May 23 2012.

Alexey Tolstoy writes the novel "Peter First", guided by a personal desire. The author goes to the campaign for a sense of historicism, wanting to understand the logic of historical transitions. Tolstoy wanted to approach modernity from her deep rear. It was the era of Peter who made it possible to identify many analogies compared with 1917.

Russia has passed all his history and, first of all, revolutionary. The first case when the country experienced a revolution is the era of Peter. It was a revolution from above, but all its signs are presented in: violent change of formation.

Tolstoy appealed to the era of Peter and in previous years (stories "on the punch", "Peter's Day") and showed this time as the biggest misfortune of Russia.

Now he wants to show and understand the logic of great historical coups, under what conditions these coups can occur. At the beginning of the novel, the social slice of society is emphasized in the spirit of Marxism. With the appearance of Peter, the boyars pushed the merchants, the nobility (Vasily Volkov was brought to poverty) and a simple man. There was an ossification of the entire social life of the country, it ruins stagnation.

No wonder the novel begins with the family of the browst and poorest peasants. Ivan Brovkin is a companion of Peter, industrialist, manufacturer, like his children. Peter opens the way to people by the mind and businesslikeness. The feudal-boyar system is in a state of crisis: the struggle for the power of the Naryshkin and Miloslavsky, the estate egoism of the Sagittarov. The reforms of Chancellor Vasily Golitsyn, man humane and soft, falling. He wanted to please everyone, but such people are not suitable for history.

Tolstoy writes a novel in two hypostasses: 1) Peter is a historical hero, the incarnation of state valves, but he is the inevitable victim of state policy; 2) Peter is a dirty killer, worse than Ivan the Terrible. Tolstoy tried to overcome both stable traditions, as it was both in the ruler.

The charm of Peter is manifested in his will, the ability to look far ahead, in business activity. He is a builder of the state and progressive forms of life. Pushing in Peter - terrible barbarism, extreme forms of cruelty (execution scenes).

Peter the first of Tolstoy is just a person who has certain weaknesses. For example, in the scene of the reception of Peter Sofia, he changes all the time. Robility, credulity, familiarity, credulity and, at the same time, the face of the fierce killer, when the eyes are poured with tireless hatred when memories of the executions, burning fires, about the corpses of the Archers on the Kremlin walls.

The main thing is that Alexey Tolstoy Petrovskaya Epoch has understood for himself - a historical coup is a historic court over the remnants of the antiquity. Those who oppress themselves are oppressed. Slaves, rims, they themselves begin to revenge. Revolutions without violence does not happen. New always comes by trial and mistakes, the old forms of life are crumbling, and the new ones have not yet decided. Comic and tragic is interlacing. A third-party person is striking the absurdity of the new forms of life (Boyarin Buignan is engaged in the beard, forgetting that it is no longer).

The Tolstoy turned out to be an unusually alive, full-blooded, covering almost all parties and contradictions of the Petrovsky era, not idealizing Peter and his companions rich in folk types and characters.

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Studying the topic "Personality of Peter 1" is important for understanding the essence of the reforms held by him in Russia. After all, in our often it is character, personal qualities And the formation of the sovereign was determined by the main line of socio-political development. The board of this king covers pretty great gap Time: in 1689 (when he finally removed his sister sister from public affairs) and to death in 1725.

General characteristics of the era

Consideration of the question of when Peter 1 was born 1 should begin with the analysis of the generalistic situation in Russia in the late XVII - early XVIII century. It was the time when the country has ripe the prerequisites for serious and deep political, economic, social and cultural changes. Already during the reign, Alexei Mikhailovich clearly noted the tendency to penetrate Western European achievements to the country. At the same time, the ruler was taken by a number of measures for the transformation of some moments of public life.

Therefore, Peter 1 personality was formed in the situation when the idea of \u200b\u200bthe need for serious reforms was already clearly marked in society. In this regard, it is necessary to understand that the transformed activity of the first emperor of Russia did not arise from an empty place, it became the natural and necessary consequence of the entire prior development of the country.

Childhood

Peter 1, short biography, The Board and the reform of which are the subject of this review, was born on May 30 (June 9) of 1672. The exact place of birth of the future emperor is unknown. According to the common point of view, this place was the Kremlin, but Kolomna or Izmailovo was also indicated. He was a fourteenth child in the family of Tsar Alexey, but the first of his second wife, Natalia Kirillovna. On the motherboard came from the genus of Naryshkin. She was a daughter of small noble nobles, which may later predetermine their struggle with the large and influential boyars group of Miloslavsky at the court, who were the relatives of the king in his first wife.

The childhood of Peter 1 passed among nannies, which did not give him serious education. That is why he has never learned to the end of his life as follows and wrote with errors. However, it was a very inquisitive boy who was interested in everything, he possessed an inquisitive mind, which determined his interest in practical sciences. The end of the XVII century, when Peter 1 was born 1, it was time when European education began to spread in higher circles, however early years The future of the emperor passed away from new trends of the era.

Teenage years

The life of Tsarevich proceeded in the village of Preobrazhenskoe, where he, in fact, was granted to himself. Nobody was engaged in seriously upbringing the boy, so his studies in these years were superficial. Nevertheless, the childhood of Peter 1 was very rich and fruitful in terms of the formation of his worldview and interest in scientific and practical exercises. He was seriously interested in the organization of troops, for which the so-called funny shelves arranged, which consisted of local yard boys, as well as sons of small noble nobles, whose possessions were located nearby. Together with these small detachments, he took the improvised bastions, satisfied the battles and fees, made attacks. With regard to the same time, we can talk about the fact that Peter's fleet arose 1. At first, it was just a small boot, but it is nevertheless it is common to be considered the father of Russian flotilla.

First serious steps

It has already been said that the time when Peter 1 was born 1, it is customary to be transitional in the history of Russia. It was during this period that the country was in that position when all the necessary prerequisites arose for its release on the international arena. The first steps were taken in this direction during the foreign journey of the future emperor by country Western Europe. Then he managed to see the achievements of these states in the most different areas Life.

Peter 1, a brief biography of which includes this an important stage In his fate, appreciated Western European achievements, primarily in technology and weapons. However, he drew attention to the culture, the formation of these countries, on their political institutions. After his return to Russia, he attempted to modernize the Office of Management, the Army, the legislation that should prepare the country to enter the international arena.

Starting stage of the Board: the beginning of reforms

The epoch, when Peter 1 was born, was a preparatory time for large changes in our country. That is why the transformation of the first emperor was so to the place and survived for whole century of their creator. At the very beginning of his reign, the new sovereign has abolished which was the everlasting authority with the former kings. Instead, he created the Senate on the Western European sample. It had to meet meetings of senators to compile laws. It is indicative that initially it was a temporary measure, which, however, turned out to be very effective: this institution existed to February Revolution 1917.

Further transformations

It has already been said above that Peter 1 on the motherboard comes from a not very notable noble child. However, his mother was brought up in the European spirit, which, of course, could not not affect the person of the boy, although the Tsarina herself was adhered to traditional views and measures. Nevertheless, the king was inclined to transform almost all spheres of life russian societythat was literally the urgent need due to the conquest of Russia Baltic Sea. and the country's outlet on the international arena.

And therefore the emperor has changed the control apparatus: created a board instead of orders, the synod to manage church affairs. In addition, he formed regular armyAnd Peter's fleet 1 became one of the strongest among other marine powers.

Features of converter activities

The main purpose of the emperor's rule was the desire to reform those areas that were necessary for him to solve the most important tasks when conducting hostilities immediately into several fronts. He himself obviously assumed that these changes would be temporary. Most modern historians converge on the fact that the ruler did not have any predetermined program to reform the country. Many experts believe that he acted on concrete needs.

The value of the emperor reforms for its successors

However, the phenomenon of his reforms just lies in the fact that these at first glance temporary measures have long survived their creator and extended almost unchanged for two centuries. Moreover, his successors, for example, Catherine II, was largely focused on its achievements. This suggests that the ruler reforms fell to the place at the right time. The life of Peter 1 was, in fact, is devoted to changing and improve the most different spheres in society. He was interested in all new, however, borrowing the achievements of the West, first of all thought about what benefits would it bring to Russia. That is why his conversion activities have served for a long time for reforms during the reign of other emperors.

Relationship to others

When describing the nature of the king, we should never forget that Peter belonged to which boyar race 1. On the mother line, he took place from not very informant nobility, which, most likely, determined his interest not to knowing, but to the merits of a person before the fatherland and his ability serve. The emperor appreciated the chin and title, but the specific talents of their subordinates. This speaks about the democratic approach of Peter Alekseevich to people, despite its stern and even tough.

Mature years

IN last years Life Emperor sought to consolidate the progress achieved. But here he had serious problems with the heir. Subsequently, very badly affected political administration and led to serious difficulties in the country. The fact is that the son of Peter, Tsarevich Alexei went against his father, not wanting to continue his reforms. In addition, the king had serious problems in the family. Nevertheless, he took care to consolidate the achieved successes: he accepted the title of Emperor, and Russia became an empire. This step raised the international prestige of our country. In addition, Peter Alekseevich achieved recognition of Russia's exit to the Baltic Sea, which was of fundamental importance for the development of trade and fleet. Subsequently, his successors continued to politics in this direction. In Catherine II, for example, Russia received access to the Black Sea. The emperor died as a result of complication after a cold and before his death did not have time to draw up testament, which led to the emergence of numerous applicants for the throne and repeated palace coup.

Peter I, for his merits to Russia received a nickname Peter Great, - figure for russian history Not just a sign, but a key. Peter 1 created Russian EmpireTherefore, it turned out to be the last king of all Russia and, accordingly, the first emperor of All-Russian. The son of the king, the king's sovereign, the king's brother - Peter and himself was proclaimed the head of the country, and at that time the boy was barely fulfilled 10 years. Initially, he had a formal co-guide Ivan V, but from 17 years already rules on his own, and in 1721 Peter I became the emperor.

King Peter First | Haiku Deck.

For Russia, the years of the reign of Peter I were the time of large-scale reforms. He significantly expanded the territory of the state, built the beautiful city of St. Petersburg, incredibly raised the economy, founding a whole network of metallurgical and glass plants, as well as lowered to a minimum import of foreign goods. In addition, Peter Great first From the Russian rulers began to adopt from western countries them best ideas. But since all Peter's reforms of the first were achieved by violence against the population and the eradication of any dissent, the personality of Peter 1 in historians still causes diametrically opposite assessments.

Childhood and Youth Peter I

The biography of Peter I initially implied his future reign, as he was born in the family of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich Romanova and his wife Natalia Kirillovna Naryshkina. It is noteworthy that Peter first turned out to be the 14th child at his father, but the firstborn for the mother. It is also worth noting that the name Peter was completely unconventional for both dynasties of his ancestors, so historians still can not find out where he received this name.

Childhood Peter First | Academic Dictionaries and Encyclopedias

The boy was only four years old when the king father died. At the throne, his elder brother and the gloor III Alekseevichwho took guardianship over his brother and ordered to give that maximum a good education. However, with this, Peter the first turned out to be big problems. He was always very inquisitive, but just at that moment Orthodox Church He started the war against foreign influence, and all Latinist teachers were removed from the courtyard. Therefore, Tsarevich was taught Russian devices, who themselves did not have deep knowledge, and the Russian-speaking books of the proper level did not exist. As a result, Peter the first had a meager vocabulary and until the end of his life wrote with errors.

Childhood Peter first | VIEW MAP.

King Fedor III. rules only six years and died due to weak health in young age. By tradition, the throne was supposed to take another king of the king Alexey, Ivan, but he was very painful, so the family of Naryshkin organized actually the palace coup and declared the heir to Peter I. It was profitable for them, since the boy was a descendant of their kind, but Naryshkina did not take into account The family of Miloslavsky will raise uprising due to the infringement of the interests of Tsarevich Ivan. The famous Streletsky Bunth of 1682, which was the result of which at the same time two kings - Ivan and Peter. In the Armory of the Kremlin still preserved a double throne for the kings brothers.

Childhood and Youth Peter First | Russian Museum

The favorite game of Young Peter I began classes with your army. Moreover, the soldiers from Tsarevich were not at all toy. His peers dressed in uniform and marched through the streets of the city, and Peter himself "served" in his shelf by the drummer. Later, he even started his own artillery, also real. The funny army of Peter I was called the Preobrazhensky regiment, to which the Semenov regiment was later added, and, besides them, the king organized a funny fleet.

King Peter I.

When the young king was still a minor, the eldest sister was standing behind his back, Tsarevna Sophia, and later Mother Natalia Kirillovna and her relatives of Naryshkin. In 1689, the brother co-gentleman V finally gave Peter all the power, although nominally remained co-king, until he was died at the age of 30. After the death of Mother, King Peter the Great freed himself from the hustover guardianship of the princes of Naryshkin and precisely since then we can talk about Peter the first as an independent rule.

King Peter First | Culturology

He continued hostilities in the Crimea against Ottoman EmpireHe conducted a series of Azov campaigns, the result of which was the capture of the fortress of Azov. To strengthen the southern borders, the king built a port of Taganrog, but Russia has not yet had a full fleet, therefore the final victory did not reach. The large-scale construction of the courts and the training of young nobles abroad begins. And the king himself studied the art of the Tlowing of the fleet, even having worked as a carpenter on the construction of the ship "Peter and Paul".

Emperor Peter First | Bookogolik

While Peter the Great was preparing to reform the country and personally studied the technical and economic progress of leading European states, a conspiracy was conceived against him, and the first wife of the king was standing at the head. Having suppressed the Streletsky Riot, Peter first decided to reorient the hostilities. He concludes a peaceful agreement with the Ottoman Empire and begins the war with Sweden. His troops captured the fortresses of Noteburg and Nienshanz at the mouth of the Neva, where the king decided to establish the city of St. Petersburg, and at the nearby island Kronstadt placed the base of the Russian fleet.

War Peter Great

The above conquests allowed to open the exit to the Baltic Sea, which received the later symbolic name "Window to Europe". Later, Russia joined the territories of Eastern Baltic, and in 1709, during the legendary Poltava battle, the Swedes were defeated completely. Moreover, it is important to notice: Peter the first, unlike many kings, was not sitting in the fortresses, and personally led the troops on the battlefield. IN Poltava battle Peter I even shot the hat, that is, he really risked own life.

Peter first with Poltava battle | X-Digest.

After the defeat of the Swedes under Poltava Korol Karl XII shelled under the patronage of the Turks in the city of Bender, which was then part of the Ottoman Empire, and today is located in Moldova. With help crimean Tatars And the Zaporizhia Cossacks, he began to push the situation on the southern border of Russia. After reaching the expulsion of Karl, Peter the first, on the contrary, forced the Ottoman Sultan to relent Russian-Turkish war. Rus was in a situation where you need to lead the war on three fronts. At the border with Moldova, the king was surrounded and agreed to sign the world with the Turks, giving them a back of the Azov fortress and Azov Sea..

Fragment of the painting of Ivana Aivazovsky "Peter I with a red hill" | Pusian Museum

In addition to the Russian-Turkish and northern wars, Peter the Great pulled the situation in the east. Thanks to his expeditions, the city of Omsk, Ust-Kamenogorsk and Semipalatinsk were founded, and later Kamchatka joined Russia. The king wanted to make hiking in North America And India, but to realize these ideas did not manage. But he conducted the so-called Caspian campaign to Persia, during which he won Baku, Rasht, Astrabad, Derbent, as well as other Iranian and Caucasian fortresses. But after the death of Peter the Great, most of these territories were lost, since the New Board considered the region not promising, and the content of the garrison in those conditions was too expensive.

Peter I. reform

Due to the fact that the territory of Russia expanded significantly, Peter managed to reorganize the country from the kingdom to the empire, and since 1721 Peter I became the emperor. Of the numerous reforms of Peter I, transformations in the army were clearly distinguished, which allowed him to achieve large military victories. But no less important were such innovations as the transition of the church under the subordination to the emperor, as well as the development of industry and trade. Emperor Peter The first perfectly aware of the need to enlighten and fight an outdated way of life. On the one hand, his tax on wearing beard was perceived by the Samodogrya, but at the same time there was a direct dependence of the progress of the nobility on the service from the level of their education.

Peter First Chucks Beard Boyars | VistaNews.

With Peter, the first Russian newspaper was founded and many translations of foreign books appeared. Artillery, engineering, medical, marine and mountain schools, as well as the first gymnasium in the country, were opened. And now, general education schools could visit not only children of noble people, but also siblings of soldiers. He really wanted to create a mandatory for all primary schoolBut this idea did not have time to implement. It is important to notice that Peter's reforms of the first affected not only the economy and politics. He financed the formation of talented artists, introduced a new Julian calendar, tried to change the position of the woman, banning violent marriage. Also raised the dignity of subjects, obliging them not to become knees even before the king and use full namesAnd not to call yourself as before "Senka" or "Ivashka".

Monument "Tsar-Carpenter" in St. Petersburg | Russian Museum

In general, Peter's reforms of the first changed the system of values \u200b\u200bfrom the nobles, which can be considered a huge plus, but at the same time the abyss between victims and people increased many times and now was not limited to finance and title. The main minus of royal transformations is the violent method of their embodiment. In fact, it was a struggle of a despotism with uneducated people, and Peter counted the whip to instill consistency. In this regard, the construction of St. Petersburg, which was carried out in the most severe conditions. Many masters rushed from the catering work in the run, and the king ordered all their family to plant them in prisons, until the fugitives return with the obey.

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Since the method of managing the state under Peter the first was not all like everyone, the king founded the body of political school and the court Preobrazhensky order, which later converted into the infamous secret office. The most unpopular decrees in this context was a ban on keeping records in a closed room, as well as a prohibition of adolescent. Violation of both these decrees caught death penalty. In this way, Peter the Great fought with conspiracies and palace coups.

Personal life Peter I

In the youth, the king Peter I loved to be in German Sloboda, where not only became interested in ingenic life, for example, learned to dance, smoke and communicate to the Western manner, but also fell in love with the German girl Anna Mons. His mother was very alarmed by such relationships, so at the achievement of Peter 17th anniversary insisted at his wedding with Edocya Lopukhina. However, they did not have a normal family life: shortly after the wedding Peter first left his wife and visited it only for the sake of preventing rumors of a certain kind.

Evdokia Lopukhina, the first wife of Peter the first | Sunday day

At Tsar Peter I and his wife were three sons: Alexey, Alexander and Paul, but two latter died in infancy. The eldest son of Peter the first should have become his heir, but since Evdokia in 1698 unsuccessfully tried to overthrow her husband from the throne for the sake of transferring the crown to his son and was concluded in the monastery, Alexey was forced to flee abroad. He never endorsed his father's reforms, considered Tyran and planned to overthrow the parent. However, in 1717 young man They were arrested and entered into custody in the Petropavlovsk fortress, and in the future, the death sentence was made. The case did not come to the penalty, as soon Alexey died in prison under unclear circumstances.

A few years after the dissolution of marriage with the first wife, Peter first took the Skavron 19-year-old Marta in his mistress, which Russian troops captured as military prey. She gave birth from the king eleven children, and half - even before the legitimate wedding. The wedding took place in February 1712 after the adoption of a woman of Orthodoxy, thanks to which she became Catherine Alekseevna, subsequently known as Empress Ekaterina I. Among the children of Peter and Catherine - the future Empress Elizabeth I and Anna, mother, the rest died in childhood. Interestingly, Peter's second wife was the only man in his life, who could calm his violent character even at the moments of rabies and enclosures of anger.

Maria Kantemir, Favorite Peter First | Wikipedia

Despite the fact that the wife accompanied the emperor in all campaigns, he was able to captivate the young Maria Kantemir, the daughter of the former Moldovan gentleman, Prince Dmitry Konstantinovich. Maria remained the favorite of Peter the first to the end of his life. Separately, it is worth mentioning about the growth of Peter I. Even for our contemporaries, more than a two-meter man seems very high. But during the time of Peter I, it 203 centimeters seemed completely incredible. Judging by the chronicles of eyewitnesses, when the king and emperor Peter the Great walked through the crowd, his head was towers over the sea of \u200b\u200bpeople.

Compared to its older brothers born to another mother from their common father, Peter first seemed pretty healthy. But in fact, almost all his life was tormented by the strongest headaches, and in recent years, Peter the first has suffered from renal illness. The attacks strengthened even more after the emperor, together with ordinary soldiers, pulled out the nerd bar, but he tried to not pay attention to no matter.

Gravy "Death Peter First" | Art Politinfo.

At the end of January 1725, the ruler could no longer tolerate pain and down in his Winter Palace. After the Emperor's forces are not left, he just moaned, and all the surroundings understood that Peter was dying. Death Peter first accepted in terrible flour. The official cause of his death doctors called inflammation of the lungs, but later the doctors had strong doubts about such a verdict. An autopsy was held, which showed terrible inflammation bladderwhich has already grown in Gangren. Peter the Great was buried in the cathedral under the Petropavlovsk fortress in St. Petersburg, and his spouse was the heir to the throne, Empress Ekaterina I.

Peter I Great (05/30/1672 - 01/28/1725) - First Emperor All-Russian, one of the outstanding Russian public figures, In history, entered as a man of advanced views, which conducted active reform activities in the Russian state and expanding the territory of the state in the Baltic region.

Peter was born 1 30.05.1672g. His father - King Alexey Mikhailovich had a very numerous offspring: Peter was his fourteenth child. At his mother, the queen Natalia Naryshkina Peter was the firstborn. Having stayed with the queen year, Peter was given to raising the nanac. When the boy was four, his father died, and his supreme brother Fyodor Alekseevich was appointed guardian of Tsarevich, who became a new king. Petr first education was weak, so he wrote all his life with errors. However, the disadvantages of their basic education Peter the Great subsequently managed to compensate for rich practical activities.

In the spring of 1682 after the six years of his reign, Tsar Fedor Alekseevich died. In Moscow, there was an uprising of Sagittarov and the juvenile Peter together with Brother Ivan were erected to the throne, and the government was named the elder sister of their princess Sophia Alekseevna. Peter spent a little time in Moscow, living with his mother in the villages of Izmailov and Preobrazhensky. Energetic and movable, who did not receive church or secular systematic education, he spent its entire time in active players with peers. Subsequently, he was allowed to create "funny shelves", with which the boy played maneuvers and battles. In the summer of 1969, having learned that Sophia was preparing the Streetsky Bunk, Peter accomplished escape in Trinity-Sergiev Monastery, where the faithful shelves arrived for him, as well as part of the yard. Sophia was removed from power, and then sharpened to the Novodevichy Monastery.

Peter 1 handed over to the office of the country uncle to his L.K.Naryshkin and Mother, still a little exterior in Moscow. In 1689 he married at the insistence of his mother in Evdokia Lopukhina. In 1695 Peter 1 took his first military campaign to the fortress of Azov, ended in failure. Hasively builds the fleet in Voronezh, the king organized the second campaign on the Azov, who brought him the first victory, who had strengthened his authority. In 1697, the king went abroad, where he studied the ship's shipyard, working on shipyards and getting acquainted with the technical achievements of European countries, the way their lives and political device. In the same place, mainly the political program of Peter I, the purpose of which was the creation of a police regular state. Peter I considered himself the first servant of his fatherland, whose debt was own example Teach subjects.

Petrovsky reforms began with the order to shave beard to everyone, with the exception of the clergy and peasants, as well as with the introduction of a foreign dress. In 1699, the reform of the calendar was also made. The young men of noble families on the orders of the king were sent to study abroad so that the state appear their own qualified personnel. In 1701, a navigation school was created in Moscow.

In 1700, Russia, trying to entrenched in the Baltic, suffered a defeat near Narva. Peter I realized that the reason for this failure was rooted in the backwardness of the Russian army, and began to create regular regiments, introducing a recruit meal in 1705. Weapon and metallurgical plants, which were supplied for the army of small arms and cannons for the army. The Russian army began to win the first victories over the enemy, capturing a significant part of the Baltic States. In 1703 Peter I was founded by St. Petersburg. In 1708, Russia was divided on the province. From the creation of the Governing Senate, in 1711, Peter 1 began holding the management reform and the creation of new authorities. In 1718, the admission reform began. After the end of the Northern War, Russia was proclaimed in 1721 by the Empire, and Peter 1 was awarded the Senate titles "Father of the Fatherland" and "Great".

Peter the first, aware of the technical backwardness of Russia, contributed to the development of the domestic industry, as well as trade. He also carried out many transformations in culture. With it, there are secular educational establishmentsThe first Russian newspaper was founded. In 1724, the Academy of Sciences was founded.

The first wife of Peter the first, being mixed in streletsky Bunte, Soslana was in the monastery. In 1712, he was married to Catherine Alekseevna, which in 1724 Peter crowned as a co-government and empress.

Peter I 9/28/1725 died. from inflammation of the lungs.

The main achievements of Peter I

• Peter the Great entered the story Russian state as a converter king. Russia as a result of Petrovsky reforms could be a full-fledged participant international relations and began to conduct active foreign Policy. Peter 1 strengthened the authority of the Russian state in the world. Also, with it, the foundations of Russian national culture were laid. The management system created by him, as well as the administrative and territorial division of the state persisted for a long time. Simultaneously with this main tool for Petrovsky reforms, violence was violence. These reforms could not save the state from the previously established system social relationshipThat was embodied in serfs, they, on the contrary, only strengthened the institutions of serfdom, which was the main contradiction of Petrovsky reforms.

Important dates of the biography of Peter I

• 05/30/1672 - Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich was born a boy who was called Peter.
• 1676 - Alexey Mikhailovich died, Fedor Alekseevich, Brother Peter 1, became king.
• 1682 - King Fedor III died. Archers' uprising in Moscow. Ivan and Peter were elected to the kings, and the sofya proclaims proclaimed the government.
• 1689 - Peter married Evdokia Lopukhina. Non-definition of the governor of Sofia.
• 1695 - Peter's first Azov campaign.
• 1696 - After the death of Ivan Y, Peter 1 became the only king of Russia.
• 1696 - The second Azov campaign of Peter.
• 1697 - Departure of the king to Western Europe.
• 1698 - Peter's return 1 to Russia. Reference Evdokia Lopukhina to the monastery.
• 1699 - introduction of a new summer.
• 1700 - The beginning of the Northern War.
• 1701 - Organization of navigation school.
• 1703 - Peter's first marine victory.
• 1703 - The foundation of St. Petersburg.
• 1709 - the defeat of the Swedes under Poltava.
• 1711 - the establishment of the Senate.
• 1712 - Marriage of Peter 1 with Catherine Alekseevna.
• 1714 - Decree of the union.
• 1715 - The foundation in St. Petersburg of the Maritime Academy.
• 1716-1717 - The second journey of Peter the first abroad.
• 1721 - Synod establishment. Senate assigned to Peter 1 title of the Great, Fatherland, as well as the emperor.
• 1722 - Senate reform.
• 1722-1723 - Peter's Caspian campaign, after which the Southern and Western Caspian coast was joined to Russia.
• 1724 - Institution of the Academy of Sciences. Crowning by Empress Catherine Alekseevna.
• 1725 - Death of Peter I.

Interesting facts from the life of Peter the first

• Peter the first greasicness, practical skill and apparent directness combined in its character with natural gusts in manifestation and affection, and anger, and sometimes with unbridled cruelty.
• Only his wife Ekaterina Alekseevna could cope with the king in his angry attacks, who cared to calm down periodically arising from Peter the attacks of the strongest headaches. The sound of her voice calmed the king, Catherine laid her husband's head, caressing, on his chest, and Peter 1 piled. Catherine sat internally, after which Peter first woke up absolutely vigorous and fresh.

There is enough interesting story that when the writer Alexey Nikolayevich Tolstoy worked on his novel "Peter First", he ran into enough unusual factthat the greatest of russian monarchs, the pride of the name of Romanov, has nothing to do with the surname, nor to Russian nationality in general!

This fact was extremely excited by the writer, and he, using his acquaintance with another great dictator, and having remembered the fate of others, careless writers, decided to appeal to him for advice, especially since the information was in some sense closely close to the leader.

The information was provocative and ambiguous, Alexey Nikolayevich brought the document to Stalin, namely a kind of letter, which clearly testified that Peter I in his origin was not Russian at all, as previously thought, and Georgians!

What is noteworthy, Stalin was not surprised at all of the unusual incident. Moreover, after familiarization with the documents, she asked for a thick thing to hide, in order not to give him the opportunity to become public, arguing her desire simply simply: "Let's leave them at least one" Russian ", which they can be proud!"

And recommending a document that got thick, destroy. The act seemingly strange if I remember that Joseph Vissarionovich and himself was in the origin of Georgian. But if you figure it out, it is absolutely logical from the point of view of the leader's position of the peoples, since it is known that Stalin considered himself Russian! And how else would he call himself the leader of the Russian people?

The information after this meeting would seem forever had to be buried, but no offense Alexey Nikolayevich, but he, like any writer, was a man of extremely sociable, was tamed a narrow circle of friends, and there it was already on the principle of snowball, it was divided like a virus All the minds of the intelligentsia of that time.

What was it for the letter, which should have disappeared? Most likely we are talking about the letter of Darya Archilovna Bagration-Mukhranskaya, the daughter of the king of Imeretinsky Archila, his cousin daughter of the Mingrelsky Prince Dadiani.

The letter we are talking about a certain prophecy heard from the Georgian queen: "My mother told me about some Matveyev, who saw prophetic dreamIn which the Saint George Victorian appeared to him and told him: You were elected, tell the king that Muscovy must be born to the king of kings, which will make it great Empire. It is born to him from the seed Orthodox king of the Iversky of Togo Davidova as the Virgin Mary. And the daughter of Kirill Naryshkin, a clean heart. Having disappointed from the field - to be a great mora. The will of God Will is there. "

The prophecy unequivocally hinted on the sharp need for such an event, but another problem could actually serve as a turn of events.

Start the end of the name of Romanov

To deal with the reasons for such a written appeal, it is necessary to refer to the story and remember that the Moscow kingdom at that time was the kingdom without a king, and the Acting Tsar Monarch Alexei Mikhailovich did not cope with the role assigned to him.

In fact, the country managed mired in palace intrigues, fraudster and adventurer Prince Miloslavsky.

Context

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La Nacion Argentina 01/26/2016 Aleksey Mikhailovich was a weak and tricky man surrounded by his people mostly church, whose opinion he listened. One of these was Artamon Sergeevich Matveyev, who, being a man not simple, could have been able to put the necessary pressure on the king, so as to merge him into the actions, which the king was not ready. In essence, Matveyev led his tips to the king, being a sort of prototype "Rasputin" at the court.

The plan of Matveyeva was simple: it was necessary to help the king to get rid of kinship with Miloslavsky and build a "her" heir to the throne ...

So in March 1669 after childbirth, the wife of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich - Maria Ilyinichna Miloslavskaya - died.

After that, Matveyev sucks Alexey Mikhailovich Princess Crimean-Tatar Natalia Kirillovna Naryshkin, the daughter of the Crimean-Tatar Murza Ismail Narysha, who at that time lived in Moscow and was quite convenient for the pronunciation of local naming the name Kirill.

It remained to resolve the question with the heir, since the children born from the first wife were the same chili, as the king himself, and hardly according to Matveyev, were a threat.

In other words, as soon as the king was married to the princess of Naryshkina, the question arose about the heir, and since at that moment the king was seriously ill and physically weak, and he had been crazy, it was decided to find a replacement here, and then I caught conspirators at hand Georgian prince ...

Who is Peter's father?

Theories are actually two, Peter has two great Georgian prince from the genus of Bagrations in the fathers, Petra is prescribed:

Archil II (1647-1713) - King of Imereti (1661-1663, 1678-1679, 1690-1691, 1695-1696, 1698) and Kakheti (1664-1675), the poet Lirik, the eldest son of King Kartli Vakhtanga V. One of Founders of the Georgian colony in Moscow.

Irakli I (Nazarali-Khan; 1637 or 1642 - 1709) - Tsar Kartli (1688-1703), King of Kakheti (1703-1709). Son Tsarevich David (1612-1648) and Elena Diazamidze (mind 1695), grandson of Tsar Kartli and Kakheti Teimuraz I.

And in fact, by following a small investigation, I have to be bowed that Irakli could become a father, because it was Irakli who moved during, suitable for conception of the king, in Moscow, and Archil moved to Moscow only in 1681.

Tsarevich Irakli was known in Russia under the name of Nikolai and the patronymic of Davydovich, more convenient for the local Luda. Irakli was an approximate king Alexei Mikhailovich and even at the wedding of the king and the Tatar Princess was appointed by a thousandth, that is, the main manager of the marriage celebrations.

It is right to note that the duties of the Thousands took place also to become great father Wedding pair. But the will of the Fate, Georgian Tsarevich helped the king of Moscow not only with the choice of name for the firstborn, but also with the conception of it.

In the christenings of the future emperor, in 1672, Irakli fulfilled his duty and the Baby Peter, and in 1674 he left Russia, taking the throne of the principality of Kakheti, however, to receive this title, he had to adopt Muslim.

Second version, dubious

According to the second version, the father of the future autocarditant in 1671 has already been celebrating the King of Imeretinsky Archil II for several months, who was practically forced to visit the bedroom princes under pressure, convincing him in the fact that his participation was needed in the Divine Fisher Boguely, namely, the conception of "who was waiting for."

Perhaps it was the dream of almost holy man Matveyev forced the noble Orthodox king to enter the young princess.

Peter's kinship with Archil may indicate the fact that the official heir to the Georgian monarch, Prince Alexander, became the first general russian army Georgian origin, served with Peter in the droskest shelves and died for the emperor in Swedish captivity.

And other children of Archila: Matvey, David and Sister Daria (Dargen) received such preferences from Peter as land in Russia, and were in every possible way. In particular, it is known that Peter went to celebrate his victory in the village of Allsen, the area of \u200b\u200bthe current falcon, to his sister Daria!

Also with this period in the life of the country, a wave of mass migration to Moscow of the Georgian elite is connected. As the proof of the kinship of the Georgian king, Archila II and Peter I also lead the fact as captured in a letter of the monarch of the Russian prince Naryshkina, in which he writes: "How is our chalubashka?"

Although "our chalunca" can be said about Tsarevich Nikolai, and about Peter, as a representative of the kind of Bagration. In favor of the second version, the fact that Peter I was surprisingly similar to the Imereti king Archil II. Both were truly giant for the time of growth, with identical facial features and characters, although the same version can be used and as the proof of the first, since Georgian princes were in direct relationship.

Everyone knew, and everyone was silent

About the relatives of the king, it seems, at the time everyone knew. So Tsarevna Sophia wrote a prince Golitsyn: "You can not give the power to Basurmann!"

The mother of Peter, Natalia Naryshkin, was also scary afraid of what had done, and repeatedly stated: "He can not be the king!"

Yes, and the king himself at the moment when the Georgian Princess was swattered for him, he stated in all her: "I don't get married at the same name!"

Visual similarity, other evidence is not necessary

It must be seen. Remember from the story: no Moscow king was different, nor the Slavic appearance, but Peter is the most special of them.

According to historical documents, Peter I was quite high even according to the current measures, since its growth reached two meters, but what is strange - he wore 38 sizes at the same time, and his clothes was 48! But, nevertheless, it is these features that he inherited from his Georgian relatives, as this description was accurate to the genus of Bagration. Peter was a pure European!

But not even visually, but by the nature of Peter definitely did not apply to the nature of the Romanov, he was a real Caucasian for all his chants.

Yes, he inherited the unthinkable cruelty of the Moscow kings, but this feature could get to him on the mother line, since, they were more than Tatar than Slavyansky, but it was this feature that he gave him the opportunity to turn a fragment of the Horde to the European state.

Output

Peter I was not Russian, but was a Russian, because despite its not quite the right origin, there was still a royal blood, but neither to the genus of Romanov, nor the more than Rurichnikov.

It is possible that it is not the Ordan origin that made it a reformer and a real emperor who turned the county Ordane Principality of Muscovy to the Russian Empire, let him be borrowed by the story of one of the occupied territories, but we will tell about it in the next story.

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