What kind of person was Alexander Nevsky. Novgorod Prince Alexander

Neva Alexander Yaroslavovich (in monastic - Alexy) - grand Duke Kiev and Vladimir, outstanding Russian commander.

Biography

Childhood

Father Nevsky, Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, was Prince Pereyaslavsky, later - Vladimir and Kiev. Mother, Rostislav (Feodosia) Mstislavna, was a pronuncated of Toropetsk, the daughter of Mstislava, Prince of Novgorod and Galitsky.

In 1225, Svyatwer Simon, Bishop Suzdal, on the orders of Nevsky's father committed a dedication to the warriors over the small Alexander.

In 1234, when Alexander turned 13 years old, his first trip took place under the command of his father to Derpt, against the Livonians.

Foreign policy

One of the main directions of the foreign policy of Alexander Nevsky was the West.

In 1240, the Germans approached the Pskov himself, and the Swedes moved to Novgorod. July 15, 1240, Alexander suddenly attacked the Swedes, who stopped at the Neva camp. The prince defeated the Swedes in the battle, which was called Nevsky and gave nicking to the winner. Alexander himself fearlessly fought in the ranks of his warriors, and his tactic of the fight showed his commander talent.

In 1241, at the request of Novgorod, Alexander cleared the surroundings of Novgorod and Pskov from Livonian knights. On April 5, 1242, Nevsky broke the Germans on the Chief of Lake. The battle got the name of the ice traveling.

In 1245, Alexander defeated Lithuanians in the battle of Lake Lisa.

These victories strengthened the northern borders of Russia and forced the Germans to abandon their former conquests.

Several times of Innocent IV ambient, Pope, offering him to obey Catholic faith. Nevsky answered with refusal.

After the Nevsky stroke on the Vladimir throne, the Lithuanians again besieged Pskov. Alexander made a good trip.

The second issue of Nevsky in foreign Policy Eastern became a relationship with Tatar-Mongols.

In September 1246, Nevsky's father called to Karakorum to Khan, where he was treacherously poisoned. After the death of his father, Alexander himself went to the Horde. There he passed all the necessary rituals and became the admissory son of the Khan of Batya himself. Together with his brother Andrei Princehousehouses Hana in Mongolia. The brothers returned to Russia only in 1249.

In 1251, Alexander goes again in the Horde, causing a ropot of discontent in Russia with his frequent trips to Tatars. Some tend to see a betrayal in this, but most historians believe that Nevsky was a wise diplomat, which his trips restrained the Horde from new raids on Russia. However, soon after this trip, Tatars defeated the brother Nevsky, Andrei, who was forced to run abroad.

In 1258, Nevsky rides in the Horde for the third time to settle the issue with rebidden Novgorod.

The last time Nevsky came to the Horde in 1262 to deliver the Khan, who was angry with the murder of his collectors to Dani in Russia. From Horde Nevsky returned hard patients.

Domestic politics

The internal policy of Alexander Nevsky was aimed at strengthening cities.

By 1240, the prince strengthened the southwestern border of Novgorod on the Sheloni River.

Relations with Novgorod became one of of the most important areas internal politicians Alexandra. Novgorod residents were very jealous of their liberty, and after the Nevsky battle, the Prince had a conflict with them. Nevsky retired to his father to Pereyaslavl, but soon the Novgorod residents were forced to humiliate their own pride, as Pskov captured Livonian knights: they asked to return to the princely throne of Alexander.

After the death of his father, Alexander became Prince of Kiev, but since Kiev by that time already loses his meaning, the prince prefers to live and rule in Novgorod. After the defeat of the Tatars of his brother Andrei Nevsky becomes prince Vladimir.

In 1257, Novgorod refused to participate in the census, which was conducted by Tatar-Mongols to cover all the tribute. Threatening in Tatar pogrom, in 1259 Nevsky forced the Novgorod residents to agree to the census. In 1262, in many Russian cities, Tatar collectors Dani - and Nevsky had to go to the Horde once again and settle the conflict.

Personal life

In 1239, according to the will of the Father, Alexander married Alexander (in the world - Paraskeva), the daughter of Bryachcholava, Prince Polotsk. The girl was not over the years and not in time is formed and read. Wedding took place in Toroptz, in the local temple of St. George. In 1240, Alexander gave birth in Novgorod the firstborn, who was named Vasily. Then they had three more sons (Dmitry, Andrei and Daniel) and the daughter of Evdokia.

With the name of Nevsky, the name of another woman is mentioned - some vassa. In the Princess Monastery of Vladimir, where, according to legend, the wife of Nevsky is resting, on the grave inscription: "Vassas". Some biographers argue that this is the second name of Alexandra, others write about the second wife of the Grand Prince.

Death

Heavy patients returned Alexander from Horde after his last trip. There is a version according to which Nevsky was poisoned by Tatars. Host to take a shima named Alexia, Nevsky died on November 14, 1263 in the city. The prince was buried in the Vladimir Christmas monastery, but by order of Peter I, his power was postponed to the Alexander Nevsky Monastery in St. Petersburg.

The main achievements of Nevsky

• Nevsky showed his commander talent in battles with Swedes and Livonian knights. By rejecting the threat from the West, Nevsky for many years liberated the northern borders of Russia from attacks.
• Nevsky was a wise diplomat, not assessed by his contemporaries: realizing that Russia is powerless before the Horde, diplomatic relations with Tatar khana. Moreover, he prevented the final extermination of Russia to Tatar-Mongols.
• Nevsky strengthened the foundations of faith of Orthodox, refusing to Catholics in cooperation and itself is an example of the Orthodox Warrior and Prince.

Important dates of Nevsky's biography

• 1221 - Birth
• 1225 - Dedication to Warriors
• 1234 - the first participation in the battle on the River Omovege
• 1239 - Marriage to Alexandra
• 1240 - Birth of the son of Vasily, victory over the Swedes in the Nevsky Battle
• 1242 - victory over the Livonian knights in the mud
• 1245 - victory over Lithuanians in the battle of Lake Lake
• 1246 - death father
• 1247 - Ride in Horde
• 1248 - a trip to Mongolia
• 1249 - Return to Rus
• 1251 - the second trip to the Horde
• 1258 - Third trip to the Horde
• 1262 - Last trip to the Horde
• 1263 - death

Interesting facts from the life of Nevsky

• Alexandra, Nevsky's wife, was 16 years old, and she was already tonsured in a nun, when the Grand Duke Yaroslav ordered them to marry.
• Tatar women were frightened by the name of Alexander Nevsky of their smaller children.
• Nevsky did not lose any battle in his life.

Alexander Nevsky, whose biography is presented in this article - Prince Novgorod in the period from 1236 to 1251, and from 1252 - Grand Duke Vladimir. He was born alleged in 1221, and died in 1263. The son of Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, the Russian prince, was Alexander Nevsky. His biography in two words is next. He secured Russia, her western borders, victories over the Swedes in the Nevsky Battle of the Nevsky Battle, as well as the Knights of the Livonian Order in 1242 (Ice Bottomier). Alexander Nevsky was canonized by the Orthodox Church. Read more about these and other events below.

Origin of Alexander, beginning of the Board

A future prince was born in the family of Yaroslav Vsevolodovich and Feodosia, the daughter of Mstislav Delosha. He is a grandson of Vsevolod Big nest. By 1228, the first information about the future of Prince includes. Then in Novgorod, Yaroslav Vsevolodovich joined the citizens to the conflict and was forced to go to his tribal ship, Pereyaslavl-Zalessky. Despite the forced departure, the prince of this left on the care of the boyars two sons in Novgorod. These were Fedor and Alexander Nevsky. The biography of the latter is marked important events It was after the death of her older brother, Fedor. Then Alexander becomes the heir of his father. He was planted in 1236 to the Novgorod proncess. Three years later, in 1239, Prince Alexander Nevsky married Alexander Nevsky.

A brief biography of it for this period is as follows. Alexander Nevsky in the early years of the reign was to strengthen Novgorod, since Mongol-Tatars threatened the city from the east. He built a few fortresses on the river.

Victory on Neve.

The young prince, universal glory brought a victory that he won the Swedish detachment on the banks of the Neva River, at the mouth of Izhora, in 1240 July 15. They were commanded, according to legend, Yar Birger, the future ruler of Sweden, although in the chronicle belonging to the 14th century, this campaign is not mentioned. Alexander personally participated in the battle. It is believed that Nevsky began to call the prince for this victory, although only in the 14th century sources this nickname is found for the first time. It was known that some of the princely descendants were nicknames of Nevsky. It is possible that they were assigned to them in this area. That is, there is a chance that not only the victory on the Neva was awarded this nickname Prince Alexander. Nevsky, the biography of which was not fully studied, perhaps simply transferred it nickname to their descendant. It is believed traditionally that the battle that occurred in 1240 retained the shores of the Finnish bay for Russia, stopped the aggression of the Swedes aimed at Pskov and novgorod lands.

Events preceding Ice Bare

Because of the next conflict, Alexander was forced to leave Novgorod to Pereyaslav-Zalessky on the return from the banks of the Neva. Above the city in the meantime, the enemy threat from the West was hanging. Having gathered in the Baltic States of the German Crusaders, as well as in the roar of the Danish knights, the Livonian Order, having enlisted with the support of Pskovichi, long-standing rivals of Novgorod, as well as papal currics, invaded the territory of Novgorod lands.

Embassy with a request for help was sent from Novgorod to Yaroslav Vsevolodovich. In response, he provided an armed squad, headed by Andrei Yaroslavich, his son. Soon he was replaced by Alexander Nevsky, whose biography interests us. He freed the Water Earth and Koporye, engaged in knights, after which he knocked out a German garrison from Pskov. Novgorod, inspired by the successes, invaded the lands of the Livonian Order and began to ruin settlements of the Danikovsky of the Crusaders, Esta. The Knights, who left Riga, destroyed the regiment of Domasha Tverdislavich, who was considered the best among the Russians, forcing Alexander Nevsky to take their detachments to the border of the Livonian Order. At that time she passed on the mud of the lake. After that, both sides began to prepare for decisive battle.

Ice rapid and defeat Lithuanian detachments

Occurred decisive battle At the crowing stone, on the ice of the Church of the Lake, in 1242 on April 5th. In history, this battle was included as an ice side. German knights were defeated. Before you need to enter into the world, the Livonian Order was delivered. Under the condition, the crusaders should have abandoned their claims to Russian land, passing Russia part of Latgale.

After that, Alexander Nevsky began fighting Lithuanian detachments. Its biography at this time can be briefly represented as follows. In the summer of the same year (1242), he defeated the seven Lithuanian detachments, which attacked Russian lands in the North-West. After that, Alexander dismissed Toropets in 1245, who was captured by Lithuania, destroyed the Lithuanian squad at Lake Litovsky and in conclusion, defeated the Lithuanian militia.

Alexander and Orda

For a long time, the successful actions of Alexander Safety of Russian borders in the West were provided, but in the east, the princes had to suffer defeat from Mongol-Tatars.

Khan Bati, the ruler of the Golden Horde, in 1243 he handed the label to managing Russian lands, who were conquered by them, the father of Alexander. GUUK, Great Mongolian Khan, called him to Karakorum, his capital, where in 1246, September 30, Yaroslav unexpectedly died. It was poisoned, according to the generally accepted version. Then his sons, Andrei and Alexander, were caused to Karakorum. While they traveled to Mongolia, Han Guyuk himself died, and Hansha Ogul-Hamish, a new hostess of the capital, decided to make Andrei Grand Prince. Alexander Nevsky (Prince, whose biography interests us) Only Kiev received us and devastated South Rus.

Alexander refuses to adopt a Catholic faith

The brothers only in 1249 were able to return to their homeland. Alexander Nevsky's prince did not go to his new possessions. A brief biography of his next years is as follows. He headed to Novgorod, where he was seriously ill. Innocent IV, Roman dad, about this time sent an embassy to him with a proposal to contact the Catholic faith, offering their help in the fight against Mongols. However, Alexander refused in categorical form.

Ogul-Hamish in Karakorum in 1252 was overthrown by Khan Mengke (MINE). Battered, using this circumstance in order to remove Andrei Yaroslavich from the Grand Ducion, presented Alexander Nevsky label of the Grand Duke. Alexander was called urgently in the barn, the capital of the Golden Horde. However, Andrei, supported by Yaroslav, his brother, as well as Galitsky Prince Daniel Romanovich, to submit to the decision of Khan Batya, refused.

He, in order to punish recurrent princes, sent the Mongolian squad, who commanded the nullity (the so-called "nursery"), or the beaten. Yaroslav and Andrei as a result of this fled from Northeast Russia.

Alexander Restores His Son's Rights

Yaroslav Yaroslavovich Later, in 1253, was invited to Pskov to the reign, and then to Novgorod (in 1255). At the same time, Novgorod kicked out Vasily, his former prince, who was the son of Alexander Nevsky. However, Alexander, putting him again in Novgorod, punished cruelly his warriors who failed to protect the rights of the Son. They were all blinded.

Alexander suppresses an uprising in Novgorod

The glorious biography of Alexander Nevsky continues. Summary Events belonging to the uprising in Novgorod, the following. Khan Burke, the new ruler of the Golden Horde, introduced in Russia since 1255 a system of crushing a tribute, common to all conquered lands. In Novgorod, in 1257, they were sent, as in other cities, "nizenniki" in order to carry out a census of the population. This was outraged by Novgorod, supported which Prince Vasily. The uprising began in the city, which continued for more than a year and a half. Alexander Nevsky brought the order personally, ordered to execute the most active participants in these unrest. Captured and entered into custody was and Vasily Alexandrovich. It turned out to be broken Novgorod, who was forced to submit to the orders and start paying tribute to the Golden Horde. Dmitry Alexandrovich since 1259 became a new governor in the city.

Death Alexander Nevsky

In the Suzdal cities, excitement broke out in 1262. Here the Khan backers were interrupted, and the Tatar merchants are expelled from here. In order to soften the anger Khan Burke, Alexander decided to personally go to the Horde with gifts. All winter and summer kept the prince Khan beside himself. Only in the fall, Alexander was able to return to Vladimir. On the way, he Zanemor and died in the city in 1263, on November 14th. This date ends the biography of Alexander Nevsky. A brief content of it we tried to describe whether it is possible. In the monastery of the Nativity of the Virgin in Vladimir, his body was buried.

Canonization of Alexander Nevsky

This prince in the conditions that collapsed on the land of Russia's rules were able to find the strength in order to resist the conquerors from the West, thereby reducing the fame of the great commander. Thanks to him, the basics of interaction with the Golden Horde were also laid.

In Vladimir, since the 1280s, reverence of this person begins as a saint. Officially, a few later prince Alexander Nevsky was canonized. A brief biography of his compiled by us mentions that he refused to supply Innocent IV. And this is an important item. Alexander Nevsky is the only secular ruler from Orthodox throughout Europe, which for the sake of preserving his power did not compromise with Catholics. The living story was written with the participation of Dmitry Alexandrovich, his son, as well as Metropolitan Kirill. She received widespread in Russia (15 editions came to us).

Monastery and orders in honor of Alexander

The monastery in honor of Alexander was founded in St. Petersburg Peter I in 1724. Now it is Alexander Nevsky Lavra. The remains of the prince were transported there. Peter I also ordered to honor the 19th memory of this person on the day of the world with Sweden. Ekaterina I in 1725 founded the Order of Alexander Nevsky.

This award has existed as one of the highest in Russia until 1917. The Soviet Order of his name was established in 1942.

So the prince Alexander Nevsky was immortalized in our country, short biography which was presented to you.

This man B. domestic history is an important figure, so we get acquainted with him for the first time in school years. Alexander Nevsky's biography for children, however, notes only the most highlights. In this article, his life is considered in more detail, which allows you to make a more complete picture of this Prince. Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky, whose biography was described by us, fully deserved its fame.

On May 30, 1220, in the family of Prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich and Princess Feodosia, the daughter of Prince Mstislava Goodbly, the son of Alexander, Novgorod (1236-1251) and Vladimir (from 1252), Great Prince was born. By father's line He was a grandson of Vsevolod a big nest.

In 1228, Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, the contacted in Novgorod, joined the conflict with the citizens and was forced to go to his birthday Pereyaslavl-Zalessky. Despite this, he left in Novgorod on the care of trusted boyars of two young sons of Fyodor and Alexander. After the death of Fyodor in 1236, Alexander, as the senior heir Yaroslav, was planted to the Novgorod proncess. In 1239, he married Polotsk Princess Alexander Bryachlovna.

In the early years of the reign, the Russian prince was engaged in strengthening Novgorod. On r. Sheoni he built a few fortresses. The fame of the young prince brought a victory overlooked in July 1240 in the mouth of the river. Izhora over the Swedish detachment, after which the Swedish aggression on Novgorod-Pskov lands was stopped. Traditionally it is believed that the prince began to call Nevsky for this victory. However, according to Russian sources of the XIV century, some descendants of the prince also wore Nickname Nevsky.

The victory on the Neva strengthened the political influence of Alexander, but at the same time contributed to the exacerbation of his relationship with the boyars. As a result of collisions with disgruntled boyars, the prince was forced to leave Novgorod and go to Pereyaslavl-Zalessky. Livonian Order, gathering the German crusaders of the Baltic and Danish knights from the Revel, invaded the limits of Novgorod lands. In the spring of 1241, Alexander, gathering a powerful army, beat off the Koporye and Water Earth engaged in Knights, and then drove the Livonian squad from Pskov. Novgorod people invaded the territory of the Livonian Order and began to ruin their settlements. Soon against the Russian prince, a big horse army led by Master of the Order and forced him to take his detachments to the border of the Livonian Order, held on the Church of the Lake. On April 5, 1242, a decisive battle of the Ice of the Lake of the Lake near the Voroniest Stone, which was in history as the "Ice Battery" took place. German troops suffered a crushing defeat. The Livonian Order was forced to conclude the world through which the Crusaders refused claims to Russian lands, and also transferred to the Russians of Latgale. In the history of military art, this victory had exceptional importance: the Russian walking army surrounded and defeated the Knight's Connection and the detachments of foot fuckers long before Western Europe The infantry has learned to win the top of the horse knights. The victory in this battle put Alexander Nevsky in a number of the best commander of that time.

In the future, Alexander Nevsky continued to strengthen the North-Western borders of Russia. In 1251, he sent an embassy to Norway, the result of which was the first agreement between Russia and Norway, and also made a successful trip to Finland against the Swedes, who made a new attempt to close the Russians to the Baltic Sea.

Alexander sat down a lot of effort to strengthen the Grand Duty Power in the country. His political line contributed to the prevention of the ruinage invasions of Tatars on Russia. Several times he traveled in Golden HordeHaving achieved the liberation of Russians from the obligation to perform the army on the side of Tatar khans in their wars with other peoples. In 1262, unrest broke out in the Suzdal cities, where the Khan backers were interrupted and the Tatar merchants were expelled. To delight Tatar Khan, the prince personally went with the gifts to the Horde. Han kept him with respect to himself all winter and summer, and only in the fall, Russian prince got the opportunity to return to Vladimir, but on the road fell ill and on November 14, 1263 died in the city. His body was buried in the Vladimir Monastery of the Nativity of the Virgin.

In the 1280s. In Vladimir, the reverence of Alexander Nevsky began as Saint, and later he was officially canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church.

In 1724, in St. Petersburg, the monastery (Alexander Nevsky Lava) was founded in honor of the Blessed Prince Peter I, where the Russian autocrat was commanded to transport the remains of Holy Prince Alexander. On May 21 (June 1), 1725 Empress Ekaterina I established the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky - one of the highest awards Russian Empire.

LIT: Alexander Nevsky and the history of Russia: materials of the scientific and practical conference. Novgorod, 1996; The same [electronic resource].URL: http: // Bibliotekar. RU / RUSNEVSKIY /; Vernadsky B. Two feathers sv.Alexander Nevsky // Eurasian Temperator. Kn. IV. . Prague, 1925. P. 318-337; VoskresenskyN. A. Holy Blessed Great Prince Alexander Nevsky; The memory of the king of the peacemaker: short life. M., 1898; DanilevskyAND. N. Alexander Nevsky: Paradoxes of Historical Memory// "Chain of Times": Problems historical consciousness. M., 2005. P. 119-132; Life of Alexander Nevsky// Library of literature ancient Russia. T. 5. SPb., 1997; The same [electronic resource].URL: http: // lib. Pushkinskijdom. RU / DEFAULT. ASPX? Tabid \u003d 4962.; Konavskaya E. L. The image of Alexander Nevsky in the early chronicles2 (36); The same [electronic resource].URL: http: // www. Drevnyaya. RU / VYP / 2009_2 / Part6. PDF.; Kuchkin V. A. About the birth date of Alexander Nevsky// Questions of history. 1986. N.2; Pashuto V. T. Alexander Nevsky. M., 1974; Saint Blessed Great Prince Alexander Nevsky and Holy Trinity Alexander Nevsky Lavra: For the memory of the two hundredth anniversary of the monastery, 1713-1913. St. Petersburg, 1913; SeleznevYU. V. Walking Alexander Nevsky in 1252g.: Political realities and their reflection in the Russian written tradition// Ancient Russia. Questions mediovers. 2009. N.1 (35); The same [electronic resource].URL: http: // www. Drevnyaya. RU / VYP / 2009_1 / HIST-3. PDF.; Fennel J. Crisis medieval Rus: 1200-1304: Per. from English M., 1989; KhmyrovM. D. Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky, Grand Duke Vladimirsky and all of Russia: Historical and biographical essay. SPb., 1871; ColdG. M. Life and activities of the Grand Duke Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky in connection with the events in Russia inXIII. century. Tambov, 1883; TsamutaliBUT. N. Prince Alexander Nevsky (in Russian and foreign sources)// Star. 2007. № 10. ;

Tikhonravov K.N. Vladimirsky Distributed Monastery of the XII century, where they worshed the holy relics of the Grand Duke Alexander Nevsky, until the transfer to St. Petersburg. Vladimir, 1869. .

Alexander Nevsky - Novgorod Prince and Communion. Prince Novgorod (1236-1240, 1241-1252 and 1257-1259), Grand Duke Kiev (1249-1263), Grand Duke Vladimir (1252-1263). Canonized Russian orthodox Church. Traditionally, Russian historians are considered Russian national hero, truly Christian ruler, keeper orthodox faith and freedom of the people.

Childhood and youth

Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky was born in Pereslavl-Zalessky. Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, Alexander's father, was at the time of his son Pereyaslav Prince, and later - the Grand Duke of Kiev and Vladimir. Rostislav Mstislavna, mother of the famous commander - Toropetskaya Princess. Alexandra had a senior brother Fedor, who died at the age of 13, as well as the younger brothers Andrei, Mikhail, Daniel, Konstantin, Yaroslav, Athanasius and Vasily. In addition, the future prince had sisters Maria and Ulyana.

At 4 years old, the boy passed in the Savior Transfiguration Cathedral of the rite of dedication to the warriors and became a prince. In 1230, his father put Alexander together with the elder brother for the prince in Novgorod. But after 3 years, Fedor dies, and Alexander remains the only adviser of the principality. In 1236, Yaroslav leaves for Kiev, then in Vladimir, and the 15-year-old Prince remains independently to rule Novgorod.

First hiking

Alexander Nevsky's biography is closely connected with wars. The first military campaign, Alexander undertook together with his father to Derpt in order to discourage the city in Livonians. The battle ended with the victory of Novgorod. Then the war began for Smolensk with Lithuanians, the victory in which was left for Alexander.

On July 15, 1240, the Nevskaya battle took place, significant the fact that Alexander's troops without supporting the main army smashed the camp of the Swedes at the mouth of the Izhora river. But Novgorod boyars were frightened by the increased influence of Alexander. Representatives of the nobility with the help of various Caverz and incitement achieved the fact that the commander went to Vladimir to Father. At this time, the German army made a campaign on Russia, capturing Pskov, Izborsky, Vointed lands, knights took the city of Koporye. The enemy army closely approached Novgorod. Then the Novgorodians themselves began to ask the prince to return.

In 1241, Alexander Nevsky arrived in Novgorod, then freed Pskov, and on April 5, 1242 there was a famous battle - Ice Battle - on the Church of the Lake. The battle took place on the frozen lake. Prince Alexander applied tactical trick, lubricating the knights, shaved in heavy armor, on a thin layer of ice. The Russian cavalry attacked from the flanks has completed the defeatists. After this battle, the Knight's Order refused all recent conquests, and part of Latgale was also departed.

After 3 years, Alexander liberated Torotz, Toropets and Bezhetsk, captured by the army of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Then exclusively by the forces of his troops, without the support of Novgorod and Vladimirtsev, caught up and destroyed the remains of the Lithuanian army, and on the way back, another Lithuanian military connection was broken under consideration.

Governing body

In 1247, Yaroslav dies. Alexander Nevsky becomes prince Kiev and All Russia. But since after the Tatar invasion Kiev lost strategic value, Alexander did not go there, but remained to live in Novgorod.

In 1252, Andrei and Yaroslav, the Alexander brothers, opposed the Horde, but the Tatar invaders broke the defenders of the Russian Earth. Yaroslav settled in Pskov, and Andrei was forced to flee to Sweden, so the Principality of Vladimirskoy passed to Alexander. Immediately followed new War With Lithuanians and Teutons.

The role of Alexander Nevsky in history is perceived ambiguously. The Novgorod Prince constantly led battle with Western troops, but at the same time bowed to Khan Golden Horde. The prince has repeatedly traveled to the Mongolian Empire to read the ruler, especially supported the Allies of Khan. In 1257, it was even self-sustained in Novgorod with Tatar ambassadors to express support for the Ordans.

In addition, the son of Vasily, who resisted the invasion of Tatars, Alexander exiled in Suzdal EarthAnd 7-year-old Dmitry planted in his place. Such a policy of Prince in Russia itself is often called treacherous, since cooperation with the rulers of the Golden Horde suppressed the resistance of Russian princes for many years ahead. As a policy of Alexander, many are not perceived, but the warrior is considered excellent, and feats do not forget.

In 1259, Alexander, with the help of the threats of the Tatar invasion, has achieved agreement from the Novgorod residents to the population census and the payment of the Ordans Dani, which the Russian people resisted for many years. This is another fact from the biography of Nevsky, who is not pleased with Prince's supporters.

Battle on the Ice

At the end of August 1240, the Crusaders of the Livonian Order invaded the Pskov Earth. After a short-term siege, the German knights captured Izborsso. Then the defenders of the Catholic faith were asked by Pskov and occupied it with the assistance of the Boyar trains. Next followed the invasion of Novgorod Earth.

According to Alexander Nevsky, the troops from Vladimir and Suzdal under the command of Prince Andrei, Brother of the Novgorod ruler arrived to help Novgorods. The United Novgorod-Vladimir army took a trip to the Pskov Earth and, cutting off the road from Livonia to Pskov, stormed the entrusted to this city, as well as Izborsso.

After that, the defeat of the Livonian knights, gathering a big army, performed to Pskov and Child Lakes. The basis of the troops of the Livonian Order was a heavy knightly cavalry, as well as infantry, which was repeatedly surpassed by knights in numbers. In April 1242, the battle took place, which was in history as an ice side.

Historians for a long time could not determine the exact place of the battle, because the hydrography of the chief of the lake often changed, but the coordinates of the battle of the scientist later managed to point out on the map. Experts agreed that more accurately describes the Battle of Livonian Rhymed Chronicle.

In the "rhymed chronicle" it is indicated that Novgorod has been listed a large number of The shooters who were the first to hit the knights. The knights built a "pig" - a deep column, starting a blunt wedge. Such an education allowed a heavy knight cavalry to apply a thane blow along the enemy's line, breaking the combat order, but in this case such a strategy turned out to be erroneous.

While the advanced troops of the Livonians tried to break through the tight construction of the Novgorod infantry, the princely squad remained in place. Soon the warriors hit the flanks of the enemy, crushing and mixing rows german troops. Novgorod residents won a decisive victory.

Some historians claim that knightly compounds consisted of 12-14 thousand soldiers, and the militia of the Novgorod residents counted 15-16 thousand people. Other experts consider these numbers prohibitively overestimated.

The result of the battle decided the outcome of the war. The Order concluded the world, abandoning the conquered Pskov and Novgorod territories. This battle played a huge role in history, influenced the development of the region, retained the freedom of Novgorod.

Personal life

Alexander Nevsky married in 1239, immediately after the victory over Lithuanians near Smolensky. The wife of the prince became Alexander, the daughter of Bryachliva Polotsk. Young was crowned in the temple of St. George in Toroptz. A year later, they had a son of Vasily.

Later, the wife gave Alexander for more three sons: Dmitry, the future of Prince Novgorod, Pereyaslavsky and Vladimirsky, Andrei, who will be Kostroma, Vladimir, Novgorod and Gorodetsky Prince, and Daniel, the first prince of Moscow. Also, the prince's pair had the daughter of Evdokia, who later married Konstantin Rostislavich Smolensky.

Death

In 1262, Alexander Nevsky went to the Horde to try to prevent the outlined tatar campaign. The new invasion provoked the murder of gatherers of Dani in Suzdal, Rostov, Pereyaslavl, Yaroslavl and Vladimir. IN Mongol Empire The prince fell ill, and on Russia returned already dying.

Upon returning home, Alexander Nevsky takes a solemn oath of Orthodox monks under the name Alexy. Thanks to this act, as well as due to regular failures, the Roman papacy take Catholicism, the Grand Duke Alexander became the favorite prince of the Russian clergy. Moreover, in 1543, he was canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church in the face of the Wonderworkers.

Alexander Nevsky died on November 14, 1263, buried in the Christmas monastery in Vladimir. In 1724, the emperor ordered the rebound of the power of the Holy Prince in the Alexander Nevsky Monastery in St. Petersburg. The monument to the prince is installed on the square named after Alexander Nevsky before entering the Alexander Nevsky Lavra. This monument is presented in the photo in historical publications and magazines.

It is known that part of the relics of Alexander Nevsky is located in the temple of Alexander Nevsky in Sofia (Bulgaria), as well as in the Assumption Cathedral of Vladimir. In 2011, the image with a particle of relics was handed over to the Alexander Nevsky Temple of the Ural Sela Shurala. The icon of St. Blessed Prince Alexander Nevsky can often be found in Russian temples.

• The main military victories Prince Alexander won in his youth. By the time of the Nevskaya battle, the commander was 20 years old, and during the Ice Passion, the prince was 22 years old. Subsequently, Nevsky was considered a politician and a diplomat, but more still a warlord. For life, Prince Alexander did not lose a single battle.
• Alexander Nevsky is the only secular Orthodox ruler throughout Europe and in Russia, who did not go on a compromise with the Catholic Church for the sake of maintaining power.

• After the death of the ruler, a "story of life and about the courage of the gloomy and grand prince Alexander" appeared, the literary work of the agiographic genre, created in the 1980s of the XIII century. It is assumed that the compilation of "Violence of Alexander Nevsky" was carried out in the Monastery of the Nativity of the Virgin in Vladimir, where the prince's body was buried.
• About Alexandra Nevsky often feature art films. In 1938, the most famous film was released, called Alexander Nevsky. The director of the painting was, and for the choir and soloists with the orchestra, the Soviet composer created Cantata "Alexander Nevsky".

• In 2008, the Competition "Name of Russia" took place. The event was organized by representatives of the state television channel "Russia" together with the Institute russian history RAS and Foundation "Public Opinion".
• Network users choose "Name of Russia" from the finished list of the "five hundred of great leaders of the country". As a result, the competition almost ended with a scandal, because the leading position took. The organizers said that the "numerous spammers" votes were given for the communist leader. As a result, Alexander Nevsky called the official winner. According to many, it was the figure of the Novgorod Prince who was to arrange the Orthodox community, and Slavophili patriots, as well as just lovers of Russian history.

Alexander Nevsky (Alexander Yaroslavich) - Russian Communion, Prince Novgorodsky (1236-1240, 1241-1252, 1257-1259), Grand Duke Kiev (1249-1263), Grand Duke Vladimir (1252-1263). Canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church.

Alexander Yaroslavich was born on May 13, 1221 (according to other data - May 20, 1220) in the city of Pereslavl (now Pereslavl-Zalessky), in the principality of his father Yaroslav Vsevolodovich (great-grandfather Vladimir Monomakh). He became the second son in the family after Fedor. Alexander's mother - Rostislav (Feodosia) Mstislavna, Ryazan Princess Toropetskaya, Daughter of Prince Novgorod and Galician Mstislav good.

In 1225, Yaroslav Vsevolodovich "I learned the sons of the princely tonsure." The rite committed Bishop Vladimir and Suzdal Saint Simon in the Savior-Preobrazhensky Cathedral of Pereyaslavl-Zalessky. After that, they began to teach them an experienced leader, boyar Fyodor Danilovich.

In 1227, at the request of Novgorod, Yaroslav began to prince in Novgorod, taking with him the sons - Fyodor and Alexander. Volong Novgorod was distinguished from other Russian land in that he himself chose the prince from Rurikovich's Ryurikovich. If the prince became "not love" to Novgorod, they drove it. Power in Novgorod belonged to the Novgorod fever from influential boyars and the richest merchants. The prince commanded a small squad, which he led to him and together with Poshener headed the army. Novgorod army consisted of boyars and merchant friends and folk militia, at the head of which the elected citizen stood - Moltsy.

In 1228, Yaroslav collected shelves in the Vladimir-Suzdal principality for a trip to Riga. Alexander, together with the elder brother Fedor, were "put" by the Father in Novgorod under the supervision of Fyodor Danilovich and Tiuna Yakima. But in February 1229, hunger had happened in the city, which caused the excitement of citizens ("Mary of the Great"). Fyodor Danilovich and Skima were forced to escape, capturing with him two princes. In 1230, Yaroslav Vsevolodovich again was called by citizens to the reign. After two weeks of stay in Novgorod, he planted to princess Alexander and Fedor, but June 5, 1233, at the thirteen age, Fedor Yaroslavich died.

In the winter of 1234, the first campaign of the young Alexander was held under the fatherly stamp on Derpt (Yuriev, now the city of Tartu in Estonia), which from 1223 was in the hands of the Livonian Germans, was obsessed with his participation of the victory on the Embach River.

In 1236, Yaroslav with the help of Novgorod residents took a princely table in Kiev. In Novgorod, he planted to pronomize Alexander. Alexander became prince-governor Novgorod, Prince Dmitrovsky and Tver.

The invasion of Batiya 1238 did not affect Novgorod. But Novgorod land attracted the invaders from the West: Swedish and German knights. By calling the Pope Gregory IX Swedish Crusaders were preparing for cross campaign On the "northern pagans" - Finns, whose land were part of the Novgorod Principality.

In 1239, Yaroslav was married Alexander on the daughter of Prince Bryachcholava - Princess Alexandra. The young was married in Toroptz, and wedding celebrations were arranged both in Toroptz and in Novgorod. 1240 Alexander had a son of Vasily.

In 1239, Yaroslav Vsevolodovich received a great reign in Vladimir. Alexander put out watchdogs on the borders of Novgorod owners, built a number of fortifications in the south-west of Novgorod along the Sheloni River, watch the ships off the shores of the Finnish Bay, he instructed the Union Finnish tribe of Izhoryan.

Battle with Swedes on the River Neva (Nevskaya Battle)

In July 1240, Elder Izhorayan Pelgsius noted the Swedish flotilla approaching Russian shores, which Alexander immediately informed about. The fleet was collected swedish king Eric Cartawed, commanded the flotilla of his Yarl (Prince) Ulf Fami. Presumably, the number of Swedish troops exceeded 2,000 people, including several dozen knights, on fifty screws (ships). From the Finnish Bay on the Neva, the Swedes rose to the mouth of Izhora, where they landed ashore and broke the camp. Knowing that from the blood-resistant Mongols of Russia, the Novgorod residents do not get, they planned to reach Ladoga Lake, and from him along the Volkhov River go down to Novgorod.

Alexander quickly collected the army - horseradicnikov, Novgorod connants and hiking militias, just about 1000 warriors. The prince hurried to attack the Swedes suddenly, "Ignorate". The city of Ladoga to the army of Alexander joined Ladgetan. Aside with the Swedish camp, the infantry sent to the shore, sent on the water on the rooks, and united with the rest of the army.

On the night of July 15, 1240, the Swedish camp attacked the Swedish camp. The Swedes were not able to provide serious resistance. According to legend, Alexander entered into a duel with a Swedish commander Birger and "laid a spear of a spear on the brow." The Swedes were defeated, the surviving warriors were immersed on the ships of the fallen knights ("they also dismissed the hole without a number") and, without waiting for dawn, sailed to the Swedish shores. Floy Fari and wounded Birger fled. The Novgorod residents remained trophies: abandoned augers, tents, armor, weapons, battle horses. The losses of Alexander amounted to 20 dead warriors, among them Novgorod: Konstantin Lugotichich, Yuri (Guyryat) Pineshichin, the son of the Kozhevannik jerking off Nontnobilovich. By concluding the world with Novgorod, the Swedes did not approach Russian lands for a long time. Glory about the 19-year-old Prince quickly flew Russian lands, and Alexander received an honorary nickname - Nevsky.

Soon, after the victory over the Swedes, Prince Alexander Nevsky quarreled with Novgorod boyars and was forced to leave Novgorod to Father in Pereslavl "with his mother and with his wife and from the entire courtyard."

Battle on Lake Chiction (Ice Bottom)

In 1237, the Livonian Order was formed in Teutonic Knights, the Livonian Order was formed, which also included the remains of the Middle Mares (the German Order of the Swordsmen was created in 1202, the Yaroslavls of Vsevolodovich broke in 1234 near Derpta (Tartu) and finally destroyed by Lithuanians in the battle of Saul in 1236 ). In accordance with the plan "Drag Nakhusten" ("Natisk to the East") on the seizure of Eastern European states, Pope blessed the Livonian Order to conquer Russia, weakened by the Mongol-Tatar invasion.

The Livonians captured the Border Fortress of the Izborsk, captured the pskobovs around Pskov, in September 1240, without combat, they entered Pskov (the gate of the city was opened by the Ferridal Ivankovich Pskov Stander, in the same year), in the same year they built a fortress Koporye and have already been commissioned 40 km from Novgorod walls.

Novgorod veche appealed to Yaroslav for Prince Alexander Nevsky for the war with invaders. In the spring of 1241, Alexander joined Novgorod. In the same year, the prince with a small army destroyed the fortress Coporye, took the prisoners and sent them to Novgorod. The following year, Yaroslav sent Alexander to helping Andrei's younger son with a Suzdal friend to liberate Pskov. The prince "Izgon" captured the city, after that he freed the Izborsk and joined the Livonian territory.

Alexander sent forward a watchtown squad that faced the Livonian army and was defeated. The remaining warriors reported the prince about the approach of the enemy. Nevsky retreated to the shore of the lake and built troops on a freezing to the bottom of the shallow water from the island of Voroni Stone. The construction of the princely troops looked like this: the archers are ahead, behind them the advanced ripper and "man" (center), on "wings" (flanks) hiking shelves, fortified by a lightweight Connection, from the rear of the squad of Alexander.

On the morning of April 5, 1242, from the opposite shore of the Church of the lake, the army of the Livonian Order was performed. The combat order of the Livonian troops traditionally was a "pig", from the front of which the wedge was closed by the wedge, behind them - the column of knektov (infantry), also fortified from the flanks knights. Among the knektov were and conquered by the Crusaders of Lili, Estaurants and Cuchi.

Novgorod residents met Livonians clouded archers archers. The "pig" wedge cut the Russian ranks, they spread, passing the enemy, and began to put it out of flanks with the support of regiments of the right and left hand. Livonians who were bogged in Russian troops met heavy Russian contesions, located behind the advanced regiment, after which a fresh princely squad entered the battle. Russians pushed Livonians to the part of the lake, where flowing water The ice was thin. The ice could not withstand heavy knights and horses, the most severe knights failed, fascinating the rest. The outcome of the battle was for Alexander Nevsky.

Data on the loss of the Livonian Order in European Documents ("Livonian Rhymed Chronicle" of the XIII century) differ from the information of the Novgorod Chronicles. But the differences are most likely due to the fact that each knight accounted for about 20 servants: vassals, squire, mercenaries. Given this fact, you can consider the Novgorod data true: 500 dead and 50 captive Germans, not counting big number The dead warriors, mostly sousy and livov ("and Pade Chyudi Bebyshisla, and the German 400, and 50 Yasha's hands and brought in Novgorod").

The victory in the battle on the Lake Chiction was of great importance, Alexander Nevsky prevented the threat to the seizure of Novgorod lands and the possible split of Northern Rus.

War with Lithuania

Lithuania regularly threatened with Novgorod lands. Having received experience in conducting hostilities in battles with crusaders, Lithuanian troops under the leadership of Prince Mindovga raids ruined the border Novgorod ownership. Alexander Nevsky always stood on the guard of Novgorod and successfully reflected Lithuanian raids.

In 1245, Mindovg united more powerful forces and invaded Novgorod lands. Alexander immediately sent his army against the invaders. Lithuanians had to retreat, but the prince will overtake them at the Toroptz, where they hid behind the fortress walls. The prince assigned the city, and the fled Lithuanians broke the Zizhtsi at Lake and on the shores of the lake coming. This victory died for a long time Lithuania, and the Lithuanians began to be afraid of the name of Alexander himself.

Grand Prince

On September 30, 1246, Yaroslav Vsevolodovich died during a visit to the Orda. It is believed that he was poisoned in the Karakorum Mother of the Great Khan Guyuk Turakina.

After the death of the Father, Alexander with Brother Andrei was called to Hanu Batyu. Alexander received labels to the prince in Novgorod and the Raznimi Kiev, and Andrei became Prince in Vladimir. Pope Innocent IV sent Alexander Nevsky Embassy with a proposal to accept the Catholic faith and assistance to the Teutons against Mongols. The prince rejected the Union with Rome: "Si, we will eat good, and you do not attend the teachings." As a far-sighted politician, Alexander wished to preserve the unity of Russia, he chose a union with Mongols with a submissive payment of Dani, than the opportunity to impede the weakened Russia in the Bay of the New War.

In 1251, Tatar troops were made against Andrei, headed by nurture. In the Union with Brother Yaroslav Tver Andrei tried to give the Tatars, but was broken and fled to Sweden. In 1252, Alexander received a label to the Grand Diction