Infrared motion sensor to turn on the light: principle of operation, characteristics, connection, installation. What is a motion sensor to turn on the light Motion sensors to turn on the light diagram and principle of operation

The infrared motion sensor for turning on the light is a modern equipment that can significantly reduce the misuse of electrical energy, thereby increasing the level of energy saving and reducing the financial cost of paying for electricity. There are options suitable as home use, and for installation in large rooms or outside buildings and structures.

There are enough ways to save electricity, one of which is a sensor to turn on the light. The main factors for the operation of the equipment are the following conditions:

• The advent of movement in the controlled area.
• Deviation in established indicators level illumination in the controlled area.
• Change in noise level, in the event that a noise sensor is installed to turn on the light.

All objects surrounding a person, especially of organic origin (animals and humans) have a different temperature from each other, which means that they radiate invisible to the human eye. infrared light. Inanimate objects also emit infrared color, but their temperature is closely related to its change in the environment, for example, with prolonged exposure to sunlight or proximity around heaters.

The principle of operation of the motion sensor is based on reading these changes, since it has a system with lenses equipped with elements responsible for fixing changes in the level of infrared light called pyrodetectors. Depending on the specific model, the number of pyrodetectors varies within from 20 to 50 pieces.

The higher this indicator, the more objects, including small ones, the device can recognize light from. Each of the installed lenses is responsible for a specific sector in the total controlled area. Accordingly, it changes coverage angle, which may matter from 60 to 110 degrees in steps of 20, as well as the values in 180, 220, 300 and 360 degrees.

When an object moves in the controlled area, the temperature of which differs from the environment not less than 50 C in the upward direction, motion sensors are triggered to turn on the light. As objects move, the input and output signal on each pyrodetector in its coverage area changes.

The light is on in the room exactly until at least one of the sensors stops receiving a signal about a change in temperature. After the movement stops in the controlled area, at the end of the specified time interval, the output relay is turned off and, accordingly, the light turns off.

For light detectors installed in a motion sensor, a characteristic feature can be called the presence of sensitivity, which is responsible for how far an object must be removed from them in order for movement to be noticed. How smaller sizes object, the closer it must be located to the device for its full operation.

When movement occurs in only one sector, i.e. the movement of a small object is made directly or on the spot, then the relay does not operate and, accordingly, the light does not turn on.

Mounting and installation of sensors is carried out only when the electricity is off.

In addition to infrared, there are other types of motion sensors for lighting:

• Ultrasonic. The principle of their operation is based on the reflection of high-frequency sounds from objects and objects in the room, or rather the results of this reflection.
• Microwave they work similarly to ultrasonic ones, but they send short-wave signals into the room, triggering when the level of their magnitude changes as a result of reflection from objects and objects in space.

These two types belong to the category of active equipment, the infrared version is classified as passive devices.

Features to look out for when choosing

To get the most out of the ultimate goal of purchasing and installing a light sensor to turn on the light, you need to pay attention to several basic equipment characteristics:

• Scope of use. It is necessary to determine in advance the place for the subsequent installation of the device, i.e. will it be external or internal option. Since different manufacturers offer models that differ from each other in terms of technical and functional equipment. So there are options for increased level protection from moisture and dust. Mounting methods also differ, mainly mounted options are available on the market, installed using support holders or built into the surface.
• Since the equipment in its simplest form is a light bulb with a motion sensor, then important point is the definition light source power connected to the sensor. Depending on the specific model, the recorder may have an operating voltage from 200 W and more. Special attention power is given to the indicator in the case of a combination of a sensor with an energy-saving lamp. When the fixture has a higher load than specified by the equipment manufacturer, installation will be required additional relay or installing multiple sensors.

If the lighting fixture has a higher load than specified by the equipment manufacturer, an additional relay or installation of several sensors will be required.

• The next important indicator is viewing angle. When installed outside a building the best option is an indicator for a given value within 180 degrees. It is possible to choose a device with two sensors, which in total have the required 180 degrees. Indoors, for maximum use, a variant with 3 sensors is suitable, totaling the viewing angle 360 degrees, this option is suitable for installation in the ceiling. For work outside the premises and on the street, the best option is to choose a registrar with the largest indicator in terms of viewing angle. AT the apartment is suitable variant with fewer pyrodetectors.
• A separate feature is possibility of combination a specific device with a specific type of lighting fixture or type of lamp. There are models on the market that allow you to combine a light sensor to turn on the light with any of the existing species lamps and types of lighting equipment. So you can choose a version of the sensor mounted in the cartridge, and even a switch.
• It is equally important to know radius of action specific device. Range refers to the maximum possible distance from a moving object to the detection equipment. In most cases infrared sensors cover scope in size 12 meters.
• It is important to make a choice two-pole or three-pole version. Bipolar models are suitable for installing incandescent lamps. In this case, the connection is by serial type. Three-pole allow you to connect and energy-saving options.

Advantages of the sensor to turn on the light

Installation circuit breaker light completely solves the problem of finding the inclusion of light. Which is convenient in public places with a low level of illumination in the daytime ( entry group in the entrance of a residential building, storage room, etc.) or in unfamiliar premises. Use allows you to reduce the number of additional actions performed by a person. So among the main advantages in favor of choosing an infrared motion sensor to turn on the light can be called.

Convenience

It consists in the fact that when the switch is located on long distance from the entrance to the premises, no need to search at a low level of illumination, which may result in injury (falling, collision with objects, etc.).

Saving

May be both financial and temporary. There is no time spent looking for the switch, the light is off when there is no one in the room and, accordingly, the amount of time for which the payment for the consumed electrical energy is reduced.

The use of sensors allows you to reduce the number of additional actions performed by a person, as well as eliminate the possibility of injury.

energy saving

A good energy saving indicator follows from the previous point. This solves the problem of energy consumption as a result of a light source not turned off in time.

High level of device functionality. Manufacturers offer models that carry out their work without wires. There are options with the ability to connect not only lighting devices, but also others (stereo system, TV, etc.).

The first three main advantages of the choice correspond to any of the models of equipment of a similar plan offered on the market.

How to connect a motion sensor

Wiring diagram

Connecting a motion sensor for lighting is a procedure that does not differ high level complexity, but rather specific, for the implementation of which certain experience and knowledge are required. Experts identify several basic schemes for connecting equipment, namely:

• Parallel.
• Sequential.
• Installation of several sensors using a magnetic starter.

In the case of serial connection, the entire process of lighting control in the room or outside is carried out automatically and is regulated by the equipment itself. When the light must be on for a long time and at the same time the object will not move or will be outside the controlled area, a manual switch is installed parallel to the equipment.

Sensor connection diagram

A good example of the convenience of installing a switch is a garage with viewing hole. Being in a pit, a person does not fall into the zone of operation of the sensor, but needs constant source Sveta. After completion of work, you can turn off the light manually.

For large rooms, it is necessary to install several elements, the connection of which comes from one phase in parallel. When any of the sensors in the network is triggered, the circuit is closed, and all the others are turned on.

Wiring diagram with magnetic starter

Installation of a magnetic starter is required when using a powerful light source or connecting other types of electrical equipment in addition to lighting lamps.

The video clearly shows how to connect:

Mounting

Mounting equipment also has several important nuances, among which are:

• Providing protection from impact external factors, for which a specific model is not designed, which can lead to a false alarm or blocking for operation.
• Ensuring access to the detection area.
• Network connection type supply of electrical energy.

Connection of any model occurs due to special terminals. The standard and commonly used option is 3-pin terminals, sometimes 4-pin terminals are used. The decoding of the markings installed on the terminals is as follows:

• L- stands for phase. Most often it is a red or brown wire.
• N - zero, always spend blue.
• L having in addition a dash or arrow, as well as the letter A, denotes a lighting device.
• PE-grounding.

Most manufacturers adhere to standards in terms of wire color selection, exceptions to the rules are allowed. Therefore, for correct connection devices, it is desirable to determine the phase or zero using the indicator additionally.

After doing installation work sensor adjustment is mandatory for comfortable operation of the equipment in the future. It goes through several main stages:

• Motion sensor adjustment to turn on the light means adjusting the level of the sensitive sensor. Setting this indicator allows you to reduce the risk of false alarms (in particular, with a small movement, response to animals, temperature changes in heating system or due to the operation of the air conditioning system, etc.). When a model equipped with a photoelectric sensor is selected, instead of the sensor sensitivity level, the light threshold is adjusted, at which the equipment comes into action.
• The user has the opportunity set working time equipment. This indicator means the time period until the light is turned off in the absence of movement in the controlled area.
• When the sensor is also triggered by the noise level, then adjustable microphone sensitivity. It is convenient to perform this procedure when using a portable sound source, changing its volume within the range of the sensor.

In most models, you can track whether the settings have changed or not by observing the installed LED indicator, which changes its blinking frequency when the equipment is turned on.

Popular manufacturers, models and their prices

The cost of the device is directly related to the number of standard and additional functions, methods of receiving the signal and the country of manufacture. To simplify the choice of a suitable model, you can give a small rating of the most popular options:

• The sensor model is in great demand in the market Camelion LX-20B. average cost device is within 750 rubles. The device has a large viewing angle with an indicator 360 degrees, installation is possible on the ceiling.
• The next option is Camelion LX-39/WH, which can be bought for 650-700 rubles. Has a smaller viewing angle than the previous model - 180 degrees, but differs by the maximum indicator in terms of range - 12 meters.
• Rev Ritter differs in higher cost, than the models specified earlier. Price starts from 850 rubles. The angle of coverage is 360 degrees, and the range 7 meters. A good option for installation in the entrances of apartment buildings, bathrooms, storage rooms and other similar premises.
• Expensive, but very high quality equipment can be called Orbis Circumat 360 produced by an Italian manufacturer. Average cost starts from 4000 rubles. Ceiling mounting possible up to 4 meters high, the range of the equipment is 7 meters, which is sufficient for most rooms, subject to indoor installation.

In general, using a motion sensor to turn on a light has a number of advantages. Due to the fact that different models are presented on the market in terms of functionality, technical equipment and in different price segments, it is not difficult to choose an option that fully meets your financial capabilities and equipment requirements.

Today, there are more and more topical issues use of energy-saving devices for their own needs. To significantly reduce the cost of electrical energy, the population uses special devices for switching on light, which are called motion sensors.

Scope of application

Initially, motion sensors were used to function in security systems ah alarm: they sent a warning sign of an alarm to the operator's console. However, the manufacturing plants did not stop there, having invented devices for turning on spotlights, street lighting, sirens, power equipment. Including, today in modern landscape design great importance is given to street lighting poles with switching sensors.

People realize that it is necessary to move towards economical financial costs, for this reason, they are often used. Light switching devices must comply with accepted standards and perform several functional actions:

1. Security lighting of summer cottages;
2. Lighting of houses, squares in terms of aesthetics;
3. Lighting the movement of people along the street.

Motion sensors that are installed on the street, unlike home options, have a larger angle of action. The maximum working distance is 12 m. Outdoor motion sensors are widely used in hotels, offices and administrative buildings, organizations of education, sports, parking lots, shopping centers.

The principle of operation and its device

The motion sensors are set using three potentiometers.

Time interval- the time during which the sensor will function is determined. The values ​​are set in the range from several seconds to several minutes. Those. it is required to analyze how many times a person is present in the field of view and set the delay period for turning off the light a little more than this value. This is done to avoid constant switching on and off.

Sensitivity- the higher this indicator, the better the response of the sensor to movement. If positives a large number of and spontaneous switching on occurs, it is better to reduce this option. Basically, the sensitivity adjustment is carried out three times. In particular, you need to adjust this indicator in accordance with the season, for example, in summer time the sensor is functioning normally, and in winter time crashes happen.

Illumination degree– for the correct operation of the device during the day. The sensor during the appearance of movement determines the degree of illumination, if it is below the norm, the device turns on, if it is higher, it does not turn on.

The operation of the device is based on infrared radiation: a programmed signal is sent to the captured matrix.

The sensor in auto mode detects the presence of movement, closes the circuit and turns on the lighting. The main principle of operation is constant monitoring in the field of view: during the appearance of a moving object, a change in the thermal field occurs, it is higher than the ambient temperature.

Thanks to a special lens, a signal is sent to the photocell, this contributes to the circuit closing. In the field of view, the device is triggered even at the slightest movement.

Key features, pros and cons

Outdoor motion sensors can be placed on lighting poles and walls. They are selected individually, depending on the location.
PIR motion sensors can be active or passive. Active ones are used to guard the whole house, fences, and passive ones are used in signaling devices for guarding, for example, approaches to the door, guarding the gate.

Advantages of sensors with other enabling devices:

1. Compact - mounted inconspicuously, without causing any aesthetic damage to the design of the building;
2. Economical - the light is switched on only when necessary;
3. Convenient - sensors can be installed on the porch, stairs, in basement and pantries: movement becomes very practical;
4. Protection against intrusions into housing - if a thief enters the house, the sensor is triggered and the lighting turns on, warning that strangers have entered the territory.

What type of sensor to choose

For those who want to use resources optimally, motion sensors are a necessary element in everyday life, since during their use electrical energy is saved by about 50-80 percent.

Various types of street motion sensors for lighting

As experts advise, when choosing a sensor, you need to determine exactly where the device will be used - it will be a street, a canopy or something else, determine the method of attachment, the degree of security, the power of the switched equipment.

There are models on the market with:

• With different power, these values ​​affect the installation conditions, dimensions;
• Different configuration of the field of view - in this case, it is necessary to take into account that the device operates exclusively within the radius of visibility (even lightweight structures affect the field of view);
• Possibility of fine adjustment of time of switching on and off of light. The latter option is more in demand for large rooms where more than one sensor is placed, but they do not capture the area completely. Therefore, under these conditions, a person must have time to reach the next device or have time to implement necessary work, in the zone of operation;
• Different viewing angle - sensors are produced with a viewing angle from 180 to 360 degrees. Let's say sensors with a viewing angle of 180 degrees. suitable for entry-exit function, installed on the wall surface.

Installation of these devices is easy. However, if you are unsure of your own capabilities, it is better to leave this work to specialists. The sensor cable is connected to the general wiring of the house through a junction box. Also, to the main set, sensors are additionally connected that react to changes in light intensity.

This is necessary for the sensor to function exclusively in the dark. There is a huge selection of motion sensors, all perform a specific function. As experts advise, during the installation of the device, it is necessary to take into account the dimensions of the house, the placement of windows, doors, since these values ​​​​affect certain sensor actions.

Connection diagram and installation

If it is necessary that, not taking into account the lack of movement in the room, the lighting functions continuously, a switch is introduced into the circuit, which is connected in parallel to the main device. In this situation, it duplicates the function of the sensor, therefore, the light can be forcibly adjusted.

In particular, the possibility is not excluded when, due to the specifics of the room, one device does not act on the entire area, in this case, a connection scheme for 2 motion sensors and a lighting device is used. During operation of one, the circuit closes, voltage is applied to the contacts. The rated power of such devices is about 600 W, which limits the use of switching devices for significant loads.

Conclusion

Motion sensors are suitable for use everywhere: in corridors, pantries, stairs - in places where a person stays for a short period of time, or, for example, when hands are not free. When an object enters the covered area, the light turns on in auto mode, if there is no movement - within the set time period, the light turns off.

In particular, you can auxiliaryly set the short signal mode, which is used to trigger the sound device that controls the door (bell, bell). This simple device saves electrical energy, increases the level of comfort and safety at home.

Today, the use of energy-saving technologies for their own needs is becoming increasingly relevant. To significantly reduce energy costs, people use special devices called motion sensors for lighting. And how to make the right choice? And what is the purpose, the principle of operation of these products? Let's look into this in more detail.

For those who wish to use resources rationally, motion sensors are practically necessary attributes. Everyday life, because their application saves about 50-80% of the consumed electricity.

Motion sensors are appropriate everywhere, and in corridors, and in pantries, and on stairs - where a person stays for a short time, or, for example, if his hands are busy. When an object appears in the coverage area, the light turns on automatically, if there is no movement for a specified time, the light turns off. It is also possible to additionally set the short signal mode, which is used to turn on acoustic device controlling the door (doorbell, bell). Such a simple solution will save energy, increase comfort and ensure the safety of your home.

Motion sensor for street lighting

Since the benefit is obvious, many people are eager to purchase motion sensors for lighting, but they just don’t know what parameters to follow when choosing. Here is something to think about:

• where exactly the device will be used - it can be a street, an open shed, an enclosed space: a choice according to the method of attachment, according to the degree of security, built-in or mounted;
• power of the switched equipment. This parameter implies the installation image of the sensor - for one lamp daylight, for thermos, refrigerating premises. There are models with different power - 200V and above, depending on these indicators, the installation conditions change, dimensions;
• activation zone configuration - at this stage, it is important to take into account the fact that the motion sensor controls only (the main emphasis!) The visible zone. The radius of action is reduced even by light structures, for example, cornice, sconces, hanging lamp;

Important: you need to remember that glass is an obstacle to the passage of infrared rays, respectively, the controlled area is reduced.

• the ability to fine-tune the on / off response time. This function is most relevant for large rooms, where several sensors are installed over a large area, but they do not cover it completely. It turns out that in such conditions, human actions are very important - he must have time to reach the next sensor or have time to perform certain work, returning to the coverage area;
• sensor perception angle - products are produced with a viewing angle of 180-360 degrees. For example, sensors with a perception angle of 180 degrees in most cases are intended for input-output reaction, mounted on the wall. If the installation is carried out on the ceiling, this means that the device has a full viewing angle;
• the formula for the ratio of the active and passive zones is a parameter that is relevant for offices and rest rooms. Registration of people present is faster if the zone rotation is higher.

Important: some models are tuned to human breathing.

Principle of operation, functionality

Motion sensors for lighting are a popular, convenient product that is decisive various tasks. This device works thanks to infrared radiation: a programmed signal is received by the captured matrix.

Often the sensors work in conjunction with electrical appliances, and also they can be the main ones in the alarm system, video surveillance. That is, motion sensors are used to harmlessly turn on the light in the passage area, to ensure the safety of housing.

Motion sensor for lighting - convenient and functional

The sensor automatically detects the presence of movement, closes the circuit and turns on the light. The basic principle of operation is continuous monitoring in the observation zone: when a moving object appears, the thermal field changes, it is higher than the ambient air temperature.

With the help of a special lens, called the Frankel lens, a signal is applied to the photocell, this causes the circuit to close. In the control zone, the sensor is triggered even with minor movements, for example, if a seated person sways.

Important: the motion sensors are set up in a unique way - they do not react to pets, but they perfectly feel large objects: a car, a person.

The purchase of such a device will not hit the budget much, and the use will bring tangible convenience: a person enters the room, the sensor turns on the light, goes out - the light turns off automatically (after a specified time). At the same time, you don’t need to look for a switch and remember if I forgot to turn off the light, for example, in the pantry.

Ability and customization tools

Motion sensors are configured with potentiometers, there are three of them:

• time interval - the period during which the sensor will work is set. Values ​​are set between 5 seconds and 10 minutes (depending on the model). This is the simplest of all settings - you need to evaluate how often a person appears in the detection zone and set the lighting off delay time a little more than this value (by 1-2 minutes). This is done to avoid constant on / off;

• sensitivity - the higher it is, the better the device responds to movements. If there are many operations, it is desirable to reduce the sensitivity, the same applies to spontaneous inclusions. Basically, this parameter is configured for 3 times. It is also necessary to reconfigure the sensitivity depending on the time of year, for example, in summer the sensor works normally, but in winter it fails. This is due to the response to warm air rising from the heater;

• illumination level for correct operation device during daylight hours. When a motion occurs, the sensor determines the level of illumination, if it is below the threshold, the device is triggered, if it is higher, it does not work. Yes, this is quite logical, why turn on electric lighting in the room during the day.

Benefits of Motion Sensors

• compactness - they are installed imperceptibly, absolutely without prejudice to the interior;
• savings are evident, because the light is turned on only when necessary;
• convenience for owners of private houses - sensors are installed on the porch, on stairs, in basements and storerooms: moving around the house becomes very practical;
• a kind of alarm against thieves - if intruders enter the home, the light turns on, announcing that there are strangers in the house.

Classification, scope of use

In fact, initially motion sensors were intended to work in the system burglar alarm: transmitted an alarm signal to the control panel. Manufacturers have gone further by developing models that include spotlights, street lighting, sirens, power equipment.

The use of motion sensors in the yard will ensure the safety of movement in the dark

Motion sensors are divided into ceiling and wall. The principle of their work is the same, they are simply selected individually, depending on the installation site. Also at the present time landscape design street lighting poles with sensors play a significant role.

People understand that they need to strive to save Money Therefore, motion sensors are widely used for street lighting. They must meet the requirements and perform a number of functions:

• security lighting of plots (cottage, garden);
• aesthetic lighting of houses, parks;
• illumination of the movement of people walking along the street.

Motion sensors that are mounted on poles differ from home models - they are characterized by a large coverage angle. Range - 12 meters.

Street lighting - economical and practical solution: the sensor sends a signal to the lighting system only when a person approaches

Infrared motion sensors are active and passive. The first option is used to protect the perimeter of the house, fences, and the second - in alarm systems to protect wide sectors, for example, the approach to the door, guarding the gate.

Installation of motion sensors

The technical side of installing motion sensors is not too complicated. But if there is no self-confidence, it is better to entrust this process to a professional. The cable of this appliance is connected to the general wiring of the house through a junction box. Plus, sensors are additionally installed that respond to changes in light intensity, they are also called twilight switches. This is necessary in order for the sensor to function only in the dark.

There are a lot of motion sensors, each of them performs a specific task: to illuminate the pool, start the fountain pump. When installing the sensor, you should take into account the dimensions of the room, the location of windows, doors, since these indicators affect the correct operation of the device.

Important: the motion sensor circuit for lighting is similar to the principle of operation of a conventional switch. In both cases, the electrical circuit to which the luminaire is connected in series is closed or opened.

If it is necessary that, despite the absence of movement in the room, the lamp constantly works, a switch is added to the circuit, which is connected in parallel with the motion sensor. In this case, the switch duplicates the operation of the sensor, which means that the light can be operated forcibly.

Connecting motion sensors

It is also possible that, due to the characteristics of the room, one sensor does not cover the entire area, then a connection scheme for two motion sensors and a lamp is used. When one sensor is triggered, the circuit is closed, voltage is applied to the contacts.

The rated power of the considered motion sensors is 500-700 W, which limits their use for heavy loads.

Important: in some cases, you need to connect several powerful electric lamps at once (yard lighting), then it is best to use a magnetic starter.

Motion sensors for lighting today are extremely wide application. It can be hotels, office and administrative buildings, educational institutions, sports halls, parking lots, trade enterprises.

The feasibility of using motion sensors is confirmed by the arguments of energy savings, as well as convenience and practicality. Their payback periods depend on the total power figure of the connected lamps. But one thing is for sure, for low quality sensors that break immediately after installation, they will constantly move away. That is, it is better to overpay and get an excellent device than to buy a low-quality product.

Each apartment or private house has rooms that do not require constant lighting. For example, in the corridors and on the stairs, light is needed only while people are here. Therefore, in order to save electricity, the owners install a motion and light sensor that breaks the supply circuit. Its influence extends to a certain zone, and at the beginning of any movement in it, the contacts close and the light turns on.

Principle of operation

The principle of operation of the sensor is quite simple. When a moving object enters the set zone, which is covered by the sensitivity of the device, it is triggered, followed by switching on the lighting. After the movement stops, the circuit is automatically opened and the lighting devices are turned off.

Most of these devices have a set viewing angle of 180 degrees. There are models that cover 360 degrees, used in large rooms.

Connecting a motion and lighting device to a circuit is as simple as it is. The main function is to close and open the electrical circuit with the connected lamps. Therefore, the connection diagrams of both devices are almost the same. The diagram is attached to each device in the form of instructions, and for the highest quality models from well-known manufacturers, the diagrams are applied to the case.

The rear cover of the sensor covers the terminal block along with the connection of the conductors. Stranded wires are recommended to be connected using insulated lugs NShVI. Two wires are used to supply power - phase and zero. Leaving the sensor, the phase is connected to the lamp, so when triggered, the contacts close and the current begins to flow to the incandescent lamp.

Classification

Sensors presented various types, each of which is best suited for certain operating conditions. For example, motion sensors installed outdoors have a high degree of enclosure protection with an IP rating of at least 55. IP22 or more is sufficient indoors.

In accordance with the type of power supply, the devices are classified into 220 volt connected to the mains and wireless, powered by batteries or batteries. The first group is considered the most popular and numerous, and the second is used mainly in conjunction with low-voltage lighting fixtures.

The main classification is methods that allow you to determine the beginning of movement in the controlled area. They are based on different detection principles:

• Acoustic devices that respond to noise. Belong to the category of passive equipment. They turn on when various sounds appear.
• Infrared motion and illumination devices. They work in the presence of thermal radiation emitted by warm-blooded creatures - people or animals. The reaction to animals often leads to false positives. These types of sensors are also passive switching equipment.
• The types of active devices include various types of microwave devices equipped with a sensor. They emit radiation in the microwave range and monitor their return. When a moving object enters the control zone, the changing waves give a command to operate or turn off the device. For security systems, devices with hypersensitivity, able to determine the object regardless of the presence of structural elements and other interference.
• Approximately according to a similar scheme, ultrasonic switching signaling devices work. They differ only in the range in which the waves are emitted. They are used very rarely and only in non-residential premises, or are used as an outdoor device.
• The most expensive and effective are combined devices that combine various methods of fixing movement. This design prevents false alarms, increasing the reliability of tracking systems.

Basic parameters of sensors

Having decided on the design, it is necessary to make the right choice of parameters and specifications device data.

An important indicator is the viewing angle, which can range from 90 to 360 degrees horizontally. This indicator is selected based on the number of directions in which it is possible to approach the desired point. If the sensor is mounted on a wall, 180 degrees is enough, and when fixed to a pole, 360 degrees will be required. indoor areas you can get by with narrowly focused devices, and if there are several doors, devices with advanced functions will be required. These models are expensive, so the choice should be guided by specific operating conditions.

There is also a vertical viewing angle, which is about 15-20 degrees for cheap devices. Expensive devices can work in the vertical range up to 180 degrees. Such devices are used in security systems, since they are not economically feasible for adjusting the light. Installed on optimal height, to avoid the so-called dead space.

An important role is played by the distance at which the device is considered the most effective. Indoors, 5-7 meters is enough. The outdoor sensor can have a long action length, which depends on the area of ​​the controlled zone. However, if this indicator turns out to be too high, the number of incorrect or false positives may increase.

The power factor of the lighting fixtures connected to this circuit should also be taken into account. All types of motion sensors correspond to a certain load and current strength with a set rating. Therefore, when choosing a particular device, you need to take into account the total power of the lamps installed in chandeliers, ceiling lamps, etc.

Additional selection criteria

In addition to the main parameters, there are other criteria that, in certain time may become decisive.

Motion and light sensors are selected according to the place of installation and the method of fastening. They can be mounted on walls or ceilings and mounted on a bracket, as provided for cabinet models. All options hidden installation are provided with miniature built-in devices mounted in special recesses in inconspicuous places.

Some sensors have additional features. Their capabilities are significantly expanded due to the built-in light sensor in one housing. When the device is installed on the street or near a window, then in the daytime its operation is not required, since there is already enough light. The photorelay can be connected separately or included in the design of the motion sensor.

A useful feature is protection from pets - dogs, cats and others. In its presence, false positives occur much less frequently. The same can be said about the blackout delay. In many cases, the light is turned off immediately after the object leaves the device's coverage area. This is not always convenient, since lighting is still needed. Therefore, the most convenient models are considered not only with a delay, but also with the possibility of its adjustment.

After acquiring a sensor to turn on the light, it must be placed correctly, thereby ensuring its correct operation. In this regard, it is necessary to comply with the established rules and regulations:

• Lighting devices should not be located near the sensor.
• The same applies to air conditioners and heating systems, since the sensor may react to air currents.
• Too high installation height expands the control zone, but at the same time the device loses its sensitivity.
• On the way of the sensor there should not be large objects obscuring a large area.
• In rooms with large areas motion sensors are recommended to be placed on the ceiling. The field of view of such devices should be 360 ​​degrees. If it is necessary to turn on the lighting, it is installed in the center, providing a minimum number of dead zones.

How to connect

In the simplest version, the sensor is connected to a break in the phase conductor, which is supplied directly to the lamp. This method works great for absolutely dark rooms where there are no windows.

In this case, the phase and zero conductors are brought into the sensor from the input side and connected to the corresponding terminals L and N. At the output, the phase wire goes further to the incandescent lamp, and the neutral conductor is connected to the nearest zero of the electrical circuit.

When using a sensor to turn on the light on the street, you will additionally need a light sensor that works in automatic mode. Instead, a separate switch can be installed on the line, which can be turned on and off manually. In this way, unnecessary switching on of the light in the presence of normal daylight is prevented.

Similar additional combining devices are also installed in a phase break. If a photorelay is used, it must be installed in front of the motion sensor. Due to this, the power supply to the device will be supplied only after dark, and during the day it is in the off state. The service life of the motion sensor is significantly increased, since its resource is limited to a certain number of operations.

A significant drawback of these schemes is the impossibility of long-term use of the included lighting. The light will immediately disappear after the motion stops. This can be avoided by parallel connection together with the conventional switch detector. When it is in the off position, the sensor will work. After switching on, the sensor stops working and the light is on for the entire time until the circuit is interrupted by the switch.

Settings and adjustments

The correct operation of the sensor to turn on the light largely depends on its settings.

In order for it to function correctly, you must perform the following steps:

• Time setting (TIME). Sets the time interval during which the light will be on from the moment of the last detected movement. This value can be set in the range of 1-600 seconds. For these purposes, the regulator is set to the desired position, in the direction of increasing or decreasing.
• Trigger setting according to light level (LUX). Ensures correct operation of the sensor during daylight hours. The response threshold is set independently using another adjusting knob. As a rule, the most optimal value is selected experimentally.
• Sensitivity to actuation (SENS). Provides the desired response of the sensor in the presence of movement. If there are too many operations, it is recommended to reduce the sensitivity of the device.

The key device in burglar alarm systems is the motion sensor. This is a device that different ways determines in the controlled area.

Depending on the complexity of the device or security system and the connection method, various functions of the motion sensor are used:

• Turning on the light and sound alarm;
• Transmission of a signal about unauthorized entry to the security console;
• Activation of the video recording system;
• Signal transmission to the mobile communication device to the owner.
• Turning on the lighting in the protected area.

The latter energy saving feature is often used in lighting systems " smart home" as for adjoining territory as well as for premises.

Main technical and operational characteristics

When choosing a motion sensor, you should pay attention to the following characteristics of the device:

• Current consumption;
• Working voltage;
• Relay contact type:
  • normally closed;
  • Normally open;
• Performance characteristics - temperature and humidity mode of operation.

The main parameters by which the effectiveness of the device is determined are the range of the detection zone and the viewing angle.

Varieties and principle of operation

According to the principle of detection, the following types of motion sensors are distinguished:

1. infrared;
2. ultrasonic;
3. Microwave;
4. Hybrid.

infrared

The most common, cheap and easy to use devices. The principle of their operation is based on the perception of changes in the thermal background, in a controlled room, by pyroelectric sensors. IR detectors that detect movement using an optical system called a Fresnel lens. When a warm object moves, the lens focuses IR radiation on different areas pyroelectric sensor.

Active IR sensors operate on a different principle. They consist of two devices that have both receiving and generating IR beams. An object between them changes the temperature of the incoming beam, which triggers the alarm. Such devices are usually used to protect perimeters.

Functioning features - high sensitivity to natural changes in the thermal background in the room makes it necessary to fine-tune the device. to sound and vibration influences.

Ultrasonic

The principle of operation is based on the perception of radio waves reflected from an object moving in the detection zone. The device itself has both a generator and a receiver of electrical oscillations. High-frequency ultrasound, which is used in various models of ultrasonic detectors, is in the range of 30-40 kHz. Despite the fact that the ear is unable to hear such vibrations, when using these devices, one should take into account not only the susceptibility of a person, but also the presence of animals in the room that such a frequency can harm.

Such sensors are inert to IR thermal radiation of devices, household and industrial sounds. However, they are recommended to be used exclusively in a heated room, since most models are sensitive to sudden temperature changes and fluctuations in humidity. When choosing an installation site, please note that some Construction Materials and glasses are "transparent" for ultrasound and a false alarm can be caused by an object located in an adjacent room.

Microwave

The principle is based on the Doppler effect. The device combines a microwave radiation generator and its receiver. Operation occurs when the received waves are distorted by an object that has appeared in the radiation zone. In terms of functionality and scope, they are similar to ultrasonic detectors. Radiation frequency 2.2 GHz.

Connection Features

Regardless of the type of detection, connect motion sensors to the alarm system in the following way.

There are usually 6 pins on the sensor terminal block. Two of them are marked 12V with the designations "+" and "-", they are powered. Next, a pair of contacts "TAMPER" these contacts are used to determine the opening of the device case. A pair of RELAY contacts are connected to the security alarm controller loop, taking into account the detection zones.

If it is necessary to connect several devices, then the power is supplied in parallel - each sensor must be connected to the power supply unit via a separate power supply line. TAMPER and RELAY can be connected in series, with the last device requiring a terminating resistor. Its value may vary depending on the characteristics of the equipment.

Connecting motion sensors is much easier. They have only three pins, which are connected in the following way:

Location methods and installation rules

Motion detectors, depending on , have the following location features:

1. Wall mounted;
2. Ceiling;
3. For concealed installation in suspended ceilings.

In addition to models for indoor use, outdoor products are produced that have a moisture-dust-proof housing that can operate in a wide temperature range.

There are several rules that must be followed when installing motion detectors. It is impossible to install motion sensors near climatic devices, extracts of natural or artificial ventilation systems and heating devices. Convection and air currents will interfere with operation. To prevent the influence of vibration on the device, the installation site must be chosen on the supporting or permanent structures of the structure. Avoid location in places illuminated by direct sunlight for a long time, some devices may expose sensitive detectors.

The range of the detection zone is in inverse proportion to the viewing angle.

Manufacturers produce a variety of motion sensors with different principles of operation and functionality. Selection of the optimal equipment is quite difficult task which is influenced by many factors. This article will help in creating a reliable burglar alarm system.