Birth of an empire. Grand Duke of Vladimir Yaroslav II Vsevolodovich (1190–1246)

Yaroslav played a big role in the history of our country. His reign was marked by both positive and negative aspects. We will talk about all this in this article. We also note that the son of Prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, he is presented below), became famous throughout the country as a great commander, and was also canonized by the church. But today we will not talk about him, but about his father, whose reign was eventful.

So let's start our story. To begin with, the main dates associated with the name of Yaroslav. He was born in 1191, From 1212 to 1238 - the years of the reign of Yaroslav Vsevolodovich in Pereyaslavl-Zalessky. AT different time he also reigned in Novgorod (1215, from 1221 to 1223, from 1224 to 1228, from 1230 to 1236). Having captured Torzhok, he ruled in it from 1215 to 1216. Yaroslav was Kievan from 1236 to 1238. From 1238 to 1246 Yaroslav Vsevolodovich ruled in Vladimir.

Vsevolod Yurievich died in 1212. He left Pereyaslavl-Zalessky to Yaroslav. Between the sons of Vsevolod, Yuri and Konstantin, strife immediately began. Yaroslav spoke on the side of Yuri. He twice went to help him with his Pereyaslavtsy, in 1213 and 1214, but it never came to a battle.

The arrival of Yaroslav in Novgorod, the rejection of the reign

Novgorodians in 1215 invited Yaroslav to reign. Mstislav Mstislavich Udaloy, who had just left this city, left many of his supporters in Novgorod. Barely appearing, Yaroslav Vsevolodovich ordered to imprison two boyars. He then held a veche against Yakun Namnezic. The people began to plunder his yard, and the boyar Ovstrat, together with his son, was killed by the inhabitants of Prusskaya Street. Yaroslav did not like such self-will. He did not want to stay in Novgorod any longer and went to Torzhok. Here Yaroslav began to reign, and sent a governor to Novgorod. In this case, he followed the example of his father, grandfather and uncle, who left Rostov and established themselves in new cities.

How Yaroslav conquered Novgorod

Soon the opportunity presented itself to constrain Novgorod and finally subjugate it to its will: in the fall, frost beat all the grain in the Novgorod volost, only in Torzhok the harvest was preserved. Yaroslav ordered not to let a single cartload of bread out of the Lower Land to help the starving. Novgorodians in such need sent three boyars to Yaroslav in order to return the prince to Novgorod. Yaroslav delayed the arrivals. Meanwhile, hunger increased, people had to eat a lime leaf, pine bark, moss. They gave their children to eternal slavery. The corpses of the dead lay everywhere - across the field, along the streets, along the market. The dogs couldn't eat them. Most of the inhabitants simply died of hunger, others went in search of a better life to foreign countries.

Exhausted Novgorodians decided to send the posadnik Yuri Ivanovich with noble people to Yaroslav. They again tried to call the prince to him, but he ordered to detain them too. Instead of answering, Yaroslav sent two of his boyars to Novgorod in order to take his wife out of there. The inhabitants of the city turned to the prince with the last speech. He detained the ambassadors and all the Novgorod guests. The chronicler testifies that there was a cry and sadness in Novgorod. But Yaroslav Vsevolodovich did not heed the pleas of the inhabitants. The photo below is a copy of his helmet. It was lost in 1216 in the Battle of Lipitsa and found in 1808.

Arrival of Mstislav in Novgorod

Yaroslav's calculation turned out to be correct: it was not easy for the city to resist under such difficult circumstances. However, Russia was still strong with Mstislav. Mstislav II Udaloy, having learned about what was happening in Novgorod, arrived there in 1216. He seized Khot Grigoryevich, Yaroslav's mayor, reforged his nobles and promised not to part with the Novgorodians.

War with Mstislav

Having learned about all this, the father of Alexander Nevsky Yaroslav Vsevolodovich began to prepare for war. He ordered to make notches on the way to the river. Tvertsa. The prince sent 100 people from the inhabitants who seemed loyal to him to Novgorod with instructions to rise up against Mstislav and drive him out of the city. But these 100 people, as soon as they arrived in Novgorod, immediately went over to the side of Mstislav. Mstislav Udaloy sent a priest to Torzhok to promise peace to the prince if he let the people go. Yaroslav did not like this proposal. He released the priest sent to him without an answer, and called all the Novgorodians detained in Torzhok (more than two thousand) out of town on the field, ordered them to be put in chains and sent to their cities. And he distributed the horses and property to the squad.

However, this trick turned against the prince himself. The Novgorodians, who remained in the city, marched together with Mstislav against Yaroslav on March 1, 1216. Mstislav on the river. Vazuse joined with Vladimir Rurikovich Smolensky, his cousin. Despite this, he again sent people to Yaroslav with an offer of peace, but he again refused. Then Vladimir and Mstislav moved towards Tver. They began to burn and seize villages. Yaroslav, learning about this, left Torzhok and headed for Tver. Mstislav did not stop there and began to ruin the already Pereyaslav volost. He offered to conclude an alliance with him Konstantin of Rostov, who immediately connected with him. The brothers Vladimir, Svyatoslav and Yuri came to the aid of Yaroslav, and with them the whole of Suzdal. They called everyone, both villagers and townspeople, and if they did not have a horse, then they went on foot. The chronicler says that sons went to fathers, brother to brother, fathers to children, masters to slaves, and slaves to master. Vsevolodovichi settled on the river. Kze. Mstislav sent people to Yaroslav, offering to release the Novotorzhians and Novgorodians, return the Novgorod volosts captured by him, and make peace with them. However, Yaroslav and then refused.

Flight of Yaroslav

Confident in own strength Vsevolodovichi won. Mstislav had to retreat to the river. Lipice. April 21 happened here great battle. With great force, the Novgorodians hit Yaroslav's regiments. Pereyaslavtsy fled, and after a while the whole army turned to flight. Yaroslav on the fifth horse ran to Pereyaslavl (he drove four) and shut himself in this city.

The reprisal of the prince over the Smolensk and Novgorodians

The chronicler notes that the first evil was not enough for him, he was not satisfied with human blood. In Pereyaslavl, Nevsky's father, Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, ordered to seize all the Smolensk and Novgorodians who entered his land to trade, and throw some into a cramped hut, others into the cellar, where they all died (about 150 people in total).

Reconciliation with Mstislav and Vladimir

Yuri, meanwhile, surrendered Vladimir to the Mstislavichs. Konstantin, his brother, remained here. Yuri went to Radilov, located on the Volga. However, Yaroslav Vsevolodovich did not want to submit. He decided to lock himself in Pereyaslavl, believing that he would sit out here. Nevertheless, when Konstantin and Mstislav headed towards the city, he got scared and began to ask them for peace, and then he himself came to his brother Konstantin, asking him not to extradite Vladimir and Mstislav and take him in. Konstantin on the road reconciled him with Mstislav. When the princes arrived in Pereyaslavl, Yaroslav bestowed rich gifts on them and the governor. Taking the gifts, Mstislav sent for his daughter, Yaroslav's wife, to the city. Yaroslav many times asked him to return his wife, but Mstislav was adamant.

Yaroslav returns to Novgorod

Mstislav left Novgorod in 1218 and went to Galich. Troubles began again among the Novgorodians. To stop them, I had to ask Yaroslav again from Yuri Vsevolodovich. The prince was again sent to them in 1221. Novgorodians rejoiced at him, according to the chronicler. When the prince left for his parish in 1223, they bowed to him and begged him to stay. However, Yaroslav did not listen to them and left for Pereyaslavl-Zalessky. Novgorodians in 1224 managed to invite him to their place for the third time. Yaroslav came and stayed this time in Novgorod for about three years, defending this volost from various enemies. In the photo below - Yaroslav Vsevolodovich in front of Christ with a model of the Church of the Savior.

Fight against Lithuanians

Lithuanians numbering 7 thousand in 1225 devastated the villages located near Torzhok. They did not reach the city itself, only three versts. The Lithuanians killed many merchants and subjugated the entire Toropets volost. Yaroslav Vsevolodovich overtook them near Usvyat. He defeated the Lithuanians, killed 2 thousand people and took away the booty they had stolen. In 1228, Yaroslavl went to Pereyaslavl, leaving his sons in Novgorod. The inhabitants of the city in 1230 again sent for him. The prince immediately arrived, swore to fulfill all the promises, however, as before, he was not constantly in Novgorod. His place was taken by his sons Alexander and Fedor.

Conquest of the Germans

Yaroslav in 1234 opposed the Germans with the Novgorodians and his regiments. He went under Yuriev, settled down not far from the city. He released his people to fight in the surrounding areas and collect food supplies in them. Some of the Germans made a sortie from Odenpe, the other from Yuryev, but the Russians beat them. Some Germans fell in the battle, but mostly they died in the river when the ice broke under them. Taking advantage of the victory, the Russians devastated the land. They destroyed German bread, and this people had to submit. Yaroslav made peace with the Germans on terms favorable to himself.

The reign of Yaroslav in Kyiv, new battles

Upon learning that Mikhail Vsevolodovich was at war with the Galician princes Vasilko and Daniil Romanovich, Yaroslav left his son Alexander in Novgorod in 1236 and went on a campaign. He took with him noble Novgorodians, a hundred Novotorzhan, Rostov and Pereyaslav regiments and moved south. Yaroslav ruined the Chernihiv volost and began to reign in Kyiv.

His reign lasted more than a year, but suddenly it became known about the invasion of the Tatars and the devastation of the land of Vladimir-Suzdal. The prince, leaving Kyiv, hastened to the north, but did not arrive in time. Yuri Vsevolodovich was defeated on the City. He died in battle. Yaroslav, having learned about his death, went to reign in Vladimir. He cleared the churches of the corpses, gathered the remaining people and began to dispose of the volosts.

Prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich spoke in 1239 against the Lithuanians who fought near Smolensk. He defeated them, took their prince prisoner, and then imprisoned the Smolensk people, who was the son of Mstislav Romanovich. After that, Yaroslav Vsevolodovich returned home with honor and great booty.

Settling relations with Batu

But the most important business of this prince - settling relations between the Russians and the Tatars - was yet to come. Batu soon after the invasion sent a Baskak to Russia one Saracen. This man captured all unmarried women and men, beggars, from each family that had 3 sons, took one for himself. He imposed a tribute on the rest of the inhabitants, which had to be paid in fur to each man. If a person could not pay, he was taken into slavery.

Batu spread his camp on the banks of the Volga. Prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich went here. According to the chronicler, Batu received Yaroslav with honor and released him, punishing him to be the eldest among the Russian princes. That is, he received together with Vladimir from the hands of Batu and Kyiv, but this only had symbolic meaning after the ruin of the capital of Russia by the Tatars.

The last years of life and death of Yaroslav

Constantine returned in 1245 and said that Ogedei was demanding Yaroslav to come to him. He set off and arrived in August 1246 in Mongolia. Here Yaroslav Vsevolodovich Vladimirsky witnessed the accession of the son of Ogedeev Kayuk. In the same year, Yaroslav died. He was called to the Khan's mother, who gave him food and drink from her hands, supposedly showing honor. Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, was poisoned and died 7 days later. Unfortunately, the reason why the Russian prince was treated this way is unknown. His body was brought to Russia and buried in the Assumption Cathedral of Vladimir.

Years of life : 8 February 1190 - 30 September 1246 .

Years of government: princePereyaslavsky (1201 - 1206); Prince Pereyaslavl-Zalessky (1212 - 1238); Prince of Novgorod (1215, 1221 - 1223, 1224 - 1228, 1230 - 1236); Prince Torzhsky (1215 - 1216); Grand Duke Kyiv (1236 - 1238); Grand Duke Vladimirsky (1238 - 1246).

From the family of the Vladimir-Suzdal Grand Dukes. The son of Vsevolod III Yurievich Big Nest and the Czech princess Maria Shvarnovna.
Wives:

1) from 1205, the daughter of the Polovtsian Khan Yuri Konchakonich;

2) from 1214, the daughter of Prince. Smolensky Mstislav Mstislavich Udaly, Prince. Rostislav (+ May 4, 1244). Children from this marriage: Yaroslav Tverskoy and Vasily Mizinny

In 1212, Vsevolod Yurievich died, leaving Pereyaslavl Zalessky to Yaroslav. Immediately between the sons of Vsevolodov, Konstantin and Yuri, strife began. Yaroslav was on the side of Yuri and twice in 1213 and 1214 went to his aid with his Pereyaslavites, but the matter never came to a battle.

In 1215, the Novgorodians sent to Yaroslav to invite him to reign. Prince Mstislav Mstislavich Udaloy, who had just left Novgorod, left many of his supporters here. Yaroslav, barely appearing in the city, ordered to seize two boyars and imprison them in Tver. Then he gathered a veche against Tysyatsky Yakun Namnezhich. In the evening, the people rushed to rob Yakunov's yard, and the inhabitants of Prusskaya Street killed the boyar Ovstrat and his son. Yaroslav did not like such self-will, he did not want to stay further in Novgorod, went to Torzhok, sat down to reign here, and planted a governor in Novgorod, following in this case the example of his grandfather, uncle and father, who left old Rostov and approved their stay in new cities .

Soon a favorable opportunity presented itself for him to constrain Novgorod and bring it completely into his own will: the frost beat all the bread in the Novgorod volost in the autumn, only in Torzhok everything was intact. Yaroslav ordered that not a single cartload of bread from the Lower Land be allowed to enter Novgorod; in such need, the Novgorodians sent three boyars to him with a request to move in with them again. Yaroslav detained the messengers. And "meanwhile, hunger intensified, poor people ate pine bark, linden leaves, moss, gave their children to eternal servitude; the corpses of the dead lay everywhere - in the marketplace, along the streets and across the field, the dogs did not have time to eat them; most of Vozhan died of hunger, the rest fled to foreign countries. Novgorodians sent the posadnik Yuri Ivanovich and other noble people to Yaroslav to call him again, he ordered them to be detained, and instead of answering, he sent two of his boyars to Novgorod to bring his wife out of there. Then the Novgorodians sent to him with the last speech: "Go to your homeland, to St. Sophia, but if you don't, then say so directly." Yaroslav detained the ambassadors, detained all the guests of Novgorod, and there was sadness and a cry in Novgorod, says the chronicler. Yaroslav's calculation was correct: it was difficult for the Novgorodian antiquity to resist under such circumstances, but old Russia was still strong with its Mstislav. Having learned what evil was being done in Novgorod, Mstislav the Udaloy arrived there on February 2, 1216, grabbed Yaroslav's mayor Khot Grigorievich, reforged all his nobles, drove into the court of Yaroslav and kissed the cross to the Novgorodians, and the Novgorodians to him - not to part either in the stomach or in death .

Yaroslav, having learned about the Novgorod news, began to prepare for war, ordered to make notches along the Novgorod road to the Tvertsa River, and sent 100 people from his inhabitants, who seemed to him loyal, to Novgorod with instructions to raise a rebellion against Mstislav and send him out of the city. However, these 100 people, as soon as they arrived in Novgorod, so unanimously went over to the side of Mstislav, who sent a priest to Torzhok to say to Yaroslav: "Son! I bow to you: let your husbands and guests go, come out of Torzhok and take love with me!" Yaroslav did not like this proposal; he released the priest without an answer, and called all the Novgorodians detained in Torzhok, numbering more than 2000, to the field outside the city, ordered them to be seized, put in chains and sent to their cities, and distributed their property and horses to the squad. This move had the opposite effect. All the remaining Novgorodians on March 1, 1216, together with Mstislav, opposed Yaroslav. On the Vazuz River, Mstislav joined his cousin Vladimir Rurikovich Smolensky. Despite this, he again sent to Yaroslav with peace proposals, but he ordered to answer: "I don't want peace; let's go - so go; one of yours will have a hundred of ours." Then Mstislav and Vladimir moved to Tver and began to capture and burn the villages. Upon learning of this, Yaroslav left Torzhok for Tver. Mstislav went further and began to ruin the Pereyaslav volost, and sent to Konstantin Rostov with a proposal of an alliance. Konstantin immediately connected with him, Yaroslav came to the aid of the brothers Yuri, Svyatoslav and Vladimir. Together with them was all the power of the Suzdal land; they drove everyone - townspeople and villagers - who did not have a horse, he walked. It was a terrible miracle and wondrous, says the chronicler: sons went against fathers, fathers against children, brother against brother, slaves against master, and masters against slaves. Vsevolodovichi stood on the Kze River, and Mstislav sent a message to Yaroslav: "Let the Novgorodians and Novotorzhians go, return the Novgorod volosts that you captured; reconcile with us and kiss the cross, and don't shed blood." Yaroslav refused: “I don’t want peace, I don’t let the Novgorodians and Novotorzhets go; you went far, but you came out like a dry fish.”

Vsevolodovichi, confident in their strength, led the way to battle. Mstislav retreated to the Lipica River, and here on April 21 a big battle took place. The Novgorodians hit Yaroslav's regiments with such force that the Pereyaslavites could not stand it and fled, and after a fierce battle, the whole army also fled. Yaroslav ran to Pereyaslavl on the fifth horse, driving four, and closed himself in the city. The first evil was not enough for him, says the chronicler, he was not satisfied with human blood, having beaten many people in Novgorod, both in Torzhok and on Voloka, this was not enough for him; running to Pereyaslavl, he ordered to intercept all the Novgorodians and Smolensk people who entered his land for trade, and ordered them to be thrown into the cellar, others into a cramped hut, where they all died, a hundred and fifty in number. "Meanwhile, Yuri surrendered Vladimir to the Mstislavichs ( his brother Konstantin sat here), and he himself went to Radilov on the Volga. But Yaroslav did not want to submit, locked himself in Pereyaslavl and thought that he would sit here, but when Mstislav and Konstantin moved to Pereyaslavl, he was frightened and began to send to them with a request about the world, and then he himself came to brother Konstantin, hit him with his brow and said: “Lord! I am in your will: do not betray me to my father-in-law Mstislav and Vladimir Rurikovich, but feed me bread yourself. " Konstantin reconciled him with Mstislav on the road, and when the princes came to Pereyaslavl, Yaroslav gave them and the governor rich gifts; Mstislav, taking gifts, sent to the city for his daughter, his wife Yaroslavova.Yaroslav more than once sent to him with a request to return his wife to him, but Mstislav did not agree.

In 1218 Mstislav left Novgorod and went to Galich. Troubles began again among the Novgorodians, and in order to stop them, they were forced to again ask the prince from Yuri Vsevolodovich. In 1221, he again sent Yaroslav to them. Novgorodians were glad to Yaroslav, says the chronicler, and when in 1223 he left them for his parish - Pereyaslavl Zalessky, they bowed to him and persuaded him to stay, but he did not listen to their requests. In 1224, the Novgorodians managed to invite him to their place for the third time. Yaroslav came to them and this time stayed in Novgorod for almost three years, defending the parish from various enemies.

In 1225, 7,000 Lithuanians terribly devastated the villages near Torzhok, only three miles before reaching the city, killed many merchants and captured the entire Toropets volost. Yaroslav caught up with them near Usvyat, defeated, killed 2000 people and took away the booty. In 1227, Yaroslav went to the pit with the Novgorodians, fought the whole land and brought it without number. The next year he went to Pereyaslavl, leaving his sons in Novgorod. In 1230, the Novgorodians sent again for Yaroslav; Yaroslav arrived immediately, swore to fulfill all the letters of Yaroslavov, but still did not permanently live in Novgorod, where his sons Fedor and Alexander took his place.

In 1234, Yaroslav with his regiments and Novgorodians opposed the Germans near Yuryev and stopped not far from the city, releasing his people to fight the surrounding areas to collect food supplies. The Germans made a sally from Yuriev, others from Odenpe, but the Russians beat them; some of the Germans fell in battle, but more died in the river when the ice broke under them; the Russians, taking advantage of their victory, devastated their land, destroyed their bread; then the Germans bowed to the prince, and Yaroslav made peace with them on favorable terms for himself.

In 1236, having learned that Mikhail Vsevolodovich of Chernigov was engaged in a difficult war with the Galician princes Daniel and Vasilko Romanovich, Yaroslav left his son Alexander in Novgorod, took with him several noble Novgorodians, 100 people of Novotorzhan, Pereyaslav and Rostov regiments, moved south, devastated Chernigov volost and sat on the great reign in Kyiv. For more than a year he quietly reigned here, when suddenly the news came of the Tatar invasion and the terrible devastation of the Vladimir-Suzdal land. Leaving Kyiv, Yaroslav hurried to the north, but did not have time to arrive on time. Yuri Vsevolodovich was defeated in the City and died in the battle. Having learned about the death of his brother, Yaroslav came to reign in Vladimir. He cleared the churches of corpses, gathered the people left from the extermination, consoled them and, as a senior, began to manage the volosts. In 1239, he had to oppose the Lithuanians, who were already fighting in the vicinity of Smolensk; the Grand Duke defeated the Lithuanians, took their prince prisoner, then ordered the Smolensk people, planting Vsevolod, the son of Mstislav Romanovich, as their prince, and returned home with great booty and honor.

However the most important thing Yaroslav was settling relations with the Tatars. Soon after the invasion, Batu sent one Saracen to Russia as a Baska, who took one from each father of a family who had three sons, captured all unmarried men and women who did not have legal husbands, also all the beggars, and listed the rest according to Tatar custom and imposed tribute: every male person, no matter what age and condition, was obliged to pay in fur; who could not pay, he was taken into slavery.

Yaroslav went to the Horde to Batu, who spread his camp on the banks of the Volga. Batu, according to the chronicler, received Yaroslav with honor and, releasing him, said: "Be the eldest among all the princes in the Russian people." Thus, together with Vladimir, Yaroslav received from the hands of Batu and Kyiv, but after the brutal devastation of the Russian capital by the Tatars, this had only a symbolic meaning. Yaroslav sent his son Konstantin to Mongolia to the great khan. In 1245, Constantine returned and reported that Ogedei was demanding Yaroslav himself. Yaroslav set off on a long journey and in August 1246 arrived in Mongolia, where he witnessed the accession of Kayuk, the son of Ogedeev. The monk Plano Carpini met with Yaroslav in the Horde. According to him, the honor that the senior Russian prince enjoyed here was small, but nevertheless he was given a higher place in front of all other rulers. The same traveler left us some details of the death of the Grand Duke, which followed in 1246. Yaroslav was called to the mother of the Great Khan, who, as if wishing to honor the Russian prince, gave him food and drink from own hands. Returning from the khansha, Yaroslav fell ill and died seven days later, and his body turned blue in an amazing way, which is why everyone thought that the khansha had poisoned him. The reason why the Mongols did this is not known. It is unlikely that any Russian affairs took place here - Mongolia was too far from Russia to delve into them. Perhaps they wanted to annoy Batu with this murder. The body of Yaroslav was brought to Russia and buried in Vladimir in the Assumption Cathedral.

Prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich is one of the three sons of Vsevolod the Big Nest (brothers Yuri and Konstantin) In 1216, Yaroslav and Yuri fought Konstantin and the Novgorod prince Mstislav Udaly on the Lipetsk field near Yurye-Polsky. Konstantin won.

Yaroslav II (Theodore) Vsevolodovich (1190 - 1246) - Prince of Novgorod, later Grand Duke, father of St. Alexander Nevsky. In 1201, Yaroslav was appointed father (Vsevolod III Large Nest) by the prince of South Pereyaslavl. In 1203 he went to the Polovtsians. In 1206, the inhabitants of the city of Galich (in Chervonnaya Rus) elected him a prince, but Yaroslav was expelled from there by Prince Rurik Rostislavich and his allies, who decided to give Galich to Vladimir Igorevich, the Seversky prince. Yaroslav returned to his Pereyaslavl, but from there he was soon expelled by Vsevolod Chermny, the prince of Chernigov. In 1208, Yaroslav was sent by his father to reign in Ryazan, after the campaign of Vsevolod III against the Ryazan principality, in which Yaroslav also took part. Ryazanians soon rebelled against Yaroslav, for which Ryazan was burned by Vsevolod, and Yaroslav retired to the Vladimir principality. In 1209, Yaroslav was sent by his father along with his older brothers against Novgorod, who wanted to install Mstislav Mstislavich as his prince, which Vsevolod III did not like; the matter ended with the reconciliation of the parties. After the death of Vsevolod III (1212), in the struggle of his elder brothers over the great reign, Yaroslav took the side of Yuri against Constantine. In 1215, Yaroslav was invited to the princely table by the Novgorodians, where he was solemnly received by Archbishop Anthony and the inhabitants. He began to reign with incredible severity and autocracy, seized the Novgorod thousand (Yakun Zubolomich) and Novotorzhsky posadnik and sent them in chains to Tver, and he himself, having settled in Torzhok, stopped the delivery of bread to Novgorod. Novgorodians twice sent ambassadors to him, wanting reconciliation, but Yaroslav continued to act as before. Then Mstislav Udaloy (their former prince) and Yaroslav's brother Konstantin took the side of the Novgorodians; Yuri stood up for Yaroslav, but both of the latter were utterly defeated in the battle on the Lipica River (April 21, 1216). In 1222, we again see Yaroslav as Prince of Novgorod, at the invitation of the Novgorodians. In the same year, Yaroslav went with the Novgorodians to the city of Kolyvan (Revel), ruined the entire Peipsi land, took a lot of booty and was full, but he could not take the city. Soon Yaroslav voluntarily left Novgorod (about 1224). In 1225 Novgorod land was subjected to a devastating raid by the Lithuanians, and Yaroslav, "taking pity" on the Novgorodians, according to the chroniclers, marched with other princes against the Lithuanians; the latter were defeated near Usvyat, their booty was recaptured, and some of their princes were taken prisoner. After that, the Novgorodians strenuously called Yaroslav to their place, and he agreed. In the winter of 1226, Yaroslav went to Finland to Yem (Yam), "where, according to the chronicle, not a single Russian prince can be, and the whole land of their captivity." In 1227, without any violence on his part, he baptized the Korels, the neighbors of Yemi. In the same year, Yaroslav quarreled with the Novgorodians over Pskov, which he wanted to completely subordinate to his will; he demanded that the Novgorodians go with him to Pskov, but they refused. Yaroslav left for Pereyaslavl-Zalessky, leaving his sons (Fyodor and Alexander) in Novgorod. In the same 1228, Yaroslav participated in the campaign of his brother Yuri against Mordva, then captured the Volok Novgorod volost; Novgorodians sent ambassadors demanding the return of Volok; Yaroslav not only did not give him up, but kept the ambassador in captivity. In 1230, Yaroslav was again called to reign by the Novgorodians. In 1234, he spoke out against the Germans who attacked the Novgorod-Pskov lands; the Germans were defeated and made peace; at the same time there was a defeat for the Lithuanians. In 1236, Yaroslav, at the insistence of his brother Yuri (Grand Duke of Vladimir) and Daniel of Galicia, occupied the throne of Kyiv, leaving his son Alexander (Nevsky) in Novgorod. On March 4, 1238, Yuri, the Grand Duke of Vladimir, fell in a battle with the Tatars on the River City, and Yaroslav, by right of seniority, took the throne of the Grand Duke in Vladimir. At this time, his capital city was a heap of ruins. Yaroslav first of all took care of putting the capital in order, of cleansing it of the corpses that filled not only courtyards and streets, but even temples; then he tried to gather and encourage the inhabitants who had fled from the Tatar invasion. The Lithuanians, taking advantage of the cramped position of the north-east of Russia, disturbed Smolensk. Yaroslav went against them, defeated and captured their prince. The peaceful activities of Yaroslav were disturbed by a new raid of the Tatars on Suzdal land(the ruin of Murom) in 1239, Batu, having founded his residence in Saray, demanded the Russian princes bow to him. Yaroslav went to Sarai in 1243, and sent his son Konstantin to Tataria to the great khan. Batu received and released Yaroslav with honor and gave him seniority in all of Russia. In 1245, Yaroslav, together with his brothers (Svyatoslav and Ivan) and nephews, went to the Horde for the second time. His companions returned to their homelands, and Yaroslav Batu sent to the banks of the Amur to the great khan. Here he had to accept "a lot of languor", in the words of the chronicler: according to some legends, some kind of intrigue was waged against him, actors which are the boyar Fyodor Yarunovich and the khansha, who, under the guise of a treat, brought poison to Yaroslav. The Grand Duke left the Khan already sick; a week later (September 30, 1246) he died on the road. The body of Yaroslav was brought to Vladimir, where he was buried in the Assumption Cathedral.

Prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich (1191-1246) - Prince of Vladimir, Prince of Pereyaslav-Zalessky, Prince of Pereyaslav, Prince of Novgorod, Prince of Vladimir, Grand Duke of Kyiv; son of Vsevolod the Big Nest, father of Alexander Nevsky.

Participated in the civil strife of the princes, waged an active struggle for power with numerous relatives.

Yaroslav Vsevolodovich was the first of the Russian princes during the Tatar-Mongol invasion to receive a label from the Tatar Khan to reign in the new capital Ancient Russia- the city of Vladimir.

Yaroslav Vsevolodovich. short biography

Prince Yaroslav was born in 1191 and was one of the numerous offspring of Vsevolod the Big Nest. In 1212, after the death of his father, Yaroslav became a prince in the city of Pereyaslavl-Zalessky, but he was soon forced to leave it in order to take part in the struggle for power between his two brothers - Yuri (Yaroslav spoke on his side) and Konstantin - in 1213 and 1214.

After the civil strife between the brothers, he took an active part in the struggle for Novgorod, which continued with varying success from 1215 to 1236 (during this period, Yaroslav gained and lost the title of Prince of Novgorod several times). In 1236 he became Prince of Vladimir, appearing to bow in Golden Horde and received a label to reign there.

Death overtook Yaroslav during his second trip to the Golden Horde, when he was called to bow to the mother of the khan, where he accepted a treat from her hands. A week later, Yaroslav died. The exact cause of death is unknown, but it is believed that the prince could have been poisoned.

The struggle of Yaroslav Vsevolodovich for power

In domestic politics Yaroslav's many years of struggle for the right to reign in Novgorod is especially noteworthy. It was first called by the Novgorodians in 1215, when Mstislav Mstislavich left the city. Yaroslav arrived in the city, but was dissatisfied with the unrest that happened there because of his arrival, so he soon left to reign in Torzhok, accepting, however, the title of Prince of Novgorod. The governor of Yaroslav remained in Novgorod. Some time later, Yaroslav, by cunning and force, tried to seize power in Novgorod during the famine that overtook the city, refusing help and sending messengers back from Novgorod. O difficult situation Mstislav recognized the city and immediately offered Yaroslav to release all the captured Novgorodians, but he refused. Thus began a long struggle.

On March 1, 1216, Mstislav, dissatisfied with the behavior of Yaroslav and worried about the Novgorodians, gathered the townspeople and moved to Torzhok with an offer of a truce. Yaroslav rejected the offer, and Mstislav's army moved towards Tver, ruining all the cities along the way. Soon, Yaroslav's brother Konstantin joined Mstislav (against whom Yaroslav had fought in his time), Yuri, Svyatoslav and Vladimir sided with Yaroslav. An internecine conflict ensued.

On April 21, 1216, the famous battle took place on the Lipitsa River between the troops of Mstislav and Yaroslav, as a result of which Yaroslav was defeated and was forced to give the title of Prince of Novgorod back to Mstislav.

However, the struggle for Novgorod did not end there. Yaroslav several times became the prince of Novgorod: in 1218 his fathers were sent there, in 1221 and 1224 he was called to reign by the townspeople themselves. Only after being called up in 1224, Yaroslav finally remained in Novgorod for a long time in the title of prince and began to rule the city.

Already, together with the Novgorodians, Yaroslav made several successful military campaigns. In 1225, he opposed the Lithuanians, driving them from the Russian lands back to the Principality of Lithuania, in 1227 a campaign against the Finnish tribes took place on Yam, and in 1228 Yaroslav successfully repelled a retaliatory attack from the Finns.

In 1226, Yaroslav again had to prove his right to rule in Novgorod. This time, Prince Mikhail Vsevolodovich of Chernigov opposed him, but the struggle was not crowned with success for Mikhail. Moreover, in 1231, Yaroslav, together with his brother Yuri, gathered an army and invaded Chernigov.

In 1234 Yaroslav opposed German troops near the city of Yuryev, the result of the battle was the defeat of the enemy troops and a peace favorable to Russia.

In 1236, Yaroslav received the title of Grand Duke of Kyiv and went to Kyiv, leaving his son in Novgorod.

In 1238, Yaroslav returned to Vladimir and began to reign there. After several years of successful reign, during which Vladimir finally becomes the capital of Russia, Yaroslav receives an order to appear from Batu Khan. From a trip to the Golden Horde, Yaroslav returns with a label for the Great reign in Vladimir. During this period, Kyiv finally loses the status of the capital of Ancient Russia.

The results of the reign of Yaroslav Vsevolodovich

During the years of Yaroslav's reign, Vladimir officially becomes the new capital of Russia, Kyiv loses its political and economic power. Also, thanks to the activities of Yaroslav, Russia was able to recover after the attack of the Western crusaders, while maintaining its statehood and not disintegrating into separate territories.

In foreign policy Yaroslav tried to regulate relations with the Golden Horde, as well as to protect the country, which was already in a difficult situation, from attacks by the Germans and Lithuanians.

Early biography

Baltic issue

First reign in Kyiv

Board in Vladimir

Marriage and children

Yaroslav Vsevolodovich(February 8, 1191 - September 30, 1246) - son of Vsevolod the Big Nest, Prince of Pereyaslavl, Grand Duke of Kyiv (1236-1238, 1243-1246), Grand Duke of Vladimir (1238-1246).

Early biography

In 1200, Yaroslav was sent by his father to rule in Pereyaslavl-Yuzhny, but in 1206 he was expelled from there by Vsevolod Chermny. In 1208, Yaroslav participated in the campaign against Ryazan and temporarily became his father's viceroy in the Ryazan principality, with the exception of Pronsk.

In 1209 Vsevolod sent Yaroslav to reign in Veliky Novgorod. A fight has begun between Vladimir princes and the representative of the Smolensk branch of the Rurikovich Mstislav Udatny, which continued intermittently until 1216. During one of the reconciliations, Yaroslav married a second marriage to the daughter of Mstislav Udatny.

Already being mortally ill, Vsevolod gave him Pereyaslavl-Zalessky. In the conflict that arose after the death of his father between his older brothers, Konstantin and Yuri, Yaroslav supported Yuri. In 1216, during the Battle of Lipitsa, he was defeated by the troops of his father-in-law.

Baltic issue

In 1222, after a 12,000-strong army marching near Wenden, led by Yaroslav's younger brother Svyatoslav (in alliance with the Lithuanians), Yaroslav's nephew Vsevolod left Novgorod for Vladimir, and Yaroslav was invited to reign in Novgorod.

The period of 1222-1223 includes mass uprisings of Estonians against the power of the crusaders and their suppression. On August 15, 1223, the crusaders took Viljandi, where the Russian garrison was located. Henry of Latvia writes: As for the Russians who were in the castle, who came to the aid of the apostates, after the capture of the castle they were all hanged in front of the castle for the fear of other Russians ... Meanwhile, the elders from Sakkala were sent to Russia with money and many gifts to try to see if it would be possible to summon the kings of Russia to help against the Teutons and all Latins. And the king of Suzdal sent his brother, and with him a lot of troops to help the Novgorodians; and the Novgorodians and the king of Pskov with his townspeople went with him, and there were about twenty thousand people in the army. In 1223, Yaroslav led the 20,000th Novgorod-Vladimir army in a campaign near Revel, after which Vsevolod Yuryevich again became the Prince of Novgorod.

In 1225 Yaroslav replaced Mikhail of Chernigov in Novgorod. In the same year, 7,000 Lithuanians devastated the villages near Torzhok, only three miles before reaching the city, killed many merchants and captured the entire Toropets volost. Yaroslav caught up with them near Usvyat, defeated and killed 2000 people and took away the booty. In 1227, Yaroslav went to the pit with the Novgorodians and repelled a retaliatory attack the following year.

In 1228, Yaroslav brought regiments from the Vladimir-Suzdal principality, intending to go to Riga, but the plan was upset because the Pskovites made peace with the order and feared that Yaroslav was actually planning to go to Pskov, and the Novgorodians refused to go without the Pskovians.

In 1232, Pope Gregory IX called on the knights of the Order of the Sword to fight Orthodoxy. In 1234, Yaroslav invaded Derpt and won the battle on Omovzha. A peace treaty was signed between Novgorod and the Order, according to which the eastern and southern part Dorpat bishopric went to Pskov.

First reign in Kyiv

In 1236, with the help of the Novgorodians, Yaroslav established himself in Kyiv, which stopped the struggle between the Chernigov-Seversky and Smolensk princes for him and concentrated, together with his elder brother Yuri Vsevolodovich Vladimirsky, two key princely tables at the time when the Mongols invaded Volga Bulgaria. In Novgorod, Yaroslav left his son Alexander (the future Nevsky) as his representative.

Board in Vladimir

In 1238, after the defeat Northeast Russia Mongol-Tatars and the death of the Grand Duke of Vladimir Yuri Vsevolodovich, Yaroslav returned to the Vladimir-Suzdal land and, as the next brother in seniority (given the complete extermination of the offspring of Yuri Vsevolodovich by the Mongols), took the Vladimir Grand Duke's table. In 1239 he went near Smolensk to drive out the Lithuanian regiments. In 1243, Yaroslav was the first of the Russian princes to be summoned to the Golden Horde to Batu. It was approved at Vladimirsky and, apparently, Kiev principalities and was recognized grow old with all the prince in the Russian language". Yaroslav did not go to Kyiv (putting Dmitri Yeikovich as governor there), but chose Vladimir as his residence, thereby completing the long process of moving the nominal capital of Russia from Kyiv to Vladimir, begun by Andrey Bogolyubsky.

Yaroslav's son Konstantin remained in the Horde. In 1245 he was released and told that the khan demanded Yaroslav himself. Yaroslav with his brothers and nephews came to Batu. Some of the cases were resolved in the Horde, Svyatoslav and Ivan Vsevolodovich with their nephews went home, and Batu sent Yaroslav Vsevolodovich to the capital Mongol Empire- Karakorum. Yaroslav set off on a long journey and in August 1246 arrived in Mongolia, where he witnessed the accession of the great Khan Guyuk.

Death

Yaroslav confirmed the label in 1246 with Khan Guyuk. Yaroslav was called to the mother of the Great Khan - Turakina, who, as if wanting to honor the Russian prince, gave him food and drink from her own hands. Returning from the khansha, Yaroslav fell ill and died seven days later on September 30, and his body turned blue in an amazing way, which is why everyone thought that the khansha had poisoned him. The boyar Fyodor Yarunovich is considered to be involved in the death of Yaroslav. Almost simultaneously (September 20), the second of the three most influential Russian princes was killed in the Volga Horde - 67-year-old Mikhail Vsevolodovich Chernigovsky, who refused to undergo a pagan worship ceremony (almost a year earlier, Daniil Galitsky, during a personal visit to Batu, admitted dependence on the khans).

Marriage and children

1st wife: from 1205 the daughter of the Polovtsian Khan Yuri Konchakovich; 2nd wife: from 1214 Rostislav-Feodosiya(? -1244), daughter of Mstislav Mstislavich Udatny, Prince of Toropetsky. Children from this marriage:

• Fedor(1220-1233), Prince of Novgorod, died before his wedding at the age of 13
• Alexander Nevskiy(1221-1263), prince of Pereyaslavl-Zalessky, prince of Novgorod, Grand Duke of Vladimir
• name unknown(†1238), prince of Tver
• Andrew(1221-1264), Prince of Suzdal, Grand Duke of Vladimir
• Michael Horobrit(†1248), Prince of Moscow, Grand Duke of Vladimir
• Daniel (†1256)
• Yaroslav(†1271), Prince of Tver, Grand Duke of Vladimir
• Konstantin(†1255), prince of Galich-Mersky
• Athanasius(b. 1239)
• Maria(born 1240)
• Vasily Kvashnya(born 1241), Prince of Kostroma, Grand Duke of Vladimir
• Ulyana (Evdokia)

The five sons of Yaroslav (Mikhail - Andrei - Alexander - Yaroslav - Vasily) were the great princes of Vladimir in the period from 1248 to 1277. Fedor, Alexander and Yaroslav were also princes of Novgorod.