Early Mayakovsky biography. Biography of Mayakovsky: the most important and interesting

Vladimir Mayakovsky is the flame of the 20th century. His poetry is inseparable from his life. However, behind the peppy Soviet slogans of Mayakovsky the revolutionary, one can discern another Mayakovsky - a romantic knight, a theurgist, a crazy genius in love.

Below is a brief biography of Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky.

Introduction

In 1893, the future great futurist Vladimir Mayakovsky was born in the village of Baghdati in Georgia. They said about him: a genius. They shouted about him: a charlatan. But no one could deny that he had an incredible influence on Russian poetry. He created new style, which was inseparable from the spirit of the Soviet era, from the hopes of that era, from people living, loving and suffering in the USSR.

This was a man of contradiction. They will say about him:

This is a complete mockery of beauty, tenderness and God.

They will say about him:

Mayakovsky has always been and remains the best and most talented poet of our Soviet era.

By the way, this beautiful photo- fake. Mayakovsky, unfortunately, never met Frida Kahlo, but the idea of ​​their meeting is wonderful - they are both like rebellion and fire.

One thing is for sure: a genius or a charlatan - Mayakovsky will forever remain in the hearts of Russian people. Some like him for the briskness and impudence of his lines, others for the tenderness and desperate love that hides in the depths of his style. His broken, torn from the shackles of writing, crazy style, which is so similar to real life.

Life is a struggle

Mayakovsky's life was a struggle from beginning to end: in politics, in art and in love. His first poem is the result of a struggle, a consequence of suffering: it was written in prison (1909), where he ended up for his social democratic convictions. He started his creative way, admiring the ideals of the revolution, and finished it, mortally disappointed in everything: everything in it is a web of contradictions, a struggle.

He passed like a red thread through history and art and left his mark on subsequent works. It is impossible to write a modernist poem without referring to Mayakovsky.

The poet Vladimir Mayakovsky is, in his own words:

But there is something else behind this rough, warlike façade.

short biography

When he was only 15 years old, he joined the RSDLP (b), enthusiastically engaged in propaganda.

From 1911 he studied at the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture.

Major poems (1915): "A Cloud in Trousers", "Flute-Spine" and "War and Peace". These works are full of delight before the coming, and then the ensuing revolution. The poet is full of optimism.

1918-1919 - revolution, he is actively involved. Issues posters "Windows of satire ROSTA".

In 1923 he became the founder of the creative association LEF (Left Front of the Arts).

Mayakovsky's later works Bedbug (1928) and Bathhouse (1929) are a sharp satire on Soviet reality. Mayakovsky is disappointed. Perhaps this was one of the reasons for his tragic suicide.

In 1930, Mayakovsky committed suicide: he shot himself, leaving a suicide note in which he asked not to blame anyone. He is buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery.

Art

Irina Odoevtseva wrote about Mayakovsky:

Huge, with a round, short-cropped head, he looked more like a strong hooker than a poet. He read poetry in a completely different way than was customary with us. More like an actor, although - which the actors never did - not only observing, but also emphasizing the rhythm. His voice—the voice of a meeting tribune—at one time thundered so that the glass rang, then cooed like a pigeon and murmured like a forest stream. Stretching out his huge hands in a theatrical gesture towards the stunned listeners, he passionately offered them:

Do you want me to be mad from meat

And like the sky, changing in tones,

Do you want me to become unspeakably gentle, -

Not a man, but a cloud in his pants? ..

Mayakovsky's character is visible in these lines: he is first of all a citizen, not a poet. First of all, he is a tribune, an activist of rallies. He is an actor. His early poetry is, accordingly, not a description, but a call to action, not a statement, but a performative. Not so much art as real life. This applies, at least, to his public poems. They are expressive and metaphorical. Mayakovsky himself admitted that he was impressed by the poems of Andrei Bely "He launched a pineapple into the sky":

low bass.

launched a pineapple.

And, having described the arc,

illuminating the neighborhood

the pineapple fell

beaming into the unknown.

But there is also a second Mayakovsky, who wrote without being impressed by either Bely or the revolution - he wrote from the inside, desperately in love, unhappy, tired - not the warrior Mayakovsky, but the gentle knight Mayakovsky, an admirer of Lilichka Brik. And the poetry of this second Mayakovsky is strikingly different from the first. Poems by Vladimir Mayakovsky are full of piercing desperate tenderness, not healthy optimism. They are sharp and sad, in contrast to the positive cheerfulness of his Soviet poetic appeals.

Mayakovsky the warrior proclaimed:

Read! Envy! I am a citizen! Soviet Union!

Mayakovsky the knight clanged his shackles and sword, vaguely reminiscent of the theurgist Blok, drowning in his purple worlds:

The fence of the mind is broken by confusion,

I am roaring despair, burning feverishly...

How did two of these get along? different person in one Mayakovsky? It's hard to imagine and impossible not to imagine. Without this internal struggle in him, there would not be such a genius.

Love

These two Mayakovskys got along, probably because they were both driven by passion: one had a passion for Justice, and the other for a femme fatale.

Perhaps it is worth dividing the life of Vladimir Mayakovsky into two main periods: before and after Lilichka Brik. It happened in 1915.

She looked like a monster to me.

So the famous poet Andrei Voznesensky wrote about her.

But Mayakovsky loved this one. With a whip...

He loved her - fatal, strong, "with a whip", and she said about him that when she made love with Osya, she locked Volodya in the kitchen, and he "rushed, wanted to us, scratched at the door and cried ..."

Only such madness, incredible, even perverted suffering could give rise to poetic lines of such power:

Don't do this, dear, good, let's say goodbye now!

So the three of them lived, and eternal suffering spurred the poet on new brilliant lines. In addition, there were other things, of course. There were trips to Europe (1922-24) and America (1925), as a result of which the poet had a daughter, but Lilichka always remained the same, the only one, until April 14, 1930, when, having written "Lily, love me", the poet shot himself, leaving a ring engraved with LOVE - Lilia Yuryevna Brik. If you twirl the ring, it turned out the eternal "I love love love." He shot himself in defiance of his own lines, his eternal declaration of love, which made him immortal:

And I won’t throw myself into the span, and I won’t drink poison, and I won’t be able to pull the trigger over my temple ...

creative heritage

The work of Vladimir Mayakovsky is not limited to his dual poetic heritage. He left behind slogans, posters, plays, performances and film scripts. He actually stood at the origins of advertising - Mayakovsky made it what it is now. Mayakovsky came up with a new poetic size- a ladder - although some argue that this size was generated by the desire for money: the editors paid for the poems line by line. One way or another, it was an innovative step in art. Vladimir Mayakovsky was also an actor. He himself directed the film "The Young Lady and the Hooligan" and played a major role there.

However, in last years failure pursued him. His plays Bedbug and Bathhouse failed, and he slowly sank into depression. An adept of cheerfulness, fortitude, struggle, he scandalized, quarreled and indulged in despair. And in early April 1930, the magazine "Press and Revolution" removed the greeting to the "Great Proletarian Poet" from the press, and rumors spread: he wrote himself. This was one of the last blows. Mayakovsky took the failure hard.

Memory

Many streets in Russia, as well as metro stations, are named after Mayakovsky. There are metro stations "Mayakovskaya" in St. Petersburg and in Moscow. In addition, theaters and cinemas are named after him. One of the largest libraries in St. Petersburg also bears his name. Also discovered in 1969, a minor planet was named after him.

The biography of Vladimir Mayakovsky did not end after his death.

Russian poet, playwright and satirist, screenwriter and editor of several magazines, film director and film actor. He is one of the greatest futurist poets of the 20th century.
Date and place of birth - July 19, 1893, Baghdati, Kutaisi province, Russian empire.

Today, with the help of facts, we will tell you about the life of Mayakovsky.

Vladimir Mayakovsky was born in the village of Baghdati, Kutaisi province (in Soviet time the village was called Mayakovsky) in Georgia, in the family of Vladimir Konstantinovich Mayakovsky (1857-1906), who served as a forester of the third category in the Erivan province, since 1889 in the Bagdat forestry.

I want to be understood by my native country,
but I will not understand -
well?!
By home country
I will pass by
how is it going
oblique rain.

The poet's mother, Alexandra Alekseevna Pavlenko (1867-1954), from a family of Kuban Cossacks, was born in the Kuban, in the village of Ternovskaya.

The future poet had two sisters: Lyudmila (1884-1972) and Olga (1890-1949), and two brothers: Konstantin (died at the age of three from scarlet fever) and Alexander (died in infancy).

Could you?

I immediately smeared the map of everyday life,
splashing paint from a glass;
i showed on a platter of jelly
oblique cheekbones of the ocean.
On the scales of a tin fish
I read the calls of new lips.
And you
nocturne play
we could
on the drainpipe flute?

Many streets in the cities of Russia and other countries are named after Mayakovsky: Berlin, Dzerzhinsk, Donetsk, Zaporozhye, Izhevsk, Kaliningrad, Kislovodsk, Kyiv, Kutaisi, Minsk, Moscow, Odessa, Penza, Perm, Ruzaevka, Samara, St. Petersburg, Tbilisi, Tuapse, Grozny, Ufa, Khmelnitsky.

In 1902, Mayakovsky entered the gymnasium in Kutaisi. Like his parents, he was fluent in Georgian. Participated in revolutionary demonstrations, read propaganda pamphlets.

To you!

To you who live for an orgy orgy,
having a bathroom and a warm closet!
Shame on you for being presented to George
subtract from newspaper columns?

Do you know, mediocre, many,
thinking to get drunk better how -
maybe now the bomb feet
tore out the lieutenant of Petrov? ..

If he is brought to the slaughter,
suddenly saw, wounded,
how you smeared in a cutlet lip
lustfully sing Northerner!

Do you, who love women and dishes,
give life to please?
I'm better at a bar... will
serve pineapple water!

In February 1906, his father died of blood poisoning after pricking his finger with a needle while stitching papers. Since then, Mayakovsky could not stand pins and hairpins, bacteriophobia remained a lifelong one.

In July 1906, Mayakovsky, together with his mother and sisters, moved to Moscow, where he entered the 4th grade of the 5th classical gymnasium.

The family lived in poverty. In March 1908, he was expelled from the 5th grade due to non-payment of tuition.

Named after Vladimir Mayakovsky minor planet(2931) Mayakovsky, discovered on October 16, 1969 by L. I. Chernykh.

Conclusion

Don't wash away love
no quarrel
not a mile.
Thought out
verified,
verified.
Raising solemnly a hundred-fingered verse,
I swear
I love
unchanging and true!

Mayakovsky published the first "half-poem" in the illegal magazine Impulse, which was published by the Third Gymnasium. According to him, "it turned out incredibly revolutionary and equally ugly."

Three times in his entire life, Mayakovsky was arrested.

In Moscow, Mayakovsky met revolutionary-minded students, began to get involved in Marxist literature, and in 1908 joined the RSDLP. He was a propagandist in the commercial and industrial sub-district, in 1908-1909 he was arrested three times.

He always carried a soap dish with him and washed his hands regularly.

In prison, Mayakovsky "scandalized", so he was often transferred from unit to unit: Basmannaya, Meshchanskaya, Myasnitskaya and, finally, Butyrskaya prison, where he spent 11 months in solitary confinement No. 103.

Mayakovsky during his life visited not only Europe, but also America.

It came out stilted and tearful. Something like:

The forests were dressed in gold, in purple,
The sun played on the heads of churches.
I waited: but in the months the days were lost,
Hundreds of agonizing days.

Wrote a whole notebook like this. Thanks to the guards - they took it away at the exit. And then I would print it!

- "I myself" (1922-1928)

Mayakovsky liked to play billiards and cards, which makes it possible to judge his love of gambling.

From prison after the third arrest, he was released in January 1910. After his release, he left the party. In 1918 he wrote in his autobiography: “Why not in the party? The communists worked at the fronts. In art and education so far there are compromisers. I was sent to fish in Astrakhan.

In 1930, Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky shot himself, having written a suicide note 2 days before.

In 1911, the poet's friend, the bohemian artist Eugenia Lang, inspired the poet to paint.

Who to be?

My years are growing
will be seventeen.
Where should I work then?
what to do?
Required employees -
joiners and carpenters!
Work furniture tricky:
at first
we
take a log
and sawing boards
long and flat.
These boards
like this
pinches
table-workbench.
From work
saw
blazed hot.
From under the saw
sawdust falls.
Plane
in hand -
other work:
knots, squiggles
we plan with a planer.
Good shavings -
yellow toys.

Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky starred in several films.

On November 30, 1912, Mayakovsky's first public performance took place in the artistic cellar "Stray Dog".

The ship that sank in Riga in 1950 was named after Mayakovsky.

Mayakovsky gave Lilia Brik a ring engraved with "Love", which meant "I love".

Giveaway

Am I entangling a woman in a touching romance,
just looking at a passerby -
each cautiously holds a pocket.
Funny!
From the poor
what to cheat with them?

How much years will pass, learn until -
candidate for the fathom of the city morgue -
I
infinitely richer
than any Pierpont Morgan.

After so many, so many years
- in a word, I will not survive -
I'll die of hunger
I will stand under the gun -
me,
today's red
professors will learn to the last iota,
as,
when,
where it appears.

Will
from the pulpit a big-headed idiot
something to grind about the god devil.

The crowd will bow
fawning,
vain.
You won't even know
I'm not myself:
she will paint her bald head
into horns or into radiance.

Every student
before you lie down
she is
will not forget to hover over my verses.
I am a pessimist
I know -
forever
the student will live on earth.

Listen well:

everything that my soul owns,
- and her wealth, go kill her! -
magnificence,
that in eternity will adorn my step
and my very immortality,
which, rumbling through all the ages,
the kneeling will gather the world assembly,
do you want all this? -
now I will give
for just one word
affectionate,
human.

People!

Dust the avenues, trample the rye,
come from all over the earth.
Today
in Petrograd
on Nadezhdinskaya
not for a penny
a precious crown for sale.

For the human word -
isn't it cheap?
go,
try,-
how come
find him!

In 1913, the first collection of Mayakovsky's "I" was published (a cycle of four poems). It was written by hand, supplied with drawings by Vasily Chekrygin and Lev Zhegin, and lithographically reproduced in the amount of 300 copies. As the first section, this collection was included in the poet's book of poems "Simple as a lowing" (1916).

Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky always gave money to needy old people.

Mayakovsky liked dogs very much.

In honor of Mayakovsky, the school N 1 of the city of Jermuk (Armenia) is named.

I love

usually like this

Love is given to any born, -
but between services,
income
and others
from day to day
hardens the soil of the heart.
The body is put on the heart,
on the body - a shirt.
But this is not enough!
One -
moron!-
cuffs put on
and breasts began to fill with starch.
Under old age they will catch on.
The woman rubs herself.
A man swings a windmill at Muller.
But it's too late.
Wrinkles multiply the skin.
Love will bloom
will bloom -
and shrink.

boy

I was endowed with love.
But since childhood
people
drilled by labor.

In 1914-1915, Mayakovsky worked on the poem "A Cloud in Trousers". After the outbreak of the First World War, the poem "War is declared" was published. In August, Mayakovsky decided to sign up as a volunteer, but he was not allowed, explaining this by political unreliability. Soon, Mayakovsky expressed his attitude to the service in the tsarist army in the poem “To you!”, Which later became a song.

Mayakovsky usually composed poetry on the go. Sometimes he had to walk 15-20 km to come up with the right rhyme.

On March 29, 1914, Mayakovsky, together with Burliuk and Kamensky, arrived on tour in Baku - as part of the "famous Moscow futurists." In the evening of the same day, Mayakovsky read a report on futurism in the theater of the Mayilov brothers, illustrating it with poems.

You

Came -
busily
behind the roar
for the growth
glancing
I just saw a boy.
I took
took away the heart
and just
went to play
like a girl with a ball.
And each -
a miracle seems to be seen -
where the lady dug in,
where is the girl.
“Love like this?
Yes, such a rush!
Must be a tamer.
Must be from the menagerie!”
And I rejoice.
He is not here -
yoke!
For joy, I do not remember myself,
galloped,
Indian wedding jumped,
it was so fun
it was easy for me.

In 1937, the Mayakovsky Library Museum was opened in Moscow (former Gendrikov Lane, now Mayakovsky Lane). In January 1974, the State Museum of Mayakovsky was opened in Moscow (on Bolshaya Lubyanka). In 2013, the main building of the museum was closed for renovation, but the exhibitions are still held.

Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky was considered an accomplice in the anti-religious campaign, where he promoted atheism.

In 1915-1917, Mayakovsky, under the patronage of Maxim Gorky, served in the military in Petrograd at the Automobile Training School. The soldiers were not allowed to print, but he was saved by Osip Brik, who bought the poems "Flute-Spine" and "Cloud in Pants" at 50 kopecks per line and printed it.

For the creation of the "ladder". Many other poets accused Mayakovsky of cheating.

Mayakovsky in 1918 starred in three films based on his own scripts. In August 1917, he decided to write Mystery Buff, which was completed on October 25, 1918 and staged on the anniversary of the revolution.

Mayakovsky had an unrequited love in Paris for the Russian emigrant Tatyana Yakovlevna.

On December 17, 1918, the poet for the first time read the poems “Left March” from the stage of the Sailor's Theater. In March 1919, he moved to Moscow, began to actively cooperate in ROSTA (1919-1921), designed (as a poet and as an artist) propaganda and satirical posters for ROSTA (“ROSTA Windows”).

Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky had a daughter from a Russian emigrant, Elizaveta Siebert, who died in 2016.

In 1922-1924, Mayakovsky made several trips abroad - Latvia, France, Germany; wrote essays and poems about European impressions.

Mayakovsky was considered an ardent supporter of the revolution, even though he championed socialist and communist ideals.

In 1925, his longest journey took place: a trip to America. Mayakovsky visited Havana, Mexico City and for three months performed in various cities USA with poetry readings and reports.

Mayakovsky tried himself as a designer over the years of his life.

Mayakovsky's works were translated into different languages peace.

Me and Napoleon

I live on Bolshaya Presnya,
36, 24.
The place is calm.
Quiet.
Well?
Seems like what do I care
that somewhere
in a storm world
took and invented the war?

The night has come.
Good.
Insinuating.
And why are some young ladies
tremble, timidly turning
big eyes like spotlights?
Street crowds to heavenly moisture
fell with burning lips,
and the city, having ruffled its little flags,
prays and prays with red crosses.
A simple-haired church to the boulevard
headboard.

In 1927, he restored the LEF magazine under the name "New LEF". There were 24 issues in total. In the summer of 1928, Mayakovsky became disillusioned with the LEF and left the organization and the magazine. In the same year, he began writing his personal biography, "I myself."

Traveling was Mayakovsky's main need.

In his works, Mayakovsky was uncompromising, and therefore uncomfortable. In the works written by him in the late 1920s, tragic motifs began to appear. Critics called him only a “fellow traveler”, and not a “proletarian writer”, as he wanted to see himself.

Mayakovsky and Lilia Brik never hid their relationship, and Lilia's husband was not against such an outcome of events.

In the spring of 1930, the Circus on Tsvetnoy Boulevard was preparing a grandiose performance of "Moscow is on fire" based on Mayakovsky's play, the dress rehearsal was scheduled for April 21, but the poet did not live to see it.

In major publications, Mayakovsky's works began to be published only in 1922.

In 1918, Lilya and Vladimir starred in the film Chained by Film based on Mayakovsky's script. To date, the film has survived in fragments. Photographs and a large poster also survived, where Lilya is drawn, entangled in film.

Tatyana Yakovleva, another beloved woman of Mayakovsky, was 15 years younger than him.

Despite close communication with Lilya Brik, Mayakovsky's personal life was not limited to her. According to the testimonies and materials collected in the First Channel documentary “The Third Extra”, which premiered on the 120th anniversary of the poet on July 20, 2013, Mayakovsky is the father of the Soviet sculptor Gleb-Nikita Lavinsky (1921-1986).

Mayakovsky studied in the same class as Pasternak's brother.

In 1926, Mayakovsky received an apartment in Gendrikov Lane, in which the three of them lived with Briks until 1930 (now Mayakovsky Lane, 15/13).

In 1927, the film Tretya Meshchanskaya (Love in Three) directed by Abram Room was released. The script was written by Viktor Shklovsky, based on Mayakovsky's well-known "threesome love" with the Briks.

1930 began unsuccessfully for Mayakovsky. He was sick a lot. In February, Lilya and Osip Brik left for Europe. There was an embarrassment with his long-awaited exhibition "20 Years of Work", which was not visited by any of the prominent writers and leaders of the state, which the poet hoped for. In March, the premiere of the play "Banya" was held without success, and the performance "Bedbug" was also expected to fail.

Two days before his suicide, on April 12, Mayakovsky had a meeting with readers at the Polytechnic Institute, which brought together mainly Komsomol members; there were many unflattering shouts from the seats. The poet was haunted everywhere by quarrels and scandals. His mental state became increasingly unstable.

Since the spring of 1919, Mayakovsky, despite the fact that he constantly lived with the Briks, had a small boat room for work on the fourth floor in a communal apartment on Lubyanka (now it is the State Museum of V.V. Mayakovsky, Lubyansky proezd, 3/6 page 4). It was in this room that the suicide took place.

Source-Internet

He lived only 36 full years. He lived brightly, created quickly and created a completely new direction in Russian, Soviet poetry. Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky - poet, playwright, artist and screenwriter. The personality is tragic and extraordinary.

Family

The future poet was born in the family of a nobleman in the village of Baghdadi, Kutaisi province in Georgia on July 19, 1893. Like his father, his mother was from a Cossack family. Vladimir Konstantinovich was a descendant of the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks, his mother was from the Kuban. He was not the only child in the family. He also had two sisters - Lyudmila and Olga, who outlived her talented brother and two brothers - Konstantin and Alexander. Unfortunately, they died in infancy.

Of the tragic

His father, Vladimir Konstantinovich, who served almost all his life as a forester, died of blood poisoning. While stitching the papers, he pricked his finger with a needle. Since that time, Vladimir Mayakovsky suffered from bacteriophobia. He was afraid of dying like his dad from an injection. In the future, hairpins, needles, pins became dangerous objects for him.

Georgian roots

Volodya was born on Georgian soil and, later, already being a famous poet, Mayakovsky called himself a Georgian in one of his poems. He liked to compare himself with the temperamental people, although he had nothing to do with them by blood. But, apparently, his early years were reflected in his character in the Kutaisi land, among the Georgians. He became as hot, temperamental, restless as his countrymen. He was fluent in Georgian.

Young years

At the age of eight, Mayakovsky entered one of the Kutaisi gymnasiums, but after the death of his father in 1906, he moved to Moscow with his mother and sisters. There Vladimir entered the fourth grade of the 5th classical gymnasium. Due to lack of funds to pay for tuition, after a year and a half he was expelled from educational institution. During this period, he met the Marxists, was imbued with their ideas and joined the party and was persecuted by the tsarist authorities for his revolutionary views. Eleven months he had to spend in the Butyrka prison, from which he was released for infancy in early 1910.

Creation

The poet himself calculates the beginning of his poetic creativity from the time of imprisonment. It was behind bars that Vladimir wrote his first works. A whole notebook with poems was confiscated by the guards. Mayakovsky was a talented person in many areas. After his release, he became interested in painting and even entered the Stroganov School. There he studied in the preparatory class. In 1911 he entered the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture. Three years later he was expelled from the school for public performance at gatherings.

In the artistic field, he subsequently received recognition. For work on advertising posters for Dobrolet, the predecessor of Aeroflot, at the Paris exhibition Vladimir Mayakovsky received a silver medal.

Vladimir Mayakovsky wrote several screenplays for films in which he himself starred.

The creator called himself a "working poet." Before him, no one wrote sweepingly with the so-called ladder. It was his signature style. Readers admired this innovation, but "colleagues" could not stand it. There is an opinion that Mayakovsky invented this ladder for the sake of fees. In those days, they paid for every line.

Love

The poet's personal relationships were not easy. His first great love was Lilya Brik. Mayakovsky met her in July of the fifteenth year. Life together began in the eighteenth year. He gave her a ring with the engraving "LOVE", which meant Lily Yuryevna Brik.

His second great love, while traveling in France, Tatyana Yakovleva, a Russian emigrant, the poet ordered a bouquet of flowers to be sent daily. Even after the death of the poet, flowers came to the Russian beauty. During the Second World War, Tatyana only saved herself from starvation by selling the bouquets that came to her.

Mayakovsky had two children. Son Gleb-Nikita born in 1921 from the artist Lily Lavinskaya and daughter Ellen-Patricia born in 1926 from Ellie Jones.

Death

After prolonged attacks in the press that began in 1929, on April 14, 1930, Vladimir Mayakovsky shot himself in his apartment. Thousands of people attended his funeral. Farewell to the poet lasted for three days.

Main milestones of life:

• July 9, 1983 - birth;
• 1908 - entry into the RSDLP, conclusion;
• 1909 - the first poems;
• 1910 - release from prison;
• 1912 - poetic debut;
• 1925 - travel to Germany, Mexico, France, USA;
• 1929 - the beginning of attacks on the poet in the newspapers;
• April 14, 1930 - death.

Name: Vladimir Mayakovskiy

Age: 37 years

Growth: 189

Activity: poet, publicist, playwright, actor, director, artist

Family status: not married

Vladimir Mayakovsky: biography

The brilliant works of Vladimir Mayakovsky are truly admired by millions of his admirers. He deservedly ranks among the greatest Futurist poets of the 20th century. In addition, Mayakovsky proved to be an extraordinary playwright, satirist, film director, screenwriter, artist, and editor of several magazines. His life, multifaceted work, as well as personal relationships full of love and feelings, remain an unsolved mystery even today.

The talented poet was born in the small Georgian village of Baghdati (Russian Empire). His mother Alexandra Alekseevna belonged to a Cossack family from the Kuban, and his father Vladimir Konstantinovich worked as a simple forester. Vladimir had two brothers - Kostya and Sasha, who died in childhood, as well as two sisters - Olya and Luda.

Mayakovsky knew the Georgian language perfectly and since 1902 he studied at the gymnasium in Kutaisi. Already in his youth, he was captured by revolutionary ideas, and while studying at the gymnasium, he participated in a revolutionary demonstration.

In 1906, his father died suddenly. The cause of death was blood poisoning, which occurred as a result of a finger prick with an ordinary needle. This event so shocked Mayakovsky that in the future he completely avoided hairpins and pins, fearing the fate of his father.

In the same 1906, Alexandra Alekseevna moved to Moscow with her children. Vladimir continued his studies at the fifth classical gymnasium, where he attended classes with the poet's brother, Alexander. However, with the death of his father, the financial situation of the family deteriorated significantly. As a result, in 1908, Vladimir could not pay for his education, and he was expelled from the fifth grade of the gymnasium.

Creation

In Moscow, a young guy began to communicate with students who were fond of revolutionary ideas. In 1908, Mayakovsky decided to become a member of the RSDLP and often propagandized among the population. During 1908-1909, Vladimir was arrested three times, but due to his minority and lack of evidence, they were forced to release him.

During the investigations, Mayakovsky could not calmly be within four walls. Through constant scandals, he was often transferred to different places of detention. As a result, he ended up in Butyrskaya prison, where he spent eleven months and began to write poetry.

In 1910, the young poet was released from prison and immediately left the party. The following year, the artist Evgenia Lang, with whom Vladimir was on friendly terms, recommended that he take up painting. While studying at the School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture, he met the founders of the Gileya Futurist group and joined the Cubo-Futurists.

The first work of Mayakovsky, which was printed, was the poem "Night" (1912). At the same time, the young poet made his first public appearance in the artistic basement, which was called "Stray Dog".

Vladimir, together with members of the Cubo-Futurist group, took part in a tour of Russia, where he lectured and read his poems. Soon there were positive reviews about Mayakovsky, but he was often considered outside the futurists. believed that among the futurists Mayakovsky was the only true poet.

The first collection of the young poet "I" was published in 1913 and consisted of only four poems. This year also marks the writing of the rebellious poem "Nate!", In which the author challenges the entire bourgeois society. The following year, Vladimir created a touching poem "Listen", which struck readers with its colorfulness and sensitivity.

Attracted a brilliant poet and dramaturgy. The year 1914 was marked by the creation of the tragedy "Vladimir Mayakovsky", presented to the public on the stage of the St. Petersburg theater "Luna-Park". At the same time, Vladimir acted as its director, as well as a performer. leading role. The main motive of the work was the rebellion of things, which connected the tragedy with the work of the futurists.

In 1914, the young poet firmly decided to voluntarily enlist in the army, but his political unreliability frightened the authorities. He did not get to the front and, in response to neglect, wrote a poem "To you", in which he gave his assessment of the tsarist army. In addition, the brilliant works of Mayakovsky soon appeared - “A cloud in pants” and “War is declared”.

The following year, the fateful meeting of Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky with the Brik family took place. From now on, his life was a single whole with Lilya and Osip. From 1915 to 1917, thanks to the patronage of M. Gorky, the poet served in an automobile school. And although he, being a soldier, did not have the right to publish, Osip Brik came to his aid. He acquired two poems by Vladimir and soon published them.

At the same time, Mayakovsky plunged into the world of satire and in 1915 published in the New Satyricon a cycle of works called Hymns. Soon two large collections of works appeared - “Simple as a lowing” (1916) and “Revolution. Poetochronika (1917).

October revolution great poet met at the headquarters of the uprising in Smolny. He immediately began to cooperate with the new government and participated in the first meetings of cultural figures. It should be noted that Mayakovsky led a detachment of soldiers who arrested General P. Secretev, who led the automobile school, although he had previously received the medal “For Diligence” from his hands.

The years 1917-1918 were marked by the release of several works by Mayakovsky dedicated to revolutionary events (for example, “Ode to the Revolution”, “Our March”). On the first anniversary of the revolution, the play "Mystery Buff" was presented.

Mayakovsky was also fond of filmmaking. In 1919, three films were released, in which Vladimir acted as an actor, screenwriter and director. At the same time, the poet began to cooperate with ROSTA and worked on propaganda and satirical posters. In parallel, Mayakovsky worked in the newspaper Art of the Commune.

In addition, in 1918 the poet created the Komfut group, the direction of which can be described as communist futurism. But already in 1923, Vladimir organized another group - the Left Front of the Arts, as well as the corresponding magazine LEF.

At this time, several bright and memorable works of the brilliant poet were created: “About this” (1923), “Sevastopol - Yalta” (1924), “Vladimir Ilyich Lenin” (1924). We emphasize that during the reading of the last poem at the Bolshoi Theater he himself was present. After Mayakovsky's speech, a standing ovation followed, which lasted 20 minutes. In general, the years civil war turned out for Vladimir best time, which he mentioned in the poem "Good!" (1927).

No less important and intense was the period of frequent travel for Mayakovsky. During 1922-1924 he visited France, Latvia and Germany, to which he devoted several works. In 1925, Vladimir went to America, visiting Mexico City, Havana and many US cities.

The beginning of the 20s was marked by a stormy controversy between Vladimir Mayakovsky and. The latter at that time joined the Imagists - implacable opponents of the futurists. In addition, Mayakovsky was a poet of the revolution and the city, and Yesenin in his work extolled the village.

However, Vladimir could not but recognize the unconditional talent of his opponent, although he criticized him for his conservatism and addiction to alcohol. In a sense they were kindred spirits- quick-tempered, vulnerable, in constant search and despair. They were united even by the theme of suicide, which was present in the work of both poets.

During 1926-1927, Mayakovsky created 9 screenplays. In addition, in 1927 the poet resumed the activities of the LEF magazine. But a year later he left the magazine and the corresponding organization, finally disappointed in them. In 1929, Vladimir founded the REF group, but the following year he left it and became a member of the RAPP.

At the end of the 1920s, Mayakovsky again turned to dramaturgy. He is preparing two plays: Bedbug (1928) and Bathhouse (1929), designed specifically for the Meyerhold theater stage. They thoughtfully combine the satirical presentation of the reality of the 1920s with a look into the future.

Meyerhold compared Mayakovsky's talent with the genius of Molière, but critics greeted his new works with devastating comments. In "Bedbug" they found only artistic flaws, but even accusations of an ideological nature were made against "Banya". Many newspapers carried extremely offensive articles, some of which had headlines "Down with Mayakovism!"

The fatal year of 1930 began for the greatest poet with numerous accusations from his colleagues. Mayakovsky was told that he was not a true "proletarian writer", but only a "fellow traveler". But, despite the criticism, in the spring of that year, Vladimir decided to take stock of his activities, for which he organized an exhibition called "20 years of work."

The exhibition displayed all the multifaceted achievements of Mayakovsky, but brought continuous disappointment. Neither the former colleagues of the poet at the LEF, nor the top party leadership visited her. It was a cruel blow, after which a deep wound remained in the soul of the poet.

Death

In 1930, Vladimir was ill a lot and was even afraid of losing his voice, which would put an end to his performances on stage. The personal life of the poet turned into an unsuccessful struggle for happiness. He was very lonely, because the Briks, his constant support and consolation, went abroad.

Attacks from all sides fell on Mayakovsky with a heavy moral burden, and the poet's vulnerable soul could not stand it. On April 14, Vladimir Mayakovsky shot himself in the chest, which caused his death.

After the death of Mayakovsky, his works fell under an unspoken ban and were hardly published. In 1936, Lilya Brik wrote a letter to I. Stalin himself with a request to help preserve the memory of the great poet. In his resolution, Stalin praised the achievements of the deceased and gave permission for the publication of Mayakovsky's works and the creation of a museum.

Personal life

The love of Mayakovsky's life was Lilya Brik, whom he met in 1915. The young poet at that time met with her sister, Elsa Triolet, and one day the girl brought Vladimir to the Briks' apartment. There, Mayakovsky first read the poem "A Cloud in Pants", and then solemnly dedicated it to Lilya. Surprisingly, the prototype of the heroine of this poem was the sculptor Maria Denisova, with whom the poet fell in love in 1914.

Soon, an affair broke out between Vladimir and Lilya, while Osip Brik turned a blind eye to his wife's passion. Lilya became Mayakovsky's muse, it was to her that he dedicated almost all of his love poems. He expressed the boundless depth of his feelings for Brik in the following works: “Flute-Spine”, “Man”, “To Everything”, “Lilichka!” and etc.

The lovers together participated in the filming of the film Chained by Film (1918). Moreover, since 1918, Briki and the great poet began to live together, which fit perfectly into the marriage-love concept that existed at that time. They changed their place of residence several times, but each time they settled together. Often, Mayakovsky even supported the Brikov family, and from all trips abroad he always brought luxurious gifts to Lily (for example, a Renault car).

Despite the poet's boundless affection for Lilichka, there were other lovers in his life, even those who bore him children. In 1920, Mayakovsky had a close relationship with the artist Lilya Lavinskaya, who gave him a son, Gleb-Nikita (1921-1986).

1926 was marked by another fateful meeting. Vladimir met Ellie Jones, an emigrant from Russia, who bore him a daughter, Elena-Patricia (1926-2016). Also, a fleeting relationship connected the poet with Sofya Shamardina and Natalya Bryukhanenko.

In addition, in Paris, an outstanding poet met with an emigrant Tatyana Yakovleva. The feelings that flared up between them gradually grew stronger and promised to turn into something serious and lasting. Mayakovsky wanted Yakovleva to come to Moscow, but she refused. Then in 1929, Vladimir decided to go to Tatiana, but problems with obtaining a visa became an insurmountable obstacle for him.

The last love of Vladimir Mayakovsky was a young and married actress Veronika Polonskaya. The poet demanded that the 21-year-old girl leave her husband, but Veronica did not dare to make such serious changes in her life, because the 36-year-old Mayakovsky seemed to her contradictory, impulsive and unstable.

Difficulties in relations with a young lover pushed Mayakovsky to a fatal step. She was the last one Vladimir saw before his death and tearfully asked her not to go to the scheduled rehearsal. No sooner had the door closed behind the girl than the fatal shot rang out. Polonskaya did not dare to come to the funeral, because the poet's relatives considered her to be the culprit in the death of a loved one.

Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky was born July 7 (19), 1893 in with. Baghdadi (now the village of Mayakovsky) near the city of Kutaisi, Georgia. Father - forester, Vladimir Konstantinovich Mayakovsky ( 1857-1906 ), mother - Alexandra Alekseevna, nee Pavlenko ( 1867-1954 ).

In 1902-1906. Mayakovsky studies at the Kutaisi gymnasium. In 1905 participates in demonstrations, in a gymnasium strike. In July 1906, after the sudden death of his father, the family moves to Moscow. Mayakovsky enters the 4th grade of the 5th classical gymnasium. Meets Bolshevik students; is fond of Marxist literature; entrusts the first party assignments. In 1908 joins the Bolshevik Party. Was arrested three times in 1908 and twice in 1909; the last arrest in connection with the escape of political convicts from the Novinsky prison. Conclusion in Butyrskaya prison. A notebook of poems written in prison ( 1909 ), selected by the guards and not yet found, Mayakovsky considered the beginning of literary work. Released on minority from prison ( 1910 ), he decides to devote himself to art and continue his studies. In 1911 Mayakovsky was admitted to the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture. Autumn 1911 he gets acquainted with D. Burliuk, the organizer of a group of Russian futurists, draws closer to him in a general sense of dissatisfaction with the academic routine. At the end December 1912- Mayakovsky's poetic debut: the poems "Night" and "Morning" in the anthology "Slap in the face of public taste" (where Mayakovsky signed the cubo-futurist collective manifesto of the same name).

Mayakovsky goes on the attack on the aesthetics and poetics of symbolism and acmeism, but in his quest he critically explores the artistic world of such masters as A. Bely, “breaks out” from the “charming lines” of A. Blok, whose work for Mayakovsky is “an entire poetic era” .

Mayakovsky entered the environment of Cubo-Futurists with a tragic and protesting theme rapidly growing in him, in fact, going back to the humanistic tradition of Russian classics, contrary to the nihilistic declarations of the Futurists. From urban sketches to catastrophic insights, the poet’s thought about the madness of the possessive world grows (“From street to street”, 1912 ; "Hell of the city", "Nate!", 1913 ). "I!" - the name of Mayakovsky's first book ( 1913 ) - was synonymous with pain and indignation of the poet. For participation in public performances Mayakovsky in 1914 was expelled from the School.

First World War met Mayakovsky contradictory. The poet cannot help feeling disgust for the war (“War is declared”, “Mother and the evening killed by the Germans”, 1914 ), but for some time he had the illusion of renewing humanity, art through war. Soon Mayakovsky comes to the realization of war as an element of senseless destruction.

In 1914 Mayakovsky first met M. Gorky. In 1915-1919. lives in Petrograd. In 1915 Mayakovsky meets L.Yu. and O.M. Brikami. Many of Mayakovsky's works are dedicated to Lilia Brik. With new forces he writes about love, which, the more enormous, the more incompatible with the horror of wars, violence and petty feelings (the poem "Flute-Spine", 1915 and etc.).

Gorky invites Mayakovsky to collaborate in the Chronicle magazine and the newspaper New life»; helps the poet in the publication of the second collection of his poems "Simple as a lowing", published by the publishing house "Sail" ( 1916 ). The dream of a harmonious person in a world without wars and oppression found a peculiar expression in Mayakovsky's poem "War and Peace" (written in 1915-1916 ; separate edition - 1917 ). The writer creates a gigantic anti-war panorama; in his imagination, a utopian extravaganza of universal human happiness unfolds.

In 1915-1917. Mayakovsky is serving his military service at the Petrograd driving school. Takes part in February Revolution 1917 of the year. In August, he leaves the New Life.

October Revolution opened new horizons for V. Mayakovsky. She became the second birth of the poet. On the occasion of the first anniversary of October, it was staged at the Musical Drama Theater, conceived back in August 1917 the play "Mystery Buff" (staged by V. Meyerhold, with whom Mayakovsky was associated until the end of his life with the creative search for a theater in tune with the revolution).

Mayakovsky connects his innovative ideas with "leftist art"; he seeks to rally the futurists in the name of the democratization of art (speeches in the Futurist Newspaper, Order on the Army of Art, 1918 ; is a member of the group of communist futurists (“komfuts”), who published the newspaper “The Art of the Commune”).

March 1919 Mayakovsky moved to Moscow, where in October his collaboration with ROSTA began. Mayakovsky's inherent need for mass propaganda activities found satisfaction in artistic and poetic work above the ROSTA Windows posters.

In 1922-1924. Mayakovsky makes his first trips abroad (Riga, Berlin, Paris, etc.). The cycle of his essays on Paris is “Paris. (Notes of Ludogus)”, “Seven-day review of French painting”, etc. ( 1922-1923 ), depicting the artistic sympathies of Mayakovsky (in particular, he notes the world significance of P. Picasso), and poems (“How does a democratic republic work?”, 1922 ; "Germany", 1922-1923 ; "Paris. (Conversations with eiffel tower)», 1923 ) were Mayakovsky's approach to foreign topic.

The transition to peaceful life is comprehended by Mayakovsky as an internally significant event that makes one think about the spiritual values ​​of the future person (the unfinished utopia "The Fifth International", 1922 ). The poem "About this" becomes a poetic catharsis ( December 1922 - February 1923) with its theme of purification of the lyrical hero, who, through the phantasmagoria of the philistine, carries the indestructible ideal of the human and breaks into the future. The poem was first published in the first issue of the LEF magazine ( 1923-1925 ), whose editor-in-chief is Mayakovsky, who headed the literary group LEF ( 1922-1928 ) and decided to rally the “leftist forces” around the magazine (the articles “What is Lef fighting for?”, “Who does Lef bite into?”, “Who does Lef warn?”, 1923 ).

In November 1924 Mayakovsky leaves for Paris (later he visited Paris 1925, 1927, 1928 and 1929). He visited Latvia, Germany, France, Czechoslovakia, America, Poland. Discovering new countries, he enriched his own poetic "continent". In the lyrical cycle "Paris" ( 1924-1925 ) Lef's irony of Mayakovsky is defeated by the beauty of Paris. The contrast of beauty with emptiness, humiliation, ruthless exploitation - the naked nerve of poems about Paris ("Beauties", "Parisian", 1929 , and etc.). The image of Paris bears a glimpse of Mayakovsky’s “mass-love” (“Letter to Comrade Kostrov from Paris about the essence of love”, “Letter to Tatyana Yakovleva”, 1928 ). In the foreign theme of Mayakovsky, the American cycle of poems and essays is central ( 1925-1926 ), written during and shortly after a trip to America (Mexico, Cuba, USA, 2nd half 1925 ).

In verse 1926-1927. and later (up to the poem "In the whole voice"), Mayakovsky's position in art was revealed at a new stage. Ridiculing Rappov's vulgarizers with their claims to a literary monopoly, Mayakovsky urges proletarian writers to unite in poetic work for the sake of the future ("Message to the Proletarian Poets", 1926; earlier article "Lef and MAPP", 1923 ). The news of the suicide of S. Yesenin ( December 27, 1925) exacerbates thoughts about the fate and calling of true poetry, causes grief over the death of a “voiced” talent, anger against rotten decadence and cheerful dogmatism (“To Sergei Yesenin”, 1926 ).

Late 1920s Mayakovsky again turns to dramaturgy. His plays "The Bedbug" ( 1928 , 1st post. - 1929 ) and "Bath" ( 1929 , 1st post. - 1930 ) were written for the Meyerhold Theater. They combine satirical image reality 1920s with the development of Mayakovsky's favorite motive - resurrection and travel to the future. Meyerhold highly appreciated the satirical talent of Mayakovsky the playwright, comparing him with the power of irony with Molière. However, the critics of the play, especially "Bath", were perceived extremely unfriendly. And, if in the "Bedbug" they saw, as a rule, artistic shortcomings, artificiality, then they made claims of an ideological nature to the "Banya" - they talked about the exaggeration of the danger of bureaucracy, the problem of which does not exist in the USSR, etc. Sharp articles against Mayakovsky appeared in the newspapers, even under the heading "Down with Mayakovism!" In February 1930, having left the Ref (Revolutionary Front [of the Arts], a group formed from the remnants of the Lef), Mayakovsky joins the RAPP (Russian Association of Proletarian Writers), where he is immediately attacked for "fellowship". March 1930 Mayakovsky organized a retrospective exhibition "20 Years of Work", which presented all areas of his activity. (The term of 20 years was counted, apparently, from the writing of the first poems in prison.) The exhibition was ignored by both the party leadership and former colleagues from Lef / Ref. One of the many circumstances: the failure of the exhibition "20 Years of Work"; the failure of the performance based on the play "Banya" at the Meyerhold Theater, prepared by devastating articles in the press; friction with other RAPP members; the danger of losing one's voice, which would make public speaking impossible; failures in personal life (the love boat crashed into everyday life - "Unfinished", 1930 ), or their confluence, was the reason that April 14, 1930 of the year Mayakovsky committed suicide. In many works (“Flute-spine”, “Man”, “About this”) Mayakovsky touches on the theme of the suicide of a lyrical hero or his double; after his death, these themes were reinterpreted accordingly by readers. Soon after Mayakovsky's death, with the active participation of members of the RAPP, his work was under an unspoken ban, his works were practically not published. The situation has changed in 1936 when Stalin, in a resolution to L. Brik's letter with a request for assistance in preserving the memory of Mayakovsky, publishing the poet's works, organizing his museum, called Mayakovsky "the best talented poet of our Soviet era." Mayakovsky was practically the only representative of the artistic avant-garde of the early 20th century whose works remained available to a wide audience throughout the Soviet period.