upper nozzle evenly distributes water over the section of the housing, the middle nozzle serves to trap dust, and the lower nozzle distributes the flow of incoming gas.

The gas is introduced into the scrubber through pipe 6 at a speed of 18-20 m/s tangentially to the body. Relatively large particles under the action of centrifugal forces are thrown to the walls, wetted with water and flow down in the form of a film. The final capture of particles by water is carried out when the gas flow passes through the water curtain formed over the entire cross section of the scrubber. In order to avoid the removal of water into the collector 4, the velocity of the gas in the scrubber housing should not exceed 6 m/s. The degree of purification in such a scrubber is 95-98%.

The diagram below is shown foam dust collector, consisting of a body 3 divided in height by a grate 4. Water is supplied to the grate through the branch pipe 2 in the upper compartment so that its layer on the grate is 20-30 mm. The dusty gas enters through pipe 1 and moves up through the grate towards the water jets.

As a result of this movement, a layer of foam 120-180 mm thick is formed, in which dust particles are retained. The purified gas is collected in the cap 5 and discharged into the atmosphere. Dust particles that form sludge with water are discharged through the collector 7 and partially through the side hole 6 together with the sludge. Foam dust collectors trap particles up to 3 microns in size. The speed of movement of gases in the apparatus reaches 3.5 m/s. Water consumption is 0.5-0.8 m 3 per 1000 m 3 of gas.

The equipment discussed above is designed for dedusting air and gases and, therefore, is equipment for protecting the environment and improving human working conditions. but during its operation, there are specific features to which special attention should be paid.

Separators, cyclones and bag filters use compressed gas, which means that there is a risk of explosion of these devices and lines, if their operating modes are not observed. During operation, it is necessary to continuously monitor the incorrectness of control and safety devices and devices (pressure gauges, safety valves, etc.). Control and emergency devices must be calibrated and sealed by a special service of Gosgortekhnadzor.

Only specially trained personnel with appropriate certificates are allowed to work with pressure equipment. Electrical filters use high voltage and there is an increased risk of electric shock. Therefore, the filter must be installed in such a way as to exclude direct contact of personnel with live equipment.

They allow you to remove unwanted or harmful suspensions, remove sawmill or carpentry waste, and other small particles.

Solid particles are transported by means of air flow. After delivering the material to the destination it is required to take them out of the flow and stop moving, which is provided by special devices - cyclones. They perform the tasks of accumulating material, when a certain amount is reached, it is unloaded for further processing or disposal.

In some systems, cyclones are called dust collectors. They perform similar functions, only the size of the transported material fraction is smaller, requiring a higher density. Typically, only round channels are used in such systems, since vortices are created in rectangular ones that contribute to the formation of dust accumulations.

Cyclones can serve both for the accumulation and removal of waste, and as product receivers. For example, at grain processing enterprises, elevators or similar units, cyclones are receiving containers for products. At the same time, husks and other wastes are also collected in cyclones installed on other lines. Such systems do not belong to general ventilation, being separate lines of transportation or dust removal. The combination of such systems with ventilation is not practiced, since other equipment is required and the specifics of operation do not correspond to the general ventilation technology.

There are areas where the use of cyclones is irrational. These include:

• textile industry. Small fibers, fluff particles are lightweight and scatter under any impact, which requires the use of a different collection technology
• steel production. The installations do not capture soot, they pass many small particles.

The main users of cyclones are concentrated in woodworking, production of building materials, metallurgy, grain processing enterprises.

Application and principle of operation of cyclones

The use of cyclones makes it possible removal of small debris, production waste with a loose texture. The devices have a lot of advantages over other methods of transportation, the main of which is ease of installation and maintenance, the ability to use the entire volume of the workshop. Air ducts can be located anywhere, the only requirement is the absence of sharp bends that contribute to the formation of congestion.

READ ALSO: Radial fans with an electric motor - application, device, types

A cyclone is a closed container in the form of a cone with the apex facing down. The upper part of the container is connected to the outlet of the conveying air duct, the lower part has an unloading hatch or a dosing hopper. The air stream carrying bulk waste or other material enters the cyclone. From a sharp expansion of the volume, the energy of the flow drops, the transported material falls to the bottom of the tank under the action of gravity. Excess pressure generated inside the cyclone is vented to the atmosphere through leaks in the top cover of the device.

As the cyclone is filled, it is unloaded through the lower hatch or hopper. At installations that fill relatively slowly, hatches are usually installed, but for rapidly overflowing cyclones, dosing bins are needed that allow you to quickly and mechanized unload the container.

To create an air flow that entrains bulk material, special dust fans are used. They are radial-type structures with a small (usually 5-6) number of blades. This is a prerequisite, otherwise debris particles will constantly get stuck between the blades of the impeller, which makes the operation of the fan significantly difficult or even stops. Jamming of the impeller will cause failure of the electric motor, so only specialized equipment should be used.

Bag filters

One type of cyclone is bag filters. They are used in highly dusty areas of production. The difference in the operation of bag filters and conventional cyclones lies in the specifics of the transferred material. Dust particles have a very low weight, which does not allow them to settle inside the container. Therefore, the supply of flow from the workshops is carried out in the lower part of the body, and not in the upper part, as is done in cyclones. The dusty flow enters the housing, inside which are fabric bags with an open bottom. The air, passing through them, is cleaned and discharged through the pipe at the top of the device.

Cyclone devices for cleaning gases from dust are the most common in industry. They have the following advantages:

• 1) the absence of moving parts in the apparatus;
• 2) reliable operation at gas temperatures up to 500°C (for operation at higher temperatures, cyclops are made of special materials);
• 3) the ability to capture abrasive materials while protecting internal surfaces with special materials;
• 4) dry dust collection;
• 5) almost constant hydraulic resistance of the apparatus;
• 6) successful operation at high gas pressures;
• 7) ease of manufacture;
• 8) maintaining a high fractional efficiency with an increase in the dust content of gases.

Disadvantages:

• 1) high hydraulic resistance - 1250-1500 Pa;
• 2) poor capture of particle size
• 3) the impossibility of using gas purification from sticky contaminants.

The main types of cyclones according to the principle of gas supply are shown in fig. 4.6.

Basically, the cyclone works according to the following scheme. The gases entering the apparatus enter the cylindrical part of the cyclone and move in a spiral with increasing speed from the periphery to the center, descending

Rice. 4.6.

spiral; b - tangential; in - helical; G - axial rosette; d - Radial rosettes flow along the outer spiral, then rise along the inner spiral and exit through the exhaust pipe. Typically, in cyclones, the centrifugal acceleration is several hundred, or even a thousand times greater than the acceleration of gravity. Therefore, even very small dust particles are not able to follow the gas streamlines and, under the influence of centrifugal force, are carried out of the curve of gas movement towards the wall. In the cylindrical chamber of the cyclone, the static pressure, as in every curved flow, strongly presses in the direction from the periphery to the center. In the main flow, the compressive forces directed to the inside come into equilibrium with the centrifugal forces of the gases. The boundary layer flowing more slowly near the cyclone wall experiences correspondingly lower centrifugal forces.

However, at the conical wall of the cyclone and at its cover, the pressure difference begins to affect, the force compressing the flow becomes much greater than the centrifugal force, and the flow in the form of a strong secondary vortex is directed inward, taking with it many dust particles. But since the flow then wraps around the exhaust pipe a few more times on the way down, the particles can be thrown to the wall of the apparatus. The secondary flow, curved along the conical wall, captures the dust thrown to the wall and directs it down to the dust settling chamber (bunker). Without this flow, the individual particles near the wall would not be able to get down, since the upward component of the centrifugal force becomes larger compared to the force of gravity. The great influence of the secondary flow is evidenced by the fact that dust is carried out from lying and even inverted cyclones.

Note that, since the decisive factor that determines the movement of the whine is aerodynamic forces, and not gravity, cyclones can be placed obliquely and even horizontally.

The efficiency of catching dust particles in the cyclone L of the cyclone is directly proportional to the gas velocity to the power of 1/2 and inversely proportional to the diameter of the apparatus to the power of 1/2. It is advisable to carry out the process at high speeds V r and small D K . However, the increase V r can lead to the entrainment of dust from the cyclone and a sharp increase in hydraulic resistance. Therefore, it is advisable to increase the efficiency of the cyclone by reducing the diameter of the device, and not by increasing the gas velocity. The optimal ratio

H o o tg =1 - 6 .

In industry, it is customary to divide cyclones into high-efficiency and high-performance ones. The first ones are effective, but require high costs for the cleaning process, the second type cyclones have low hydraulic resistance, but they trap fine particles worse.

In practice, cylindrical (with an elongated cylindrical part) and conical (with an elongated conical part) cyclones are widely used. The diameter of the cyclone element of cylindrical cyclones is not more than 2000 mm, and that of conical cyclones is not more than 3000 mm. The hydraulic resistance of cyclones is determined by the formula

where V T - velocity of gases in an arbitrary section of the apparatus. drag coefficient

where TO- coefficient, respectively, equal to 16 for cyclones with a tangential inlet and 7.5 for cyclones with a rosette inlet; hh- dimensions of the inlet pipe; D Tp - exhaust pipe diameter.

The most widespread in Russia are cylindrical cyclones designed by NIIOgaz (Fig. 4.7). Their distinctive feature is an inclined inlet pipe, a relatively short cylindrical part and

Rice. 4.7. The approximate trajectory of the gas in the cyclone is a cotton pipe, as well as a small opening angle of the conical part. The slope of the inlet pipe and the helical top cover contribute to the downward direction of the rotating gas flow, which reduces the hydraulic resistance of the cyclone. A volute is sometimes installed on the exhaust pipe of the cyclone, which spins the rotating gas stream.

Under the cyclone, a hopper is installed to collect the trapped dust. In no case should dust accumulate in the conical part of the cyclone in order to avoid resuspension and its re-entrainment into the exhaust pipe.

There are three types of cylindrical cyclones designed by NIIOgaz of the main series TsN, which differ from each other by the angle of inclination of the inlet pipe to the horizon:

• a) TsN-15 with an angle of inclination of 15°, normal and shortened (TsN-15u);
• b) TsP-11 with an angle of inclination of 11°, with increased efficiency, with high hydraulic resistance;
• c) TsN-24 with an inclination angle of 24°, with increased throughput at lower efficiency and reduced hydraulic resistance.

All cyclones designed by NIIOgaz have been normalized. Any of the sizes of each type can be expressed as a fraction of the cyclone diameter. D. According to GOST 9617-67 (as amended 1, 2), the following diameters are accepted for cyclones, mm: 200; 300; 400; 500; 600; 700; 800; 900; 1000; 1200; 1400; 1600; 1800; 2000; 2400; 3000. Due to the decrease in efficiency with increasing size, it is not recommended to use cyclones of the TsN type with a diameter of more than 1000 mm. In this case, a group of cyclones operating in parallel is installed. Apply a two-row and circular layout (Fig. 4.8).

Rice. 4.8.

but- two-row; b- circular

The main requirement for the arrangement of cyclones in a group is the need for the same aerodynamic operating conditions for each cyclone.

If this condition is not met, more gas passes through some cyclones, less through others, and the normal operation of the group is disrupted due to gas flows through a common bunker.

In addition to cyclones designed by NIIOgaz, cyclones designed by LIOT (Leningrad Institute of Labor Protection) and SIOT (Sverdlovsk Institute of Labor Protection) have found wide application, they are usually used in industrial ventilation systems.

The cyclones of the LIOT design, in comparison with the cyclones of the NIIOgaz design, have an elongated cylindrical part and a deeply inserted exhaust pipe, as well as a larger opening angle of the conical part. In the SIOT design cyclones, there is no cylindrical part, and the inlet pipe has a triangular shape. These cyclones are also normalized, and any size can be expressed in fractions of the diameter. In terms of dust collection efficiency, these cyclones do not differ much from the cyclops designed by NIIOgaz.

In addition to cylindrical ones, conical cyclones of the design of NIIOgaz of the S series (soot) of the SDK-TsN-33, SK-TsN-34 and SK-TsN-22 types are used, which differ from the cyclops of the TsN series by a snail gas inlet, an elongated conical part and a smaller exhaust pipe diameter ratio. pipe and cyclone (respectively 0.33; 0.34 and 0.22). Compared to the cyclones of the TsN series, they are characterized not only by a significantly higher hydraulic resistance, but also by higher efficiency. With the same productivity, the dimensions of cyclones of the SDK-TsN-33, SK-TsN-34 and SK-TsN-22 types are much larger than the dimensions of the cyclones of the TsN series. These cyclones can be used with diameters up to 3000 mm.

Dust-cleaning cyclone is an equipment that is used in some models of vacuum cleaners and industry for cleaning liquids and gases from suspended particles. The principle of operation, which uses a cyclone, is inertial, while centrifugal and gravitational forces are applied. Such dust collectors make up the most massive group among other dust collectors and are used today in all areas of industry. The collected dust is usually recycled in the future.

The purpose of the cyclone

Cyclone for air purification from dust can be used in transport. This includes trucks of the type KamAZ and MAZ. With the help of this equipment, it is possible to carry out a preliminary effective purification of air, which at the next stage enters the internal combustion engine. After that, a complete cleaning takes place, which is carried out in an inertial oil air filter. It may also be dry.

The equipment is also used in the conditions of elevators, where grain products are involved in a complex of operations associated with transportation, reloading, storage and processing. Huge masses of mineral and organic dust particles are released into the air at each stage of the process. They contaminate fine fractions, which are explosive and flammable.

Main tasks

As one of the main key tasks of the enterprises of the grain processing industry are the prevention of dust emission and the reduction of the concentration of grain dust. To solve such problems, grain processing enterprises use dedusting ventilation systems, which include aspiration and ventilation equipment.

The cyclone for air purification from dust in this case is used for industrial air purification in the processing of grain materials and grain. Such equipment is characterized by ease of maintenance and simple design. It is inexpensive, characterized by high performance and low resistance. That is why such installations are today one of the most common among other types of equipment for mechanical dust removal.

Principle of operation

The cyclone for cleaning the air from dust works according to a fairly simple principle. It lies in the fact that the streams of polluted gas enter the apparatus through a pipe in the upper part. A gas flow is formed in the equipment, which constantly rotates. It is directed downward and rushes to the conical part of the equipment.

Inertia, which is the removal of particles from the flow, settling on the walls of the device. They are captured by the secondary flow and carried away to the lower part. The contaminants enter the outlet in the hopper where the dust is collected. The gas stream is cleaned of contaminants, it moves from the bottom up and is discharged outside through the exhaust pipe.

What else you need to know about the principle of operation

The cyclone for cleaning air from dust, the purpose of which was described above, provides centrifugal acceleration, which is several thousand times greater than the acceleration of gravity. This causes even the smallest dust particles to remain on the walls and not be carried away by the gas. The collected dust moves in a spiral, and clean air changes direction, entering the cyclone zone. The degree in this case reaches 90%. The final value will depend on the size of the equipment, the speed and properties of the dust particles.

If the diameter of the cyclone is smaller, then the efficiency of collecting debris will increase, the flow rate will increase. If we consider the cyclone together with the elevator equipment, then dust collectors can increase the reliability of the complex, reducing the risk of fire hazard. These devices reduce the likelihood of occupational diseases for people working in storage facilities. Therefore, at any elevator, the cyclone installation acts as one of the necessary links in the technological chain.

Description of the cyclone brand JET CDC-2200 10001056T

The mentioned cyclone for air purification from dust, the characteristics of which will be presented below, has a cost of 132,000 rubles. This equipment is an exhaust unit, which has found application in small industries and private workshops. The unit can be used in conjunction with woodworking machines and for collecting debris from the floor when operating small-scale wood production equipment.

Additional advantage

The design has a garbage container, which is made of metal, it is almost not subject to mechanical damage. The technology used by the cyclone guarantees fast and high-quality air purification and allows sorting waste into fractions. Small particles enter special containers, while the chips are sent to a metal hopper.

Specifications of the model and some of its positive features

The above model of the cyclone consumes air in the amount of 36 m 3 /min. The kit comes with one dust bag. The diameter of the nozzle of the vacuum cleaner is 100 mm. Equipment dimensions are 1200x700x1800 mm. The power of the device is equivalent to 2600 watts. The unit has two suction openings.

Dust bags are designed for 105 liters of volume. Such cyclones for air purification of wood dust weigh quite a lot. For example, the mass of the described model is 88 kg. Before purchasing such a device, it is important to pay attention to some features, among them:

• long service life;
• convenient transportation;
• emergency shutdown;
• thoughtful design;
• mobility.

As for the long service life, it is provided by a variety of stiffeners that contribute to the efficient cooling of the motor during operation. This increases the service life and eliminates overheating. The unit is equipped with transport loops that allow you to move the equipment using a lifting mechanism.

The main types of cyclones

The cyclone for cleaning air from dust, the types of which will be presented below, is equipment similar to hydrocyclones. These designs have only some differences, expressed in the shape of the body. Cyclones can be classified into direct-flow and counter-flow. In the first case, the gas is discharged along one axis; such a system is not as efficient as counterflow.

Cyclones are also subdivided according to the shape of the hull, they can be:

• conical;
• cylindrical-conical;
• cylindrical.

A cyclone for cleaning air from dust, the manufacture of which can be done independently, is also divided into elements. This makes it possible to single out helical, tangential and spiral designs of cyclones. Cylinders are also subdivided according to the direction of twisting: they can be right or left.

Cyclone calculation

Calculation of a cyclone for cleaning air from dust can be carried out on the basis of determining the centrifugal force. In this case, the formula C \u003d (m ω²) / r should be used, where the mass is denoted by the letter m, the speed of rotation of the body is ω, while the radius of rotation is denoted by the letter r. The ratio of the centrifugal acceleration to the acceleration of gravity corresponds to the ratio of the magnitude of the centrifugal force to the force of the weight of the body. This parameter is the main one, and it characterizes centrifugal apparatuses.

Making a cyclone with your own hands

You can easily make a cyclone for cleaning the air from dust with your own hands. This will allow you to establish furniture production in your own workshop. At the same time, workers will not be exposed to the dangerous effects of the smallest wood dust that they would have to inhale. At the first stage, a centrifugal fan in the form of a snail is made. The body can be made from alucobond and the body covers can be made from 20mm plywood.

With the help of a manual milling cutter, grooves are made in the covers, the diameter of which will be 3 mm. The body of the snail is installed in the groove, the whole structure is tightened with bolts. At the next stage, a snail fan is made from alucobond, for this two circles are cut with a milling cutter, grooves are made into them, into which the blades are installed. They are glued with a hot glue gun. This will give you a drum that looks like a squirrel wheel.

A cyclone for cleaning air from dust, which can be produced independently, will have a fairly strong and lightweight impeller with precise geometry. It is put on the axis of the engine. One with a power of 0.55 kW is suitable. For the manufacture of the case, you will need 20 mm plywood, on the surface of which, using a compass, you need to draw the circumference of the base. The upper body in the form of a cylinder is bent from the roofing sheet. On the base, fastening is carried out with self-tapping screws, the joints are glued with double-sided tape. The sheet is pulled together with rivets. The lower conical part is made according to the same principle.

Work methodology

The manufacture of a cyclone at the next stage involves installation in a cylinder. They should be glued with hot glue. On the inside of the cylinder, the suction pipe must be given a rectangular shape. For this, it is heated with a hairdryer, and then a wooden mandrel is inserted into it, after which it is cooled. The air filter housing is bent according to the same principle. The filter can be borrowed from KamAZ, because it has an impressive filter curtain area.

Now you can connect the lower housing and the upper cylinder by screwing the volute on top. The air filter is fixed with polypropylene outlets. The whole structure is assembled, and a plastic barrel is installed for sawdust. A transparent corrugated pipe must be used to connect to the lower cone, this will allow the master to see the filling level. The unit at the last stage must be tested by connecting it, for example, to a planer. After all, most of the chips are formed from this equipment.

Introduction

A cyclone is an apparatus used in industry to purify gases or liquids from suspended particles. The cleaning principle is inertial (using centrifugal force). Cyclone dust collectors make up the most massive group among all types of dust collecting equipment and are used in all industries in aspiration and pneumatic transport systems.

Aspiration - suction of air from the place of dust formation (mainly in industrial premises) to prevent its spread throughout the premises.

Pneumatic transport - engineering systems (structures) consisting of a complex of equipment, pipelines, building structures and designed to transfer crushed materials through pipelines both within one and between different technological processes.

The main elements of cyclones are the body, the exhaust pipe and the hopper. The gas enters the upper part of the body through an inlet pipe welded to the body tangentially. Dust capture occurs under the action of centrifugal force arising from the movement of gas between the housing and the exhaust pipe. The captured dust is poured into the bunker, and the purified gas is ejected through the exhaust pipe.

Cyclones (TSN) are designed to capture solid particles suspended in them from gases. The cleaning efficiency of cyclones depends on their diameter and type. With an increase in the diameter of the cyclone, the cleaning efficiency decreases.

TsN units can be used to purify gases from several hundred cubic meters per hour to hundreds of thousands of m3/hour. To clean significant amounts of gases, cyclones of a selected diameter are combined into groups of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 elements with a common bunker.

1) ash from flue gases of boiler plants;

2) dusty products carried away from various types of dryers;

3) granular catalyst in catalytic cracking processes;

4) dust removed after grinding;

5) granular and dusty products moving by pneumatic transport;

6) dust carried away from apparatuses in which processes with particles suspended in gases take place;

7) dust removed by ventilation units.

CYCLONES TsN. Depending on the type, TsN cyclones have different tilt angles of the swirlers, different ratios of the inner diameter to their length, the width and height of the inlet pipe, the height of the cylindrical and conical parts of the cyclone, the diameter of the exhaust pipe and other defining dimensions. All these ratios affect the technical characteristics of cyclones, such as: productivity, specific energy consumption, dust collection efficiency, fractional composition of the collected dust, pressure loss in the apparatus.

Based on layout considerations, TsN-15 group cyclones are manufactured with a purified gas chamber in the form of a snail (the fan is installed after the cyclone), or in the form of a collector (the fan is installed before the cyclone).

Symbol for the size of a single and group cyclone:

15 - inlet pipe inclination angle relative to the horizontal (deg.)

P, L - "right" ("left") rotation of the gas in the cochlea

the number after the dash - the inner diameter of the cylindrical part of the cyclone (mm.)

the next figure is the number of cyclones in the group

U - with a chamber of purified gas in the form of a "snail"

C - with a chamber of purified gas in the form of a collector

P - pyramidal bunker

TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CYCLONES TYPE TsN-15

admissible dust content of gas, g/m3 -

for weakly cohesive dusts ............................................................... no more than 1200

for medium cohesive dusts .................................................................. ................250

temperature of the purified gas, 0C .............................................. not over 400

maximum pressure (vacuum), kgf/m3……………...................................500

coefficient of hydraulic resistance:

for single cyclones .............................................................. ......................147

for group cyclones:

with "snail" .............................................. ................................................. .175

with collection .................................................................. .............................................182

The height of the TsN-15U cyclones is 73% of the height of the TsN-15 cyclones.

Other overall and connecting dimensions are similar to TsN-15.

The performance of cyclones TsN-15U at a nominal speed in terms of the cyclone body corresponds to the performance of cyclones TsN-15 of the same diameter.

A wide range of standard sizes of the central pump makes it possible to select cyclones that provide the required efficiency of gas medium purification at optimal specific energy consumption.

With the same efficiency, cyclones TsN-11 have the highest technical and economic indicators. TsN-15 cyclones are distinguished by greater productivity, more stable operation on dusts prone to sticking, therefore their operation is justified when cleaning gases with a high concentration of fine dust or catching medium and strongly sticking dusts.

With low requirements for the quality of purification and for purification of gases with an average median particle diameter of more than 20 microns, the use of TsN-24 cyclones is economically viable. At high gas flow rates and high dust concentration in the gas flow, the use of TsN-24 cyclones can be recommended as the first stage of purification, before devices that provide high efficiency, for example, before SDK-TsN-33 cyclones, bag filters or electrostatic precipitators.

Cyclones TsN-15U have lower technical and economic indicators compared to the TsN-15 cyclone and their use can be justified in cases where there are no high requirements for the quality of cleaning and there are height restrictions.

To purify gases from fine dust, with an average median diameter of 5÷6 µm, as well as with high requirements for the quality of purification, the most highly efficient spiral long-conical cyclones SDK-TsN-33 should be used. With restrictions on dimensions, spiral-conical cyclones SK-TsN-34 should be used, which also have high efficiency at high energy costs. The upgraded cyclone SK-TsN-34M was specially designed for use in units for catalytic cracking of petroleum products, butane dehydrogenation, and also in the production of carbon black. This cyclone is more energy-intensive, but it is the most effective when cleaning gases from fine dusts. The SK-TsN-40 cyclone is not significantly inferior in efficiency to the SDK-TsN-33 cyclone, but it has lower hydraulic resistance and smaller height dimensions.

CYCLONES STSN-40. Highly efficient cyclone, manufactured both in single and group versions. Designed for purification of process gases and aspiration emissions from medium and fine dust. Such an indicator as the size of particles captured with an efficiency of 50%, the STsN-40 cyclone is the best of all cyclones and is 1 micron. (STsN-40-400) standard size.

CYCLONES WITH REVERSE CONE, COK type. Are intended for cleaning of ventilating emissions from dust with the increased abrasive properties. It is allowed to use cyclones with sticking dusts such as soot and talc.

Are applied in shops of mechanical processing of metal. The cyclone consists of a cylindrical part of the body with a swirler in the form of a "snail", expanding towards the bottom of the conical part of the body and a dust collector. The dust collector can be in the form of a hopper or a drawer. The bunkers are made of two types: with the slanting bottom and lateral unloading and conic form with unloading from below. To increase the efficiency of dust settling and to protect dust from resuspension and entrainment from the hopper, an inner cone is installed at the bottom of the cyclone. To avoid wear of the fan when working with abrasive dusts, it is recommended to install cyclones in front of the fan on the suction side. In this case, to reduce the hydraulic resistance of the cyclone, it is recommended to install a "snail" on the exhaust pipe. To prolong the life of the cyclone, the swirler can be made of low alloy steel.

The optimal entry speed of dusty air into the swirler is 16 m/sec. The cyclone works effectively when the dust content of the incoming air is not more than 20 g/m3. The cleaning efficiency of the cyclone is 92÷98% and depends on the nature and dispersion of the dust, as well as on the size of the cyclone.

RISI DESIGN CYCLONES. The RISI cyclone was developed and researched at the Rostov Civil Engineering Institute (RISI). RISI cyclones are used to clean the air of aspiration systems from all types of fibrous and sticky dust, polishing dust and waste paint and varnish coatings.

They are widely used for air purification from dust generated during polishing of surfaces of furniture and other parts using polishing pastes. The body consists of two conical parts. The lower conical part of the cyclone expanding towards the bottom eliminates clogging of the outlet. Higher, tapering towards the bottom

the short conical part of the cyclone - the cone-coagulator - contributes to the coagulation of fibrous particles, that is, their adhesion with the formation of larger particles - aggregates. This improves the separation effect of larger particles and makes it difficult to entrain dust particles from the cyclone, that is, the dust-collecting effect of the cyclone apparatus increases.

RISI cyclones are manufactured in climatic version UHL for operation in placement category 1, 2, 3, 4 according to GOST 15150-69, in aspiration systems of production facilities of categories A, B, C, D and D.

ADJUSTABLE CYCLONE type RTs. The RC cyclone is designed to trap sticky and oily dusts. It has an inverted cone, is equipped with a spiral screw twisting apparatus and a regulating device. Cyclones of this type are recommended for capturing dusts with high humidity or oiliness, prone to sticking, containing a very coarse fraction and having increased abrasiveness. The swirling apparatus of the cyclone is made in the form of a spiral screw, it contains a regulating device, which is a guide vane. The blade is located at the level of the lower plane of the swirler between the cyclone body and the exhaust pipe. Using the handle, the blade is set and fixed at a given angle.

This design makes it possible to coagulate dust in the swirler, prevent the removal of large particles with a large windage, adjust the entry angle, as well as the ratio between the axial and tangential components of the flow velocity at the entrance to the cyclone body, depending on the properties of the dust and its concentration in the cleaned air. With the help of a guide vane, it is possible to periodically clean the inner surface of the cyclone body in case of dust accumulation. To do this, the guide vane is turned up several times by 135º and returned to its original position.

CYCLONE-UNLOADERS of types TsR, TsRK, TsOL. Designed to capture the bulk of dust in pneumatic transport systems and aspiration plants with subsequent air purification in more efficient second-stage cyclones or other dust collectors.

Cyclones of the TsR and TsRK types can be used with sufficient efficiency to clean air from chips and sawdust in pneumatic transport systems at woodworking enterprises where high-capacity cyclones are not required, as well as at grain processing enterprises where it is required to purify air from large fractions during transportation without significant energy costs. and loading products.

The ZOL cyclone-unloader is designed to separate the transported material at grain processing and storage enterprises.

CYCLONES type UC. The series of cyclones of the UC type shown in the table was developed by the Leningrad Forestry Academy named after S.M. Kirov and the Giprodrevprom Institute. These developments are based on the UC-38 (Melstroy) cyclones designed by the Central Research Institute Promzernoproekt. Cyclones of the UTs-38 type according to the drawings of Giprodrevprom differ from the cyclones of the model proposed by the Central Research Institute Promzernoproekt by a large elongation of the conical part (Hk=2.8D instead of Hk=2.3D). Additionally, we give a table of cyclones UTs-38 (Melstroy).

Cyclones of the UTs type, developed by LTA named after S.M. Kirova and Giprodrevprom, are used in systems for pneumatic transport of wood waste and air purification from emissions from woodworking industries into the atmosphere from non-sticking, non-fibrous dust containing grinding dust in addition to chips and sawdust.

Cyclones of the UC type have four modifications that differ in the ratio of the exhaust pipe diameter to the diameter of the cyclone body, and are respectively: 0.38; 0.45; 0.525 and 0.6. The most common and most commonly used is the cyclone of the first modification, namely UTs-38. With an increase in the modification number, and hence the diameter of the exhaust pipe, the cleaning efficiency decreases, but at the same time, pressure losses in the cyclone also decrease.

The efficiency of cleaning dusty air with UC-38 cyclones ranges from 91% for cyclones of large diameters to 99% for cyclones of small diameters. If there is no grinding dust in wood waste, then the efficiency of UC-38 cyclones increases significantly and amounts to 96÷99%.

Cyclones are installed on both the discharge and suction side of the fan. When installing on the suction side, instead of an umbrella, a volute should be installed.

Cyclones of the UC type are manufactured in UHL climatic design, placement category 1, 2, 3, 4. in accordance with GOST 15150-69.

An example of a cyclone designation: UTs1200-1P(L). R (L) - right (left), 1-version, 1200 - body diameter in mm.

CYCLONES UTs-38 (Melstroy). Cyclones UTs-38 (Melstroy) are designed for use in pneumatic transport and aspiration systems at grain storage and processing enterprises, food industry and agriculture enterprises. They can be manufactured and supplied as a battery of 2, 3 and 4 cyclones in a group with a combined outlet of purified air, a common dust collector equipped with a sluice gate.

CYCLONES type UCM-38. In the upgraded UCM cyclone, a spiral-helical volute is used as a swirler. This made it possible, with the same efficiency, to increase productivity and reduce the aerodynamic drag of the UCM cyclone compared to the UTS cyclone. UCM cyclones also have four modifications (ratio d / D, respectively, 0.38; 0.45; 0.525 and 0.6) and the same standard sizes as cyclones of the UC Melstroy type.

CYCLONES type OTI. OTI cyclones designed by the Odessa Technological Institute are mainly used for group installations. They are used in grain processing and food processing plants. The degree of purification is up to 97-98%. The optimal speed at the entrance to the swirler is 10-14 m/sec. The advantage of OTI cyclones is their significant resistance to changes in inlet velocity, and, consequently, to changes in the flow rate of the purified air passing through the cyclone. By

According to the test data, flow variations within ± 35% are possible. This is a very important indicator for systems operating with a variable regime.

The diameter of the cyclone in mm, and hence its number, can be determined depending on the flow rate by the formula: D = 13.8 √ Q, where Q is the air flow rate m3/h.

Cyclones of the SIOT type. Dry cyclones of the SIOT type are designed for coarse and medium purification of gases released during certain technological processes (drying, roasting, agglomeration, fuel combustion) from dry non-sticking, non-fibrous and non-abrasive dust, as well as aspiration air in various industries. They can be used, in particular, to clean the air from lime dust in sugar factories and in the starch and syrup industry. In this case, the dust content of the gas flow should not exceed 300 g/m3. Cyclones are installed on both the suction and discharge side of the fan. Cyclones of the SIOT type in terms of the degree of gas purification are equivalent to cyclones TsN-15 and cyclones T TsOK of the same capacity.

In order to reduce the effect of secondary entrainment of dust particles from the lower part of the cyclone body and the bunker, and to increase the productivity of the Santekhproekt GPI, in 1985, the modernized designs of SIOT cyclones were developed: SIOT-M - increased efficiency and SIOT-M1 - increased efficiency and productivity.

In SIOT-M cyclones, a blind cylindrical insert is installed between the body and the hopper. Due to this, the intensity of the vortex in the lower part of the body and in the hopper on the surface of the deposited dust is artificially reduced and, as a result, the secondary entrainment is reduced. As a result, the total dust entrainment is reduced by 2÷2.5 times compared to the old design of the SIOT cyclone.

In SIOT-M1 cyclones, a swirler insert is installed between the body and the hopper. In this case, the dusty gas flow is divided into two parts: the main flow is fed into the upper part of the cyclone, and an additional flow is fed into the lower part, swirling in the same direction as the main flow and equal to 30÷35% of the total cyclone productivity, respectively.

Aerodynamic tests have shown that with the same pressure losses, the coefficient of hydraulic resistance of the SIOT-M1 cyclone is 2 times less, and the productivity is 1.4÷1.5 times greater than that of conventional SIOT cyclones.

The optimal speed of the cleaned air flow at the swirler inlet for all SIOT cyclones is 15 m/s. The temperature of the air stream must not exceed 400ºС.

BATTERY INSTALLATIONS OF CYCLONES 4BTsSH. Battery installations of cyclones are designed to clean air from dust in pneumatic transport and aspiration systems at procurement and grain processing enterprises in the grinding departments of flour mills and technological shops of cereal and feed mills. Battery installations consist of a sluice gate assembly, a frame, a prefabricated cone, four cyclones (2 right and 2 left versions) and a prefabricated box. Sluice gate (SHU-6 for cyclones with a diameter of up to 275 mm, or SHU-15 for cyclones with a diameter of more than 275 mm.)

CYCLONES type TsVV. Cyclone type TsVV with a built-in dust fan is designed to clean the air from dust in pneumatic transport and aspiration systems at woodworking and grain processing enterprises. Air dust content up to 2 kg per m3 is allowed.

CYCLONES like TsDO and TsDO-V. Cyclones for wood waste TsDO are designed for use in pneumatic transport systems for crushed wood waste: wood chips, bark, sawdust and shavings. One of

The main advantages of the CDO cyclone are high performance with relatively small dimensions and low resistance. According to their technical characteristics, they are close to the Klaipeda OEKDM cyclones, but are more compact.

Cyclones TsDO-V, unlike TsDO, have a snail-tangential swirler and even greater productivity, they are used in pneumatic transport systems for large fractions of wood waste or as unloading cyclones for various bulk materials.

CYCLONES type C (Giprodrevprom). Cyclones type Ts are used to capture wood waste (chips, sawdust and wood dust) from a dusty air mixture. Cyclones are installed only on the discharge side of the fan (if there is a separator). They can be right or left handed. Cyclone type Ts consists of cylindrical and conical parts of the body, an inlet pipe with a tangential swirler, an umbrella and an exhaust pipe with a separator. The separator, working on the principle of a louvered dust collector with a screw inlet, is used for additional air purification. But, as experience in the operation of cyclones of type C shows, the separator does not fulfill its function, since during operation it becomes clogged with chips and fine dust, as a result of which the aerodynamic resistance of the cyclone increases, and the efficiency of dust capture decreases sharply. Therefore, these cyclones are often manufactured without a separator, while their efficiency practically does not differ from that declared by the developer, but the design is simplified and reliability in operation increases.

The results of tests of Ts-type cyclones, conducted by the Tver SMU "TSENTRPNEVMOTRANSPORT" at a number of furniture and woodworking enterprises, showed their real effectiveness. The degree of cleaning when catching chips and sawdust together was 90.8% for cyclones of large diameters and 97.5% for cyclones of small diameters. When capturing grinding dust, the efficiency was 76% and 87%, respectively.

CYCLONES type K (Klaipeda OEKDM). Designed for pneumatic transport systems of chopped wood with a low dust content: chips, bark, twisted chips, raw sawdust.

Type K cyclones, in comparison with other common cyclones, have the lowest coefficient of hydraulic resistance and are mainly used in the woodworking industry. Type K cyclones are installed, as a rule, on the discharge sections of pneumatic transport systems. With low resistance, these cyclones are less energy intensive than other cyclones used in woodworking.

The main disadvantage of these cyclones is their low efficiency in capturing small dust particles.

The degree of air purification in cyclones when working on chips and sawdust was, according to test data, 98 - 99%.

The optimal mode of operation of type K cyclones is in the range of air velocities in the inlet pipe from 14 to 18 m/s.

Cyclones are made of the right and left execution. The design of the cyclone provides a tube for draining moisture that enters the exhaust pipe during rains.

CYCLONES LTA type. LTA cyclones have been developed and tested at the St. Petersburg Forest Engineering Academy. LTA cyclones are used to purify air during transportation of large particles (chips, shavings) and wet small particles (sawdust) from machine tools and sawmills or in the process for separating large chips. Also LTA cyclones are used as unloader cyclones. The efficiency of air purification is 85÷90%. When transporting dry chips or sawdust, when a lot of fine dust is formed, or if there is grinding dust in the transported material, this cyclone does not provide sufficient air purification, and requires a second purification stage.

Dust collectors VZP and VZP-M. Vortex dust collectors with counter swirling flows of the VZP type were developed at the Moscow State Textile Academy and were originally intended for trapping fibrous dusts at linen, hemp jute, cotton ginning, textile and light industries. Further testing and refinement of dust collectors expanded their scope.

Currently, dust collectors VZP and the modernized VZP-M are successfully used to clean the air removed by aspiration and pneumatic transport systems from medium and fine dust generated during the processing of rocks, they effectively work with sand and clay dust, cement dust, dust of ore and non-metallic materials, silicate and asbestos dust, as well as dust suspended in flue gases.

The dust collector is manufactured for areas with a temperate climate, climatic version UHL, placement category 4 according to GOST 15150-69.

VZP-M differs from VZP in higher efficiency of catching fine dust.

The dust collector works on the principle of centrifugal separation of particles from the gaseous medium. The cleaned air is supplied to the dust collector in two streams through the branch pipes of the bodies of the tangential swirlers of the upper and lower air flows (in VZP-M, the upper snail swirler). Passing through the swirlers, the air flows twist in the same direction towards each other. Dust under the action of centrifugal force is thrown to the wall, washed off by the descending upper flow through the annular slot under the baffle washer into the dust collector bin. Purified

air is expelled from the dust collector through the central exhaust pipe.

If more capacity is required, dust collectors are combined into groups of 2 or 4 pieces per group with a common supply to the upper and lower flow swirlers with or without a common hopper.

Preparation of the cyclone TsN-15-900 for work.

1. The cyclone is installed behind the boiler, or at a relative distance along the gas path to the smoke exhauster. Cyclones can be installed both on the suction and discharge sections of the gas duct system.

2. To clean the gas from abrasive dust, which causes wear on the impellers of fans, cyclones should be installed in front of the fans.

3. When placing the cyclone outdoors, it is necessary to carry out thermal insulation of the body and the storage hopper.

4. Cyclone TsN-15 is installed on a pedestal with a height sufficient to unload dust into a trolley or truck.

5. When cleaning gases with a high temperature (more than 450С), thermal insulation of the TsN-15 cyclone and supply gas ducts must be performed by the consumer.

Installation of the cyclone TsN-15-900

1. When installing the cyclone, dust must be unobstructed to discharge from the hopper.

2. When installing the gas path, sharp bends in the gas ducts, sharp narrowing or expansion are not allowed, which leads to significant distortions of the dust and gas flow, the formation of blockages and an increase in the aerodynamic resistance of the gas path.

3. A device should be installed on the line for unloading dust from the hopper, which excludes air infiltration when the cyclone is operating under vacuum or leakage of gas and dust when the cyclone is operating under pressure created by the fan.

4. The dust extraction device is not included in the scope of delivery and must be ordered separately.

Conclusion

Over the past hundred years, pollution of the environment has been intensified by various emissions. During this time, according to scientists, more than a million tons of silicon, one and a half million arsenic, and about a million tons of cobalt got into the Earth's atmosphere. Even more dust, soot, soot, nitrogen oxides, carbon and sulfur were thrown out.

It must be borne in mind that wherever on Earth emissions of dust, soot, gases occur, rising into the atmosphere and troposphere, they then spread throughout the entire shell of the globe. Their influence is twofold and has global implications.

Therefore, the construction of various kinds of treatment facilities that reduce emissions into the atmosphere is being carried out on an increasingly large scale.

In 2016, the share of emissions from the food industry is 1.7% of the total emissions from industrial enterprises of the Republic of Tatarstan. The total number of food industry enterprises of the Republic of Tatarstan is 3687 units equipped with gas cleaning plants (GOU) - 2750. Thanks to the introduction of GOU at the enterprises of the republic, a decrease in the amount of pollutant emissions into the atmosphere is observed: 5.183 tons / year - 2015, 4.394 tons / year - 2016 71% of harmful substances were captured and neutralized. Therefore, it was decided to introduce a cyclone to clean the off-gases of the yeast production workshop. For these purposes, according to the initial data, I selected the type of cyclone (TsN-15-900), calculated its main characteristics and the actual degree of purification, which amounted to 76.5%.

References

1. Andreev A.G. Feed production technology - M., 1992:

2. Aliev G.M. Dust collection and purification of industrial gases.

3. Nazarov N.I. Technology and equipment of food production - M .: Food industry, 1977

4. Novakovskaya S.S., Shishatsky Yu.I. Handbook for the production of baker's yeast - M .: Food industry, 1980

5. Handbook of dust and ash collection / Under the general editorship of Rusanov A.A. - 2nd ed. - M.: Energoatomizdat, 1983

6. Timonin A.S. Engineering and environmental handbook. Textbook in 3 volumes - Kaluga: Bochkareva Publishing House, 2003 22. No. 7. P.529-532.

7. Uzhov B.H. Purification of industrial gases by electrostatic precipitators. Moscow: Chemistry, 1967.

8. Pirumov A.I. Air dedusting. Moscow: Stroyizdat, 1974.

9. Uzhov V.N., Myagkov B.N. Purification of industrial gases by filters. Moscow: Chemistry, 1970.

11. Gupta A., Lilly D., Syred N. Swirling flows. M.: Mir, 1987.

12. Pirumov A.I. Aerodynamic fundamentals of inertial separation /

Ed. N.Ya. Fabrikant. Moscow: Gosstroyizdat, 1961.

13. Rusak O.N., Milokhov V.V. Dust control in woodworking enterprises. M.: Lesnaya

industry, 1975.

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Engineering, 1967.

15. Kouzov P.A., Malgin A.D., Skryagin G.M. Dust removal of gases and air in chemical

industry. L.: Chemistry, 1982.

16. Handbook of dust and ash collection / Ed. A.A. Rusanov. Moscow: Energy, 1975.

17. Shtokman EL. Purification of air from dust in the food industry. M.:

Food industry, 1977.

18. Kouzov P.A. Comparative evaluation of cyclones of various types //

Dedusting in metallurgy. Moscow: Metallurgy, 1971.

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20. Skryabin G.M., Kouzov P.A. Dust collection in the chemical industry. L.: Chemistry, 1976.

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21. Isakov V.P., Fedorov V.N., Sagal JI.M., Shenker S.I. Vortex cyclone apparatus // Industrial and sanitary cleaning of gases. 1984. No. Z.S.11.

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1. Introduction……………………………………………………………….2

2. Gas cleaning facility - cyclones. Types and designs………3

3. The principle of operation of cyclones TsN-15…………………………………..21

3.1. Preparation of the cyclone TsN-15 for operation………………………...22

3.2. Operation and maintenance of the cyclone TsN-15……………..23

3.3. Thermal insulation of cyclones TsN-15……………………………...23

3.4. Installation of cyclones TsN-15……………………………………...24

4. Calculation of cleaning efficiency and hydraulic resistance of the cyclone apparatus……………………………………………………25

5. Stages of development of dust collecting devices. The design of modern cyclones for dust collection……..................................29

6. Conclusion……………………………………………………………40

7. References…………………………………………………...41

Introduction

Dust particles are represented, as a rule, by aerosols or systems close to them in size with a solid and liquid dispersed phase (fumes, dusts, fogs). The technical literature usually does not distinguish between fumes and dusts, applying the general term “dust collection” to the processes of cleaning gases from solid particles suspended in them.
To date, there are many designs and systems for cleaning gases and dust. In production, thousands and hundreds of thousands of cubic meters of gases are formed, which differ from each other in composition, in the degree of dustiness and other parameters, but, nevertheless, require purification.

There are no universal devices that clean everything and in any conditions. There are various types of treatment plants operating in certain modes, cleaning from a certain type of pollution, with a certain cleaning efficiency. Therefore, choosing the right scheme to purify a given gas with a given efficiency is not an easy task. To do this, it is necessary to have an idea about the existing installations, about the principles and conditions of their operation, it is necessary to assemble them into a scheme that would be quite simple and inexpensive, and at the same time effective.

There are many methods for the theoretical calculation of devices and schemes for gas purification from dust. But, unfortunately, theoretical calculations cannot guarantee their successful operation. It is necessary to check the operation of the apparatus or circuit under production conditions.

When choosing devices included in the scheme, it is necessary to take into account their technological features and operating modes. Since in case of non-compliance with the operating rules, during overloads, not only the dust collection efficiency decreases, but also equipment wear increases.

2. Gas cleaning equipment - cyclones. Types and designs.

A cyclone is an apparatus used in industry to purify gases or liquids from suspended particles. The principle of