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PROGRAM
local history course
"The history of the Vladimir region from ancient times to the present day"
,
, Methodist of the Department of Humanities Education of VIPKRO
The program was drawn up in accordance with the Federal component of the state standard FBUP 2004
Explanatory note
The history of the native land is an integral part of the history of Russia. In accordance with the FBUP, the basic school is supposed to study the course "History of the native land" (at least 35 hours). In the comments to the FBUP, two possible models for constructing such a course are considered:
1) as part of the integrated training course "Regional Studies" from 6 to 9 grade
2) as a local history module in the history course in the 9th grade.
1 model. If the history of the native land is part of a single integrated course "Local Lore" for grades 6-9, then teaching this content line should be coordinated with the main course of history and built according to a 3-step scheme, which is presented in the mandatory minimum content of the 2004 Standard:
· "History of the native land from ancient times to the end of the 17th century" (grades 6-7)
· “History of the native land in the 18th - early 20th centuries. v." (8th grade)
· "History of the native land in the XX - early XXI century." (Grade 9).
2 model. Study of a separate historical study module "History of the native land" in the 9th grade. This approach is most effective and this program is designed to study the history of the native land in the form of a module. The creation of a 35-hour training module in the 9th grade allows us to go beyond the traditional scheme of local history courses and strengthen the social context of this component of history education, its activity orientation. It should also be borne in mind that the new curriculum in the 9th grade, the number of hours for studying the history of the twentieth century was reduced by a third, while this period is one of the most difficult in the study of problems of national history, relevant for the successful socialization of modern schoolchildren, the education of patriotism and civic consciousness, respect for the history and traditions of our Motherland.
No more than 30% of the study time is allocated to the study of the history of the native land from ancient times to the beginning of the twentieth century. Most of the time is devoted to studying the history of the native land of the 20th - early 21st century.
The local history module is focused on the priority study of the latest and modern history region.
Our compatriot, a Vladimir writer, rightly remarked that love for "the Motherland, which we always write with a capital letter" begins with "love for native places", which grows out of childhood "impressions of life." But only those impressions will become the core of true patriotism and a conscious civic position, which are based on an awareness of involvement in the heroic past, the talents of fellow countrymen and the opportunity, while preserving traditions, to be worthy creators of modern history.
Purpose of the course. The main goal of the course "History of the Vladimir Region" is to educate a citizen of Russia, a patriot of his small homeland, who knows the history of his land, city, village (its traditions, historical and cultural monuments), loves him and wants to take an active part in the development of the region.
Tasks:
Formation of ideas about various aspects of the life of the native land and its population from ancient times to the present day;
Development of civic qualities of students, patriotism in relation to Russia and their small homeland;
Formation of the ability and readiness of schoolchildren to use local history knowledge and skills in everyday life;
Intended learning outcomes
Requirements for the level of training of graduates are aimed at the implementation of cultural, personality-oriented, activity-oriented and practice-oriented approaches: mastering by students the methods of intellectual, including educational, and practical activities, key competencies in demand in everyday life and allowing them to effectively navigate in the modern world, significant for the development of the personality and its socio-cultural position.
This implies
Mastering knowledge about basic local history concepts; peculiarities of nature, population, economy, social and cultural life of their region; about environment, ways of its preservation or improvement and rational use;
Mastering the skills to navigate the terrain; use one of the most important information tools - a map, statistical materials, modern technologies for searching, interpreting and demonstrating various local history data; apply the knowledge gained to explain and evaluate various phenomena and processes;
The desire to use the acquired knowledge and skills in practice and everyday life, in the formation of a personal system of values and value orientation.
Approximate course planning
"History of the Vladimir region
N / a | Topic name | number of hours |
|
Introduction. What is studying local history. | |||
The oldest history of the Vladimir region | |||
Rostov - Suzdal land as part of Kievan Rus | |||
Vladimir-Suzdal Russia in the XII - XIII centuries. | |||
Vladimir region as part of Moscow Russia | |||
Vladimir region as part of the Russian Empire | |||
Vladimir region at the beginning of the 20th century | |||
Vladimir region in 1920-40 | |||
Our land during the Great Patriotic War and the post-war period | |||
|
Topic 9. Our region during the Great Patriotic War and the post-war period (6 hours) Vladimir region of the wartime. Labor heroism in the rear: enterprises, agriculture, the contribution of schoolchildren to the Victory. Evacuation hospitals. Church during the war. Formation of the Vladimir region. Life of Vladimir residents during the war. Vladimirtsy on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War. Heroes Soviet Union- front-line soldiers, natives and residents of our region. Family archives about the contribution of relatives and friends to the Victory. Economic development area in the post-war period. Topic 10. Vladimir region in years: from Stalinism to the "thaw" (2 hours) The state of the industry and Agriculture area in the early 50s. Agrarian reform and other experiments in agriculture: methods of their implementation and results (on the example of the Vladimir region). The standard of living, the way of life of the population of the region. The cultural life of the region during the "thaw", signs of liberalization and democratization. Topic 11. Vladimir region in the second half of the 1960s - the first half of the 80s. (2 hours) Efforts to renew collective and state farms. Rapid growth of urban population. The emergence of new industries. "Stagnant" phenomena in society and economy in the 70-80s. The cultural life of the region in the second half of the 1960s - the first half of the 80s. Cooperation of the cities of the Vladimir region with the cities of states of Eastern Europe. Topic 12. Vladimirskaya land during the years of perestroika and market reforms (years) (2 hours) Perestroika as a means of accelerating the socio-economic development of the Vladimir region. Activation of political life. Democratization processes. Problems in the development of industry and agriculture. Formation of market relations in the region. Social stratification of the population of the region. Cultural life. Topic 13. Vladimir region at the beginningXXIcentury (4 hours) Economic reforms and their social consequences... Local government. Demographic portrait of the region's population. Multiparty system on the territory of the region. Symbols of the Vladimir region. Changes in the spiritual life of the population of the region. Everyday life people in an era of global change. Topic 14. Generalizing lesson "The role and place of the Vladimir region in modern Russia" (2 hours) Priority national projects: their implementation in the Vladimir region. Vladimir region at the beginning of the XXI century: historical design. Prospects for the participation of youth in the Vladimir region in the formation of civil society and the future of Russia. Literature 1. Archaeological map of Russia. Vladimir region. M., 1995 |
The Vladimir region is one of the oldest historical and artistic centers of the Russian land. The territories that it includes have long constituted the core of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality, and since the end of the 18th century - the Vladimir province.
In the second half of the 12th - early 13th centuries, the Grand Duchy of Vladimir was the largest economic, political and cultural center of Russia. Transfer political center Rus in Vladimir played a big role in the formation of the Great Russian people and the Russian nation. At the beginning of the XIII century, the Tatar-Mongol invasion dealt an irreparable blow to the economic and political power of the principality. In 1238, Vladimir, Pereslavl-Zalessky, Suzdal, Yuryev-Polsky were ruined.
The culture of the Grand Duchy of Vladimir left a deep imprint on the history of all of North-Eastern Russia. The Vladimir School of Architecture influenced the stone architecture of Moscow and other Russian cities. Among the outstanding monuments of the Vladimir-Suzdal architecture of the XII-XIII centuries are the white-stone Uspensky and Dmitrievsky cathedrals, the Golden Gate, the Church of the Intercession on the Nerl, which have survived to this day.
In 1778, the Vladimir province was formed from 13 counties, in the same year it was transformed into a vicegerency, which included 14 counties: Aleksandrovsky, Vladimirsky, Gorokhovetsky, Vyaznikovsky, Kirzhachsky, Kovrovsky, Melenkovsky, Muromsky, Pereslavsky, Pokrovsky, Sudogodsky, Suzdalsky, Shuisky, Yuryev-Polsky. After the accession of Paul I, the governorships were liquidated, and the Vladimir governorship was again transformed into a province.
Vyazniki, Murom, etc.). Iron works of the Botashevs operated in the Melenkovsky district. In the second half of the 18th century, the Maltsov glassworks were founded in the Sudogodsky district (now Gus-Khrustalny
Handicrafts have become widespread in the province. Icon painting has been known since the end of the 17th century (Shuya, Palekh, Mstera). Vladimir and Suzdal bricklayers, Pokrovsky and Gorokhovets carpenters received all-Russian glory.
During the Great Patriotic War, defense enterprises and, first of all, the Kovrovsky plant, where the famous design bureau of gunsmiths headed by V.A. Degtyarev, operated.
The Grand Duchy of Vladimir (1157 - 1362) was formed in connection with the transfer of the capital of the Rostov-Suzdal principality by the Grand Duke Andrey Bogolyubsky to the city of Vladimir on the Klyazma. There are several points of view on the date of the founding of the city. According to one version, it was founded by Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich in 990, according to another - in 1108 by Prince Vladimir Monomakh. Under Prince Andrew Bogolyubsky and his successors, the city flourished.
The culture of the Grand Duchy of Vladimir left a deep imprint on the history of all of North-Eastern Russia. The Vladimir School of Architecture influenced the stone architecture of Moscow and other Russian cities. Among the outstanding monuments of the Vladimir-Suzdal architecture of the XII-XIII centuries are the white-stone Uspensky and Dmitrievsky cathedrals, the Golden Gate, the Church of the Intercession on the Nerl, which have survived to this day.
Since the time of Ivan Kalita, the role of Vladimir as a capital city has ceased. However, the political and cultural traditions of the Grand Duchy of Vladimir were adopted by the Moscow Grand Duchy during the formation of the Russian centralized state. The process of the annexation of the Vladimir lands to Moscow actually ended in the 16th century. under Ivan the Terrible. Around this time, it was on the territory of the Vladimir lands that the institute of wandering small traders appeared - the Offeni, the invented conditional Ofen or Suzdal language was formed, in which they communicated. In addition to the fact that in the conditions of a poorly developed trade network and bad roads, ofeni played a significant role in supplying the population with goods, they, moving over long distances, also performed a communicative function.
In 1778, the Vladimir province was formed from 13 counties, in the same year it was transformed into a vicegerency, which included 14 counties: Aleksandrovsky, Vladimirsky, Gorokhovetsky, Vyaznikovsky, Kirzhachsky, Kovrovsky, Melenkovsky, Muromsky, Pereslavsky, Pokrovsky, Sudogodsky, Suzdalsky, Shuisky, Yuryev-Polsky. After the accession of Paul I, the governorships were liquidated, and the Vladimir governorship was again transformed into a province.
The Vladimir province was one of the most industrially developed provinces of the European part of Russia. Since the 17th century, it has been developing textile production(manufactories in Ivanovo-Voznesensk, Shuya, Vyazniki, Murom, etc.). Iron works of the Botashevs operated in the Melenkovsky district. In the second half of the 18th century, the Maltsov glassworks were founded in the Sudogodsky district (now the Gus-Khrustalny district). A feature of the development of the economy of the Vladimir province was that most of the industrial establishments were located in villages and settlements.
At the end of the 19th century, the area of the province was 42.8 thousand square meters. miles, population - 1,570,000 people, there were over 1,350 factories, about 150 thousand workers. The Vladimir province is one of the centers of textile production; 31 percent of the cotton fabrics produced in Russia are produced here.
After the revolutionary events of 1917 and the civil war, the province remained independent until the administrative reform of 1929, when the Ivanovo industrial region was formed, which included most of Vladimir province. The rest of the territories were included in the Moscow and Nizhny Novgorod regions.
With the beginning of industrialization, major changes occurred in the economy, enterprises in the textile, machine-building, instrument-making and glass industries were built.
On August 14, 1944, the Vladimir region was formed from 23 districts of the Gorky, Ivanovo and Moscow regions. Later, after several administrative reforms 16 presently existing districts were formed.
In 1945, the first stage of the Vladimir Tractor Plant was put into operation. In the 1950s - 70s, a number of large industrial enterprises, The Vladimir region has become one of the most industrially developed regions of Russia. The Vladimir region is one of the most ancient historical and artistic centers of the Russian land. The territories that it includes have long constituted the core of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality, and since the end of the 18th century - the Vladimir province.
The Grand Duchy of Vladimir (1157 - 1362) was formed in connection with the transfer of the capital of the Rostov-Suzdal principality by the Grand Duke Andrey Bogolyubsky to the city of Vladimir on the Klyazma. There are several points of view on the date of the founding of the city. According to one version, it was founded by Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich in 990, according to another - in 1108 by Prince Vladimir Monomakh. Under Prince Andrew Bogolyubsky and his successors, the city flourished.
In the second half of the 12th - early 13th centuries, the Grand Duchy of Vladimir was the largest economic, political and cultural center of Russia. The transfer of the political center of Russia to Vladimir played a large role in the formation of the Great Russian nationality and the Russian nation. At the beginning of the XIII century, the Tatar-Mongol invasion dealt an irreparable blow to the economic and political power of the principality. In 1238, Vladimir, Pereslavl-Zalessky, Suzdal, Yuryev-Polsky were ruined.
Since the time of Ivan Kalita, the role of Vladimir as a capital city has ceased. However, the political and cultural traditions of the Grand Duchy of Vladimir were adopted by the Moscow Grand Duchy during the formation of the Russian centralized state. The process of the annexation of the Vladimir lands to Moscow actually ended in the 16th century. under Ivan the Terrible. Around this time, it was on the territory of the Vladimir lands that the institute of wandering small traders appeared - the Offeni, the invented conditional Ofen or Suzdal language was formed, in which they communicated. In addition to the fact that in the conditions of a poorly developed trade network and bad roads, ofeni played a significant role in supplying the population with goods, they, moving over long distances, also performed a communicative function.
Handicrafts have become widespread in the province. Icon painting has been known since the end of the 17th century (Shuya, Palekh, Mstera). Vladimir and Suzdal bricklayers, Pokrovsky and Gorokhovets carpenters received all-Russian glory.
At the end of the 19th century, the area of the province was 42.8 thousand square meters. miles, population - 1,570,000 people, there were over 1,350 factories, about 150 thousand workers. The Vladimir province is one of the centers of textile production; 31 percent of the cotton fabrics produced in Russia are produced here.
After the revolutionary events of 1917 and the civil war, the province remained independent until the administrative reform of 1929, when the Ivanovo industrial region was formed, which included most of the Vladimir province. The rest of the territories were included in the Moscow and Nizhny Novgorod regions.
With the beginning of industrialization, major changes occurred in the economy, enterprises in the textile, machine-building, instrument-making and glass industries were built.
During the Great Patriotic War, defense enterprises and, first of all, the Kovrovsky plant, where the famous design bureau of gunsmiths headed by V.A. Degtyarev, operated.
On August 14, 1944, the Vladimir region was formed from 23 districts of the Gorky, Ivanovo and Moscow regions. Later, after several administrative reforms, 16 currently existing districts were formed.
In 1945, the first stage of the Vladimir Tractor Plant was put into operation. In the 1950s - 70s, a number of large industrial enterprises were built and reconstructed, the Vladimir region became one of the most industrially developed regions of Russia. The Vladimir region is one of the most ancient historical and artistic centers of the Russian land. The territories that it includes have long constituted the core of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality, and since the end of the 18th century - the Vladimir province.
The Grand Duchy of Vladimir (1157 - 1362) was formed in connection with the transfer of the capital of the Rostov-Suzdal principality by the Grand Duke Andrey Bogolyubsky to the city of Vladimir on the Klyazma. There are several points of view on the date of the founding of the city. According to one version, it was founded by Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich in 990, according to another - in 1108 by Prince Vladimir Monomakh. Under Prince Andrew Bogolyubsky and his successors, the city flourished.
In the second half of the 12th - early 13th centuries, the Grand Duchy of Vladimir was the largest economic, political and cultural center of Russia. The transfer of the political center of Russia to Vladimir played a large role in the formation of the Great Russian nationality and the Russian nation. At the beginning of the XIII century, the Tatar-Mongol invasion dealt an irreparable blow to the economic and political power of the principality. In 1238, Vladimir, Pereslavl-Zalessky, Suzdal, Yuryev-Polsky were ruined.
The culture of the Grand Duchy of Vladimir left a deep mark on the history of all of North-Eastern Russia. The Vladimir school of architecture influenced the stone architecture of Moscow and other Russian cities. Among the outstanding monuments of Vladimir-Suzdal architecture of the XII-XIII centuries are the white-stone Uspensky and Dmitrievsky cathedrals, the Golden Gate, the Church of the Intercession on the Nerl, which have survived to this day.
Since the time of Ivan Kalita, the role of Vladimir as a capital city has ceased. However, the political and cultural traditions of the Grand Duchy of Vladimir were adopted by the Moscow Grand Duchy during the formation of the Russian centralized state. The process of the annexation of the Vladimir lands to Moscow actually ended in the 16th century. under Ivan the Terrible. Around this time, it was on the territory of the Vladimir lands that the institute of wandering small traders appeared - the Offeni, the invented conditional Ofen or Suzdal language was formed, in which they communicated. In addition to the fact that in the conditions of a poorly developed trade network and bad roads, ofeni played a significant role in supplying the population with goods, they, moving over long distances, also performed a communicative function.
In 1778, the Vladimir province was formed from 13 counties, in the same year it was transformed into a vicegerency, which included 14 counties: Aleksandrovsky, Vladimirsky, Gorokhovetsky, Vyaznikovsky, Kirzhachsky, Kovrovsky, Melenkovsky, Muromsky, Pereslavsky, Pokrovsky, Sudogodsky, Suzdalsky, Shuisky, Yuryev-Polsky. After the accession of Paul I, the governorships were liquidated, and the Vladimir governorship was again transformed into a province.
The Vladimir province was one of the most industrially developed provinces of the European part of Russia. Since the 17th century, textile production has been developing in it (manufactories in Ivanovo-Voznesensk, Shuya, Vyazniki, Murom, etc.). Iron works of the Botashevs operated in the Melenkovsky district. In the second half of the 18th century, the Maltsov glassworks were founded in the Sudogodsky district (now the Gus-Khrustalny district). A feature of the development of the economy of the Vladimir province was that most of the industrial establishments were located in villages and settlements.
Handicrafts have become widespread in the province. Icon painting has been known since the end of the 17th century (Shuya, Palekh, Mstera). Vladimir and Suzdal bricklayers, Pokrovsky and Gorokhovets carpenters received all-Russian glory.
At the end of the 19th century, the area of the province was 42.8 thousand square meters. miles, population - 1,570,000 people, there were over 1,350 factories, about 150 thousand workers. The Vladimir province is one of the centers of textile production; 31 percent of the cotton fabrics produced in Russia are produced here.
After the revolutionary events of 1917 and the civil war, the province remained independent until the administrative reform of 1929, when the Ivanovo industrial region was formed, which included most of the Vladimir province. The rest of the territories were included in the Moscow and Nizhny Novgorod regions.
With the beginning of industrialization, major changes occurred in the economy, enterprises in the textile, machine-building, instrument-making and glass industries were built.
During the Great Patriotic War, defense enterprises and, first of all, the Kovrovsky plant, where the famous design bureau of gunsmiths headed by V.A. Degtyarev, operated.
On August 14, 1944, the Vladimir region was formed from 23 districts of the Gorky, Ivanovo and Moscow regions. Later, after several administrative reforms, 16 currently existing districts were formed.
In 1945, the first stage of the Vladimir Tractor Plant was put into operation. In the 1950s - 70s, a number of large industrial enterprises were built and reconstructed, the Vladimir region became one of the most industrially developed regions of Russia. The Vladimir region is one of the most ancient historical and artistic centers of the Russian land. The territories that it includes have long constituted the core of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality, and since the end of the 18th century - the Vladimir province.
The Grand Duchy of Vladimir (1157 - 1362) was formed in connection with the transfer of the capital of the Rostov-Suzdal principality by the Grand Duke Andrey Bogolyubsky to the city of Vladimir on the Klyazma. There are several points of view on the date of the founding of the city. According to one version, it was founded by Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich in 990, according to another - in 1108 by Prince Vladimir Monomakh. Under Prince Andrew Bogolyubsky and his successors, the city flourished.
In the second half of the 12th - early 13th centuries, the Grand Duchy of Vladimir was the largest economic, political and cultural center of Russia. The transfer of the political center of Russia to Vladimir played a large role in the formation of the Great Russian nationality and the Russian nation. At the beginning of the XIII century, the Tatar-Mongol invasion dealt an irreparable blow to the economic and political power of the principality. In 1238, Vladimir, Pereslavl-Zalessky, Suzdal, Yuryev-Polsky were ruined.
The culture of the Grand Duchy of Vladimir left a deep mark on the history of all of North-Eastern Russia. The Vladimir school of architecture influenced the stone architecture of Moscow and other Russian cities. Among the outstanding monuments of Vladimir-Suzdal architecture of the XII-XIII centuries are the white-stone Uspensky and Dmitrievsky cathedrals, the Golden Gate, the Church of the Intercession on the Nerl, which have survived to this day.
Since the time of Ivan Kalita, the role of Vladimir as a capital city has ceased. However, the political and cultural traditions of the Grand Duchy of Vladimir were adopted by the Moscow Grand Duchy during the formation of the Russian centralized state. The process of the annexation of the Vladimir lands to Moscow actually ended in the 16th century. under Ivan the Terrible. Around this time, it was on the territory of the Vladimir lands that the institute of wandering small traders appeared - the Offeni, the invented conditional Ofen or Suzdal language was formed, in which they communicated. In addition to the fact that in the conditions of a poorly developed trade network and bad roads, ofeni played a significant role in supplying the population with goods, they, moving over long distances, also performed a communicative function.
In 1778, the Vladimir province was formed from 13 counties, in the same year it was transformed into a vicegerency, which included 14 counties: Aleksandrovsky, Vladimirsky, Gorokhovetsky, Vyaznikovsky, Kirzhachsky, Kovrovsky, Melenkovsky, Muromsky, Pereslavsky, Pokrovsky, Sudogodsky, Suzdalsky, Shuisky, Yuryev-Polsky. After the accession of Paul I, the governorships were liquidated, and the Vladimir governorship was again transformed into a province.
The Vladimir province was one of the most industrially developed provinces of the European part of Russia. Since the 17th century, textile production has been developing in it (manufactories in Ivanovo-Voznesensk, Shuya, Vyazniki, Murom, etc.). Iron works of the Botashevs operated in the Melenkovsky district. In the second half of the 18th century, the Maltsov glassworks were founded in the Sudogodsky district (now the Gus-Khrustalny district). A feature of the development of the economy of the Vladimir province was that most of the industrial establishments were located in villages and settlements.
Handicrafts have become widespread in the province. Icon painting has been known since the end of the 17th century (Shuya, Palekh, Mstera). Vladimir and Suzdal bricklayers, Pokrovsky and Gorokhovets carpenters received all-Russian glory.
At the end of the 19th century, the area of the province was 42.8 thousand square meters. miles, population - 1,570,000 people, there were over 1,350 factories, about 150 thousand workers. The Vladimir province is one of the centers of textile production; 31 percent of the cotton fabrics produced in Russia are produced here.
After the revolutionary events of 1917 and the civil war, the province remained independent until the administrative reform of 1929, when the Ivanovo industrial region was formed, which included most of the Vladimir province. The rest of the territories were included in the Moscow and Nizhny Novgorod regions.
With the beginning of industrialization, major changes occurred in the economy, enterprises in the textile, machine-building, instrument-making and glass industries were built.
During the Great Patriotic War, defense enterprises and, first of all, the Kovrovsky plant, where the famous design bureau of gunsmiths headed by V.A. Degtyarev, operated.
On August 14, 1944, the Vladimir region was formed from 23 districts of the Gorky, Ivanovo and Moscow regions. Later, after several administrative reforms, 16 currently existing districts were formed.
In 1945, the first stage of the Vladimir Tractor Plant was put into operation. In the 1950s - 70s, a number of large industrial enterprises were built and reconstructed, the Vladimir region became one of the most industrially developed regions of Russia. The Vladimir region is one of the most ancient historical and artistic centers of the Russian land. The territories that it includes have long constituted the core of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality, and since the end of the 18th century - the Vladimir province.
The Grand Duchy of Vladimir (1157 - 1362) was formed in connection with the transfer of the capital of the Rostov-Suzdal principality by the Grand Duke Andrey Bogolyubsky to the city of Vladimir on the Klyazma. There are several points of view on the date of the founding of the city. According to one version, it was founded by Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich in 990, according to another - in 1108 by Prince Vladimir Monomakh. Under Prince Andrew Bogolyubsky and his successors, the city flourished.
In the second half of the 12th - early 13th centuries, the Grand Duchy of Vladimir was the largest economic, political and cultural center of Russia. The transfer of the political center of Russia to Vladimir played a large role in the formation of the Great Russian nationality and the Russian nation. At the beginning of the XIII century, the Tatar-Mongol invasion dealt an irreparable blow to the economic and political power of the principality. In 1238, Vladimir, Pereslavl-Zalessky, Suzdal, Yuryev-Polsky were ruined.
The culture of the Grand Duchy of Vladimir left a deep mark on the history of all of North-Eastern Russia. The Vladimir school of architecture influenced the stone architecture of Moscow and other Russian cities. Among the outstanding monuments of Vladimir-Suzdal architecture of the XII-XIII centuries are the white-stone Uspensky and Dmitrievsky cathedrals, the Golden Gate, the Church of the Intercession on the Nerl, which have survived to this day.
Since the time of Ivan Kalita, the role of Vladimir as a capital city has ceased. However, the political and cultural traditions of the Grand Duchy of Vladimir were adopted by the Moscow Grand Duchy during the formation of the Russian centralized state. The process of the annexation of the Vladimir lands to Moscow actually ended in the 16th century. under Ivan the Terrible. Around this time, it was on the territory of the Vladimir lands that the institute of wandering small traders appeared - the Offeni, the invented conditional Ofen or Suzdal language was formed, in which they communicated. In addition to the fact that in the conditions of a poorly developed trade network and bad roads, ofeni played a significant role in supplying the population with goods, they, moving over long distances, also performed a communicative function.
In 1778, the Vladimir province was formed from 13 counties, in the same year it was transformed into a vicegerency, which included 14 counties: Aleksandrovsky, Vladimirsky, Gorokhovetsky, Vyaznikovsky, Kirzhachsky, Kovrovsky, Melenkovsky, Muromsky, Pereslavsky, Pokrovsky, Sudogodsky, Suzdalsky, Shuisky, Yuryev-Polsky. After the accession of Paul I, the governorships were liquidated, and the Vladimir governorship was again transformed into a province.
The Vladimir province was one of the most industrially developed provinces of the European part of Russia. Since the 17th century, textile production has been developing in it (manufactories in Ivanovo-Voznesensk, Shuya, Vyazniki, Murom, etc.). Iron works of the Botashevs operated in the Melenkovsky district. In the second half of the 18th century, the Maltsov glassworks were founded in the Sudogodsky district (now the Gus-Khrustalny district). A feature of the development of the economy of the Vladimir province was that most of the industrial establishments were located in villages and settlements.
Handicrafts have become widespread in the province. Icon painting has been known since the end of the 17th century (Shuya, Palekh, Mstera). Vladimir and Suzdal bricklayers, Pokrovsky and Gorokhovets carpenters received all-Russian glory.
At the end of the 19th century, the area of the province was 42.8 thousand square meters. miles, population - 1,570,000 people, there were over 1,350 factories, about 150 thousand workers. The Vladimir province is one of the centers of textile production; 31 percent of the cotton fabrics produced in Russia are produced here.
After the revolutionary events of 1917 and the civil war, the province remained independent until the administrative reform of 1929, when the Ivanovo industrial region was formed, which included most of the Vladimir province. The rest of the territories were included in the Moscow and Nizhny Novgorod regions.
With the beginning of industrialization, major changes occurred in the economy, enterprises in the textile, machine-building, instrument-making and glass industries were built.
During the Great Patriotic War, defense enterprises and, first of all, the Kovrovsky plant, where the famous design bureau of gunsmiths headed by V.A. Degtyarev, operated.
On August 14, 1944, the Vladimir region was formed from 23 districts of the Gorky, Ivanovo and Moscow regions. Later, after several administrative reforms, 16 currently existing districts were formed.
In 1945, the first stage of the Vladimir Tractor Plant was put into operation. In the 1950s - 70s, a number of large industrial enterprises were built and reconstructed, the Vladimir region became one of the most industrially developed regions of Russia. The Vladimir region is one of the most ancient historical and artistic centers of the Russian land. The territories that it includes have long constituted the core of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality, and since the end of the 18th century - the Vladimir province.
The Grand Duchy of Vladimir (1157 - 1362) was formed in connection with the transfer of the capital of the Rostov-Suzdal principality by the Grand Duke Andrey Bogolyubsky to the city of Vladimir on the Klyazma. There are several points of view on the date of the founding of the city. According to one version, it was founded by Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich in 990, according to another - in 1108 by Prince Vladimir Monomakh. Under Prince Andrew Bogolyubsky and his successors, the city flourished.
In the second half of the 12th - early 13th centuries, the Grand Duchy of Vladimir was the largest economic, political and cultural center of Russia. The transfer of the political center of Russia to Vladimir played a large role in the formation of the Great Russian nationality and the Russian nation. At the beginning of the XIII century, the Tatar-Mongol invasion dealt an irreparable blow to the economic and political power of the principality. In 1238, Vladimir, Pereslavl-Zalessky, Suzdal, Yuryev-Polsky were ruined.
The culture of the Grand Duchy of Vladimir left a deep mark on the history of all of North-Eastern Russia. The Vladimir school of architecture influenced the stone architecture of Moscow and other Russian cities. Among the outstanding monuments of Vladimir-Suzdal architecture of the XII-XIII centuries are the white-stone Uspensky and Dmitrievsky cathedrals, the Golden Gate, the Church of the Intercession on the Nerl, which have survived to this day.
Since the time of Ivan Kalita, the role of Vladimir as a capital city has ceased. However, the political and cultural traditions of the Grand Duchy of Vladimir were adopted by the Moscow Grand Duchy during the formation of the Russian centralized state. The process of the annexation of the Vladimir lands to Moscow actually ended in the 16th century. under Ivan the Terrible. Around this time, it was on the territory of the Vladimir lands that the institute of wandering small traders appeared - the Offeni, the invented conditional Ofen or Suzdal language was formed, in which they communicated. In addition to the fact that in the conditions of a poorly developed trade network and bad roads, ofeni played a significant role in supplying the population with goods, they, moving over long distances, also performed a communicative function.
In 1778, the Vladimir province was formed from 13 counties, in the same year it was transformed into a vicegerency, which included 14 counties: Aleksandrovsky, Vladimirsky, Gorokhovetsky, Vyaznikovsky, Kirzhachsky, Kovrovsky, Melenkovsky, Muromsky, Pereslavsky, Pokrovsky, Sudogodsky, Suzdalsky, Shuisky, Yuryev-Polsky. After the accession of Paul I, the governorships were liquidated, and the Vladimir governorship was again transformed into a province.
The Vladimir province was one of the most industrially developed provinces of the European part of Russia. Since the 17th century, textile production has been developing in it (manufactories in Ivanovo-Voznesensk, Shuya, Vyazniki, Murom, etc.). Iron works of the Botashevs operated in the Melenkovsky district. In the second half of the 18th century, the Maltsov glassworks were founded in the Sudogodsky district (now the Gus-Khrustalny district). A feature of the development of the economy of the Vladimir province was that most of the industrial establishments were located in villages and settlements.
The first written evidence of our land contains ancient Russian chronicles. From them, along with archeological data, we get information about the events of the 9th-12th centuries. By that time, the modern geographic landscape had already taken shape. By natural conditions The Vladimir region is divided into two distinct parts: Meschera and Opolye. The natural borders of the Vladimir Opolye are the Klyazma rivers - from the south, the Nerl - from the east and north, and the elevation (plateau) separating the sources of the rivers Dubna, Trubezh, Kubra, Kirzhach and others - from the north and west. The rivers Rpen, Koloksha, Peksha, Seleksha, Skomyanka and others flow through the Opolye territory. There are many small semi-overgrown lakes and swamps (for example, the huge Berendeevo swamp, located on the right bank of the Nerl river).
The soils of Opolye are fertile, as evidenced by the oak, elm, hazel, linden growing here, which do not take root on poor soils. In the opolny side, there are often impulsive and strong winds, which increase the heat and dryness in summer, and cold in winter. There are frequent hailstorms and severe thunderstorms, which is caused by the lack of forests, which are natural hail and lightning conductors. During prolonged dry weather, the topsoil is cracked by vertical crevices up to a meter deep, while a dense, hard crust forms on the surface, impervious to neither water nor plants. After a prolonged drought, this soil becomes very strong and almost unsuitable for cultivation, since it was necessary to break the hardened and dried blocks of earth with butts; the work is hard and time-consuming.
Meschera is a vast swampy plain with a slight depression towards the Oka. Its natural boundaries are the rivers Oka, Klyazma, Moscow, Kolp, Sudogda. This whole territory is oversaturated groundwater... There are many forests that "extinguish" strong winds. The soil is mainly sandy and loamy, infertile.
Due to natural differences, the economic development of the region proceeded in different ways. The vast area of the Volga-Oka interfluve was inhabited by Finno-Ugric tribes. These tribes became known as the chronicle tribes, i.e. tribes mentioned in written sources and annals. So, in the essay of the historian Goths Jordan in the VI century. Merya is mentioned for the first time. Russian chronicles indicate that the Merya lives on the Rostov (Nero) and Kleshchina (Pereyaslavskoye) lakes, and the Muroma "sits" on the Oka River. The chronicle for 859 mentions the taking of tribute by the Varangians from the city. And under 882 the chronicler reports that Merya takes part in the campaign of Prince Oleg to Kiev, and in 907 to Constantinople.
The settlements of these tribes were located near rivers. They lived in large houses with a gable roof with a slightly deepened earthen floor and a hearth of boulders coated with clay. The hearths in the houses were heated in black, that is, the smoke came out through the door. A little later, small houses (10 x 12 m) come to replace large ones.
71 Merya and Muroma were engaged in cattle breeding, fishing, hunting and, to a lesser extent, agriculture. This is confirmed by archaeological data. In the places of their settlements, archaeologists find numerous animal bones, most of which belonged to livestock. Fishing in the region has been known since the Neolithic times. The very fact of their settlement along the banks of rivers and lakes speaks of its importance in the life of Mary and Muroma. Excavations of their settlements reveal a rich fishing inventory - iron hooks, floats, clay sinkers for fishing nets and many bones and scales of pike, catfish, pike perch, bream and other fish. Hunting is evidenced by the finds of arrows for bows, including blunt arrows, intended for hunting fur-bearing animals. Agriculture did not play a big role. In addition to iron sickles and fragments of small grain grinders, archaeologists have not been able to find other tools related to agriculture.
Finno-Ugric tribes knew spinning, weaving, wood and bone processing. Pottery was also known to them. But they did not yet know the potter's wheel, and therefore their vessels were thick-walled, made by hand. The development of blacksmithing among these tribes is evidenced by numerous finds of iron axes, knives, arrows, spears and other products.
Ancient craftsmen knew how to make jewelry from silver, bronze and iron, especially women's jewelry, including "rustling pendants" in the form of ducks or skates. Jewelry was made using the wire braiding technique, using grain. The flourishing of jewelry craftsmanship among these tribes falls at the end of the 9th - the beginning of the 10th centuries.
Trade is also developing on the territory of the region. Trade routes passed along the Oka, Klyazma rivers and their tributaries. Numerous finds of treasures of Arab and Western European coins testify to trade relations with the East and West.
The religious beliefs of the Finnish tribes can be judged by the finds of statues of animals and idols, made in the form of human figures. There are images of horses, birds and snakes, which were "amulets" (amulets, talismans). The cult of the horse, bear and beaver was widespread throughout the Volga-Oka interfluve. The bear, according to the Merians, was the keeper of the house and hearth. Amulets made of bear teeth and even its paws are frequent items in Meryan burials.
At the turn of the VIII-IX centuries, the Slavs began to penetrate into the interfluve, and above all the Krivichi, Vyatichi and Novgorod Slovenes. This process was peaceful. The Slavs settle first along the rivers, their attention was attracted by the fertile lands, "to the treeless Opolye, where the concentration of the population becomes especially noticeable. Subsequently, the Slavs begin to develop the rest of the lands of the Oka-Klyazmensky interfluve. A slow process of assimilation of the Finno-Ugric tribes takes place. As a result, traces of Finno habitation -Ugric tribes survived only in the names of rivers (Klyazma, Koloksha, Peksha, Vorsha), lakes and ancient cities: Murom, Suzdal, Moscow.
The vast and rich lands of the region early attracted the attention of the Novgorodian, and then the Kiev princes, who were trying to take them under their own hands. Already in the middle of the 9th century, according to the Trinity Chronicle, the cities of Rostov and Murom were at the hand of the Novgorod prince: "possessed by Rurik." Gradually, the local population assimilates the language, customs and culture of the Slavs. The lands to the north of the Klyazma River receive the name Zalessky, Zalesye in the annals.
The stream of Slavic colonization did not abate for centuries. The main reason mass resettlement to the northeast was a growing pressure on the lands of the Dnieper steppe nomads. Peasant farmers left the threatened, hectic regions in search of peaceful places. The number of settlers increased during periods of aggravation of relations between Kievan Rus and the steppe and fell in relatively peaceful times. That's why resettlement movement was wavy in nature. In the X-X1 centuries. the Slavic population in the Volga-Oka interfluve already numerically prevailed over the Finno-Ugric aborigines. Moreover, many of the natives by that time, as it was said, had already adopted the language and culture of the newcomers.
The Slavs carried to new places their familiar forms of material production and social relations. At the heart of their public organization lay the traditional decimal division: darkness, one thousand, one hundred. A hundred is a social and economic complex consisting of several villages - villages and villages, in which up to 100 male workers and soldiers lived. It was headed by an elder or headman, referred to in written sources as "the elder one hundred" or "elder zemstvo". In other words, one or more neighboring communities stood behind a hundred. Ten hundred made up a thousand - a tribal union headed by a prince. This is where the saying goes: "In the Rostov land there is a prince in every village." Thousands united in an alliance of tribes ("darkness") with their "bright prince". The centers of such associations were the ancient cities: Rostov, Suzdal, Murom.
In the X century. the region is part of the Old Russian state. The Kiev prince Vladimir Saint imprisoned his son Boris in 988 in the city of Rostov, Gleb - E Murom. The encroachment of new lands did not bring significant changes to the life and life of their inhabitants. It was limited to the establishment of a tributary relationship. The princes from time to time made personal detours * ("polyudye") of cities and villages, collecting tribute. More often, they entrusted the collection of tribute to their servants: "porch", "ryadovichs", "virniks", "swordsmen". The collection points were relatively large villages - graveyards, where tribute collectors had special courtyards.
The settlements of peasants - villages, villages, graveyards were mostly small. There were villages from one or three courtyards. The peasant's dwelling is a hut made of logs placed directly on the ground.
There was no wooden floor. A third of the hut was occupied by a large stove, standing on special log cabins. Smoke came out through the door or the hole in the roof. Near the hut there were barns for drying sheaves and deep covered pits for livestock. Household utensils were just as unpretentious: hand millstones for grinding grain, on which women worked, wooden barrels, troughs, clay pots, pots. The huts were illuminated with a torch or a clay lamp - kaganets with a salted wick. The usual occupation of women, especially in winter time, there was weaving. In each hut there was a weaving mill, a spinning wheel, and a spindle with stone spinning wheels. Weaved fabrics from flax, hemp, wool. From these fabrics, the hands of the same women were used to sew clothes for all family members. Cultivation of the land, caring for livestock were the business of men.
Their tools of labor were plows, plows, axes. Residential and household buildings were erected by the hands of men. To carry out construction work that required the labor of many people at the same time, "helpers" were convened. On the "help" of their own free will, fellow villagers came and worked for them free of charge, for "grub" and refreshments.
The encroachment of the Rostov-Suzdal land was accompanied by the Christianization of its inhabitants. The baptism was difficult. Residents hardly deviated from pagan rituals and beliefs. The chronicle reports that the appearance of Prince Gleb in Murom provoked a stormy protest from the population: "and those who did not accept him for reign and were not baptized, but resisted him." Paganism held on for a long time both among the aborigines and the newcomer Slavs. Vladimir Monomakh made his first trip from Pereyaslavl Kiev to Rostov in 1066, that is, almost 80 years after the adoption of Christianity in Russia. He rode "through vyatich", through the Bryn forests and further north, where there was no "straight road", where in the forests. the fires of the funeral pyres were still burning, and the pagans killed the Kiev missionaries. The profound influence of pagan magicians (magi) on the local population is evidenced by the fact that it was the Magi who led the mass hunger riots of smerds (peasants) in the "Suzdal land" in 1024 and 1071.
Christianity slowly but steadily penetrated the masses, ennobling their customs and way of life. It enjoyed broad support from the Kiev princes. At the head of the Orthodox Church in Russia was the Kiev Metropolitan, appointed by the Patriarch of Constantinople or the prince of Kiev with the subsequent election of bishops by the council.
In large cities there were bishops who were in charge of church affairs in the districts - dioceses. With the separation of the principalities, each prince strove to acquire his own bishop. The first bishop in the Rostov-Suzdal land was Theodore, "a Greek by birth". Under him, the first was built in the Roster. christian temple- Church of the Assumption. However, the intrigues of the pagan Magi forced him to leave Rostov and go to Suzdal, where more favorable conditions for missionary work. This was at the very end of the 10th century. Here is how the chronicler testifies to this: "Theodore received (ie accepted) the flock of verbal sheep in the Suzhdal country, and seeing them darkened, began, placing trust in God, sowing the seed of the Word of God, destroying idols' temples; holy temples for glory Creating and decorating God. For nothing, God-pleasing people of his life and meek disposition, and hearing his God-inspired teaching, I was a little surprised, turning to the faith of Christ and receiving Holy Baptism. " Bishop Theodore lived on the Suzdal land for a long time and was buried in the Nativity Cathedral in Suzdal. Although he bore the rank of bishop of Rostov until the end of his life, according to church tradition, he is considered the founder of the Vladimir-Suzdal diocese.
The business of Theodore was continued by subsequent Rostov bishops. In the second half of the XI century. missionary activity (Christianization) in the region was carried out by bishops (also from the Greeks) Leonty and Isaiah. They also had to face pagans, overthrow pagan idols, baptize people not only in Rostov, but also in Suzdal. Through the efforts of Isaiah, the church of St. Dmitry. Isaiah died in 1089 and was buried in the Rostov Assumption Cathedral.
As said, the Orthodox Church enjoyed the constant support and patronage of the Kiev and local princes. The princes gave the church tithes - a tenth of their tribute and quitrent, the Church had its own court and special legislation regulating family relationships and norms of human behavior. Many churches were built in the cities, in which priests (priests) and their assistants, deacons, served. The service was conducted daily, three times: Matins, Mass and Vespers. V holidays especially solemn services were arranged, which were preceded by night prayers - all-night vigils. Church buildings rose above huts and mansions, creating an architectural ensemble of cities. Orthodox Church firmly entered the social and socio-political structure of ancient Russian society.
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In 1958 the exposition "Gifts to the city of Vladimir for the 850th anniversary" was opened (historical exposition, 2nd floor).
In 1960 the department of history was opened Soviet period... For the creation of this exposition, a group of employees of the museum-reserve (9 people) were awarded diplomas of the regional department of culture. The exposition was presented at the USSR Exhibition of Economic Achievements. In 1962, the exposition was awarded a 3rd degree VDNKh diploma, the director of the museum-reserve A.I. Aksenova was awarded a silver medal, researchers L.R. Gorelik and G.B. Shlionsky - bronze medals of the Exhibition of Economic Achievements.
1964 - excavations of the Sungir site - the northernmost Upper Paleolithic burial in Europe was found. 1969 - excavations of the Sunghir site - the burial of two children was found - burial of the Upper Paleolithic era.
In 1969 the historical exposition “Lenin and the Vladimir Region” was opened.
1971 - scientific and methodological conference “Museum display of archeological monuments in the RSFSR”.
In 1979 "History of the pre-revolutionary past of the Vladimir region" (re-exposition, historical exposition. 1st floor).
In 1980 "History of the pre-revolutionary past of the Vladimir region" (re-exposition, historical exposition, 2nd floor).
In May 1981, the third Upper Paleolithic site “Rusanikha” was discovered and explored during one season.
1982 - International Congress of the Commission for the Study of the Quaternary Period (Vladimir). A collection of materials from a scientific conference dedicated to the 125th anniversary of the museum has been published.
1984 - International Congress of the Commission for the Study of the Quaternary Period (Vladimir).
In 1984, an exhibition of finds from the Sungir site (historical exposition) was opened, as well as an exhibition dedicated to the 80-year-old N.N. Voronin.
Historical exposition. 1980s
Exposition "History of the Vladimir Region" The Vladimir-Suzdal Museum-Reserve introduces us to the development of the Vladimir region from ancient times to 1917. March 4, 2003 - a significant milestone in the history of the museum-reserve: a completely renewed historical exposition was opened in Vladimir, amazed by the originality and boldness of the artistic solution, new unique exhibits. The rich history of the Vladimir region, from the Stone Age to the February Revolution of 1917, came to life in the renovated and seemingly rejuvenated building of the Historical Museum.
The previous historical exposition in Vladimir existed for more than twenty years - a rather long period by museum standards. Required not only a new interpretation of many historical facts based on recent advances modern science, but also "modern" decoration, modern plastic language.
Elements of theatricality and imagery are widely used in the artistic solution of the exposition on the ground floor. The research staff of the museum-reserve had to make a correct, logical, competent selection of material - archaeological finds, chronicles, artistic relics - so that history spoke.
The history of the Vladimir land begins with a story about the Sungir discovered near Vladimir in 1956. Russian science... The unique burials of ancient people unmatched in complexity of the ritual ceremony, 76,000 objects found on the site of the dwellings of Homo Sungirensis ... - made it possible to find out how our ancestors lived 30,000 years ago.
In the room ancient history, where the Sungir collection is presented, portraits of ancient people reconstructed by anthropologists, their clothes, tools - there is a story not only about the struggle of man with nature, but also about the emergence of self-awareness among our distant ancestors, the first attempts to comprehend the world around us and creatively express our enthusiasm for life ... An artistic find was the rejection of the traditional rectangular hall, only an ellipse, a sphere created the image of space, an egg that gives life to all living things.
A huge time period, significant historical milestones, epoch-making events, significant phenomena and cult personalities - how to tell about them not only with the help of objects material culture, but tell the language of plastics, through visual images? Here the most ordinary (seemingly) mirrors came to the aid of the creators of the museum. Located in the corners, at a special inclination to one another, the mirrors create a miracle of "breakthrough space". From far away, from the looking glass, we are "flooded" by the many times reflected and therefore especially voluminous, to the likelihood of "real" - a pagan temple, a crystal ice-hole with glowing water ... Crystal Glass Factory.
In the third corner there is a composition dedicated to the founder of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality. Reconstituted white stone spiral staircase- a symbol of man's ascent to God. The collapsed steps are a reminder of the tragic death of the prince, Russian autocrat and saint.
He ruled on Vladimir land for 35 years, "Vladyka Nordic countries". A plaster cast of the relief with its image from the walls in Vladimir - in the fourth corner of the hall.
Andrey Bogolyubsky's sword
"History", enclosed in the square of the hall, twisting in a spiral, prepares the appearance of the Temple in the heavenly world. Therefore, in the center of the hall there is a symbol of the most perfect creation of human hands, the Temple: a genuine white-stone cross of the 12th century, images of the main shrines of the principality, Vladimir and Bogolyubov icons Mother of God on the original glass doors that follow the contours of the church facade. The Stone and the Temple are not an illustration for history, they are the main accent of the exposition, its semantic core: the ascent from the earthly to the heavenly.
Visitors to the Historical Museum will learn about the assault of Vladimir by Mongol-Tatar hordes in 1238. The picture of the death of a woman who vainly tried to save all her treasures - encolpion crosses, necklaces, folds, icons decorated with enamel ... In 1993 archaeologists found this priceless treasure and now it is on display in Vladimir. Three other Vladimir treasures illuminate the museums of Moscow with their precious radiance. The decoration of the second floor is more traditional, but it is distinguished by sophistication and charm. The very atmosphere of the second floor has changed - it has become light and festive. The stands that covered the windows and heavy showcases were dismantled. The original painting of the vaults has been restored with a bright decorative floral pattern and medallions depicting princes Vladimir Monomakh, Andrei Bogolyubsky, Vsevolod III and. The new parquet is sparkling. The antique-styled chandeliers and floor lamps fit perfectly into the interior.
And in the windows, on the stands, there are hundreds of various exhibits. The history of the Vladimir region since early XVII century and until the beginning of the XX appears to visitors in documents, books, paintings, weapons, awards, coins, photographs, samples of industrial products, household items. If at the opening of the museum in 1906 the entire exposition consisted of 897 exhibits, now only on the second floor there are about one and a half thousand.
New themes have appeared, the history of the region is more closely connected with the all-Russian history. The section on the events of the Time of Troubles at the beginning of the 17th century is presented much more fully than before. Here is a rare icon depicting the murder of Tsarevich Dmitry in Uglich, for the first time a copy of the Letter of Grant of False Dmitry I in Suzdal is presented. A unique exhibit is a church vest made from a velvet coat of Prince Dmitry Pozharsky.
The section on the era of Peter the Great was supplemented with materials about the associates of Peter I associated with our region, for the first time a rare secular portrait of the first wife of the tsar Evdokia Lopukhina, exiled to Suzdal, was exhibited.
You can clearly see how the monetary reform of Peter I manifested itself and how convenient it was by comparing the new money that appeared with him with silver coins-scales of the pre-Petrine time and Dutch thalers, which served as a model for the reform.
A separate topic is the material about our compatriot, the discoverer of Antarctica, the admiral, including the layout of the Mirny sloop, the sextant of the early 19th century.
The period of the reign of Alexander II the Liberator, the reforms of the 60s – 70s is described in more detail. XIX century - the abolition of serfdom, judicial reform, the creation and operation of new bodies of local self-government.
God did not deprive the people of Vladimir of either skill or talent. The section on the flourishing of the region's industry in the 2nd half of the 19th - early 20th centuries amazes with the multicolored samples of fabrics produced at local textile factories, magnificent crystal and porcelain tableware produced by famous factories and M.S. Kuznetsov, a variety of non-ferrous metal products from the A.G. Kolchugin. The icons of the Mstera icon painters differing in their subtlety of writing and various exhibits related to the development of crafts among the peasants of the province attract the eye. For the first time, a separate stand is dedicated to a remarkable artist, publisher, ethnographer, creator of lithography in Mstera, the first lithography in the Russian province.
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The events of the reign of the last Russian emperor Nicholas II are widely shown. For the first time, the announcement of his coronation and the menu of a festive dinner on this occasion are shown, exhibits telling about the visit of Vladimir and Suzdal by the imperial family in May 1913. Also for the first time presented in the museum materials about sent from Vladimir to the fronts of the First World War; about the jubilees widely celebrated in the country: the 50th anniversary of the abolition of serfdom, the 100th anniversary of the Patriotic War of 1812, the 300th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty. An unexpected exhibit in the section on the February Revolution - an iron chest with silver coins and dishes, buried in the troubling revolutionary days by the Suzdal merchant Zhilin and accidentally found on the spot former home Zhilin only in 1983
The renewed exposition will be interesting for everyone: both the visiting excursionist and the residents of Vladimir, and schoolchildren, students will be able to better know the history of their region in close connection with the history of the fatherland. The museum can be compared to a time machine, with the help of which you make an amazing journey through different eras, become a witness to many events, meet people who glorified both the Vladimir region and Russia. Here is the autograph of A.V. Suvorov, here is a salt shaker made according to the recipe of the inventor of Russian porcelain, a native of Suzdal, Dmitry Vinogradov, here is a letter from a Vladimir seminarian, and in the future an outstanding statesman Mikhail Speransky. How many famous people connected with our land: composer, "father of Russian aviation" N.Ye. Zhukovsky, heroes of the liberation of Bulgaria, generals, poet, artist I.S. Kulikov ... It is no coincidence that a separate section of the museum dedicated to famous fellow countrymen is called “Worthy of the memory of descendants”.
The museum provides an opportunity to learn something new about our history and at the same time see genuine objects of material and spiritual culture of different times. Isn't it interesting to see a ticket for the right to enter the State Duma and a voter's ticket of the early twentieth century, a student's uniform and an overcoat from the First World War, a nurse's dressing gown and a mug for collecting donations for the needs of the wounded, the font of an underground printing house and knives from the cache of the famous Vladimir Central?
Copyright © Kuznetsova I.V., 2002. Text.
Morozov N.A., 2003. Text.
Potapov S.V., 2002-2003. Photo.
Matveev D.A., 2003. Layout.
Copyright © 2015 Unconditional Love
Vladimir region as part of the Moscow state (14-15 centuries)
In 1263, after the death of Grand Duke Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky, the Vladimir principality fell into complete decline, yielding the palm to more powerful neighbors. Alexander Nevsky bequeathed the grand-ducal throne in Vladimir to his brother Yaroslav Yaroslavich. He was supposed to become regent under his 2-year-old son Daniil Alexandrovich, to whom Nevsky left only a small appanage Moscow principality lost in the forests.
In 1276, Daniil Alexandrovich began to independently rule the Moscow principality, placing his main goal expansion of its boundaries. In 1300, he captured Kolomna, and in 1302, after the death of his childless nephew, he annexed the Pereyaslavl principality, where salt mines, rich rivers for fishing and board forests were located. After the death of Daniel in 1303 and the short reign of his brother Andrei, Yuri Daniilovich became the prince of Moscow. A struggle for the great reign of Vladimir unfolded between Yuri and Prince Mikhail Yaroslavich of Tver. In 1305, Prince Mikhail took Pereyaslavl from Yuri, and after 3 years he took the princely throne in Veliky Novgorod, trying to unite the Russian lands under his rule.
In the fight against Tver, Prince Yuri actively used the Tatars. He married the daughter of Khan Uzbek and in 1317 brought the Horde army to the Tver principality under the command of Kavgadiy. However, Mikhail was able not only to defeat the Tatars, but also to capture the wife of Yuri Daniilovich, who soon died. Taking advantage of this, Yuri accused Mikhail Yaroslavich of poisoning Uzbek's daughter and summoned him to trial in the Horde. There, in 1318, the Tver prince was stabbed to death by a servant of Yuri on the orders of the khan.
As a result, Prince Yuri Daniilovich achieved the label for the great reign, but was able to retain power for only 4 years. Already in 1322, the Tver prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Groznye Ochi accused Yuri of hiding part of the Horde tribute and himself took the grand prince's throne. When opponents met in the Horde in 1326, Dmitry decided to avenge his father's death, killed Yuri, but he himself was executed on the personal order of Uzbek. His brother Alexander Mikhailovich became the new Grand Duke, and the Moscow throne was taken by Ivan I Daniilovich Kalita (Money Bag), the last surviving son of Daniil Alexandrovich.
Prince Ivan Kalita desperately intrigued against Alexander and in 1327 achieved that the Tatar commissioner Cholkhan was sent to Tver, who occupied the palace of the Grand Duke and expelled him from the city. In response to the atrocities committed by the Tatars, the inhabitants of Tver revolted and slaughtered almost all the Horde, including Cholkhan. Then Kalita went to the Horde, received a 50,000-strong army from Khan Uzbek and completely ruined the Tver principality. In gratitude for the services to the Horde, the khan gave Ivan Kalita a label for the great reign.
Alexander Mikhailovich fled first to Pskov, and then, fleeing Kalita's persecution, was forced to move to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. After a while, he returned to Tver, but due to the intrigues of Ivan Kalita, he was summoned to the Horde and killed there. Having established himself on the grand-ducal throne, Kalita brutally suppressed the local appanage princes and always defended the interests of the Horde, so the Tatars' campaigns against Russia temporarily stopped. The Tver principality, which tried to throw off the yoke of the Mongol-Tatar domination, lay in ruins.
In 1340, Ivan I died, passing the great reign to his eldest son Semyon the Proud. Tver has not yet recovered from the defeat inflicted by the Tatars and Kalita, but the new prince had to deal with the growing strength of the Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod principality. In addition, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania became increasingly stronger, which expelled the Mongol-Tatars, uniting the Western and southern lands the former Old Russian state. In 1353, Semyon and most of the grand ducal family died from a terrible plague epidemic - the "black death", which, together with the ships of the Hansa, first penetrated Novgorod, and then for several years devastated the Russian lands and, finally, calmed down in the endless steppes of the Wild Field.
After the 7-year reign of Ivan II Ivanovich the Red, the Moscow throne passed to his young son Dmitry Ivanovich, the future Donskoy, and the Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod prince Dmitry Konstantinovich sat on the grand reign. Only a few years later, in 1362, the Moscow boyars were able to get the label to Dmitry Ivanovich.
Trying to prevent the restoration of the former power of Tver, Dmitry supported the local appanage princelings in every possible way in the struggle against the Tver prince Mikhail Alexandrovich. However, Prince Michael was determined to fight to the end and resorted to the help of Olgerd, the Grand Duke of Lithuania, to whose daughter he was married. Three times, in 1368, 1370 and 1372, Belarusian-Lithuanian and Tver troops invaded Dmitry's possessions and besieged Moscow, but they failed to take the city. Prince Olgerd, who wanted to completely expel the Mongol-Tatars and unite all the Russian lands under his rule, understood that Moscow was his main rival in this undertaking.
Back in 1370, Prince Mikhail Alexandrovich received a label in the Horde for the great reign, but Dmitry did not let him into Vladimir. But the traditional orientation of Moscow towards an alliance with the Tatars was still too strong, and the next year Prince Dmitry went to bow to the temnik Mamai, taking with him a very large sum, for which he not only regained the label, but bought out the heir to the Tver throne, Prince Ivan, son Prince Mikhail, he was taken to Moscow, where he was kept as a prisoner. However, when in 1373 Mamai attacked the Ryazan principality, Dmitry stopped paying taxes to the Tatars. The following year, with the mediation of the church, princes Dmitry and Mikhail concluded a peace treaty against the Horde. Then Mamai, worried about this alliance, sent an embassy to Nizhny Novgorod to induce the local princes to war against Moscow. But the inhabitants of Nizhny Novgorod killed the Tatar ambassadors. At the same time, at a congress in Pereyaslavl, Dmitry created an anti-Horde coalition, which included the Nizhny Novgorod, Yaroslavl, Ryazan principalities and the Novgorod land. Olgerd did not agree to an alliance with the Russian principalities, but in the same 1374 he made another campaign against the Tatars.
Nevertheless, after this events began to take an unexpected turn: instead of the Horde, a coalition of princes attacked Tver. By this time, Mikhail Alexandrovich again received a label from Mamai for the great reign, and Dmitry decided first to ruin the Tver principality, and only then to start a war with the Horde. As a result, the forces of the created union of princes with great difficulty were wasted on another internecine massacre, the result of which was the temporary reconciliation of Tver and Moscow. Only in 1377 Russian army made a trip to the Horde, attacking the lands of the Volga Bulgars.
In response, Mamai gathered a large army in the summer of the following year, ravaged Nizhny Novgorod and invaded the Ryazan principality. Here, on August 11, 1378, the Tatars were defeated by Prince Dmitry, the Belarusian-Lithuanian troops of Prince Andrey Olgerdovich of Polotsk and the army of Ryazan Prince Daniel Pronsky in the battle on the Vozha River. After Olgerd's death in 1377, his eldest son Andrei Polotsky was removed from power by Jagailo and fled to Dmitry. In Moscow, he knocked the Grand Duke into a war with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and at the end of 1379, together with Moscow troops, attacked Bryansk. This war ended in vain, but pushed Jagiello into an alliance with Mamai.
At the end of the summer of 1380, Mamai gathered a strong army and headed for Moscow, the allied Belarusian-Lithuanian army of the Grand Duke Jagailo came out to join him. The second ally of the Tatars was the Ryazan prince Oleg, who, however, refused to take part in the campaign. Upon learning of the approach of the enemy, Prince Dmitry set out from Moscow and on September 6 went to the banks of the Don at the place where the Nepryadva flows into it. Andrei Polotsky and his brother Dmitry Olgerdovich Bryansky joined the army of Dmitry Ivanovich, but the princes of Tver, Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod and Novgorod refused to take part in the campaign.
On September 7, Dmitry crossed the Don and deployed his regiments on the Kulikovo field, where the next day one of the largest and bloodiest battles in the entire history of the Russian Middle Ages took place. Jagiello was late for the battle for several day trips, so Mamai had to fight alone with approximately equal enemy forces.
The Battle of Kulikovo, called in the chronicles the Mamayev massacre, began at noon on September 8 with a duel between the Russian hero Peresvet and the Tatar warrior Chelubey, in which both soldiers died. Then, for three hours, the Tatar troops unsuccessfully tried to break through the center and right flank of the Russian army. Then Mamai attacked Dmitry's left flank, but was thrown back by an ambush regiment, which was biding its time in the neighboring forest. This decided the outcome of the battle, which ended in the complete victory of Prince Dmitry Ivanovich, who became Donskoy.
However, from a political point of view, the Battle of Kulikovo did not lead to the expected result, since the dependence of the Russian lands on the Horde remained. Moreover, when the victorious, but exhausted in the battle, the regiments returned home with rich booty, they were attacked by the troops of Prince Oleg Ryazansky and Yagailo and almost completely exterminated.
The defeated Mamai fled to the Crimea, where he was killed by the Genoese, and Khan Tokhtamysh became the head of the Golden Horde, who immediately began to prepare for revenge. Having entered into an alliance with the Ryazan and Nizhny Novgorod princes, in 1382 he attacked the Moscow principality. Dmitry Donskoy fled to Kostroma, leaving the defenseless capital at the mercy of the Tatars. On August 26, 1382, after a 3-day siege, during which the Russians first used artillery, Tokhtamysh tricked the Muscovites to open the gates and burned the city to the ground. At this time, Prince Mikhail Alexandrovich sent an ambassador to the Horde, where for the third time he received a label for the great reign. The dependence of the Russian lands on the Horde was restored.
To regain the great reign, Dmitry Donskoy left his son and heir Vasily hostage to Tokhtamysh and agreed to strong rise tribute from their possessions. In 1385, Vasily managed to escape from the Horde to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, from where he returned to Moscow and after the death of his father in 1389 became the Grand Duke.
The great reign of Vasily I Dmitrievich passed in extremely difficult conditions. The Moscow principality was caught in the grip of two large states - the Horde and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The Belarusian-Lithuanian state, which became especially stronger under Prince Vitovt, gradually put under its control not only Smolensk and Pskov, but also Novgorod, the traditional region of influence of the great princes of Vladimir, from where they got money to pay the Horde tribute. Moreover, Khan Tokhtamysh, who fled to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1397 and suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of Timur, gave Vitovt a label for the great reign of Vladimir. Vitovt wanted to completely free all Russian lands from Tatar rule, but defeat in the battle on the Vorskla River in 1399 ruined his plans. Then he made an alliance with Timur's protege Khan Edigey and started a war with Moscow. At the same time, Edigei also helped Basil I, wishing to push the two princes to war and ensure the safety of the Horde. Vitovt made three campaigns against Moscow in 1406, 1407 and 1408, as a result of which the border between the Moscow principality and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania passed along the Ugra River, and Vitovt's protege sat in Novgorod.
In the same 1408, the Tatar army of Khan Edigey attacked the Russian lands. Starting in 1395, when Timur defeated the Horde, Vasily I stopped paying tribute to the Tatars, and now Edigei decided to subjugate Moscow again. When the Tatars approached, the Grand Duke Vasily fled to Kostroma, but the Muscovites bravely defended the city, and after standing under its walls for a month, Edigei lifted the siege. However, the khan's troops plundered and burned Serpukhov, Dmitrov, Rostov, Pereyaslavl and Nizhny Novgorod.
In 1425, Vasily I died, and his young son Vasily II ascended to the great reign. However, the brother of Vasily I, the Galician prince Yuri Dmitrievich, declared his rights to the throne. Yuri Dmitrievich had several sons, three of whom, Vasily Kosoy, Dmitry Shemyaka and Dmitry Krasny, were to play a crucial role in the civil war that devastated the Russian lands for 20 years.
The first performance of Prince Yuri Dmitrievich ended as quickly as it began. For several months he was officially at war with Basil II, after which he signed a peace treaty, renouncing his claims. This went on for 5 years, until in the winter of 1430 Yuri broke the peace with the Grand Duke. In the fall of 1431, both princes were summoned to the Horde, where Khan Ulu-Muhammad had to resolve their dispute. A year later, Vasily II received a label from the khan for a great reign, pledging to regularly pay a large tribute, and was seated on the throne by the Tatar troops.
The shaky truce lasted only a few months and was broken at the wedding of Vasily II Vasilyevich in February 1433. Prince Vasily Kosoy appeared at the ceremony in a gold belt that once belonged to Dmitry Donskoy. At the Moscow court, this was regarded as a claim to the grand prince's throne, a quarrel arose, and Kosoy, together with Shemyaka, galloped away in anger to their father in Galich. In April, the army of Yuri Dmitrievich approached Moscow. Vasily brought out a hastily assembled army to meet him, but the Muscovites had not yet had time to finish the wedding celebrations, and on the night before the battle the entire army of the Grand Duke was drunk. It was very difficult to fight in this state, so Vasily II lost the battle on the Klyazma, which took place on the 25th of the same month. Yuri Dmitrievich solemnly entered Moscow, made peace with his nephew and assigned him to manage the appanage principality of Kolomenskoye. However, all Moscow servicemen and boyars immediately left the capital and moved to Kolomna. As a result, a few days later, Yuri was forced to return the great reign to Vasily, conclude another peace treaty with him and leave the deserted Moscow.
But the war did not end there. Vasily II immediately attacked Vasily Kosoy and Dmitry Shemyaka, who defeated his troops in the battle on the Kusi River on September 28, 1433. In the spring of the next year, Prince Yuri Dmitrievich gathered considerable forces and again went to Moscow. The battle at Mount St. Nicholas ended in the complete defeat of Vasily Vasilyevich, who threw the throne and fled first to Novgorod and then to Tver. At the end of March, Prince Yuri, after a long siege, took Moscow and again sat down to the great reign. His short reign was marked by a monetary reform, during which coins were introduced with the image of the patron saint of the new Grand Duke - Saint George the Victorious.
At the beginning of June 1434, Yuri Dmitrievich died unexpectedly, and, who was at that time in Moscow, Vasily Kosoy proclaimed himself the new Grand Duke. At this time, Dmitry Shemyaka and Dmitry Krasny were on a campaign against Vasily II, but, having learned about the act of their brother, they united with their recent enemy and turned to Moscow. Then Vasily Kosoy fled from the capital to Tver, taking with him the state treasury. With the help of the Yuryevich brothers, Vasily II established himself in Moscow, generously endowing Shemyak and Krasnoy with lands, but Vasily Kosoy continued to fight.
Against the background of the continuing civil war in the winter of 1436, the Grand Duke Vasily imprisoned Dmitry Schemyaka, after which all his supporters united with the forces of Oblique. Nevertheless, on May 14, 1436, the troops of Vasily the Kosoy were defeated in the battle on the Cherekha River, and he himself was captured, taken to Moscow and blinded. After that, the Grand Duke made peace with Shemyaka, giving him Uglich as his inheritance.
A new outbreak of war occurred in 1441, when Vasily II suddenly decided to gather an army and go to Uglich. By that time, Dmitry Krasny had died, and the blind man Kosoy had completely retired, so that Dmitry Shemyaka was left alone with Vasily Vasilyevich. Shemyaka fled the city and was soon forced to sign another peace treaty on even more unfavorable terms for himself.
In 1445, the Tatars attacked the Russian lands and destroyed the army of the Grand Duke in the battle at the Spaso-Evfimiev Monastery near Suzdal. Vasily II himself was taken prisoner and returned to Moscow, only after promising a huge ransom. He brought with him half a thousand Horde, who, with his connivance, began to shamelessly plunder the Russian principalities. Vasily II's behavior aroused the indignation of the broadest strata of Russian society, which Dmitry Shemyaka immediately took advantage of. When in February 1446 the Grand Duke went on a pilgrimage to the Trinity Monastery, Shemyaka captured him and blinded him, avenging his brother Vasily the Kosy. Having lost his sight, Vasily II received the nickname Dark.
Most of the old Moscow boyar families remained loyal to the blinded Vasily, and after a few months he had a new army provided by the Tver prince Boris Alexandrovich. In mid-February 1447, Vasily the Dark entered Moscow and was restored to the throne, but Galich and Uglich, Shemyaka's main strongholds, were taken only three years later. Dmitry Shemyaka himself continued to resist until July 1453, when he was poisoned by a cook sent by the Grand Duke.
The family of the rebellious prince took refuge in Novgorod. However, in 1456, Vasily the Dark invaded Novgorod land, and the inhabitants of the city were forced to expel the Shemyaka family and sign a very disadvantageous agreement with Moscow. Basil II's war-filled reign is over terrible executions... When, in March 1462, the already sick Grand Duke learned that the conspirators had decided to free the Serpukhov Prince Vasily Yaroslavich, who had been imprisoned by him, he, despite Great post, staged a mass reprisal against his opponents right in the center of Moscow. A few weeks later, Vasily the Dark died, passing the great reign to his eldest son Ivan III.
Vasily II did not shine with any talents, therefore he never ruled independently, even when he was sighted: in his youth, his mother Sofia Vitovtovna ruled for him, then the Moscow boyars, and in the last years of his life Ivan replaced them. Therefore, in 1462, little changed for Ivan III, only now he began to officially fulfill his duties, which he had been doing for more than one year. Unlike his weak-willed father, who was under the influence of someone all his life, the new Grand Duke was a firm, tough and very intelligent man. Now, when the times of troubles were left behind, the main goal of Ivan III was the seizure of neighboring lands, on which a new strong state was to arise with the center in Moscow.
The main obstacle on the way to the implementation of this plan was the Novgorod land, which, not wanting to fall under the rule of autocratic Moscow, increasingly approached the democratic Belarusian-Lithuanian state. In the first half of the 15th century, Novgorod for some time became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and now, in 1470, it has again entered into a similar treaty with Casimir the Great. The head of the pro-Western party, which advocated the preservation of the independence of Novgorod the Great, was the wealthy widow of the mayor, Martha Boretskaya. However, Prince Mikhail Olelkovich, who arrived from Kiev to Novgorod, showed himself not with better side and soon left the city. This was immediately taken advantage of by Ivan III, who made an alliance with Pskov and moved to Novgorod. The Novgorodians waited in vain for help from Casimir - the Livonian knights detained their ambassadors and did not let them into Lithuania. Meanwhile, the Moscow troops set out on a campaign and on July 13, 1471 defeated the Novgorod army in the battle on the Sheloni River. Among the prisoners was the son of Martha the Posadnitsa, whose head was cut off by the order of the Grand Duke. Novgorod lost part of its lands and broke the contract with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
In order to turn from a prince dependent on the Horde into a ruler of a strong state, Ivan III needed to create a solid foreign policy basis for his claims. Therefore, at the tip of the Italian Ivan Fryazin who served at his court, the Grand Duke decided to marry the daughter of the last Byzantine emperor
Sophia Paleologue. The marriage took place in 1472, and together with an intelligent and educated wife royal family Ivan III received the rights to the Byzantine throne in Constantinople, captured by the Turks.
Ivan Vasilyevich did not abandon the thought of conquering Novgorod the Great, the richest of the Russian lands, but he did it gradually, luring some Novgorodians over to his side, who agreed to betray their homeland for money or other benefits, and severely punishing others who did not want to part with independence. However, by 1477, Ivan III had exhausted secret and overt diplomatic methods and again moved his army to Novgorod. The city was no longer able to resist the power of the Moscow sovereign, Ivan freely entered Novgorod, abolished the veche and installed his governor. But not all Novgorodians sold themselves to Moscow or were afraid of the Grand Duke. The party of Martha Posadnitsa made a last attempt to save the Novgorod land and turned to Casimir the Great for help.
Upon learning of this, in the winter of 1480, Ivan III urgently gathered an army, announced that he was going to the aid of Pskov, who had fought with the knights, and suddenly attacked Novgorod, inflicting a bloody massacre in the city. 7 thousand prominent Novgorod merchants and wealthy townspeople without property were deported to possession of the Moscow prince, and their houses and courtyards went to the Muscovites. Since it was winter, many of them died on the way. Most of the Novgorod nobles also moved to Moscow land, where they received new estates, and Moscow nobles came to replace them. Creating an autocratic state, Ivan III tore out the last stronghold of democracy in the Russian lands, exterminating not only the Novgorodian freedom itself, but also those who could remember it.
Having dealt with Novgorod the Great, Ivan Vasilyevich hurried back, since Khan Akhmat was walking from the south to Moscow. Ivan III had not paid tribute to the Horde for a long time, which weakened so much that Russian walking people from the Vyatka land descended on plows along the Volga and plundered its capital, the city of Sarai. Back in 1467, Ivan Vasilyevich made a campaign against Kazan, which, although it did not end very well, made a great impression on the Tatars. In 1472, Khan Akhmat tried to invade the Russian lands, but was stopped on the banks of the Oka.
Now the khan made an alliance with Casimir and attacked Ivan III. However, Moscow foresaw such a turn of events and the Grand Duke, in turn, entered into an alliance with the Crimean Khan Mengli-Girey, the sworn enemy of Akhmat. Therefore, when the Horde moved to Moscow, Crimean Tatars attacked the lands of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, depriving Akhmet of an ally. Nevertheless, the Horde came to the banks of the Ugra, where they met with the troops of Ivan III. The two armies faced each other, not daring to join the battle. Finally, the frost that struck forced the khan to return to the Horde. From now on, the Moscow state became independent, and in 1502 Mengli-Girey destroyed the Golden Horde.
One of the last strongholds of independence was the Tver principality. Fearing Ivan III, in 1483 the Tver prince Mikhail Borisovich signed an allied treaty with Casimir the Great. Immediately after this, Moscow troops invaded Mikhail's possessions and ravaged the Tver land. In 1485, the Tver land again entered into an alliance with the Belarusian-Lithuanian state, but Ivan III laid siege to the capital of Mikhail, and the prince, refusing to resist, fled to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
After the death of Casimir the Great in 1492, Ivan III decided to attack the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in alliance with Mengli-Giray. Claiming to the lands of the Old Russian state, which became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, he declared himself "the sovereign of All Russia" and in 1493 attacked Belarus. The young Grand Duke Alexander could not successfully fight on two fronts against Moscow and the Crimea, so he offered Ivan III peace and agreed to marry his daughter Elena. In 1494, Elena went to Vilno and fighting stopped. New war between the Moscow state and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania broke out in 1500 and ended already during the reign of Vasily III.
The reign of Ivan III was the beginning of the formation of a unified system of government. The highest power in the Moscow state belonged to the Grand Duke, who ruled together with the Boyar Duma. Under Ivan Vasilievich, the duma included boyars - the largest feudal lords, as a rule, princes and okolnichy - slightly less noble, but also powerful feudal lords. Initially Grand Duke entrusted the execution of individual orders to the boyars, but at the end of the 15th century, a system of orders began to take shape - permanent governing bodies of the country. So the Treasury Order was created, which disposed of the property of the Grand Duke, the state treasury and kept the archive. The palace order managed the economy of the grand ducal palace. The stable order was in charge of the herds of the Grand Duke.
The local governors ruled the governors of the Grand Duke, the so-called feeders, who fed at the expense of the local population, carried out the courts and collected taxes to the treasury and customs duties.
The formation of a large Moscow state required clear laws, uniform for all regions of the country. Therefore, in 1497, by order of Ivan III, the Code of Law was drawn up on the basis of Russian Truth and later laws.
Thus, during his great reign, Ivan III Vasilyevich laid the foundations of a single, centralized Russian state, which finally took shape in the 16th century.
